b. a. ii p. s. i.d.s. p. a. marathi title. a. part-ii public... · àñvmdzm {edmor...

$: B. A. II P. S. I.D.S. P. A. Marathi Title. A. Part-II Public... · àñVmdZm {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mV\}$ Joë`m dfunmgyZ Xya {ejU `moOZm A§_cmV Amcocr Amho. Ë`m `moOZoA§VJ©V ñd`§…$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya {ejU H|$Ð

cmoH$àemgZ(Public Administration)

(Am§Va {dÚmemIr` {df` - I.D.S.)

amÁ`emñÌ

~r. E. ^mJ-2go{_ñQ>a-3 d 4 gmR>r

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© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)àW_md¥Îmr : 2008{ÛVr` Amd¥Îmr : 2011~r. E. (cmoH$àemgZ) ^mJ - 2 H$[aVmgd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm {Uma Zmhr.

àVr : 1000

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àH$meH$ :S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$bg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

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_wÐH$ :lr. E. Eg². _mZo,à^mar AYrjH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

n

ISBN- 978-81-8486-055-9

H Xya oejU H|$Ð AmoU oedmOr odÚm[rR> `m]ÔcMr _mohVr [wT>rc [Î`mda o_iy eH{$c.oedmOr odÚm[rR>, odÚmZJa, H$m{ëhm[ya - 416 004. (^maV)

H Xya oejU [nafX - B§oXam Jm§Yr amîQ>r` _w·V odÚm[rR>, Zdr oXëcr `m§À`m odH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gmohË`mMr oZo_©Vr H{$crAmh{.

(ii)

n Aä`mg_§S>i : amÁèmñÌ n

l S>m°. (lr_Vr) dmg§Vr nr. amg_{d^mJà_wI, amÁèmñÌ {d^mJ,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

l S>m°. ~mimgmho~ JmoqdXamd ^mogcoghH$ma ^wfU _m. Eg. Ho$. nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`,

Hw$é§XdmS>, {O. H$moëhmnya.

l S>m°. _mohZ am_M§Ð KZdQ>_wYmoOr H$m°coO, \$cQ>U, Vm. \$cQ>U, {O. gmVmam.

l S>m°. AmË_mam_ ~mOramd OJXmiogXJwê$ JmS>Jo _hmamO H$m°coO, {dÚmZJa, H$amS>, {O. gmVmam.

l S>m°. lr_Vr A{_Vm g§Ord H$UoJm§dH$aS>r. S>r. qeXo gaH$ma H$m°coO, Ûmam- {dÚmnrR> hm`ñHy$c, H$moëhmnya.

l S>m°. {earfHw$_ma Ym|{S>am_ ndma~mimgmho~ XogmB© H$m°coO, nmQ>U, Vm. nmQ>U, {O. gmVmam.

l S>m°. H$[aAßnm {edmßnm ImnaoXÎmmOramd H$X_ AmQ>©g, gm`Ýg A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, BMcH$a§Or.

l S>m°. ^mcM§Ð ~r. {d^yVoàm¡T> Am{U {Za§Va {ejU {d^mJ,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

AÜ`j - - - - - S>m°. {gH§$Xa Amßnmgmho~ O_mXmalrnVamd Mm¡Jwco AmQ>©g, H$m°_g© H$m°coO, _midmS>r, H$moVmocr, Vm. nÝhmim, {O. H$moëhmnya.

(iii)

XyaoejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[yan gëcmJma go_Vr n

_m. àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndmaHw$cJwê$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) Ama. H¥$îUm Hw$_ma_m. Hw$cJwê$, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,kmZJ§JmoÌr, J§Jmnya S>°_Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

S>m°. A{Zc JdirA{YîR>mVm, H$cm {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. gr. Oo. {IcmaoA{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. ~r. amOJog§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$anarjm {Z §ÌH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. EZ. Omoerd¡îUdr AnmQ>©_|Q>, gX{ZH$m Z§. 8, lra§JZJa, n§ntJ ñQ>oeZOdi, J§Jmnya S>°_ Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm_m. Hw$cJwê$, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,_mZgJ§JmoÌr, åh¡gya-570006

àm. ìhr. d|H$æ`mg§MmcH$, {dÚmà~mo{YZr S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a _wŠV{dÚmnrR>, amoS> Z§. 46, Á`w~cr {hc, h¡Ðm~mX-33 Am§Y«àXoe

S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rcA{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>VaoA{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$cg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. ~r. Eg. nmQ>rc{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. S>m°. (lr_Vr) gr_m odco (gXñ` g{Md)g§Mm{cH$m,Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya oejU H|$ÐoedmOr odÚm[rR>,H$m{ëhm[ya

cmoH$àemgZ (Am`.S>r.Eg.)

Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$

boIH$ KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$

S>m°. H$[aAßnm {edmßnm Imnao 1, 6XÎmmOramd H$X_ AmQ>©g², gm`Ýg A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, BMcH$a§Or.

S>m°. amO|Ð _. Hw$ainH$a 2, 3Ho$. Ama. nr. H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`, Bñcm_nya.

S>m°. AéU MìhmU 4^moJmdVr _hm{dÚmc`, Hw$ê$H$cr.

lr. nr. Oo. OmYd 5N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam.

lr. {edmOr gw~amd nmQ>rc 7N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam.

lr. AmÊUmgmho~ hmaXmao 8{edamO _hm{dÚmc`, JS>qh½cO.

(iv)

n g§nmXH$ n

lr. a_{e Sw>]cAÜ`j, amÁ`emñÌ Aä`mg _§S>i,

oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[ya.oH$gZdra _hmodÚmc`, dmB©, oO. gmVmam.

S>m°. (lr_Vr) dmg§Vr amg_A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$emñÌo,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

S>m°. E. Eg. H$UoJmdH$aA{Yì`m»`mVr, gm_m{OH$ d§{MVVm d g_mdoeH$

YmoaU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

àñVmdZm

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mV\}$ Joë`m dfunmgyZ Xya {ejU `moOZm A§_cmV Amcocr Amho. Ë`m `moOZoA§VJ©Vñd §… AÜ``Z gm{hË` åhUyZ `m nwñVH$mMo àH$meZ hmoV Amho. ~r. E. ^mJ-2 "cmoH$àemgZ' `mAm§Va {dÚmemIr` {df`mgmR>r dm{f©H$ Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma `m nwñVH$mMo coIZ Ho$co Amho.

{dÚmÏ`mªZm `m nonaMm Aä`mgH«$_ gmoß`m Am{U gwc^ ^mfo_Ü o g_OyZ KoVm `mdm `m CÔoemZo `mnwñVH$mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. {dÚmÏ`mªZm {df`mMo AmH$cZ ghOnUo ìhmdo åhUyZ Amdí`H$VoWo CXmhaUo {Xcr AmhoV. àË oH$ _wÔm ñnîQ> Ho$ë`mZ§Va ñd §… AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ {Xco AmhoV. `mnwñVH$mÀ`m dmMZmZ§Va {dÚmÏ`mªZm {df`mg§~§Yr A{YH$ kmZ àmßV H$aÊ`mMr CËgwH$Vm {Z_m©U ìhmdr,Aer Anojm Amho. Ë`mgmR>r g§X © nwñVH$mMr `mXr {Xcocr Amho. {dÚmÏ`mªZr Oê$arà_mUo Vr nwñVHo$dmMmdrV.

cmoH$àemgZ `m {df`mÀ`m ñd §… AÜ``Z gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va {dÚmÏ`mªZm Amnë`m d H$mhrA§er BVa XoemVrc àemgZ ì`dñWo g§X^m©V kmZ àmßV hmoB©c. Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m XoemVrc {d{dY àH$maMoàemgZ CXm. godH$ àemgZ, {dÎmr` àemgZ B. H$em nÕVrZo MmcVmV `mMr _m{hVr hmoB©c.

Xya {ejU {d^mJmÀ`m `m ñd §… AÜ``Z gm{hË` {Z{_©VrgmR>r _m. Hw$cJwê$ `m§Mo ~hþ_mocàmoËgmhZ cm^co. Ë`m§À`m àmoËgmhZm{edm` `m nwñVH$mMr {Z{_©Vr eŠ` ZìhVr. {dÚmnrR>mMm Xya{ejU {d^mJ, amÁ`emñÌ {d^mJmVrc S>m°. AemoH$ Mm¡gmiH$a, S>m°. Ho$. Ho$. H$mdioH$a, S>m°. dmg§Vramg_, lr. g§O` aËZnmaIr, S>m°. A{_Vm H$UoJm§dH$a `m§Mo d coIZ H$aUmè`m gd© A{Yì`m»`mË`m§Mo,àmÜ`mnH$m§Mo ghH$m © cm^co `m gdmªMo _Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma.

{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmc` `m§Zr nwñVH$mMo N>nmB©Mo H$m_ CËH¥$îQ>[aË`m doioV nyU© H$ê$Z {Xco.Ë`m~Ôc Ë`m§Mo Am^ma.

{dÚmWu dJm©cm ho nwñVH$ Cn wŠV dmQ>oc Aer Amem ì`ŠV H$aVmo. {dÚmÏ`mªZm `m nwñVH$mg§~§YrH$mhr e§H$m qH$dm gyMZm H$amd`mÀ`m AgVrc Va Ë`m Ë`m§Zr Oê$a H$idmì`mV. Aem gyMZm§Mo ñdmJVhmoB©c.

- g§nmXH$

(v)

AZwH«$_{UH$m

go{_ñQ>a-3

cmoH$àemgZ nona-11. cmoH$àemgZ 1

2. g§KQ>ZoMr VÎdo 19

3. g§KQ>ZoMo KQ>H$ 35

4. cmoH${ZJ_ 48

go{_ñQ>a-4

cmoH$àemgZ nona-25. godH$ àemgZ 61

6. {dÎmr` àemgZ 87

7. àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ Am{U àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdmS>m 110

8. cmoH$nmc d cmoH$Am wŠV JaO d H$m } 128

(vii)

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ nmZ H«$_m§H$

(viii)

n odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :

àË {H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>ç{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc

]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü { H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.

3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m © [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr A[{jm

Amh{.

ñd`§• _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV

Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ

Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd §• AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü { oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm

ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{

Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool) åhUyZ

C[ w·V R>aVrc.

1

KQ>H$ : 1cmoH$àemgZ : ñdê$n, ì`mßVr Am{U _hÎd

cmoH$àemgZ d ImOJr àemgZ

~r. E. 2 : amÁ`emñÌ - Am`S>rEg : cmoH$àH$meZ/1

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 cmoH$àemgZmMm AW©

1.2.2 cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`m»`m

1.2.3 cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n

1.2.4 cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`már

1.2.5 cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd

1.2.6 cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ gmå` Am{U oX

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

1.4 ñd §:AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.5 gmam§e

1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

øm KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm-

l cmoH$àemgZmMm AW©, ñdê$n Am{U ì`mßVr g_OmdyZ KoVm oB©c.

l cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$aVm oB©c.

l cmoH$àemgZmMo Am{U ImOJr àemgZmMo gmå` Am{U oX ñnï> H$aVm oB©c

go{_ñQ>a-3

2

1.1 àñVm{dH$

àemgZ hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ JaO Amho. g_mOmVrc {d{dY godm gwairV MmcÊ`mgmR>r g§K{Q>V à`ËZm§MrJaO AgVo. `m JaOoVyZM àemgZmMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. cmoH$àemgZ hm àemgZ `m ì`mnH$ joÌmMm EH$ {d^mJAmho. cmoH$àemgZ åhUOo emgZmMo àemgZ hmo . gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaU d Ë`mcm AZwgê$Z AmIcoco doJdoJioH$m ©H«$_ d Ho$coco H$m`Xo `m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr `m§Mm g_mdoe "cmoH$àemgZ' `m g§H$ënZoV hmoVmo.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV cmoH$àemgZ ho AË §V _hÎdmMo d Amdí`H$ emñÌ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. OJmVrcgd©M amï>m§_Ü o àemgH$s` ì`dñWm ApñVËdmV AgVo. cmoH$àemgZmZo {deofV: g§K{Q>V amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m N>ÌmImcr_mZdr OrdZmÀ`m ~hþVoH$ A§JmZm ñne© Ho$cocm Amho. _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ d d¡ {ŠVH$ OrdZmer {ZJS>rV AgocmoH$àemgZ emñÌ Amho. B{VhmgmÀ`m {d{dY AdñWm _YyZ àJV Pmcoco ho emñÌ Amho. AmO cmoH$àemgZmMmà^md OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌmV AmT>iVmo. nmiÊ`mnmgyZ Vo ñ_emZ y_rn ªV cmoH$àemgZ g§~§YrV Amho.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

cmoH$àemgZ ho _hÎdmMo emñÌ AgyZ àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Vo ê$T> Amho d {Xdg|{Xdg Ë`mV {dH$mg hmoVAmho. àñVwV àH$aUm_Ü o cmoH$àemgZmMm AW©, ñdê$n, ì`mßVr Am{U _hÎd VgoM cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJràemgZ `m _Yrc gmå` d oX `mMm {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho. gwê$dmVrcm AmnU cmoH$àemgZmMm AW©{dMmamV KoUma AmhmoV.

1.2.1 cmoH$àemgZmMm AW©

"cmoH$àemgZ' àemgZmÀ`m {dñV¥V joÌmMm EH$ {deof ^mJ _mZcm OmVmo. "cmoH$' `m eãXmMm AW©"amÁ`mVrc g§nyU© OZVm' Agm Amho. amÁ`mVrc g§nyU© OZVoer g§~§{YV Agcoë`m gd© {H«$`m åhUOo cmoH$àemgZhmo . Aem {H«$`m \$ŠV emgZ g§ñWoH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVmV. àemgZ hm eãX c°{Q>Z eãX Administrare nmgyZ~Zcm Amho. _yi c°{Q>Z eãXmMm AW© godm H$aUo qH$dm H$miOr KoUo Agm hmoVmo. àemgZ hr {d{eîQ> hoVy qH$dmC{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _mZdr Am{U dñVy_mÌmXr gm_wJ«rMr Ho$cocr g§KQ>Zm hmo . g§KQ>Zo_Ü o gmh{OH$Mgm_y{hH$ dm ghH$mar à`ËZ A§V y©V hmoVmo. g§KQ>Zo_wioM gm_y{hH$ d ghH$mar à`ËZ àË`j gmH$ma hmoVmV.àemgZm_Yrc g§KQ>Zo_Ü o _mZdr g§~§YmZm _hÎd àmßV hmoVo. cmoH$m§À`m {hVmgmR>r emgZm_m\©$V Á`mdoir H$m ©H$aÊ`mV oVo Ë`m H$m`m©cm cmoH$àemgZ Ago g§~moYco OmVo. cmoH$àemgZmMm _w»` hoVy OZH$ë`mU hm AgVmo.Am{U Ë`mgmR>r cmoH$àemgZ H$m © H$arV AgVo. cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m nwT>rc à_mUo gm§JVm oVrc.

1.2.2 cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`m»`m

1) àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> `m§À`m _Vo ""cmoH$àemgZmV Aem gd© H$m`mªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo H$s Á`mMmCÔoe gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUmMr nyV©Vm H$aUo qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaU A§_cmV AmUUo ho AgVo.''

2) ào{gS>|Q> dwS´>mo {dcgZ `m§À`m _Vo, ""H$m`ÚmMr Vnercdma d nÜXVeranUo A§_c~OmdUr H$aUoåhUOo cmoH$àemgZ hmo . H$m`ÚmÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r KS>Umar àË oH$ {H«$`m åhUOo àemgZ H$m © hmo .''

3

3) gm`_Z `m§À`m _Vo ""cmoH$àemgZ åhUOo H|$Ð gaH$ma, amÁ` gaH$ma Am{U ñWm{ZH$ gaH$maÀ`mH$m ©H$mar {d^mJm§H$Sy>Z Ho$co OmUmao H$m © hmo .''

4) {\$\$Za `m§À`m _Vo, "" cmoH$àemgZ åhUOo gaH$mar H$m © H$aUo hmo . _J Vo H$m © Amamo½`à`moJemioVrc EŠg-ao _{eZMo g§MmcZ H$aÊ`mMo Agmo qH$dm Q>mH$gmirV n¡go ~Z{dÊ`mMo Agmo `mcmcmoH$àemgZ åhUVmV.

5) E\$. E. {ZJ«mo `m§À`m _Vo, ""H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m ©H$mar _§S>i Am{U Ý`m`_§S>i `m emgZmÀ`m {VÝhremIm§H$Sy>Z Ho$co OmUmao H$m © åhUOo cmoH$àemgZ hmo .''

Aem àH$mao {d{dY ì`m»`m§dê$Z cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n Am{U H$m ©joÌ cjmV oVo. ½c°S>Z `m§À`m _Vo,cmoH$àemgZ J{Verc Agë`m_wio Ë`mMr {Z{íMV ì`m»`m H$aUo H$R>rU Amho. cmoH$àemgZmMm AW© gaH$maÀ`m~XcË`m H$m`m©À`m ñdê$nmdê$ZM g_Oy eH$Vmo. WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm oB©c H$s, Ooìhm emgZg§ñWm Amnë`mgmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUmMr nyV©Vm Am{U H$m ©dmhr H$aVo V|ìhm Á`m {H«$`m à{H«$`m KSy>Z oVmV Ë`m§Zm cmoH$àemgZ AgoåhUVm oB©c. gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo YmoaUmMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U A_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$macm OrH$m } H$amdr cmJVmV Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo. g§KQ>Z, ì`dñWmnZ, H$m ©nÜXVr `mÛmao emgZg§ñWm Amnë`mYmoaUm§Mr nyV©Vm Am{U H$m ©dmhr H$aVo. Voìhm Ë`mg cmoH$àemgZ Ago åhUVmV. emgZg§ñWoH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`mOmUmè`m {H«$`m, à{H«$`m `mcm cmoH$àemgZ Ago åhUVm oB©c.

ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ- 1

nwT>rc àíZm§Mr EH$-XmoZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) àemgZ hm H$moUË`m c°{Q>Z eãXmnmgyZ ~Zcm Amho?

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2) cmoH$àemgZ åhUOo H$m`?

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1.2.3 cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n

cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m ñdê$nmg§~§Yr àm_w»`mZo XmoZ Ñï>rH$moU {XgyZ oVmV.

A)Ÿgd©ì`mnr ÑîQ>rH$moU ~) ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU

A) gd©ì`mnr ÑîQ>rH$moU (The integral View)

O|ìhm EImXo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aUè`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoVrc gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Am{U Ë`m§À`m gd© H$m`mªMm g_mdoecmoH$àemgZmÀ`m Aä`mgmV Ho$cm OmVmo V|ìhm Ë`mcm gd©ì`mnr Ñï>rH$moU Ago åhQ>co OmVo. gmd©O{ZH$_hm_§S>io, emgH$s` ImVr. gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½`, gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJY§Xo, H$maImZo, ~±H$m, g§ñWm, _§S>io Aem

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{d{dY g§KQ>ZmVrc gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Am{U H$_©Mmar dJm©À`m H$m`mªMm g_mdoe àemgZmV Ho$cm OmVmo. Ec. S>r.ìhmB©Q> Am{U BVa àemgH$s` {dMmad§Vm§Mm Agm Ñ{ï>H$moU Amho H$s, àemgZmV Ho$co OmUmao g§nyU© H$m ©,emar[aH$, H$maHw$Zr, ì`dñWmn{H$`, Vm§{ÌH$ B. Oo EH$m {d{eï> hoVyZo H$aÊ`mV oVo Ë`mMm g§~§Y cmoH$àemgZmerAgVmo. cmoH$ àemgZmÀ`m ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV gd© joÌmVrc H$m`mªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. CXmhaUmW©, nmoñQ>_ZMonÌdmQ>nmMo H$m ©, H$maHw$ZmMo H$m`m©c`rZ H$m ©, g§MmcH$ _§S>i, Amamo½` A{YH$mar, à{gÜXr A{YH$mar,coIm{YH$mar, coImn[ajU, à{ejU g§ñWm BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm gd©ì`mnr Ñï>rH$moUmV g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo.cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoVmZm emgZmÀ`m {d{dY àemgH$s` H$m`mªMm Aä`mg H$amdm cmJVmo. CXm.Am{W©H$ àemgZ, e¡j{UH$ VÎdkmZ, Amamo½` àemgZ, eoVr àemgZ Ago gd©ì`mnr cmoH$àemgZmMo àH$maAmT>iyZ oVmV.

~) ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU (The Managerial View)

ì`dñWmnH$s` Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma gmd©O{ZH$ {hV gmYÊ`mgmR>r àemgH$s` dJ© Oo H$m © H$aV Ë`mcmcmoH$àemgZmMm ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñï>rH$moU Ago åhQ>co OmVo. àemgH$s` H$m`mªV H$m_mMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo,Amdí`H$ g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U H$m`m©Mo g_Ýd` H$ê$Z {ZYmª[aV C{Ôïm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo `mgma»`m H$m`mªMmg_mdoe hmoVmo. ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñï>rH$moUmV \$ŠV ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo. ì`dñWmnZH$aUo hr EH$ àemgH$r` H$cm Amho. g§KQ>ZoVrc d[að> A{YH$mar Amnë`m àemgH$s` H$m¡eë`mÛmao, j_VoÛmaoì`dñWmnZmMo H$m © H$aVmV. d[að> H$m ©H$mar à_wI H${ZîR> H$_©Mmè`m§da {Z §ÌU R>odyZ _mJ©Xe©Z, n ©dojU`mÛmao g§KQ>ZoMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aVmV. àñWm{nV n[apñWVrV CncãY _Zwî`~i Am{U gm{hË`mMm `mo½` àH$maoCn`moJ H$ê$Z ì`dñWmnH$s` H$m¡eë`mZo C{Ôï>m§Mr nyV©Vm H$ê$Z KoUo hmo .

h~©Q>© gm`_Z, pñ_W~J©, Wm°ångZ, ë wWa ½ w{cH$, Am°S>©do Q>rS,> BË`mXr {dMmad§VmZr cmoH$àemgZmÀ`mì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{ïH$moUmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmV àemgH$s` H$m`m©cm, àemgH$s`H$m¡eë`mcm _hÎd {Xco OmVo.

cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n {dMmamV KoVmZm H$cm, emñÌ Am{U VÎdkmZ `m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZhr {dMma Ho$cmOmVmo.

A) cmoH$àemgZ hr H$cm Amho.

cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n {Z{íMV H$aVmZm cmoH$àemgZ H$cm Amho H$s emñÌ Amho hm àíZ CnpñWV Ho$cmOmVmo. gmYmaUV: cmoH$àemgZ hr H$cm VgoM emñÌ Amho hm Ñ{ï>H$moU AmO _mÝ` Pmcm Amho. cmoH$àemgZ hrH$cm Amho Ago g_OUmè`m§À`m _Vo àemgZmgmR>r {deof kmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. H$maU Vr EH$ H$cm Amho.H$mhr ì`ŠVtZm cmoH$àemgZmMo kmZ ZgVm§Zmhr Ë`m§Mm CëcoI CÎm_ àemgH$ åhUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. `mCcQ> H$mhrì`ŠVr cmoH$àemgZmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Zhr àË`jmV àemgH$ åhUyZ A`eñdr R>aVmV. `mMo _w»` H$maU åhUOocmoH$àemgZ hr H$cm Amho. Vr ì`ŠVrcm OÝ_V:M AdJV Agmdr cmJVo. cmoH$àemgZ hr H$cm Amho AgoåhUUmao {gÜXm§Vmnojm ì`dhmamda A{YH$ ^a XoVmV.

cmoH$àemgZ hr H$cm åhUyZ {dH${gV hmoÊ`m_mJo {d{dY KQ>H$ AgVmV. emñÌr`, Vm§{ÌH$ d ì`mdhm[aH$kmZmMr dmT>, cmoH$m§À`m _ZmMm H$c, àd¥Îmr d gd`r, gm_m{OH$ {eñV, àmH¥${VH$ d kmZmÀ`m XiU-diUmMr

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n[apñWVr, H$m`ÚmMo g§KQ>Z, gwpñWa emgZ Am{U àemgH$m§Mm H$g `m H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mm CëcoI H$aVm oB©c.Mmëg© dW©À`m _Vo, àemgZ hr H$cm Amho. H$maU àemgZmgmR>r H$m ©Hw$ecVm, ZoV¥Îd, CËgmh VgoM loð>àVrMr d¡Mm[aH$ ÑT>Vm Amdí`H$ AgVo.

cmoH$àemgZ hr H$cm Amho Ago åhUUmao Ë`mÀ`m g_W©ZmW© nwT>rc XmoZ _wÔo _m§S>VmV.

1) cmoH$àemgZmVrc àemgH$s` {gÜXm§V ho Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌmVrc {gÜXm§Vmà_mUo {~ZMyH$, V§VmoV§VVgoM {Z{íMV ZgVmV. åhUyZ cmoH$àemgZ ho emñÌ Zmhr Va Vr EH$ H$cm Amho.

2) emñÌr` {gÜXm§V ho à`moJmÛmao {Z{íMV Ho$co OmVmV. cmoH$àemgZm_Ü o Ago à`moJ H$aÊ`mg \$maerg§Yr ZgVo. VgoM Ë`mMr gË`Vm à`moJmÛmao nS>VmiyZ nmhVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {gÜXm§VmMr gË`Vm H$iV Zmhr.àemgH$s` {gÜXm§V _w»`V: VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg d {ZarjU `mdaM AmYm[aV AgVmV. cmoH$àemgZmcmemñÌmMm XOm© XoUo `mo½` Zmhr. åhUyZ cmoH$àemgZ hr EH$ H$cm Amho. {\$\$Za ho àemgH$s` {dMmad§VhrcmoH$àemgZ hr EH$ H$cm Amho Ago åhUVmV.

2) cmoH$àemgZ ho emñÌ Amho (Public Administration is a science)

emñÌXOm© R>a{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ZîH$fm©Mr {Z{íMVVm, Ë`mMr gË`Vm nS>VmiUr, {~ZMyH$ {ZîH$f© ho KQ>H$_hÎdmMo AmhoV. cmoH$àemgZmcm emñÌXOm© XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$mhr àemgH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$cm Amho. ào{gS>|Q>dwS´>mo {dëgZ `m§Zr àemgZ ho emñÌ Amho Ago _V gd©àW_ _m§S>co. àm. {dcmo~r, ë wWa ½ w{cH$ ho hrcmoH$àemgZ ho EH$ emñÌ Amho Ago _mÝ` H$aVmV. cmoH$àemgZ ho gm_m{OH$ emñÌ Amho. ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo{dMma Ho$ë`mg EImÚm {df`mMo {ZarjU Am{U AZw d `m§À`m AmYmao kmZ àmßV H$aUo, Ë`mMr VH©$ewÜX dnÜXVera _m§S>Ur H$aUo d Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao {gÜXm§V _m§S>Uo åhUOo emñÌ hmo .

cmoH$àemgZ ho BVa gm_m{OH$ emñÌmà_mUo EH$ emñÌ Amho. àmo. Mmc©g E. {~AS>© `m§À`m _Vo,^m¡{VH$emñÌmà_mUoM cmoH$àemgZmVhr emñÌr` g§emoYZmÛmao {Z{íMV Aer J¥hrV VÎdo emoYyZ H$mT>cr AmhoV.`m_Ü o J¥hrVÎdm§À`m AmYmao {gÜXm§VmMr nS>VmiUr H$aVm oVo. AmO EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV BVa gm_m{OH$emñÌm§à_mUo cmoH$àemgZmV VwcZmË_H$ nÜXVrZo Aä`mg Ho$cm OmV Amho. àemgZmÀ`m joÌmV {ZarjU Am{Uà`moJmÛmao _mZdr dV©ZmMm _mZgemñÌr` nÜXVrZo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV oD$Z H$mhr {Z{íMV àemgH$s` emñÌewÜX{gÜXm§V _m§S>co OmV AmhoV. A_o[aHo$gma»`m àJV XoemV BVa àJVerc amï´>mV ñdV§ÌnUo Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVAmho. ^maVmVrc ~hþVoH$ {dÚmnrR>mV cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r ñdV§Ì {d^mJ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV.^maVmV cmoH$àemgZ hm {df` gd©àW_ "ZmJnya {dÚmnrR>mV' gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

3) cmoH$àemgZ ho EH$ VÎdkmZ Amho.

H$mhr {dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo cmoH$àemgZ ho VÎdkmZ Amho. AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`m§Zr cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMoÜ o S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ dmQ>Mmc gwê$ Ho$cr Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV àemgH$s` A{YH$mar _mcH$ ZmhrV godH$~Zco AmhoV. VgoM n§Mm`V amÁ` ì`dñWm, ZmJar ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AZoH$ ì`ŠVràemgZmV gh^mJr hmoV AmhoV. cmoH$àemgZmMo joÌ {dñV¥V ~Zco AgyZ àemgZ Am{U _mZd `m§Mm K{ZîR>g§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmcm Amho. emgZ ì`dñWm hr AmVm VQ>ñW Z amhmVm cmoH$H$ë`mU d godmgw{dYm `m§Mm

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nmR>nwamdm H$aUmar ~Zcr Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV àemgZmMr ì`mßVr dmT>cocr Amho. Ë`mMo ñdê$nhr ~XccoAmho. VÎdkmZm_wio àemgZ ì`dñWoMr {Xem {Z{íMV hmoVo. cmoH$m§Zr {Z{íMV Ho$coco Ü o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMoàemgZ ho gmYZ Amho. gmÜ` d gmYZ `m§Mm g_Ýd` gmYUo Ho$di VÎdkmZm§ZoM eŠ` hmoVo. àË`j pñWVrAm{U {Z`moOrV Ü o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` j_VoÀ`m gmYZm§Mm dmna Oa H$m ©H$mar àemgZmcm H$amd`mMmAgoc Va Ë`mcm Ë`m àemgZmVrc gd© g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm Am{U à{H«$`m `m§Zm Mm¡H$Q> XoUmao AmYma yV VÎdkmZ_m{hV Agmdo cmJVo. cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m VÎdkmZmMo _hÎd cjmV KoD$Z _me©c B©. {S>_m°H$ åhUVmV H$s,""àemgZmMr AmOMr ì`már cjmV KoVm cmoH$àemgZmMo VÎdkmZ hoM _mZdr OrdZmMo VÎdkmZ ~Zco Amho.cmoH$àemgZ H$conojm A{YH$ Zmhr åhUOo VÎdkmZM Amho.'' WmoS>Š`mV, cmoH$àemgZ ho VÎdkmZ Amho hmÑ{ï>H$moU AmO _hÎdnyU© ~Zcm Amho.


nwT>rc àíZm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) cmoH$àemgZmMm gd©ì`mnr Ñ{ï>H$moU gm§Jm ?

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2) cmoH$àemgZmMm ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU gm§Jm?

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3) cmoH$àemgZ hr EH$ H$cm Amho?

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4) cmoH$àemgZ ho emñÌ Amho?

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5) cmoH$àemgZ ho VÎdkmZ Amho?

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1.2.4 cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr

AmYw{ZH$ g§JUH$ d [dkmZ wJmV cmoH$àemgZmMo H$m ©joÌ ì`mnH$ ~Zco Amho. emgZmÀ`m {d{dY{d^mJm§Mo H$m © cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m H$m`m©V g_m{dï> hmoVo. emgZmMo H$m © Á`mà_mUmV dmT>V Amho. Ë`m à_mUmVcmoH$àemgZmMo H$m ©joÌhr dmT>V Amho. cmoH$ àemgZmMr ì`mßVr eVH$mZweVHo$, XeH$mZwXeHo$, dfm©Zwdf}dmT>V Amho.hr n[apñWVr {dH${gV d {dH$gZerc `m XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m Xoem§_Ü o Amho. cmoH$àemgZmÀ`mì`márMo _w»` H$maU åhUOo EH${dgmì`m eVH$mVrc cmoH$àemgZmMr H$m } ì`mnH$ d n[aUm_H$maH$ ~ZcrAmhoV. cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`már dmT>Ê`mMo Xwgao H$maU åhUOo cmoH$ g_wXm`mVrc amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr A{YH$ à~i~Zcr Amho. cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr g§H$ënZm {dH$grV Pmë`m_wio cmoH$àemgZmMr H$m } dmT>cocr AmhoV.`m à{H«$`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d d¡km{ZH$ {dH$mgm_wio J{V_mZ Pmë`m AmhoV.

cmoH$ àemgZmÀ`m ì`mßVr_Ü o hoÝar \o$`m°c `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZ ho \$ŠV ì`dñWmnZmMoM H$m © Amho Ago_mZyZ Ë`m§Mo EHy$U 5 {d^mJ gm§{JVco AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, 1) {Z`moOZ (Planning) 2) g§KQ>Zm(Organization) 3) Amkm (Command) 4) g_Ýd` (Co- Ordination) Am{U 5) {Z §ÌU (Control)

ho cmoH$àemgZmMo EHy$U nmM {d^mJ AmhoV. `m nmM {d^mJm§Mo {_iyZ cmoH$àemgZ hmoVo.

nr. _°ŠdrZ `m§À`m _Vo cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr åhUOo ì`ŠVr (Men), gm_wJ«r (Material) d nÜXVr(Methods) `m VrZ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg hmo .

{\$\$Za cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m ì`mßVrg§~§YmV doJir y{_H$m _m§S>VmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo cmoH$àemgZmMm g§~§YemgZmV "H$m`' (What) Am{U H$go (How) ? `m XmoZ eãXmer g§~§{YV Amho. "H$m`'? `m eãXm_wioàemgZmMo YmoaU qH$dm joÌ `mg§~§Yr ~moY hmoVmo Va "H$go'? `m eãXm_wio `moOZm qH$dm YmoaU H$m`m©pÝdVH$aÊ`mMr nÜXVr g_Oy eH$Vo.

ë wWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Mm (POSDCORB) Ñ{ï>H$moU

ë wWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Zr POSDCORB `m eãXmdê$Z cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ñnï> Ho$cr Amho. ë wWa½ wcrH$ `m§Zr H$m`m©Ë_H$ KQ>H$ cjmV KodyZ Ë`m {d{eï> H$m`m©À`m AmÚmjamdê$Z POSDCORB hm eãX V`maHo$cm d Ë`m AmYmao cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ñnï> H$ocr. POSDCORB hm eãX nwT>rc à_mUo ñnîQ> Ho$cocmAmho.

P- Planing- `moOZm qH$dm {Z`moOZ

O- Organization - g§KQ>Zm

S- Staffing- H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr ^aVr, {ZdS> d Zo_UyH$m H$aUo

D- Direction - {ZX}eZ dm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo

CO-Co-Ordination - g_Ýd`

R- Reporting - Ahdmc qH$dm _m{hVr nwa{dUo

B- Budgeting - A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aUo.

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WmoS>Š`mV darc POSDCORB eãXmV g_m{dï> gd© H$m } cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m joÌmV oVmV Ago ë wWa½ w{cH$ `m§Mo _V Amho. na§Vw AZoH$ àemgH$s` {dMmad§Vm§Zm ë wWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Mm hm nmoñS>H$m°~© Ñ{ï>H$moU _mÝ`Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm hm nmoñS>H$m°~© Ñ{ï>H$moU `m§{ÌH$s ñdê$nmMm dmQ>Vmo. `m_Ü o Ho$di àemgZmgmR>r Amdí`H$Agcoë`m gmYZm§MmM g_mdoe Ho$cocm AgyZ àemgZmVrc _mZdr g§~§YmH$S>o Xwc©j Ho$coco AmT>iVo.cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`már ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r "nmoñS>H$m°~©' Ñ{ï>H$moU AnyU© dmQ>Vmo.

cmoH$àemgZmMr {ZpíMV ì`már ñnï> H$aUo H$R>rU Amho. H$maU cmoH$àemgZ ho J{Verc d {dH$mgdmXremñÌ Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, dmT>Vr cmoH$g§»`m, ZmJ[aH$aU,amÁ`mMo dmT>Vo H$m ©joÌ, Am§Vaamï´>r` g§Kf©,VmUVUmd, ghH$m ©, gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z, amOH$s` ~Xc, H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr H$ënZm d Ë`mÑï>rZo dmQ>Mmc,{dH${gV d {dH$gZerc amîQ´> `m§Vrc àemgZ Aem {d{dY Jmoï>t_wio cmoH$àemgZmMm Aä`mg {df` A{YH$ì`mnH$ Pmcm Amho. cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`már {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V OmUmar Amho.



1) hoÝar \o$`m°c `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZmMo H$moUVo nmM {d^mJ gm§{JVco AmhoV?

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2) nr. _°ŠdrZ `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo H$moUVo VrZ KQ>H$ gm§{JVco AmhoV?

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3) {\$\$ZaÀ`m cmoH$àemgZ ì`márMm Ñ{ï>H$moU H$moUË`m XmoZ eãXm§er g§~§YrV Amho ?

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4) ë wWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZ ì`mßVrMm H$moUVm Ñ{ï>H$moU _m§S>cm?

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1.2.5 cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Pmcoco Amho. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ àemgZ hm{df` _hÎdmMm _mZcm OmVmo. AmO cmoH$àemgZ hm _mZdr OrdZmMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zcm Amho.cmoH$àemgZ ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mOmÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV ñW¡ © {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$arV Amho. H$ë`mUH$maramÁ`mÀ`m H$ënZo_wio amÁ`mMo H$m ©joÌ Ho$di A§VJ©V joÌmV em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aUo Am{U OZVoMo naH$s`

9

AmH«$_UmnmgyZ g§ajU H$aUo EdT>oM am{hco ZgyZ OZVoMo OrdZ_mZ C§Mm{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ H$m } amÁ`mcmH$amdr cmJVmV. n[aUm_V: cmoH$àemgZmMm g§~§Y _mZdr OrdZmer g§~§{YV Agcoë`m àË oH$ {H«$ oer oVmo.CXmhaUmW©, em§VVm Am{U gwì`dñWm, H¥$fr{dH$mg, {ejU, ì`mnma, XiUdiU, gm_y{hH$ {dH$mg, Amamo½`,Ý`m`, ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ BË`mXr H$m } cmoH$àemgZmH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmVmV. cmoH$àemgZmZo g§nyU© _mZdr OrdZMì`mnyZ Q>mH$co Amho.

AmO EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV cmoH$àemgZmMm {dH$mg OcX JVrZo hmoD$ cmJcm Amho. Am{e`m, Am{\«$H$mI§S>m§Vrc Zdmo{XV {dH$gZerc amï´>m§V àemgZemñÌmMo _hÎd dmT>V Amho. cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd dmT>Ê`mMoAmUIr EH$ H$maU åhUOo cmoH$emhrV gaH$ma gVV ~XcV AgVo. gaH$ma ~Xcco Var àemgZ H$m`_ñdê$nrAgVo. OoWo ~hþnj nÜXVr ApñVËdmV Amho Aem ^maV d \«$mÝggma»`m XoemV gaH$ma dma§dma ~XcV AgVo.Aem ApñWa n[apñWVr_Ü o g_mOmcm ñWm{`Ëd àXmZ H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar àemgZmda AgVo. cmoH$àemgZ dàemgH$s` §ÌUm amÁ`mV amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Vahr H$m`_ amhVo. H$moUVohr emgZ Agmo, H$em àH$maMohr g§{dYmZAgmo, àemgH$s` §ÌUm _mÌ àË oH$ amÁ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ d A{Zdm © AgVo. cmoH$àemgZ d àemgH$s`§ÌUm amÁ`mV amÁ` H«$m§VrZ§Vahr H$m`_ amhVo. CXm. \«|$M d a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Vahr VoWo nydr©MrM àemgH$s`§ÌUm H$m`_ hmoVr. ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Vahr {~«Q>rem§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$cocr àemgH$s` ì`dñWmM H$m`_

am{hcocr {XgVo.

AmYw{ZH$ g_mO ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMm VgoM A{YH$ O{Q>c d Jw§VmJwVrMm ~Zcocm Amho. cmoH$àemgZmÀ`mH$m ©j_Voda d èñdrÎmoda g_mOmMo gwI d g_¥ÜXr Adc§~yZ AgVo. {d»`mV A_o[aH$Z amÁèmñÌk Mmc©g{~AS>© åhUVmo H$s, ""cmoH$àemgZmnojm A{YH$ _hÎdmMm H$moUVmhr Xwgam {df` Zgoc. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrcH$m } nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r H$m ©j_ àemgZmda ^mdr g§ñH¥$VrMo d gwYm[aV emgZ ì`dñWoMo ^{dVì` Adc§~yZAgVo. hmd©S>© {dÚmnrR>mVrc àmÜ`mnH$ dmcog ~r. S>m°Zh°_ åhUVmV H$s, ""Amncr g§ñH¥$Vr Oa Aèñdr R>acrVa Ë`mMo _w»` H$maU àemgZmMo Anè ho hmo .''

AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`mV nmiÊ`mnmgyZ Vo ñ_emZ y_rn ªV àË oH$ ~m~VrV ì`ŠVrMm cmoH$àemgZmer OdiMmg§~§Y Amho. qH$~hþZm OÝ_mnydu XoIrc cmoH$àemgZ ì`ŠVrMr H$miOr KoD$ cmJVo d _¥Ë yZ§Vahr {VMo ì`dhmanmhV AgVo. H$maU Hw$Qy>§~ {Z`moOZ, J{ ©UrMo Amamo½`, OÝ__¥Ë yMr Zm|X, nmiUmKa, {eewH«$sS>m_§{Xao, dg{VJ¥ho,^moOZmc o, emim, _hm{dÚmc o, {dÚmnrR>o, XdmImZo, H$maImZo dmhVyH$ ì`dñWm, ~±H$m, Am¡Úmo{JH$ _§S>ioBË`mXr gd© joÌmV cmoH$àemgZm{edm` H$mhrM MmcV Zmhr.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV amÁ`mÀ`m H$m`m©V àM§S> dmT> Pmcr Amho. hr H$m } nma nmS>Ê`mMr O~m~XmarcmoH$àemgZmMr Amho. cmoH$àemgZ emgZmcm {ñWaVm àXmZ H$aVo. amÁ`mMr YmoaUo d H$m ©H«$_ A§_cmVAmUÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar cmoH$àemgZmMr Amho. g_mOmV Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, ZmJarH$aU BË`mXr H$maUm_wio {d{dYg_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo àmXo{eH$dmX, Ym{_©H$dmX, OmVr`dmX, ^m{fH$dmX, XheVdmXBË`mXr_wio g_mOmVrc _Zo Xw §Jcocr AmhoV. Aemdoir g_mOmV EH$mË_Vm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$àemgZ_hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVo. OZVoÀ`m BÀN>m AmH$m§jm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r àemgH$s` ì`dñWm H$m_H$mO nmhVo.AmO àË oH$ XoemMo amOH$s` OrdZ cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m AmYmao pñWa Pmcoco Amho.

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WmoS>Š`mV AmOÀ`m g_mOmV cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd AZÝ` gmYmaU Amho. cmoH$àemgZmÀ`mA{ñVËdm{edm` g§ñH¥$Vr, ZrVr_yë o, EdT>oM Zìho Va g_mO Am{U amÁ` `mMrhr H$ënZm H$aVm oV Zmhr.gwg§ñH¥$V g_mOmMr emñÌr` Jwê${H$ëcr åhUOo cmoH$àemgZ hmo .



1) H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr H$m } gm§Jm?

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2) cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd dmTÊ`mMr H$maUo gm§Jm?

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3) XoemV {d{dY g_ñ`m H$moUË`m AmhoV?

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1.2.6 cmoH$àemgZ d ImOJr àemgZ- gmå` Am{U oX

àemgZ XmoZ àH$maMo AgVo. EH$ cmoH$àemgZ Am{U Xwgao ImOJr àemgZ hmo . H$mhr àemgH$s`{dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo gd© àH$maMo àemgZ ho EH$gmaIoM AgVo. Ë`m_wio cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJ àemgZ AgmoX H$aUo `mo½` Zmhr. hoÝar \o$`m°c, E_. nr. \$m°coQ> Am{U Ec. Aa{dH$ BË`mXr àemgH$s` {dMmad§VmZr

cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `mV oX Zmhr, Ago _V _m§S>co Amho. H$maU gd© àH$maÀ`m n«emgZmV_yc yV d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U VÎdo g_mZ AgVmV.

gd©gmYmaUnUo AmnU emgZmH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe cmoH$àemgZmV H$aVmo. Am{U Or H$m }emgZg§ñWoÛmao H$aVm oV ZmhrV na§Vw H$mhr ImOJr g§ñWmÛmao H$aÊ`mV oVmV Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe AmnU ImOJrqH$dm ì`{ŠVJV (Private) àemgZmV H$aVmo. ImOJr àemgZ d cmoH$àemgZmV H$mhr ì`dñWmnZ VÎdo_ycV:M g_mZ AgVmV. `m XmoÝhr àemgZmMr H$m ©nÜXVr nañnam§da n[aUm_ H$arV AgVo. àemgZmcmAmdí`H$ AgUmao V§Ìo ( Techniques) d H$m¡eë` (Skills) XmoÝhr àH$mam_Ü o g_mZ AgVmV `m XmoÝhrVrcàemgZ nÜXVr, g_ñ`m Odi Odi gma»`mM AmhoV.

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A) cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `mVrc gmå` :

cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZmVrc gmå` nwT>rc à_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©c.

1) g§KQ>ZoMr Amdí`H$Vm :

cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `m XmoÝhr àemgZmV g§KQ>Zm Agmdr cmJoV. g§KQ>Zm hr XmoÝhràemgZmMm AmË_m Amho. g§KQ>Zo{edm` n«emgZmMo YmoaU {Z{íMV H$aVm oV Zmhr. VgoM YmoaUm§MrA§_c~OmdUrhr H$aVm oV Zmhr. _mZdr VgoM ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm§Mm `Wm`mo½` Cn`moJ H$ê$Z àemgZmMm CÔoegmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoMr Amdí`H$Vm XmoÝhrhr àemgZmcm AgVo.

2) g_mZ H$m ©nÜXVr :

cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `mVrc ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ H$m`m©V H$mhr ~m~VrV g_mZVm AmT>iVo.àemgZ H$moUVohr Agmo VoWo H$m ©nÜXVr~m~V g_mZVm AgVo. CXm. ì`dñWmnZ, {heo~ ì`dñWm, \$mB©c R>odUo,Ahdmc V`ma H$aUo, AmH$S>odmar {_i{dUo, ì`dñWmnZmMo H$m¡eë` BË`mXr Jmoï>r XmoÝhr àemgZmV g_mZAgVmV.

3) OZg§nH©$ :

cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `m XmoÝhr àemgZmV OZg§nH©$ (Public Retations) _hÎdmMo_mZco OmVo. ImOJr àemgZmV OZg§nH©$ nydunmgyZ _hÎdmMm g_OÊ`mV oV Ago. ImOJr àemgZmV OZVogg_mYmZr R>odyZ OZVoMr _Or© g§nmXZ Ho$cr OmV Ago. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV OJmVrc AZoH$ Xoem§Zr cmoH$emhremgZàUmcrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m_wio cmoH$àemgZmVhr {deofV: gaH$mar ImË`mV OZg§nH©$ {d^mJ{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. OZg§nH$m©_wio OZVoÀ`m BÀN>m-AmH$m§jm OmUyZ KoVm oVmV; Ë`mZwgma àemgZmcmAmnë`m Ü o YmoaUmMr AmIUr H$aVm oVo.

4) nañnam§da n[aUm_ :

AmOÀ`m H$mimV cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `m§Mm nañnam§da n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo.cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m H$m`m©da ImOJr àemgZmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMm n{aUm_ hmoVmo. hm n[aUm_ cmoH$àemgZmVrcì`dñWmnZ d Am{W©H$ H$m`m©À`m ~m~VrV _w»`Îdo AmT>iVmo. ImOJr àemgZmVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ VÎdo cmoH$àemgZmVAmUÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo gaH$mar à_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. CXm. ^maVmV EAa B§{S>`m B§Q>Z°eZc,B§{S>`Z EAa cmB©Ýg H$mnm}aoeZ, cmB©\$ BÝewaÝg H$mnm}aoeZ BË`mXr à_§S>io ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr AmhoV.`mCcQ> ImOJr àemgZmV Ë`m§À`m H$_©Mmar dJmªZm Á`m gdcVr {Xë`m OmVmV Ë`m cmoH$àemgZmVrcH$_©Mmè`m§Zmhr {_iVmV.

5) g§emoYZ :

cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `m XmoÝhr àemgZmV àJVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m§À`m JaOm, ~XcVrn[apñWVr `m_wio àemgZmV ZdZdrZ VÎdo, {gÜXm§V ñdrH$maco OmV AmhoV. ZdZdrZ gmYZo emoYyZ ì`{ŠVJV dcmoH$n«emgZmg `eñdr H$aÊ`mMo H$m © XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m àemgZm§V hmoV AgVo. `m Ñï>rZo gaH$mar VgoM ImOJr

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joÌmVrc CÚmoJY§Xo, H§$nÝ`m `m_m\©$V à`moJemim d g§emoYZH|$Ðo ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr AmhoV. àemgH$s`dJm©gmR>r à{ejU H|$Ðo ñWmnZ Ho$cocr AmhoV. CXm. ^maV gaH$maMo A°S>{_{ZñQ´>o{Q>ìh [a\$m°åg© H${_eZ, h¡Ðm~mXoWrc A°S>{_{ZñQ´>o{Q>ìh ñQ>m\$ H$m°coO, H$cH$Îmm oWrc ^maVr` ì`dñWmnZ g§ñWm BË`mXr.

darcà_mUo cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `m_Ü o H$mhr ~m~VrV gmå` AmT>iVo.



1) àemgZmMo à_wI XmoZ àH$ma H$moUVo?

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2) cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZmV H$moUË`m ~m~VrV gmå` AgVo?

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~) cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `mVrc oX-

cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `m XmoÝhr àemgZmV H$mhr ~m~VrV gmå` Agco Var `m XmoÝhràH$maÀ`m àemgZmV H$mhr _yc yV ñdê$nmMm oX AmT>iVmo. ImOJr àemgZ {Za{Zamù`m ì`ŠVtZr JQ>m§_YyZñdV:À`m {Z §ÌUmImcr, ñdV:À`m C{Ôï>mÀ`m nyVugmR>r Mmc{dcoco AgVo; Va cmoH$àemgZ g§nyU© g_mOmgmR>r,amÁ`g§ñWo_m\©$V {VÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr H$m © H$arV AgVo. cmoH$àemgZmMo C{Ôï> g§nyU© g_mOmMr godm H$aUo hoAgVo. Ë`m VwcZoZo ImOJr àemgZmMo C{Ôï> _`m©{XV OZVoMr godm H$aUo ho AgVo. cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJràemgZ `mVrc oX nwT>rc à_mUo :

1) ì`mnH$ H$m ©joÌ :

cmoH$àemgZmMo H$m ©joÌ ì`mnH$ d {dñVm[aV ñdê$nmMo AgVo. H$maU emgZ g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Mmc{dë`mOmUmè`m gd© H$m`mªMm g_mdoe cmoH$àemgZmV hmoVmo. cmoH$H$ë`mU, g§ajU, naamï´> g§~§Y, {ejU, Amamo½`,XiUdiU `mgmaIr ~hþ{dY H$m } cmoH$àemgZmcm H$amdr cmJVmV. cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mV àË oH$ Jmoï>amÁ`mH$Sy>Z ìhmdr Aer ZmJ[aH$m§Mr Anojm AgVo. Am{U Ë`m_wio amÁ`mMo H$m ©joÌ ì`mnH$ hmoV OmVo. ImOJràemgZmnojm cmoH$àemgZmMr H$m } A{YH$ _hËdmMr AgVmV. `mCcQ> ImOJr àemgZmMo H$m ©joÌ _`m©{XVAgVo. Vo {d{eï> H$m`m©nwaVoM g§~§{YV AgVo.

2) Zâ`mMo VÎd :

cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `mVrc gdm©V _hÎdmMm \$aH$ åhUOo Z\$m ho VÎd hmo . ImOJràemgZmV Zâ`mÀ`m VÎdmcm _hÎd {Xco OmVo. H$moUVohr H$m © H$arV AgVmZm Amnë`mcm {H$Vr Z\$m hmoUma

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Amho `mMm {dMma ImOJr àemgZmV Ho$cm OmVmo. ImOJr àemgZmMo `eAn`e ho Z\$m `m VÎdmdaMAmYm[aV AgVo.

`m CcQ> cmoH$àemgZmV Z\$m ho VÎd _hÎdmMo _mZco OmV Zmhr. cmoH$H$ë`mU ho cmoH$àemgZmMo Ü oAgVo. cmoH$àemgZmV OZH$ë`mUmÀ`mÑï>rZo AZoH$ H$m o} Ho$cr OmVmV. _mZdr OrdZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AerH$m } Ë`m_Ü o \$m`Xm ZgVmZmhr cmoH$àemgZmcm H$amdr cmJVmV. Ë`m ~§X H$aVm oV ZmhrV. ImOJràemgZm_Ü o EImÚm H$m`m©V VmoQ>m hmoV Amho Ago AmT>ië`mg Vo cJoM ~§X Ho$co OmVo. VoWo OZ{hVmMm {dMmaHo$cm OmV Zmhr.

3) OZVoàVr O~m~Xmar :

`m XmoÝhr àemgZmVrc AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm oX åhUOo cmoH$àemgZmH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUmar H$m }cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr AmhoV ho XmIdyZ Úmdo cmJVo. cmoH$àemgZmH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m àË oH$ H$m`m©Mr VnmgUrOZVm H$arV AgVo. cmoH$emhr _Ü o cmoH$à{V{ZYr_m\©$V OZVm H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ cmoH$àemgZmda{Z §ÌU VgoM XoIaoI H$arV AgVo. cmoH$àemgZm_m\©$V OZH$ë`mUmMr H$m o© Ho$cr OmV ZgVrc Va OZVmË`m{dê$ÜX cT>m nwH$maVo.

`mCcQ> ImOJr àemgZ OZVocm O~m~Xma ZgVo H$mhr àg§Jr ImOJr àemgZ OZH$ë`mU{damoYr H$m ©H$arV AgVo. ImOJr àemgZmV OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. na§Vw OZVm ImOJràemgZmVrc ì`ŠVrda {Z §ÌU R>ody eH$V Zmhr. CXm. XwîH$mimV AÝZYmÝ`mMr H¥${Ì_ Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U H$ê$ZImOJr àemgZmVrc ì`ŠVr OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.

4) amOH$s` à^md :

cmoH$àemgZmda VËH$mcrZ amOH$maUmMm {deof à^md {XgyZ oVmo. S>rZ Anrcdmo `m§À`m _Vo, ""cmoH$àemgZåhUOo amOH$maU hmo .'' cmoH$àemgZm_Ü o OZ{hV _hÎdmMo AgVo. cmoH$emhr emgZ nÕVrV H$moUVr `moOZmA§_cmV AmUmdr EdT>oM amOH$s` ZoVo R>adrV ZmhrV Va àemgH$s` nXmda H$moUË`m ì`ŠVtMr ~Xcr qH$dm{Z wŠVr H$amdr `mVhr amOH$s` ì`ŠVtMm hñVjon AgVmo.

`mCcQ> ImOJr àemgZ njr` amOH$maUmnmgyZ _wŠV AgVo. ImOJr àemgZmda amOH$maUmMm à^mdZgVmo. Vo amOH$s` à^mdmnmgyZ _wŠV AgVo.

5Ÿ) g_mZ ì`dhma :

cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ `mVrc EH$ _hÎdmMm \$aH$ åhUOo cmoH$àemgZmVrc ì`dhmamVg_mZVm AmT>iVo. cmoH$àemgZmV H$moUVmhr oX^md Z H$aVm gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g_mZ àH$maMr godm àXmZ Ho$crOmVo. àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm gd© ZmJ[aH$m§~amo~a g_mZ ì`dhma H$amdm cmJVmo. CXm. Oa emgZmZo H$m`XoH$aVm§Zm oX^md Ho$cm Va OZVoÀ`m {damoYmMm _wH$m~cm H$amdm cmJVmo. cmoH$àemgZmV njnmVrnUm Ho$cm OmVZmhr.

14

ImOJr àemgZmV ì`ŠVr- ì`ŠVrZwgma oX^md Ho$cm OmVmo. H$mhr cmoH$m§Zm {deof gdcVr {Xë`mOmVmV. [aMS>© dm°Z©a `m§À`m _Vo, ImOJr n«emgZmV gd© ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r g_mZ ì`dhma ZgVmo. OZVoÀ`m{damoYmMm _wH$m~cm Z H$aVm ImOJr àemgZmV A{YH$ Z\$m {_idyZ OZVoÀ`m JaOm nyU© Ho$ë`m OmVmV.ImOJr àemgZmV njnmVrnUm {XgyZ oVmo.

6) {Z`_mZwgma H$m © :

cmoH$àemgZm_Ü o H$moUVohr H$m © {Z`_mZwgma Ho$co OmVo. àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm ñd §{ZU© mZwgmaH$m © H$aVm oV Zmhr. CXm. cmoH$àemgZmV H$mhr dñVy§Mr IaoXr H$am`Mr Agoc Va Ë`mAJmoXa H$_rV H$_r VrZ{Z{dXm _mJdmì`m cmJVmV. VgoM Ë`mVrc H$_rVH$_r qH$_VrMr {Z{dXm _mÝ` H$amdr cmJVo.

ImOJr àemgZmV {Z`_mZwgma H$m © ho VÎd ZgVo. oWrc àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm ñd §{ZU© mZwgmaH$m © H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` AgVo. Ë`m§Zm cJoM {ZU© KoVm oVmo. CXm. ImOJr àemgZmVrc àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`mcmEImXr OmñV qH$_VrMr dñVy AmdS>ë`mg Ë`mMr cJoM IaoXr Ho$cr OmVo.

7) XßVa{Xa§JmB© :

cmoH$àemgZmV H$moUVohr H$m © {Z`_mZwgma Ho$co OmVo. Ë`m_wio gaH$mar H$m_H$mOmV {Xa§JmB© {Z_m©U hmoVo.gaH$mar H$m_ ghm _{hZo Wm§~ Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo. gmh{OH$M àemgZ H$m`m©V cmc{\$V qH$dmXßVa{Xa§JmB© {Z_m©U hmoVo. CXm. VcmR>çmH$Sy>Z gmV ~mamMm O_rZmMm CVmam nm{hOo Agoc Va gVam hocnmQ>oKmcmdo cmJVmV.

ImOJr àemgZmV H$moUVmhr àemgH$s` {ZU© VmËH$mi KoVcm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio àemgZ H$m © JVr_mZ,H$m ©j_ ~ZVo.

8) ñnYm© :

cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m joÌmV EH$m{YH$ma AgVmo. VgoM Xwgar à{VñnYu g§ñWm ZgVo. Ë`m_wio cmoH$àemgZmVMm§Jë`m Jmoï>r hmoV AgVmV. cmoH$àemgZm_Ü o ñnY}Mr ^mdZm ZgVo.

ImOJr àemgZmV ñnYm© hm _hÎdmMm ^mJ AgVmo. Ë`mV AZoH$ à{VñnYu g§ñWm AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m_Ü ogVV ñnYm©_` dmVmdaU AgVo. ImOJr àemgZmV H$mhrZm VmoQ>mhr ghZ H$amdm cmJVmo. CXm. gm~U,MhmnmdS>a, H$mnS>{dH«$s `mgmR>r Om{hamV H$amdr cmJVo.

9) n«{Vð>m :

`m XmoÝhr àemgZmVrc AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm \$aH$ åhUOo gaH$mar ZmoH$ar H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm {deofgm_m{OH$ n«{Vð>m AgVo, Aer à{Vð>m ImOJr àemgZmV {_iV Zmhr. CXm. {Oëhm{YH$mar Am{U àmÜ`mnH$`m§Mr VwcZm Ho$cr Va {Oëhm{YH$mè`mcm àmÜ`mnH$mnojm A{YH$ à{Vð>m AgVo. åhUyZM ImOJr H$m°coO_YrcàmÜ`mnH$ gaH$mar ZmoH$arV OmÊ`mg BÀNw>H$ AgVmV.

15

10) g_`~ÕVm :

cmoH$àemgZmVrc H$m`m©V EH$ àH$maMr OcX JVr AgVo H$m_H$mO {Xa§JmB© Pmcr Va gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmcmYmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoVmo CXm. XwîH$mi, yH§$n, amoJamB©, _hmnya Aem Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>m_Ü o ÎdarV {ZU© ¿`mdocmJVmV.

ImOJr àemgZmV KmB©Mm àg§J AmT>iV Zmhr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_hr OmUdV Zmhr.

11) Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV ~mø {Z §ÌU :

`m XmoÝhr àemgZmVrc _hÎdmMm \$aH$ åhUOo cmoH$àemgZmV Am{W©H$ ~m~tda ~mø {Z §ÌU AgVo ho~mø {Z §ÌU H$m`Xo_§S>imMo AgVo. àemgH$s` IMm©gmR>r AmJm_r dfm©V {H$Vr aŠH$_ Amdí`H$ Amho `mMrAJmoXaM _§Oyar ¿`mdr cmJVo. H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m _§Oyar{edm` gaH$macm EH$ n¡gmhr IM© H$aVm oV Zmhr.`mCcQ> ImOJr àemgZmV Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` AgVo.

12) Am{W©H$ {ZYr :

cmoH$àemgZmcm {d{dY H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm A§_cmV AmUmì`m cmJVmV. Ë`mgmR>r cmJUmam n¡gm H$aê$nmZo OZVoH$Sy>Z dgyc Ho$cm OmVmo. `mCcQ> ImOJr àemgZmV ñdV:Mo ^m§S>dc Jw§Vdmdo cmJVo.

WmoS>Š`mV ì`mnH$ H$m ©joÌ, amOH$s` ñdê$n, Zâ`mMo VÎd, OZ{hV, EH$m{YH$ma,à{Vð>m Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV~mø {Z §ÌU Am{W©H$ {ZYr BË`mXr_wio cmoH$àemgZ d ImOJr àemgZ `mV {deof \$aH$ AmT>iVmo.

ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ-6


1) H$moUË`m àemgZmMo H$m ©joÌ ì`mnH$ AgVo?

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2) Z\$m {_i{dUo ho H$moUË`m àemgZmMo C{Ôï> AgVo?

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3) H$moUË`m àemgZmV ñnYm© AgVo?

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4) H$moUË`m àemgZmVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Zm à{Vð>m AgVo?

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16

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© BË`mXr

1) àemgZ - H$m`m©Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo åhUOo àemgZ.

2) àemgH $- ì`dñWmnUmMo àË`j H$m © H$aUmam.

3) cmoH$àemgZ - gmd©O{ZH$ àemgZ, gaH$mar àemgZ.

4) ì`{ŠVJV àemgZ - ImOJr àemgZ, {ZOr àemgZ.

5) gmå` - g_mZVm.

6) oX - \$aH$.

1.4 ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao


1) àemgZ hm eãX Administrare `m c°{Q>Z eãXmnmgyZ ~Zcm Amho.

2) amÁ`mVrc gd© cmoH$m§À`mgmR>r Agcoco àemgZ åhUOo cmoH$àemgZ hmo .«


1) EImXo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoVrc gd© KQ>H$ d Ë`m§Mo H$m © åhUOo gd©ì`mnr Ñï>rH$moU hmo .

2) ì`dñWmnH$s` Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma gmd©O{ZH$ {hV gmYÊ`mgmR>r Oo H$m © Ho$co OmVo Ë`mcm ì`dñWmnZmË_H$Ñ{ï>H$moU Ago åhUVmV.

3) àemgZ H$m`m©gmR>r {d{eï> H$m¡eë` AdJV Agmdo cmJVo cmoH$àemgZmV {Z{íMV {gÜXm§V ZgVmVåhUyZ Vr H$cm Amho.

4) cmoH$àemgZmVhr {ZarjU d AZw dmÀ`m AmYmao emñÌewÜX [gÜXm§V _m§S>Vm oVmV. Ë`m_wiocmoH$àemgZ emñÌ Amho.

5) cmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>r àemgH$s` ì`dñWm H$er Agmdr `m{df`r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m © cmoH$àemgZH$aVo Ë`m_wio cmoH$àemgZ ho VÎdkmZ Amho.


1) hoÝar \o$`m°c `m§Zr {Z`moOZ, g§KQ>Zm, Amkm, g_Ýd` d {Z §ÌU ho cmoH$àemgZmMo 5 {d^mJgm§{JVco AmhoV.

2) nr. _°ŠdrZ `m§Zr ì`ŠVr, gm_wJ«r d nÜXVr ho cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo VrZ KQ>H$ gm§{JVcoAmhoV.

3) "H$m`' Am{U "H$go' `m XmoZ eãXmer {\$\$ZaMm cmoH$àemgZ ì`mßVrMm Ñ{ï>H$moU g§~§{YV Amho.

4) ë wWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Zr nmoñS>H$m°~© X¥{ï>H$moU _m§S>cm Amho.

17


1) amÁ`mMo A§VJ©V d ~mø g§ajU H$aUo, em§VVm d gwì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aUo, OZVoMo OrdZ_mZC§MmdUo hr H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr H$m } AmhoV.

2) AmYw{ZH$ g_mOì`dñWm cmoH$àemgZm_wio A{YH$ pñWa Pmcocr Amho.cmoH$àemgZm_wioM g_mOmMog§ajU d g§dY©Z hmoV AgVo. ì`ŠVr Am{U cmoH$àemgZ `m§Mm OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. åhUyZAmYw{ZH$ H$mimV cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd dmT>co Amho.

3) Ym{_©H$dmX, ^m{fH$ dmX, OmVr`dmX, àmXo{eH$ dmX, XheVdmX Aem {d{dY g_ñ`m Xoem_Ü oAmhoV.


1) cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ ho àemgZmMo XmoZ à_wI àH$ma AmhoV.

2) g§KQ>Zm, g_mZ H$m ©nÕVr, OZg§nH©$, g§emoYZ BË`mXr ~m~VrV cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJràemgZ `mV gmå` AgVo.


1) cmoH$àemgZmMo H$m ©joÌ ì`mnH$ AgVo.

2) ImOJr àemgZmV Z\$m ho C{Ôï> AgVo.

3) ImOJr àemgZmV ñnYm© AgVo.

4) cmoH$àemgZmVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Zm à{Vð>m AgVo.

1.5 gmam§e

cmoH$àemgZmMm AW©, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr `m KQ>H$mV AmnU àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q>, ào{gS>|Q> dwS´>mo {dcgZ,gm`_Z, {\$\$Za d E\$. EZ. {ZJ«mo `m§À`m ì`m»`m {dMmamV KoVë`m AmhoV.

1) cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n

A) gd©ì`mnr Ñï>rH$moU

~) ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñï>rH$moU

cmoH$àemgZ hr H$cm Amho.

cmoH$àemgZ ho emñÌ Amho.

cmoH$ àemgZ ho VÎdkmZ Amho

2) cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr

hoÝar \o$`m°c, nr. _°ŠdrZ, {à\$Za `m§Mm Ñï>rH$moU

ë wWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Mm POSDCORB Ñï>rH$moU

cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd


18

3) cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ-gmå`

1) g§KQ>ZoMr Amdí`H$Vm 2) g_mZ H$m ©nÜXVr

3) OZg§nH©$ 4) nañnam§da n[aUm_

5) g§emoYZ

4) cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZ - oX

1) ì`mnH$ H$m ©joÌ 2) Zâ`mMo VÎd

3) OZVoàVr O~m~Xmar 4) amOH$s` à^md

5) g_mZ ì`dhma 6) {Z`_mZwgma H$m ©

7) XßVa[Xa§JmB© 8) ñnYm©

9) à{Vð>m 10) g_`~ÜXVm

11) Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV ~mø {Z §ÌU


nwT>rc àíZm§Mr g{dñVanUo CÎmao {chm.

1) cmoH$àemgZ åhUOo H$m`? cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am?

2) cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr Am{U _hÎd gm§Jm?

3) cmoH$àemgZ Am{U ImOJr àemgZmVrc gmå` d oX ñnï> H$am?


1) cmoH$àemgZmMo {gÜXm§V - àm. n. {g. H$mUo, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya, V¥Vr` Amd¥$Îmr-OmZodmar 1974

2) cmoH$àemgZ - àm. Zm. g. BZm_Xma

3) cmoH$àemgZmMo {gÕm§V d H$m ©nÜXVr - S>m°. em§Vmam_ ^moJco, H¡$cme npãcHo$eZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX,nmMdr Amd¥Îmr- 10 gßQ>|~a 1999

4) cmoH$àemgZ- àm. lrH$m§V {d Xoenm§S>o, lr _§Joe àH$meZ ZmJnya- Amd¥Îmr 2000

5) cmoH$àemgZmMo {gÜXm§V-S>m°. AOw©Zamd Xe©ZH$ma, A_¥V àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, àW_ Amd¥Îmr- 26gßQ>|~a 1996

6) cmoH$àemgZ - àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rc, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya, {S>g|~a 1999.ooo

19

KQ>H$ : 2

g§KQ>ZoMr VÎdo

AZwH«$_{UH$m

2.0 C{Ôï>o

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 g§KQ>Zm

2.2.2 nXgmonmZ

2.2.3 {Z §ÌU H$jm

2.2.4 AmkoŠ`

2.2.5 g_Ýd`


2.4 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

2.5 gmam§e



2.0 C{Ôï>o :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg -

l g§KQ>ZoMm AW©, ì`m»`m, Ñ{ï>H$moU d H$m } g_OyZ KoVm oVrc

l g§KQ>ZoMr H$mhr _hÎdmMr VÎdo g_OyZ KoVm oVrc.

20

2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

hm KQ>H$ Aä`mgÊ`mnydu AmnU cmoH$àemgZmMm AW©, ì`m»`m, ñdê$n, ì`mßVr, _hÎd Am{U cmoH$àemgZd ImOJr àemgZ `m§À`mVrc gmå` d oX `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho. `m KQ>H$mV AmnU g§KQ>ZoMm AW©,ì`m»`m, Ñ{ï>H$moU, H$m } Am{U VÎdo g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

H$moUË`mhr XoemMo àemgZ gwairV Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m g§KQ>Zm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.g_mZ hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ooìhm AZoH$ ì`ŠVr EH$Ì oD$Z gm_y{hH$ à« ËZ H$aVmV Voìhm g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U hmoVAgVo. Va _J OmUyZ KoD$ `m g§KQ>ZoMm AW©, ì`m»`m, Ñ{ï>H$moU d H$m }.

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

2.2.1 g§KQ>Zm :

A) AW© : gm_y{hH$ à`ËZmÛmao EImXm {d{eï> hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Or aMZm {Z_m©U H$amdr cmJVoË`m aMZocm g§KQ>Zm Ago åhUVmV. g§KQ>ZoMm hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmÌ d H$m ©j_ godH$ dJm©Mr {Z wŠVrH$amdr cmJVo. emgZ Á`m Á`mdoir EImXr ZdrZ `moOZm qH$dm H$m © hmVr KoVo Ë`m Ë`m doir ZdrZ gaH$marg§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm Pmcocr Amnë`mcm {XgyZ oVo.CXm. cmoH$m wŠV, {Z`moOZ _§S>i, coIm narjm, B.`mVrcH$mhr g§KQ>Zm Am¡nMm[aH$ Va H$mhr g§KQ>Zm AZm¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV. VgoM H$mhr g§KQ>Zm VmËnwaË`mñdê$nmÀ`m Va H$mhr H$m`_ ñdê$nr AgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV cmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>r {Z{íMV Ho$coco C{Ôï> gmÜ`H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ooìhm H$m } Am{U O~m~Xmè`m `m§Mo {d^mOZ {Z`moOZ~Õ d ì`dpñWVnUo godH$ dJm©V Ho$co OmVoVoìhm Ë`mg g§KQ>Zm Ago åhUVmV.

~) ì`m»`m :

1) Oo. S>r. _yZo - "" g_mZ hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$cocr àË oH$ _mZdr g§ñWm åhUOo g§KQ>Zmhmo`.''

2) Aa{dH$ - "" EImXo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agcocr H$m_o {d^mJ nmhÿZ cmoH$m§ZmZo_yU XoUo åhUOo g§KQ>Zm hmo .''

3) Ec².S>r. ìhmB©Q> - "" EImXm {Z{íMV hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r godH$ dJm©V H$m © d O~m~Xmar `m§MrdmQ>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r Or ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV oVo {Vcm g§KQ>Zm åhUVmV.

H$) X¥{ï>H$moU : cmoH$àemgZm_Ü o g§KQ>ZoMm Aä`mg XmoZ Ñ[ï>H$moUmVyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. Vo XmoZ Ñ{ï>H$moUImcrc à_mUo AmT>iVmV.

1) g§KQ>ZoMm `m§{ÌH$s Ñ{ï>H$moU

2) g§KQ>ZoMm _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU

1) g§KQ>ZoMm `m§{ÌH$s Ñ{ï>H$moU : `m§{ÌH$s Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m g§KQ>ZocmM Am¡nMm[aH$

21

g§KQ>Zm Ago åhUVmV. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q>, Oo. S>r. _yZr, cyWa ½ w{cH$ BË`mXr àemgH$s` {dMmad§VmZr g§KQ>ZoMmAä`mg `m§[ÌH$s Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ Ho$cocm Amho. `m Ñ{ï>H$moUmZwgma g§KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr {d{eï> VÎdm§À`m qH$dm{gÜXm§VmÀ`m AmYmamda Ho$cr OmVo. {d{dY VÎdm§Mm AmYma KoD$Z JaOoZwgma `mo½` Aem godH$ dJm©Mr ^aVrHo$cr OmVo. Ë`m_wio g§KQ>ZoMo ñdê$n Am¡nMm[aH$ ~ZVo.

2) g§KQ>ZoMm _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU : _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m g§KQ>ZocmMAZm¡nMm[aH$ g§KQ>Zm Ago åhUVmV. hoÝar \o$`mc, h~©Q>© gm`_Z, _oar \$m°coQ> BË`mXr àemgH$s` {dMmad§VmZrg§KQ>ZoMm Aä`mg _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ Ho$cocm Amho. `m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ g§KQ>ZoVrc AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Yg_OyZ oVmV. åhUOoM `m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ g§KQ>ZoVrc nañna g§~§Ym§Mm, _mZdr dV©Zm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

g§KQ>Zo g§X^m©V darc XmoZ Ñ{ï>H$moU Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Ago cjmV oVo H$s ho XmoÝhr Ñ{ï>H$moU EH$_oH$mgnyaH$ d Cn wŠV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `m XmoÝhr Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ g§KQ>ZoMm Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMo d _hÎdmMo Amho.

S>) H$m } : AmVmn ªV AmnU g§KQ>ZoMm AW©, ì`m»`m d Ñ{ï>H$moU `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm. AmVm AmnUg§KQ>ZoMr H$m } g_OyZ KoD$ `m :

1) C{ÔîQ>ço R>adUo : H$moUË`mhr H¥$Vr qH$dm H$m © H$aV AgVmZm Ë`m§Mr C{ÔîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$aUo AË §V_hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`m_wio C{ÔîQ>ço d H$m ©nyV©VogmR>r Zo_Ho$ {H$Vr godH$ cmJUma AmhoV d Ë`m§Mr `mo½`Vm H$m`Agmdr `mMr H$ënZm oVo.

2) H$m`mªMr {d^mJUr H$aUo :godH$ dJm©V _hÎdmÀ`m H$m_m§Mr {d^mJUr ì`d{ñWVnUo Ho$crnm{hOo. H$m`mªÀ`m {d^mJUr_wio H$m_mVrc nwZamd¥Îmr Q>miVm oVo.

3) godH$mÀ`m `mo½`VoZwgma H$m_ : g§KZoV A{YH$mar d godH$ `m§À`mVrc ZmVog§~§YmÀ`m {dH$gZmgmR>ràË oH$ godH$mcm Ë`mÀ`m `mo½`VoZwgma H$m } {Xcr nm{hOo. g§KQ>ZoV ~è`mM ì`{ŠV H$m © H$aV AgVmV. àË oH$ì`{ŠVcm Amnë`m H$m`m©À`m O~m~XmarMr OmUrd d _mhrVr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

4) H$m`m©Vrc g_Ýd` : g§KQ>ZoV {d{^ÝZ ì`{ŠV Or H$m } nma nmS>V AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o g_Ýd` AgUoAË §V JaOoMo Amho. g_Ýd`m_wio godH$ dJm©V {d^mJyZ {Xcoë`m H$m_m_Ü o Jm|Yi d nwZamd¥Îmr hmoUma Zmhr.

H ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ- 1

Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1) g§KQ>Zm åhUOo H$m`?

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2) H$moUË`m XmoZ Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ g§KQ>ZoMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo?

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22

3) g§KQ>Zocm H$moUVr H$m } nma nmS>mdr cmJVmV Vo {chm.?

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2.2.2 nXgmonmZ/gmonmZH«$_/A{YH$ma nXna§nam (Principle of Hierarchy)

A{YH$ma nXna§nam ho g§KQ>ZoMo _hÎdmMo VÎd _mZco OmVo. H$moUVrhr g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m Z§Va {VMraMZm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ma nXna§nam `m VÎdmMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. H$moUVrhr g§KQ>Zm KoVcr Var Ë`mg§KQ>ZoV d[aîR>> Vo H${ZîR> Aer ñVaaMZm {Z_m©U Ho$cocr AgVo. g§KQ>ZoV nX {Z{íMVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m VÎdmMmCn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoV {eIamnmgyZ Vimn ªV O~m~XmarÀ`m VÎdmZwgma d[aîR> Vo H${ZîR>Ago g§~§Y {ZíMrV Ho$coco AgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoMr aMZm {na°_rS> gmaIr H$ê$Z g§KQ>ZoÀ`mH$m`m©Mr {d^mJUr gÎmm d O~m~Xmar `mZwgma H«$_nÜXVrZo {ZíMrV Ho$cocr AgVo.

A) ì`m»`m :

1) ""A{YH$ma nXna§nam åhUOo EH$ ì`dñWrV g§KQ>Zm H$s Á`mV H${ZîR> Vo d[aîR> Aer MT>Ë`m H«$_mZoaMZm Ho$cocr AgVo.''

2) Oo. S>r. _yZo - g§KQ>ZoV H$m`m©Mo {d^mOZ H$ê$Z gÎmm d O~m~Xmar `mZwgma d[aîR> Vo H${ZîR> Aemnm`è`m {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. åhUyZ `m nÜXVrcm H«$_ nÜX²Vr Ago åhUVmV.

3) Ag© c°W_ - ""nXgmonmZ åhUOo Ago EH$ ì`dpñWV g§KQ>Z H$s, Á`m_Ü o H${ZîR> Vo d[aîR> AemMT>Ë`m H«$_m§Zo aMZm {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVo.''

WmoS>Š`mV A{YH$ma nXna§nam `m VÎdmZwgma g§KQ>ZoV d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mnmgyZ H${ZîR> A{YH$mè`mn ªVñVaaMZm {Z_m©U Ho$cocr AgVo. {eIamda d[aîR> A{YH$mar AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m ImcmoImc H${ZîR> A{YH$marAgVmo. Vmo d[að>mcm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m © H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m AmXoemMo nmcZ H$arV AgVmo. g§KQ>ZoV {d^mJ,Cn{d^mJ, emIm, CnemIm nmSy>Z A{YH$ma nXna§nam {ZíMrV Ho$cr OmVo. A{YH$m§anXna§naoÀ`m VÎdmZwgma{Z_m©U Ho$cocr g§KQ>ZoMr aMZm hr {na°{_S> gmaIr AgyZ àm_w»`mZo nwT>rc AmH¥$Vrdê$Z hr aMZm ñnï> H$aVm`oVo.

23

`m AmH¥$Vr _Ü o "A' hm g§KQ>ZoMm à_wI AgyZ Vmo gdm}ÀM A{YH$mar Amho. "~' hm "A' Mm H${ZîR>A{YH$mar AgVmo. `m à_mUoM "H$' hm "~' Mm "S>' hm"H$' Mm "B©' hm "S>' Mm Am{U "\$' hm "a' Mm H${ZîR>A{YH$mar AgVmo "A' `m d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr ~,H$,S>,B Am{U \$ ho H${ZîR> A{YH$mar H$m ©H$aV AgVmV. VgoM `m g§KQ>ZoVrc Xwgè`m {d^mJmV "`',"a',"c',"d' Am{U "e' ho H${ZîR> A{YH$mar, "A'`m d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr H$m © H$arV AgVmV. àË oH$ H${ZîR> A{YH$mar Amnë`m d[að>mcmO~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m © H$aVmo. Aem àH$mao A{YH$manXna§nam pñdH$mê$Z emgZmMr {d{dY ImVr d _hm_§S>io H$m ©H$arV AgVmV. CXm. nmo{cg ImË`mÀ`m à_wI d[að> A{YH$marnXr nmocrg _hmg§MmcH$ hm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m{Z §ÌUmImcr 6 n[ajoÌo d 7 Am wŠVmc o {Z_m©U Ho$cr AmhoV. nmocrg ImË`mMr A{YH$manXn§anaoZwgma aMZmnwT>rc à_mUo gm§JVm oB©c.

nmo{cg _hmg§MmcH$

↓

A{V[aŠV nmo{cg _hmg§MmcH$

↓

nmo{cg Cn_hm{Z[ajH$

↓

nmo{cg Am wŠV

↓

nmo{cg CnAm wŠV

↓

nmo{cg A{YjH

↓

nmo{cg CnA{YjH$

↓

nmo{cg {ZarjH$

↓

nmo{cg Cn{ZarjH

↓

hoS> H$m°ÝQ>o~c

Aer ñVa aMZm {Z_m©U Ho$cocr AgVo. {Oëhm nmocrg, amIrd nmocrg Xc, JwÝho AÝdoeZ {d^mJ, aoëdonmocrg, cmMcwMnV à{V~§YH$ {d^mJ _moQ>ma dmhZ {d^mJ, _moQ>ma dmhVyH$ {d^mJ, {~ZVmar g§Xoe {d^mJ,nmocrg à{ejU {d^mJ BË`mXr {d^mJ {Z_m©U Ho$coco AmhoV.

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~) A{YH$ma nXna§nam VÎdmMo narjU

1) JwU :

1) A{YH$ma nXna§nam `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©V EH$ dmŠ`Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. H$maU H${Zð>m§Zmd[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§À`m AmXoemMo nmcZ H$amdo cmJVo.

2) A{YH$ma nXna§nam `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoV g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m§À`mV g_Ýd` Agë`mMo{XgyZ oVo.

3) `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoV {d{dY A{YH$mè`m§À`mV Oo g§~§Y AgVmV Vo A{YH$ _O~yV hmoVmV. `mVÎdm_wio àË oH$ H${ZîR> godH$ d[að>mcm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m © H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio àemgZmMr H$m ©j_VmdmT>Vo d àemgZmMm hoVy gmÜ` hmoVmo.

4) g§KQ>ZoÀ`m `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoMo H$m © `mo½` nÜXVrZo MmcVo. {Z §ÌU, XoIaoI, AmXoemMr H$m ©dmhr,g§ moOZ, _mJ©Xe©Z `m Jmoï>r ghO eŠ` hmoVmV.

5) `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©V l_{d^mJUr d {dH|$ÐrH$aU eŠ` hmoVo.

2) Xmof :

1) A{YH$manXna§nam `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoV d[aîR> d H${ZîR> Aer {d^mJUr Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`m_wiogodH$m§À`mV g§Kf©, _Ëga, Ûof ho Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

2) `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoV ZmoH$aemhr hm Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmo. g§KQ>ZoV {d^mJ, Cn{d^mJ d nXo {Z_m©UHo$ë`m_wio godH$m§À`m g§» oV AdmñVd dmT> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio godH$dJm©À`m H$ë`mUmH$S>o OmñV cj{Xco OmVo. Ë`m_wio cmoH$H$ë`mU hm hoVy ~mOycm amhVmo.

3) `m VÎdm_wio àemgZ H$m`m©g {dc§~ hmoVmo. H$maU g§KQ>ZoVrc àË oH$ H¥$Vr d[að> Vo H${ZîR> `m H«$_mZohmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio H$m ©dmhrg doi cmJVmo.

Aem àH$mao Xmof A{YH$ma nXna§nam `m VÎdmV Agco Var g§KQ>ZoV `mo½` aMZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho VÎdAmdí`H$ Amho.

H ñd §:AÜ``Z àíZ- 2

Imcrc dmŠ o MwH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.

1) nXgmonmZ ho g§KQ>ZoMo EH$ _hÎdmMo VÎd Amho.

2) nXgmonmZ `m VÎdm_wio g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©V EH$ dmŠ`Vm ahmV Zmhr.

3) nXgmonmZ `m VÎdm_wio àemgZ H$m`m©g {dc§~ hmoVmo.

25

2.2.3 {Z §ÌU H$jm (Span of Control)

{Z §ÌU H$jm ho g§KQ>ZoVrc _hÎdmMo VÎd _mZco OmVo H$maU EH$ d[aîR> A{YH$mar Amnë`m A{YH$majoÌmV {H$Vr godH$m§À`mda {Z §ÌU, XoIaoI R>ody eH$Vmo hr _`m©Xm {ZíMrV H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. H$maUg§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©V {eñV, H$m ©j_Vm d gmVË` {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r {Z §ÌU H$jm {ZíMrV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

ì`m»`m :

1) ""g§KQ>ZoV d[aîR> A{YH$mar Amnë`m A{YH$ma joÌmV {H$Vr H${Zð>m§da XoIaoI R>ody eH$Vmo `m_`m©Xocm {Z §ÌU H$jm Ago åhUVmV.''

2) ""EImÚm g§KQ>ZoV d[aîR> A{YH$mar Amnë`m A{YH$ma joÌmV {H$Vr godH$m§À`mda {Z §ÌU R>odyeH$Vmo `m ~m~VÀ`m _`m©Xog {Z §ÌU H$jm Ago åhUVmV.''

g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©V gmVË` {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r d H$m ©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoV {Z §ÌU H$jm {ZíMrVH$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. AZoH$ {dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo {Z §ÌU H$jm _`m©XrV Agmdr. Ë`m_wio àemgZmMo H$m ©`eñdr hmoB©c. d g§KQ>ZoMm hoVy g\$c hmoB©c.

Aa²{dH$ `m {dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo {Z §ÌU H$jm 5 Vo 6 (H$. A{YH$mar) Agmdr Va godH$m§Mr g§»`m 8Vo 12 Agmdr.

ga h°{_cQ>Z `m§À`m _Vo EH$m d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr 3 Vo 4 H${ZîR> godH$ AgmdoV.

J«°h°_ dmcmgÀ`m _Vo hr g§»`m 10 Vo 12 Agmdr

Š wZg `m§À`m _Vo hr g§»`m 5 Vo 6 Agmdr

J«°h°_ dmcmg `m§Zr {d{dY XoemVrc H$m ©H$mar à_wIm§À`m {Z §ÌU H$jm gm§{JVë`m AmhoV.

O_©Zr, BQ>cr - 14

\«$mÝg - 17

a{e`m - 20

B½c§S> - 25

A_o[aH$m - 60

~) {Z §ÌU H$jm {ZíMrV H$aUmao KQ>H$ -

gm_mÝ`V: Á`m g§KQ>ZoV A{YH$manXna§nam ho VÎd pñdH$maco AgVo Aem g§KQ>ZoV {Z §ÌU H$jm ho VÎd{ñdH$maco OmVo. g§KQ>ZoVrc d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mMr {Z §ÌU H$jm {ZíMrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc KQ>H$ _hÎdnyU©R>aVmV.

1) H$m © (Function)- àm_w»`mZo {Z §ÌU H$jm hr g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©À`m ñdê$nmda Adc§~yZ AgVo.gd©gm_mÝ` ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m`m©~m~V {Z §ÌU H$jm ì`mnH$ R>odcr Var MmcÊ`mgmaIo AgVo. àm_w»`mZo d[aîR>

26

A{YH$mar d BVa H${ZîR> godH$ `m§Mo H$m © g_mZ ñdê$nmMo Agoc Va {Z §ÌU H$jo_Yrc godH$m§Mr g§»`m OmñVAgy eH$Vo. Va {d{eï> ñdê$nmÀ`m AdKS> d H$R>rU H$m`m©gmR>r VgoM ~m¡ÜXrH$ d Vm§{ÌH$ H$m`m©gmR>r {Z §ÌUH$joVrc godH$m§Mr g§»`m _`m©XrV Agmdr.

2) H$mc (TimeŸ)- g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U hmodyZ {H$Vr H$mcmdYr Pmcm `mda {Z §ÌU H$jm Adc§~yZAgVo. OwÝ`m g§KQ>ZoVrc d[aîR> A{YH$mar hm AZw dr AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Vmo {Z §ÌU d XoIaoI Mm§Jë`m n«H$maoH$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio Aem g§KQ>ZoV {Z §ÌU H$jm OmñV AgVo. oWrc d[aîR> A{YH$mar OmñV godH$m§À`mda{Z §ÌU R>ody eH$Vmo H$maU Aem g§KQ>ZoV VÎdo, nÕVr, {Z`_ {Z{íMV Pmcoco AgVmV. Va ZdrZ ñWmnZPmcoë`m g§KQ>ZoV d[aîR> A{YH$mar AZw dr AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r AgVo. VgoM VoWrc {Z`_, nÜXVr, VÎdo{ZpíMV Pmcocr ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem g§KQ>ZoV {Z §ÌU H$jm _`m©XrV Agmdr. Ë`m_wio Aem d[að>mÀ`m{Z §ÌUmImcr godH$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r Agmdr.

3) ñWi (Place) -àemgZ H$m`m©À`m {R>H$mUmda {Z §ÌU H$jm Adc§~yZ AgVo. EH$m N>ÌmImcrqH$dm EH$mM {R>H$mUr g§KQ>ZoMo H$m © MmcV Agoc Va VoWrc d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mcm {Z §ÌU d XoIaoI R>odUogmo rMo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio oWrc godH$m§Mr g§»`m OmñV Agy eH$Vo. Va g§KQ>ZoMo H$m © {d{dY {R>H$mUr MmcVAgoc d godH$ {d{dY {R>H$mUr H$m © H$arV AgVrc Va Aem {R>H$mUr {Z §ÌH$mcm {Z §ÌU R>odUo AdKS> hmoVo.Ë`m_wio Aem g§KQ>ZoV {Z §ÌU H$jm _`m©{XV R>odmdr.

4) ZoV¥Îd (Leadership)- g§KQ>ZoÀ`m d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mÀ`m ZoV¥Ëdmda, Hw$ecVoda d H$m ©j_Voda{Z §ÌU H$joVrc godH$m§Mr g§»`m Adc§~yZ AgVo. d[aîR> A{YH$mar hþema, YwV©, à^mdr ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMm dH$m ©j_ Agoc Va {Z §ÌU H$joVrc godH$m§Mr g§»`m OmñV Agy eH$Vo. na§Vw d[aîR> A{YH$mar ZoV¥Ëd{hZ,AH$m ©j_, ~oO~m~Xma, H$_Hw$dV Agoc Va Ë`mcm godH$m§À`mda `mo½` [aVrZo {Z §ÌU R>odVm oUma Zmhr.Ë`m_wio Aem g§KQ>ZoV {Z §ÌU H$joVrc godH$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r R>odmdr cmJVo.

H$) narjU

àemgZ H$m © gwc^ H$m ©j_ d `eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r {Z §ÌU H$jm {ZíMrV H$amdr cmJVo. g§KQ>ZoV {Z §ÌUH$jm _`m©XrV R>odcr Va H${ZîR> ñVamdarc godH$m§Mr g§»`m dmT>cr OmVo. Aem doir {Z §ÌU R>odUo AdKS>hmoVo. {Z §ÌUmÀ`m A^mdm_wio H${ZîR> H$_©Mmar ~oO~m~Xma d¥ÎmrZo dmJVmo. `mCcQ> {Z §ÌU H$jm ì`mnH$ AgocVa H${ZîR> ñVamdarc godH$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoVo. Ë`m_wio àemgZmV cmc{\$V, Xáa{Xa§JmB© ho Xmof {Z_m©UhmoVmV. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr g§KQ>ZoV {Z §ÌU H$jm {ZíMrV H$aV AgVmZm g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©Mo ñdê$n àemgH$s`ZoV¥Ëd, g§KQ>ZoMm H$m ©H$mi d H$m`m©Mo {R>H$mU `m Jmoï>r _hÎdnyU© R>aVmV.



1) {Z §ÌU H$jm åhUOo H$m`?

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27

2) J«°h°_ dmcmg `m§À`m _Vo EH$m d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§À`m {Z §ÌUmImcr {H$Vr H${ZîR> godH$ AgmdoV Voñnï> H$am?

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3) H$moUVo KQ>H$ {Z`§ÌU H$jm {Z{íMV H$aVmV?

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2.2.4 AmkoŠ`/AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm : ( Unity of Command )

AmkoMr EH$Vm ho VÎd A{YH$manXna§nam `m VÎdmEdT>oM _hÎdmMo _mZco OmVo. g§KQ>ZoVrc EH$mM d[aîR>A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z BVa H${ZîR> A{YH$mè`m§Zm d H$_©Mmè`m§Zm AmXoe {_iUo `m§g AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm AgoåhUVmV. gm_mÝ`V: AmXoe qH$dm Amkm EH$mM d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z {Xë`m Omì`mV åhUOo Ë`m AmXoem~m~VH${ZîR> godH$m§V Jm|Yi {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. gd© H${ZîR> godH$ AmXoemMo nmcZ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio àemgZ H$m`m©VEH$ dmŠ`Vm d gmVË` {Z_m©U hmoVo.

A) ì`m»`m :

""g§KQ>ZoVrc EH$mM d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z H${ZîR> A{YH$mè`m§Zm d H$_©Mmè`m§Zm AmXoe {_iUo `mgAmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm Ago åhUVmV.''

hoÝar \o$`m©cZo AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm `m VÎdmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo g§KQ>ZoVrcH$_©Mmè`mcm Ho$di EH$mM H$[ZîR> A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z AmXoe qH$dm Amkm {_iUo åhUOo AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMrEH$Vm hmo . ë wWa ½ w{cH$ d {\$\$Za `m§Zr AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm `m VÎdmMo g_W©Z Ho$co Amho. àm_w»`mZo`m VÎdmV H${ZîR> godH$mcm EH$mM d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z AmXoe {_iUo Amdí`H$ Amho. EH$mM doir XmoZA{YH$mè`m§À`m nañna {damoYr AmXoem§Mo nmcZ H$[ZîR> godH$ dJ© H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV g§KQ>ZoVrcH$_©Mmè`m§Zm EH$mM d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z AmXoe {_iUo Adí`H$ Amho.

AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm§_Ü o AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm `m VÎdmcm {deof _hÎd {Xco Amho. CXm. cîH$aràemgZmV `m VÎdmcm {deof _hÎd {Xco Amho. Ë`m_wio g¡Ý`mV AmXoe XoUo d Ë`m AmXoemMo H$S>H$ nmcZ H$aUoeŠ` hmoVo. VgoM ZmJar godoÀ`m àemgZmV hr AmkoŠ`$ ho VÎd _hÎdmMo d Amdí`H$ _mZco OmVo. g§KQ>ZoVgmVË` d ñW¡ © {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r d àemgZ H$m © `eñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho VÎd Amdí`H$ Amho.

~) narjU :

àemgH$s` {gÜXm§V `m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ho VÎd Amdí`H$ Amho. VargwÜXm `m VÎdmMm pñdH$ma H$aUo H$R>rUOmVo. H$maU H$mhr g§KQ>Zm§V AmXoe XoUmè`m d[aîR> emIm EH$nojm A{YH$ AgVmV. CXm. {Oëhm n[afXoÀ`mH$m ©H$mar à_wImÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr {ejU [dñVma A{YH$mar H$m_ H$arV AgVmo. Var gwÜXm _hmamï´> amÁ`

28

{ejU g§MmcH$mÀ`m AmXoemMo nmcZ Ë`mcm H$amdo cmJVo. gm`_Z `m {dMmad§VmZo `mda EH$ Cnm` gwM{dcmAmho. Vmo åhUVmo XmoZ d[aîR> A{YH$mar EH$mM doir AmXoe XoV AgVrc d nañna {damoYr AgVrc Va Ë`mn¡H$sEH$mM AmXoemMo nmcZ H${Zð>m§Zr H$amdo.

AmXoemMr EH$Vm ho VÎd H$mc~mø Pmco Amho Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ àemgZmV ghm`H$g§ñWmMr d {deof V§Ì A{YH$mè`m§Mr dmT> Pmcocr Amho. Ë`m_wio àemgZ H$m`m©V A{YH$ Jw§Vm§JwV Pmcocr{XgVo. H${ZîR> godH$m§Zm d[aîR> A{YH$mar d {deof Vk `m§À`m AmXoemMo nmcZ H$amdo cmJVo. Ë`m_wio AmOÀ`mAmYw{ZH$ wJmV àË oH$ H$_©Mmè`mcm EH$mM d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mMr Amkm AgUo hr H$ënZm {Zê$n`moJr d OwZrPmcr Amho.

WmoS>Š`mV AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm ho VÎd pñdH$maVm§Zm AmXoe/Amkm XoUmar ì`ŠVr loîR>, H$m ©j_,à^mdr ì`ŠVr_ËdmMr Agmdr. Amkm hr pñWa d EH$_wIr Agmdr Ë`mM~amo~a d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mÀ`m AmXoem~amo~a BVa {deof Vk `m§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z d n ©dojUm_wio godH$mMr H$m ©j_Vm dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio ho VËd pñdH$maVAgVm§Zm àemgH$s` d Vm§ÌrH$ `m XmoÝhr _mJ©Xe©ZmMr d {Z §ÌUmMr JaO gÚmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ wJmV Amdí`H$~Zcr Amho.


Imcrc dmŠ o MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.

1) AmkoŠ` ho g§KQ>ZoMo \$mago _hËdmMo VÎd Zmhr.

2) hoÝar \o$`m°c `m§Zr AmkmYmaH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm `m VÎdmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cocm Amho.

3) g§KQ>ZoVrc EH$mM d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z BVa H${ZîR> A{YH$mè`m§Zm d H$_©Mmè`m§Zm AmXoe

{_iUo `m§g AmkmYmaH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm Ago åhUVmV.

2.2.5 g_Ýd` (Co-ordination)

àË oH$ g§KQ>ZoV g_Ýd`mMo VÎd Amdí`H$ _mZco OmVo. àË oH$ g§KQ>ZoV H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m H$maUm§ZogodH$dJm©V g§Kf© d _V oX {Z_m©U hmoVmV. g_Ýd` åhUOo Ho$di ghH$m © Zìho, Va d[aîR> A{YH$mar d H${ZîR>A{YH$mar `m§À`mV ñZoh~§Y {Z_m©U hmodyZ AmnwcH$sMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoUo g_Ýd`mV A{^àoV AgVo. g_Ýd`m_wiog§KQZoMm hoVy gmÜ` hmoVmo. g§KQ>ZoVrc godH$ dJm©Vrc g§Kf© H$_r hmodyZ EH$VoÀ`m ^mdZoZo H$m © hmoVo. Ë`m_wiog_mZ C{Ôï> gmÜ` hmodyZ g§KQ>ZoMm hoVy gmÜ` hmoVmo.

A) ì`m»`m :

1) Mmëg© dW© - ""g§KQ>ZoÀ`m C{Ôï> àmárgmR>r {d{dY KQ>H$m§_Ü o gwgyÌrH$aU H$aUo åhUOo g_Ýd`hmo`.''

2) Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q>-""g_Ýd` åhUOo Aer à{H«$`m H$s g§KQ>ZoVrc {d{dY KQ>H$mVrc g§~§Y AemàH$mao {ZíMrV Ho$co OmVmV H$s Á`m_wio Vo ñdV§Ì KQ>H$ EH$ÌrV à^mdrnUo H$m`© H$aVmV.''

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3) E\²$.E. {ZJ«mo -""g_Ýd` åhUOo g§KQ>ZoMo {d{dY ^mJ EH${ÌV[aË`m à^mdrnUo Aem àH$mao H$m ©H$aVmV H$s Ë`m_Ü o g§Kf©, JwVm§JwV d _V oX amhV ZmhrV.''

4) Q>oar- ""g_Ýd` åhUOo Aem àH$maMr ì`dñWm Amho {H$, Á`m_wio g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m{H«$`m-à{H«$`m d H$m`m©V EH$gyÌrnUm odyZ àË oH$ g§KQ>ZoMm hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmñVrV OmñVgh^mJ hmoVmo.

~) g_Ýd`mMr d¡{eîR>ço -

1) g_Ýd` gm_w{hH$ à`ËZm_Ü o Amdí`H$ AgVo. ì`ŠVrJV à`ËZm_Ü o g_Ýd` cmJy hmoV Zmhr.

2) g_Ýd` gVV MmcUmar à{H«$`m Amho.

3) g_Ýd` E¡Š` {Z_m©U H$aUmar à{H«$`m Amho. ì`ŠVrJV nmVirda MmcUmè`m gd© à`ËZm§Zm _w»`àdmhmV AmUyZ g§nyU© {ZíMrV Ü o mH$S>o ZoÊ`mgmR>r g_Ýd`mMr _XV hmoVo.

4) g_Ýd`mMm _w»` CÔoe g§KZoMo Ü o gmÜ` H$aUo hm AgVmo.

H$) g_Ýd`mMo àH$ma (Types of Co-ordination)

g_Ýd`mMo àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV Vo nwT>rc à_mUo gm§JVm oVrc.

1) C^ma g_Ýd` (H$moZVc g_Ýd`) (Vertical Co-ordination)

g§KQ>ZoVrc d[aîR> d H${ZîR> A{YH$mè`m§V g§Kf© d _V oX {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Agm g§Kf©{Z_m©U Pmcm Va g§KQ>ZoVrc _Ü`_ A{YH$mè`m_m\©$V Vmo {_Q>dcm OmVmo. `mV àm_w»`mZo _Ü`_ A{YH$mard[að>m§Mo {ZU© , _Vo, Ë`m§Mr H$m ©nÕVr H${Zð>m§Zm g_OmdyZ gm§JVmV, Va H${Zð>m§Mo àíZ, AS>MUr, g_ñ`m dgyMZm d[að>m§Zm g_OmdyZ gm§JVmV. C^ma g_Ýd` hm A{YH$ma nXna§naoÀ`m VÎdmZwgma KS>V AgVmo.

2) g_Vc g_Ýd` (g_m§Va g_Ýd`) (Horizontal Co-ordination)

g§KQ>Zo _Ü o g_mZ nmVirdarc A{YH$mè`m§À`m _Ü o g§Kf© d _V oX {Z_m©U hmoVmV. g_mZ nmVirdarcA{YH$mè`m§À`m _Ü o g§Kf© d _V oX {Z_m©U Pmco Va `m A{YH$mè`m§Zr nañnam§À`m oQ>rJmR>r KodyZ {dMma{d{Z_` d MM}Ûmao g§Kf© H$_r H$aUo `m§g "g_Vc g_Ýd`' åhUVmV. àm_w»`mZo hm g_Ýd` g_mZ {d^mJmV,g_mZ emImV, g_mZ ImË`mV gmYcm OmVmo. àm_w»`mZo g_mZ nmVirdarc A{YH$mè`m§V g§Kf© {Z_m©U PmcmVa Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xcr OmVo.

S>) g_Ýd`mMr à{H«$`m :

àm_w»`mZo g_Ýd`mMr à{H«$`m CËñ\y$V© d OmUrdnyd©H$ Aem XmoZ _mJmªZr hmoV AgVo.

A) CËñ\y$V© g_Ýd` (Automatic Co-ordination )

g§KQ>ZoV g_Ýd`mMr à{H«$`m CËñ\y$V©nUo KS>V AgVo. `mV àm_w»`mZo {d{eð> n[apñWVr_Ü o H$go dmJconmhrOo `mMo kmZ H$_©Mmè`m§Zm H$ê$Z {Xco OmVo. Aem nÜXVrV H$moUVr H$m © nÜXVr {ñdH$macr nm{hOo ho

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gm§JrVco OmVo. Ago H$m © H$_©Mmè`m§À`mH$Sy>Z CËñ\y$V©nUo hmoVo.CËñ\y$V© g_Ýd` g§KQ>ZoMm à_wI A{YH$marKS>dyZ AmUVmo.

~) OmUrdnyd©H$ g_Ýd` - (Deliberate Co-ordination )

àm_w»`mZo _moR>çm g§KQ>ZoV OmUrdnyd©H$ g_Ýd`mMr à{H«$`m MmcVo. àm_w»`mZo _moR>çm g§KQ>ZoV d[að>mcmXoIaoI d {Z §ÌU R>odUo AeŠ` AgVo. Aemdoir g§KQ>Zo_Ü o, {d^mJ, Cn{d^mJ, emIm, CnemIm nmSy>Zgmhmæ`H$, H${ZîR> A{YH$mar {Z wŠV H$ê$Z OmUrdnyd©H$ g_Ýd`mMr à{H«$`m Mmcdcr OmVo. Aem _moR>çmg§KQ>ZoV g§Kf© d _V oX {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV. Vo H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ Ho$co OmVmV. g§KQ>Zo_Ü og§ moOZ, gwgyÌrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUyZ OmUrdnyd©H$ g_Ýd`mMr à{H«$`m gmYcr OmVo.

B) g_Ýd`mÀ`m nÜXVr - (Methods of Co-ordination )

g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJm_Ü o d godH$m§À`m _Ü o g_Ýd` KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc XmoZ _mJmªMmAdc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo.

1) gŠVrMm g_Ýd` - (Coercive Co-ordination )

g§KQ>ZoÀ`m "A{YH$manXna§nam'`m VÎdm_wio gŠVrMm g_Ýd` KS>dyZ AmUcm OmVmo. g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {d{dY{d^mJm_Ü o g§Kf©, _V oX AgVmV. ho g§Kf©, _V oX d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {_Q>dco OmVmV. H${Zð>m§ZmAmnco _V oX ~mOycm R>odyZ d[að>m§À`m AmkoMo nmcZ H$amdo cmJVo. d[að>m§Mo {ZU© H${Zð>m§da ~§YZH$maH$AgVmV. g§KQ>Zo _Ü o AgUmao _V oX, Ûof d g§Kf© d[að> gŠVrZo H$_r H$ê$Z g_Ýd` KS>dyZ AmUVmV.

2) ñd §ñ\y$V© g_Ýd`- (Voluntary Co-ordination)

g_Ýd`mMm hm _mJ© E¡pÀN>H$ ñdê$nmMm Amho. g§KQ>ZoVrc H$_©Mmar ñd §ñ\y$Vr©Zo, ñdB©ÀN>oZo g_Ýd` KS>dyZAmUVmV. "ñd §ñ\y$V© g_Ýd`' {dMma {d{Z_`, n[afXm, oQ>rJmQ>r, {Z`moOZ, _mJ©Xe©Z, {dH|$ÐrH$aU, AZm¡nMm[aH$Aem {d{dY _mJmªZr gmYcm OmVmo.

A)Ÿ n{afXm : (Conferences) ñd §ñ\y$V© g_Ýd`mMm n[afXm hm EH$ _hËdnyU© _mJ© Amho. `mVàm_w»`mZo {d{dY {d^mJ à_wIm§À`m n[afXm Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. d Ë`mV {dMma {d{Z_` H$ê$Z g_Ýd`gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. `m n[afXm _Ü o g§KQ>ZoVrc àíZ, AS>MUr, g_ñ`m OmUyZ KodyZ Ë`mdaMo Cnm`emoYyZ g_Ýd` gmYcm OmVmo.

~) gëcm_gcV :(Through consultation and Advice) ñd §ñ\y$V© g_Ýd`mÀ`m `m àH$mam_Ü oEH$ {d^mJ Xwgè`m {d^mJmer gëcm_gcV H$aVmo. VgoM d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImcr _V oX dg§Kf© H$_r H$ê$Z g_Ýd` gmYco OmVo.

H$) {Z`moOZ : ñd §ñ\y$V© g_Ýd`m_Yrc {Z`moOZ hm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ _mZcm OmVmo. H$moUVo hràemgH$s` H$m © gwê$ H$aÊ`mnydr© Ë`m H$m`m©Mo {Z`moOZ Ho$co OmVo. Ë`m_wio g§KQ>ZoVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Zm d H${Zð>m§ZmH$m`m©Mo nyd©kmZ hmoVo. øm_wio Aer H$m } nma nmS>V AgVm§Zm g§Kf© d _V oX {Z_m©U hmoV ZmhrV.

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5) g§ñWmË_H$ nÜVVr (Organizational Devices)

ñd §ñ\y$V© g_Ýd`m_Ü o g§ñWmË_H$ _mJm©Mm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo. `m_Ü o {d{dY g^m _§S>io, {d{dYg{_Ë`m ñWmnZ H$ê$Z g_Ýd` gmYcm OmVmo. CXm. _§Ìr_§S>i,{Z`moOZ _§S>i, amîQ´>r` {dH$mg _§S>i, `moOZmAm`moJ BË`mXr _mJm©Zr g§ moOZmMo H$m © Ho$co OmVo.

B) AW© ImVo : {d{dY ImË`m_Ü o g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMo H$m_ AW©ImVo H$aVo. AW©ImVo dm{f©H$A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aVo. `m A§XmOnÌH$mV {d{dY ImË`m§Zm Ë`m Ë`m Am{W©H$ dfm©V IM© H$amd`mMr aŠH$_{ZíMrV Ho$cocr AgVo. Ë`m_wio g§Kf© d _V oX hmoV ZmhrV d g_Ýd` gmYcm OmVmo.

\$) {dH|$ÐrH$aU (Decentralization) : {d{dY ImVr _hm_§S>io `m§À`m _Ü o {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMo VËdpñdH$maco OmVo. g§KQ>ZoVrc d[aîR> A{YH$mar Amnco H$mhr A{YH$ma H${Zð>m§Zm XoVmV Ë`m_wio H${ZîR> A{YH$marñdV§ÌnUo H$m © H$ê$ eH$Vmo. {dH|$ÐrH$aUmÀ`m VÎdm_wio ñd §ñ\y$V© g_Ýd` gmYcm OmVmo d d[að> Am{U H${ZîR>`m§À`mVrc g§~§Y A{YH$ _O~yV hmoVmV.

O) H$m ©nÜXVrMo à_mUrH$aU (Standardisation & Procedure) g§KQ>ZoV Á`m H$m ©nÜXVrMmAdc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo Ë`m H$m ©nÜXVrMo {Z`_ d nÜXVrMo à_mUrH$aU Ho$ë`mg g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.àË oH$ H$_©Mmè`mZo {d{eð> n[apñWVr _Ü o H$go dV©Z H$amdo `mMo Ë`mcm AmJmD$ kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.H$m ©nÜXVr EH$gmaIr Agë`mg g§KQ>Zo_Ü o EH$gwÌrnUm d EH$mË_Vm àñWm{nV hmoVo.

c) AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÜXV : (Informal Method)

{d{dY g§KQ>Zm_Ü o d[að> A{YH$mar nañnam§er MMm©, {dMma {d{Z_`, JmR>r oQ>r KodyZ g§KQ>ZoVrcH$_©Mmè`mVrc àíZ d g_ñ`m§da Cnm` emoYVmo.

\$) g_Ýd`mMo _hÎd : àemgZm_Ü o g_Ýd`mMo VËd Amdí`H$ d _hËdmMo _mZco OmVo. g_Ýd` `mVÎdmMo _hËd nwT>rc _wÚmdê$Z ñnï> hmoVo.

1) g§KQ>ZoV {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm {d{dY ñdê$nmMo A{YH$ma {Xcoco AgVmV. Aem {d{dY KQ>H$m§V {Z_m©UhmoUmao g§Kf©, _V oX Q>miÊ`mgmR>r àemgZmV g_Ýd`mMo VËd Adí`H$ Amho.

2) g§KQ>ZoV A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar dJm©cm Ë`m§À`m A{YH$mamMr Am{U H$m`m©Mr `mo½` àH$mao _m{hVr XoUoAmdí`H$ AgVo. H$mhr doim AkmZm_wio godH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z A{YH$mamMm J¡admna hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§Mo A{YH$ma d H$m } `m§Mr _m{hVr hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

3) H$mhr doim g§KQ>ZoMm _w»` hoVy ~mOycm gmacm OmdyZ Xwæ`_ XOm©À`m H$m`mªZm A{YH$ _hËd {XcoOmVo. øm_wio Ë`m§À`mV OmUrd d OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r g_Ýd`mMo VËd Amdí`H$ Amho.

4) H$mhr doim d[aîR> A{YH$mar H${Zð> A{YH$mamV hñVjon H$aVmV. H${Zð>m§Zm H$_r XOm©Mo _mZyZ gd©A{YH$ma Amnë`mH$S>o KoVmV. Aem doir d[að>m§Zm Ë`m§À`m A{YH$mam§Mr _`m©Xm g_OmdyZ XoUo JaOoMo Amho.

5) H$mhr doim g§KQ>ZoVrc XmoZ {d^mJmV nañna {damoYr y{_H$m pñdH$macr OmVo Aem doir Ë`m XmoÝhr

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{d^mJmV nañna g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z H$m`m©cm JVr XoUoMr Amdí`H$Vm$ Amho. Aem doir g_Ýd`mMo VËdCn wŠV R>aVo.

6) g§KQ>ZoVrc gd© KQ>H$m§V d gd© godH$m§V gm§{KH$ ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r d gm_w{hH$ à`ËZH$aÊ`mgmR>r g_Ýd`mMo VËd Amdí`H$ Amho.

H ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>ro àíZ-5


àíZ 1 g_Ýd`mMo {H$Vr àH$ma AmhoV?

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àíZ 2 g_Ýd`mMr à{H«$`m H$moUË`m XmoZ _mJm©Zr hmoV AgVo?

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àíZ 3 g_Ýd`mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ nÜXVr {chm?

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2.3 nm[a^mfrH$ eãX d eãXmW©

l g§KQ>Zm - g_mZ hoVy gmÜ` H$aUmar ì`dñWm

l A{YH$m`nXna§nam - gmonmZH«$_, nXgmonmZ

l {Z §ÌU - XoIaoI

l H$jm - gr_m, _`m©Xm

l ñWi - {R>H$mU, H$m ©joÌ

l H$mc - H$mcmdYr

l AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm - Amkm E¡Š`

l g_Ýd` - g§ moOZ

l H$moZVc - C^ma

l g_Vc - g_mZ

l gëcm_gcV - _mJ©Xe©Z

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H ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ-1

CÎma 1 EImXo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agcocr H$m_o {d^mJ nmSy>Z cmoH$m§Zm Zo_yU XoUo åhUOog§KQ>Zm hmo .

CÎma 2 g§KQ>ZoMm Aä`mg `m§[ÌH$s Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ d _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ho$cm OmVmo.

CÎma 3 g§KQ>Zocm Imcrc Mma H$m } nma nmS>mdr cmJVmV.

1) C{ÔîQ>ço R>a{dÊ`mMo 2) H$m`mªMr {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mMo 3) godH$m§À`m `mo½`VoZwgma H$m } XoÊ`mMo d4) H$m`m©Vrc g_Ýd`mMo


1) ~amo~a 2) MyH$ 3) ~amo~a


CÎma 1 g§KQ>ZoV d[aîR> A{YH$mar {H$Vr H${Zð>m§da XoIaoI R>ody eH$Vmo `m _`m©Xocm {Z §ÌU H$jm AgoåhUVmV.

CÎma 2 J«°h°_ dmcmg `m§À`m _Vo EH$m d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mÀ`m {Z §ÌU H$joImcr 10 Vo 12 H${ZîR>A{YH$mar AgmdoV.

CÎma 3 H$m ©, H$mc, ñWi d ZoV¥Ëd ho Mma KQ>H$ {Z §ÌU H$jm {Z{íMV H$aVmV.

H ñd § : AÜ``Z àíZ-4

1) MyH$ 2) ~amo~a 3) ~amo~a

H ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ-5

CÎma 1) g_Ýd`mMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.

CÎma 2) g_Ýd`mMr à{H«$`m CËñ\y$V© g_Ýd` d OmUrdnyd©H$ g_Ýd` Aem XmoZ _mJmªZr hmoV AgVo.

CÎma 3) gŠVrMm g_Ýd` d ñd §ñ\y$V© g_Ýd` `m g_Ýd`mÀ`m XmoZ nÜXVr AmhoV.

2.5 gmam§e :

cmoH$àemgZmV àemgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. amÁ`mMr {d{dY àH$maMr H$m } nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>rg§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$amdr cmJVo. g{Mdmc`, _§Ìr_§S>i ImVr, _hm_§S>io,amOH$s` nj BË`mXr àm_w»`mZo g_mZhoVyZo Ooìhm AZoH$ ì`ŠVr EH$Ì odyZ gm_whrH$ à`ËZ H$aVmV Voìhm g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U hmoVo. g§KQ>ZoMo H$m © `eñdrH$aÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoMr {d{eï> nÜXVrZo aMZm H$ê$Z d ì`ŠVrMo dmQ>n H$ê$Z g§KQ>ZmË_H$ nÜXVrZo H$m © H$amdo


34

cmJVo. g§KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr H$aV AgVm§Zm g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {d{dY VÎdm§Mm/{gÜXm§VmMm AmYma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. Ë`m_wiog§KQ>ZoMo H$m © {d{eï> VËdmZwgma d nÜXVrZwgma MmcVo. A{YH$manX na§nam,{Z §ÌU Ajm, AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMrEH$Vm, g_Ýd` BË`mXr VÎdm§Mm pñdH$ma g§KQ>ZoV Ho$cm OmVmo. g§KQ>ZoV `m VÎdm§Mm pñdH$ma Ho$ë`m_wio g§KQ>ZocmemñÌr` ì`dñWmnZ d Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$n oVo.WmoS>Š`mV g§KQ>ZoÀ`m aMZogmR>r d g§KQ>ZoMo H$m © `eñdrH$aÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoMr gd© VÎdo AË §V Cn wŠV d _hÎdmMr AmhoV.


1. g§KQ>Zm åhUOo H$m`? g§KQ>ZoMo X¥{ï>H$moU d H$m } ñnï> H$am.

2. nXgmonmZ åhUOo H$m`? nXgmonmZ VÎdmMo JwU d Xmof ñnï> H$am?

3. g_Ýd` åhUOo H$m`? g_Ýd`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço, à{H«$`m d nÜXVr qH$dm _mJ© ñnï> H$am.

4 {Q>nm {chm.

1) {Z §ÌU H$jm

2) AmkmH$maH$ gÎmoMr EH$Vm/AmkoŠ`


1) cmoH$àemgZ {gÜXm§V - n.{g. H$mZo.

2) cmoH$àemgZ - S>m°. AemoH$ H$mio

3) cmoH$àemgZ- ~r.~r.nmQ>rc

4) cmoH$àemgZ VÎd d V§Ì - {X. H$m. JX}

5) Public Administration- Bhambhari C.P

6) Public Administration in theory & Practice - M.P. Sharma

7) cmoH$àemgZ - n. {g. H$mUo

ooo

35

KQ>H$ : 3

g§KQ>ZoMo KQ>H$

AZwH«$_{UH$m

3.0 C{Ôï>o

3.1 àmñVm{dH$

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$

3.2.2 ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$mMo àH$ma

3.2.3 cmB©Z KQ>H$

3.2.4 cmB©Z KQ>H$mMo àH$ma

3.2.5 ImË`mMr ì`m»`m

3.2.6 ImË`mMo AmYma yV KQ>H$



3.5 gmam§e



36

3.0 C{Ôï>o :


l ñQ>m\$ d cmB©Z KQ>H$ åhUOo H$m`? ho ñnï> H$aVm oB©c.

l ñQ>m\$ d cmB©Z KQ>H$mMo àH$ma ñnï> H$aVm oVrc

l ImVo g§KQ>ZoMr ì`m»`m ñnï> H$aVm oB©c.

l ImË`mMo AmYma yV KQ>H$ ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrc.

3.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV g§KQ>ZoMr H$m } AË §V JwVm§JwVrMr ~Zcr AmhoV.Ë`m_wio g§KQ>Zocm Amncr H$m } nmanmS>Uo H${R>U Pmco Amho.g§KQ>ZoMo H$m } `eñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mr _XV ¿`mdr cmJVo. `m_Ü o àË`jH$m © H$aUmam, gëcm XoUmam, Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~VrV gëcm XoUmam Ago {d{dY KQ>H$ àemgH$s` §ÌUoV AgVmV.àm_w»`mZo ñQ>m\$ d cmB©Z Ago g§KQ>ZoMo _w»` KQ>H$ _mZco OmVmV.

g§KQ>ZoMo H$m © {d{dY KQ>H$mÛmao MmcVo. àË oH$ KQ>H$mMo H$m © doJdoJio AgVo. gëcm XoUmao Ago {d{dYñdê$nmMo KQ>H$ g§KQ>ZoVrc àemgZmV AgVmV. gm_mÝ`V: gëcmJma d aoIm Ago g§KQ>ZoMo _w»` KQ>H$ _mZcoOmVmV. gëcmJma A{^H$aU åhUOo gëcm XoUmam dJ© Am{U aoImA{^H$aU åhUOo àemgZVm àË`j H$m ©H$aUmam dJ©

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$ d cmB©Z KQ>H$mMo ñdê$n :

H$moUË`mhr g§KQ>ZoMo àemgH$s` ñdê$nmMo H$m © H$aVmZm gëcmJma d aoIm `m XmoÝhr KQ>H§$Mo ñdê$ng_OmdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ho XmoÝhr KQ>H$ àH$ma àemgZmÀ`m H$m`m©dê$Z nmS>co OmVmV. gëcmJma KQ>H$g§KQ>ZoÀ`m àemgH$s` H$m`m©cm gëcm XoUmam d ghmæ` H$aUmam AgVmo. aoIm KQ>H$ àË`j H$m © H$aUmam KQ>H$AgVmo. d[aîR> Vo H${ZîR> A{YH$mè`m§n ªV g§KQ>ZoV ñVaaMZm {Z_m©U Ho$cocr AgVo. àË`j H$m © H$aUmè`mH$_©Mmè`m§Mr {eIamnmgyZ Vimn ªV gmIir AgVo. åhUyZM Ë`mcm aoIm A{^H$aU åhUVmV. nydu g¡{ZH$àemgZmV ñQ>m\$ d cmB©Z ho eãX dmnaco OmV AgV. g¡Ý`mVrc d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§nmgyZ Vo H${ZîR> A{YH$mè`m§n ªVOo g¡{ZH$ godH$ AgV Ë`m§Zm aoIm KQ>H$ g_Oco OmV hmoVo. Am{U aoIm KQ>H$mcm gëcm XoUmam d _XV H$aUmè`mKQ>H$mcm gëcmJma KQ>H$ åh§Q>co OmV Ago CXm. g¡Ý`mcm d¡Ú{H$` godm nwa{dUmao dmhVyH$ H$aUmao, eñÌmñÌonwa{dUmao BË`mXr. nwT>o hr nÜXV ZmJar àemgZmV pñdH$macr Jocr. emgH$s` ImVr, cmoH${ZJ_. ñdV§Ìñd §{Z §[ÌV _§S>io, g§ñWmnH$ _§S>io, hr aoIm A{^H$aUo AgyZ Ë`m§Zm gëcm XoÊ`mgmR>r gëcmJma KQ>H$ _XVH$arV AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV AmYw{ZH$ àemgZmV gëcmJma d aoIm A{^H$aUo Amdí`H$ d _hÎdnyU© AmhoV. VgoMXmoÝhr A{^H$aUo EH$_oH$mg nyaH$ AmhoV.

37

nwT>rc AmH¥$Vrdê$Z gëcmJma d aoIm KQ>H$mMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> hmoVo.

g§KQ>ZoMo KQ>H$(Unit of Organization)

gëcmJma A{^H$aU aoIm A{^H$aU(Staff Agency) (Line Agency)

1) gd©gmYmaU H$_©Mmar dJ© 1) ImVo(Geneval Staff) (Department)

2) Vm§{ÌH$ H$_©Mmar dJ© 2) emgH$s` {ZJ_(Technical Staff) (Government Corporation)

3)ghmæ`H$ H$_©Mmar dJ© 3) ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §[ÌV _§S>i(Auxiliary Staff) (Independent Regulatory Commission)

3.2.1 ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$ qH$dm gëcmJma KQ>H$ (Staff Unit)

ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$ åhUOo g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©V _XV H$aUmam, gëcm XoUmam KQ>H$ hmo . Oo. S>r. _yZr `m{dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo ""ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$ åhUOo H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mè`mÀ`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMm {dH$mg hmo . åhUOo Ë`mcmA{YH$ S>moio, A{YH$ H$mZ d A{YH$ hmV AgyZ Á`mMr Ë`mcm Amnë`m `moOZm {Z_m©U H$aV AgVmZm dH$m ©dmhr H$aV AgVm§Zm _XV hmoVo.'' Va hoÝar \o$`m°cÀ`m _Vo"" _moR>çm g§KQ>ZoV ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$mMr Amdí`H$VmAgVo H$maU H$moUË`mhr H$m ©H$mar [d^mJmV BVam§À`m _XVr{edm` d _mJ©Xe©Zm {edm` H$moUVohr H$m_ nyU©H$aVm oUma Zmhr.'' WmoS>Š`mV ñQ>m\$ ho CÀM loUrÀ`m A{YH$mè`mcm gëcm XoUmao EH$ A{^H$aU Amho {H$Á`mcm H$moUVrM {H«$`mË_H$ O~m~Xmar ZgVo.

AW© d ì`m»`m : gëcmJma A{^H$aU åhUOo àemgZmVrc àË`j H$m © H$aUmè`m§Zm gëcm XoUmam dghmæ` H$aUmam KQ>H$ hmo . hoÝar \o$`m°cÀ`m _Vo g§KQ>ZoÀ`m à_wImcm gd© H$m } EH$Q>çmZo nma nmS>Vm oV ZmhrV.Ë`mcm Xwgè`m Vk ì`ŠVtMm gëcm, _XV d _mJ©Xe©Z Amdí`H$ AgVo. Mmëg© dW©À`m _Vo ""gëcmJmaA{YH$mar Omo g§emoYZ, {ZarjU d AÜ``Zm _Ü o Vk AgVmo Vmo g§KQ>ZoVrc gdm}ÀM H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mè`mg_moaV`ma Ho$coë`m `moOZoMm AmamIS>m, àñVmd _§OwargmR>r R>odVmo.''

38

ì`m»`m : àmo Ec². S>r. ìhmB©Q> ""gëcmJma A{^H$aU ho CÀM loUrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm gëcm XoUmaoA{^H$aU Amho H$s Á`mcm H$moUVrM H$m`m©Ë_H$ O~m~Xmar ZgVo.''

gëcmJma A{^H$aUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço Imcrc à_mUo gm§JVm oVrc.

d¡{eîR>ço -

1) gëcmJma KQ>H$mcm àË`j H$m © nyU© H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar d gÎmm ZgVo.

2) gëcmJma KQ>H$mMo H$m © g§emoYZ H$aUo, gëcm XoUo Aem ñdê$nmMo AgVo.

3) gëcmJma KQ>H$mcm AmXoe XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZgVmo.

g„mJma KQ>H$mMr H$m } :

àmo. Ec².S>r. ìhmB©Q> `m§Zr gëcmJma KQ>H$mMr H$m } nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JrVcr AmhoV.

1) g§KQ>ZoVrc _w»` A{YH$mar d BVa CÀM A{YH$mar `m§Zm `mo½` d AMyH$ _m{hVr XoUo

2) g§KQ>ZoVrc g_ñ`m d ^{dî`mVrc H$m ©H«$_mMr `moOZm `m{df`r à_wImcm ghmæ` H$aUo.

3) H$m ©H$mar à_wImÀ`m doioV ~MV H$aUo VgoM AMyH$ {ZU© KoÊ`mg _XV H$aUo.

4) g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Ü o YmoaUm§Mr Am{U H$m ©H$mar à_wImÀ`m AmXoem§Mr A_§c~OmdUr Xwæ`_ H$_©Mmè`mH$Sy>ZhmoVo {H$§dm Zmhr ho nmhUo

{\$\$Za `m§Zr gëcmJma KQ>H$mMr H$m } nwT>rc à_mUo gm§{JVcr AmhoV. gëcm XoUo, g_Ýd` gmYUo, gË`emoYUo d g§emoYZ H$aUo, {Z`moOZ H$aUo, `mo½` g§nH©$ ñWm{nV H$aUo, aoIm KQ>H$mcm _XV H$aUo BË`mXr

Va _wZr `m§Zr gëcmJma KQ>H$mMr nwT>rc H$m } gm§JrVcr AmhoV.

1) _m{hVr XoUo : _m{hVr XoÊ`mMo H$m © Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ _m{hVr nwa{dUo, g§emoYZ, AÜ``Z,gdo©jU, Mm¡H$er `mÛmao _m{hVr Jmoim H$aUo d aoIm KQ>H$mcm nwa{dUo.

2) gëcm XoUo : gëcm XoÊ`m_Ü o aoIm KQ>H$m§Zm H$m` {ZU© Agmdm `m{df`r Amnco _V gm§JUo

3) n ©dojU H$aUo : `m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo KoVcoë`m {ZU© mMo `mo½` g§gyMZ d H$m ©dhZ aoIm KQ>H$mÛmaohmoVo qH$dm Zmhr ho nmhUo

WmoS>Š`mV hoÝar \o$`m°cÀ`m _Vo gëcmJma KQ>H$ ho ì`dñWmnH$mÀ`m H$m`m©V Ë`mcm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>rË`mÀ`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amho.

39

3.2.2 ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$mMo àH$ma :

{\$\$Za `m {dMmad§VmZo ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$mMo nwT>rc VrZ àH$ma gm§{JVco AmhoV.

1) gd©gmYmaU H$_©Mmar dJ© :(General Staff)

à_wI emgH$s` AWdm d[aîR> emgH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m àemgH$s` H$m`m©V _XV H$aUmam, gëcm XoUmam,_m{hVrJmoim H$aUmam, g§emoYZ H$ê$Z doimodoir H$m`m©Mr {Xem R>a{dÊ`mMo H$m © H$aUmam hm gd©gmYmaU H$_©Mmar dJ©AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV g§KQ>ZoMo àË`j H$m © H$aUmè`m A{YH$mar dJm©cm Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©~m~V gëcm XoUmam, CnXoeH$aUmam Omo H$_©Mmar dJ© AgVmo Ë`mcm gd©gmYmaU H$_©Mmar dJ© åhUVmV. CXm.H|$Ðr` g{Mdmc`, _§Ìr_§S>imMog{Mdmc`, {Z`moOZ _§S>i, amï´>nVrMo g{Mdmc`, _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m g{_Ë`m, amï´>r` {dH$mg _§S>i BË`mXr.

2) Vm§{ÌH$ H$_©Mmar dJ© (Technical Staff)

Vm§{ÌH$ H$_©Mmar dJm©V V§Ìkm§ZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. g§KQ>ZoVrc H$_©Mmar à_wImcm Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~VrV gëcmXoUmam Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr XoUmam hm H$_©Mmar dJ© AgVmo. CXm. A{^ §Vm, d¡Ú, S>m°ŠQ>g©, AW© {df`H$gëcmJma, ì`mnma {df`H$ gëcmJma, H$m`Xo{df`H$ gëcmJma, coImnmc, coIm narjH$, g§»`m emñÌkBË`mXr.

3) gmhmæ`H$ H$_©Mmar dJ©: (Auxiliary staff)

gmhmæ`H$ H$_©Mmar dJm©Mo H$m © ~hþVoH$ gd© g§KQ>Zm§gmR>r AgVo.àË oH$ g§KQ>ZoVrc àË oH$ {d^mJmV{d{eï> gmYZgm_wJ«r d H$_©Mmar dJ© `m§Mo gmø ¿`mdo cmJVo. {d{dY ImË`m§Zm, _hm_§S>im§Zm {d{dY àH$maMrñQ>oeZar nwadmdr cmJVo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm ñQ>oeZar nwa{dUmam {d^mJ _XV H$aV AgVmo. VgoM {heo~ nmhUmam,{d^mJ, H$_©Mmar dJ© nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r, cmoH$godm Am`moJ BË`mXr gmhmæ`H$ H$_©Mmar dJm©V _moS>VmV.



1) ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$ åhUOo H$m`?

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2) ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$mMo àH$ma gm§Jm

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40

3) gd©gmYmaU H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr CXmhaUo gm§Jm

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3.2.3 cmB©Z KQ>H$ qH$dm n§ŠVr/aoIm KQ>H$ (Line Unit)

cmB©Z KQ>H$ åhUOo emgZmÀ`m Ü o YmoaUm§Mr àË`jmV A_§c~OmdUr H$aUmamKQ>H$ hmo . `mV àm_w»`mZoemgZmÀ`m {d{dY ImË`m§Mm, _hm_§S>im§Mm d ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §{ÌV _§S>im§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. cmB©Z KQ>H$mcmn§ŠVr KQ>H$ qH$dm aoIm A{^H$aU Ago hr åh§Q>co OmVo. cmB©Z KQ>H$mcm ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$ _XV H$aV AgVmo.g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mè`mnmgyZ Vo H${ZîR> nmVir n ªV d[aîR> Vo H${ZîR> Aer EH$ aoIm/n§ŠVr `m cmB©ZKQ>H$mV {Z_m©U Ho$cocr AgVo. åhUyZM `m KQ>H$mcm cmB©Z KQ>H$/n§ŠVr KQ>H$ Ago åhUVmV. àm_w»`mZogëcmJma KQ>H$mÀ`m _XVrZo cmB©Z KQ>H$ Amnco H$m © `eñdr H$aV AgVmo.

emgZmÀ`m Ü o YmoaUmMr àË`j A§_c~OmdUr H$aUmè`m H$_©Mmar dJm©cm aoIm A{^H$aU qH$dm n§ŠVrKQ>H$ (Line Unit) åhUVmV. OZH$ë`mUmgmR>r emgZmcm {d{dY àH$maMr H$m } H$amdr cmJVmV. VgoM H$m`Xo_§S>imZo _§Oya Ho$coë`m H$m`Úm§Mr d Ü o YmoaUm§Mr A_§c~OmdUr H$amdr cmJVo. hr H$m } emgZ {d{dY{d^mJmÛmao nma nmS>Vo, CXm. {ejU, g§ajU, eoVr, Amamo½`, BË`mXr ImVr d _hm_§S>io. WmoS>Š`mV aoImA{^H$aU åhUOo cmoH$ H$ë`mUmMr àË`j H$m © H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm. `m g§KQ>Zm_Ü o nXgmonmZ ho VÎd pñdH$macocoAgVo. EH$m gai aofoà_mUo {eIam nmgyZ Vim n ªV ñVaaMZm qH$dm nXaMZm Ho$cocr AgVo. g§KQ>ZoVrc gd©KQ>H$ H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mè`mÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr H$m © H$arV AgVmV.

àm_w»`mZo cmB©Z KQ>H$mMo àH$ma nwT>rc à_mUo gm§JVm oVrc.

3.2.4 cmB©Z KQ>H$mMo àH$ma :

cmB©Z KQ>H$mMo àm_w»`mZo nwT>rc VrZ àH$ma AmhoV :

1) ImVo -(Department)

cmB©Z KQ>H$mVrc d cmoH$àemgZm_Yrc ImVo hm gdm©V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. cmoH$àemgZm_Yrc ImVogdm©V _moR>m KQ>H$ Amho. cmoH$ H$ë`mUmgmR>r emgZmcm {d{dY ImVr {Z_m©U H$amdr cmJVmV. CXm. eoVr,Amamo½`, {ejU, J¥h, g§ajU BË`mXr. ImË`m§Mm AmH$ma aMZm d H$m o© `mdê$Z ImË`m§Mo {d{dY àH$ma nS>VmV.ImË`m§_Ü o A{YH$ma nXna§naoÀ`m VÎdmZwgma aMZm {Z_m©U H$amdr cmJVo. ImË`mV d[aîR>> Vo H${ZîR> Aer ñVaaMZm {Z_m©U Ho$cocr AgVo. àm_w»`mZo ImË`mV g{Md, Cng{Md, H${ZîR> g{Md, A{YjH$, emIm à_wI,CnemImà_wI, {c{nH$ Agm AZoH$ dJ© {Z wŠV Ho$cocm AgVmo. A{YH$ma nXna§nam, {Z §ÌU H$jm, AmkmH$maH$gÎmoMr EH$Vm, A{YH$ma d O~m~Xmar Aem g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {d{dY VÎdm§Mm pñdH$ma ImË`m_Ü o Ho$cocm AgVmo.àm_w»`mZo ImË`mMo H$m © "Zm Z\$m Zm VmoQ>m' `m VÎdmda MmcVo. ImË`mÀ`m H$m`m©da emgZmMo nyU© {Z §ÌUAgVo.

41

2) cmoH${ZJ_/_hm_§S>io (Government Corporations)-

amÁ`{Z{_©Vr à_§S>io åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>io qH$dm cmoH${ZJ_ hmo . cmoH${ZJ_mMo ñdê$n ImË`mhÿZ{^ÝZ AgVo. emgZmMo H$mhr ^mJ^m§S>dc d OZVoMo H$mhr ^mJ_m§S>dc {_iyZ cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$crOmVo. Va H$mhr cmoH${ZJ_mgmR>r emgZmMo nyU© ^m§J^mS>dc KoVco OmVo. àm_w»`mZo ì`mnma. dmhVyH$, CÚmoJY§Xo,nwZd©gZ, H$O©nwadR>m, Am{W©H$ ì`dhma BË`mXr joÌmV _hm_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo. CXm. Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg_hm_§S>i, nwZd©gZ _hm_§S>i, [aPd© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, Am w{d©_m _hm_§S>i, drO _hm_§S>i, eoVr _hm_§S>iB. cmoH${ZJ_m§Mm H$ma^ma ñdV§ÌnUo MmcVmo. cmoH${ZJ_m§da gaH$maMo H$mhr à_mUmV {Z §ÌU AgVo. cmoH${ZJ_Zâ`mÀ`m y{_Ho$VyZ Mmcdco OmVmV.

3) ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §[ÌV _§S>io (Independent Regulatory Commissions)

g§KQ>ZoÀ`m cmB©Z KQ>H$mMm hm {Vgam àH$ma Amho. àm_w»`mZo ^maVmV Aer ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §{ÌV _§S>ioAmT>iV ZmhrV. _mÌ A_o[aHo$V hr _§S>io _moR>çm à_mUmV {XgVmV. ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §{ÌV _§S>io nyU©nUo ñdV§ÌAgVmV. VgoM emgZmcm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m © H$arV ZmhrV. gaH$mar ^mJ^m§S>dc Z KoVm hr _§S>io ñdV:À`mnm`mda C^r AgVmV. ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §[ÌV _§S>io Zâ`mÀ`m y{_Ho$VyZ Mmcdcr OmVmV.VargwÜXm cmoH$ H$ë`mUH$aUo hm Ë`m§Mm à_wI CÔoe AgVmo. hr ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §{ÌV _§S>io H$m`Xo_§S>imcm O~m~Xma ZgVmV. Ë`m_wioË`m§Zm ""ñdm`Îm ~oQ>o'' Ago åhUVmV. VgoM Ë`m§Zm ""emgZmMr Mm¡Wr emIm'' Ago hr åhQ>co OmVo. ñdV§Ìñd §{Z §[ÌV _§S>io ñdV:cm Amdí`H$ AgUmao H$m`Xo H$aVmV d Ë`m§Mr A_§c~OmdUrhr H$aVmV. ì`mnma,XiUdiU, drO, Am{W©H$ ì`dhma, BË`mXr joÌmV hr _§S>io H$m © H$aVmV.

A_o[aHo$Vrc H$mhr ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §{ÌV _§S>io nwT>rc à_mUo gm§JVm oVrc \o$S>ac nm°da H${_eZ, \o$S>ac[aPìh© {gpñQ>_, B§Q>a ñQ>oQ> H$m°_g© H${_eZ, \o$S>ac Q´>oS> H${_eZ, Z°eZc co~a [acoeÝg ~moS>© BË`mXr

WmoS>Š`mV ñQ>m\$ d cmB©Z `m KQ>H$m§Mo H$m © nañnam§Zm nyaH$ Amho. g§KQ>ZoMo CÔrï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r hoXmoÝhr KQ>H$ _hËdmMo d Amdí`H$ AmhoV.



1) cmB©Z KQ>H$ åhUOo H$m`?

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2) cmB©Z KQ>H$mMo àH$ma gm§Jm?

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3) ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §{ÌV _§S>imMr CXmhaUo gm§Jm?

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3.3.5 ImË`mMr ì`m»`m :

H$mhr {dMmad§VmZr ImË`mMr ì`m»`m nwT>rc à_mUo Ho$cr Amho.

n _hoídar - ""ImVo åhUOo àemgZmMm _wc yV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ KQ>H$ H$s Omo emgZmMr gd© H¥$VrnmanmS>Ê`mMr O~m~Xmar pñdH$maVmo.''

n àmo.Ec².S>r.ìhmB©Q>- ""ImVo åhUOo g§KQ>ZoMm EH$ à_wI KQ>H$ H$s Omo emgH$s` H$m } nmanmS>Ê`mMr O~m~Xmar Ë`mÀ`mda AgVo.''

n E_².nr. e_m©-""_w»` H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mè`mÀ`m ImcmoImc AgUmar gdm©V _moR>r {d^mJr`g§KQ>Zm H$s Á`m_Ü o emgZmÀ`m H$m`m©Mo {d^mOZ hmoVo Ë`mg ImVo åhUVmV.''

3.3.6 ImË`mMo AmYma yV KQ>H$ - Bases of Departmental Organization

ImVo g§KQ>ZoMo àm_w»`mZo Mma AmYma AmhoV. ë wWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Zr "4Ps' qH$dm "4 à' ho ImË`mMo{Z{_©VrMo AmYma yV KQ>H$ _mZco AmhoV.

1) à`moOZ (Purpose)- àemgZ H$m`m©Mm CÔoe H$m` Amho Am{U Vmo H$moUVo H$m © Ho$ë`mZo `eñdrhmoUma Amho `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z ImË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo. {ejU, Amamo½`, g§ajU BË`mXr ImVr hr {d{eï>CÔoe, gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVmV. {d{eï> CÔoe, H$m ©, hoVy g_moa R>odyZ ImË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$crOmVo.

n JwU-

1) à`moOZ `m KQ>H$m_wio ImË`mV EH$ àH$maMo H$m_ H$m`_ñdê$nr MmcVo. Ë`m_wio oWrc H$_©Mmar dJ©Vk d {ZnyU ~ZVmo. VgoM Aem ImË`mV g§KQ>ZoMo g_Ýd`mMo VÎd hr `eñdr hmoVo.

2) à`moOZ `m KQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`m_wio ImË`mVrc g§{X½YVm d Jm|Yi Zï> hmoVmo. Aem ImË`m§MoH$m © ñdV§ÌnUo MmcV Agë`m_wio EH$ ImVo Xwgè`m ImË`mV hñVjon H$aV Zmhr.

3) à`moOZ `m KQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`mMo H$m © O~m~XmarZo d OmUrdZo MmcVo. Aer ImVrAm{W©H$ÑîQ>çm \$m`ÚmMr R>aVmV.

n Xmof-

1) hoVy qH$dm H$m © `m g§koMm AW© A{ZíMrV Agm dmQ>Vmo. H$maU ImË`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mm {dMma Ogmì`mnH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. Vgm Vmo g§Hw${MV Ñï>rH$moZmVyZhr Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo.

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2) à`moOZ `m KQ>H$mMm AmYma KoVë`mZo ImVo \$ŠV Amnë`m H$m`m©H$S>o cj XoVo. Ë`m_wio BVaAmdí`H$ AgUmè`m Jmoï>rH$S>o Xwc©j hmoVo.

3) à`moOZ `m KQ>H$mMm AmYma KoVë`mZo Aer ImVr BVa ImË`m§Zm ghH$m © H$arV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wiog§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

2) à{H«$`m (Process) V§Ì/H$m¡eë`/nÜXVr-

à{H«$`m `m KQ>H$mMm AmYma KodyZ H$mhr ImË`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo. Aem ImË`mV V§Ì, H$m¡eë` dnÜXVr `m KQ>H$m§Zm _hÎd {Xco OmVo. àemgH$s` H$m } nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r {d{eï> V§ÌmMm qH$dm H$m¡eë`mMmCn`moJ H$amdm cmJVmo. Ë`m_wio à{H«$`m `m KQ>H$mMm AmYma KodyZ ImË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo. CXm. cmoH$H$_©ImVo, aoëdo ImVo, H$m`Xm ImVo, {heo~ ImVo, XiUdiU ImVo BË`mXr

n JwU :

1) à{H«$`m `m KQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`m_wio ImË`mV Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ d H$m¡eë` `m§Zm _hÎd àmßV hmoVo.

2) à{H«$`m `m KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV ImË`m_wio àemgZmV EH$ê$nVm d g_Ýd` gmYcm OmVmo.

3) Aem ImË`m_wio hmoUmè`m IMm©Mm A§XmO ~m§YVm oVmo. d A§XmOnÌH$mV Amdí`H$ Ë`m aŠH$_oMrVaVyX H$aVm oVo.

4) `m KQ>H$m_wio ImË`mVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Zm Amnë`m H$m`m©V A{YH$ {dH$mg H$aVm oVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm~T>VrMr g§Yr OmñV à_mUmV {_iVo.

n Xmof :

1) `m KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV ImË`mV g_Ýd` gmYZo AdKS> OmVo. ImVo ~§X nS>co Va Ë`mMm n[aUm_ BVaImË`mda hmoVmo.

2) `m KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV ImË`mV V§ÌkmZmMm d H$m¡eë`mMm `mo½` dmna Ho$cm VaM hr ImVr `eñdrhmoVmV.

3) `m KQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`m§Zm ghH$m © {Xco Zmhr Va àemgZmV {dñH$irVnUm {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

4) `m KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV ImVr Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm nadS>Umar ZgVmV.

3) n««Om (Persons)- ì`ŠVr/ì`ŠVrg_wh

àOm qH$dm ì`ŠVrg_wh `m KQ>H$mMm AmYma KodyZ H$mhr ImVr {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVmV. g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVrqH$dm ì`ŠVrg_whmMo {hV gmYZo, {dH$mg H$aUo ho ImË`mMo à_wI H$m © AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV àOm `m KQ>H$mMmAmYma KodyZ ImË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo. CXm. _{hcm d ~mc H$ë`mU ImVo, nwZd©gZ ImVo, _Oya ImVo,g_mOH$ë`mU ImVo, Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mU ImVo BË`mXr.

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n JwU-

1) àOm `m KQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`m_wio OZVm d àemgZ `m§À`mV OdiMm g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmo. `mKQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`m_wio {d{dY {d^mJmV g_Ýd` gmYcm OmVmo.

2) Aem ImË`mVrc A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar `m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo.

3) Aem ImË`m_wio X~md JQ> {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ago X~mdJQ> Amncm hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {hVg§~§YOmonmgVm§Zm {XgVmV. CXm. _Oya g§KQ>Zm, _{hcm g§KQ>Zm, eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm,{dÚmWu g§KQ>ZmBË`mXr.

n Xmof-

1) ImVo {Z{_©VrgmR>r gd©M {R>H$mUr `m KQ>H$mMm Cn`moJ H$aVm oV Zmhr.

2) àOm `m KQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`m_wio A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar `m§Zm AZoH$ àH$maMr H$m_o H$amdrcmJVmV. Ë`m_wio Vmo dJ© Hw$ec d {ZnwU ~ZV Zmhr.

3) Aem KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV ImË`m_wio Oo X~md JQ> {Z_m©U hmoVmV Vo emgZmda X~md AmUyZ `mo½` dA`mo½` Aer XmoÝhr àH$maMr H$m_o H$ê$Z KoVmV.

4) Aem ImË`mMo H$m ©joÌ {Z{íMV H$aVm oV Zmhr.

4)Ÿ àXoe Place ñWi/H$m ©joÌ

àXoe `m KQ>H$mMm AmYma KodyZ H$mhr ImVr {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVmV. {d{eï> àXoemÀ`m JaOm cjmV KodyZH$mhr ImVr {Z_m©U Ho$cr AmhoV. CXm. naamï´> ì`dhma ImVo, Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mU ImVo, aoëdo ImVo BË`mXr

n JwU-

1) ImË`mÀ`m _w»` H$m`m©c`mnmgyZ Xya AgUmè`m {d{eï> àXoemMm {dMma H$ê$Z Aer ImVr {Z_m©UH$ê$Z VoWrc {d^mJmMm {dH$mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

2) g_Ýd` d {Z §ÌU hr g§KQ>ZoMr VÎdo Aem ImË`mV {XgyZ oVmV.

3) {d{eð> àXoemgmR>r ImVr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`m àXoemVrc cmoH$m§Mo àíZ, g_ñ`m d AS>MUrg_OmdyZ KodyZ gmoS>dVm oVmV.

4) `m KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV ImË`m_wio Am{W©H$ ~MV hmoVo.

n Xmof-

1) {d{eð> àXoemMr ImVr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mZo àmXo{eH$ dmX {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`m_wioamï´>r` YmoaUmV EH$ê$nVm amhV Zmhr.

2) `m KQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`mV l_{d^mJUr `m VÎdmMm A^md {XgVmo.

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3) Aem ImË`mda àmXo{eH$ ZoV¥ËdmMm à^md nS>Vmo.

4) Aem ImË`m_wio amï´>r` àemgZmV {dñH$irVnUm {Z_m©U hmoVmo.



1) ImVo åhUOo H$m`? ImË`mMo AmYma yV KQ>H$ gm§Jm?

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2) à`moOZ KQ>H$mMo JwU d Xmof gm§Jm?

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3) àOm `m KQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`mMr CXmhaUo gm§Jm?

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3.3 nm[a^mfrH$ eãX d eãXmW©

l gëcmJma - g§KQ>ZoÀ`m àemgH$s` H$m`m©cm gmø H$aUmam, _XV H$aUmam KQ>H$

l n§ŠVr KQ>H$ - g§KQ>ZoMo àË`j H$m © H$aUmam KQ>H$

l ñdm`Îm ~oQ>o - emgZmcm O~m~Xma Z amhVm H$m © H$aUmar _§S>io

l à`moOZ - H$m ©, CÔoe, hoVy

l à{H«$`m - V§Ì, H$m¡eë`, nÜXVr

l àOm - ì`ŠVr, ì`ŠVrg_wh

l àXoe - ñWi, H$m ©joÌ

l X~md JQ> - gmaIo {hVg§~§Y OmongUmar g§KQ>Zm

46



CÎma 1 àemgZmMo àË`j H$m © H$aUmè`m KQ>H$mcm gëcm, _mJ©Xe©Z d _XV H$aUmam KQ>H$.

CÎma 2 ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$mMo àH$ma

1) gd© gmYmaU H$_©Mmar dJ©

2) Vm§{ÌH$ H$_©Mmar dJ©

3) gmhmæ`H$ H$_©Mmar dJ©

CÎma 3 gd©gmYmaU H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr CXmhaUo

_§Ìr_§S>imMo g{Mdmc`, H|$Ðr` g{Mdmc`, amï´>nVrMo g{Mdmc`, {Z`moOZ _§S>i, amï´>r` {dH$mg_§S>i, _§Ìr_§S>imVrc g{_Ë`m.


1) cmB©Z KQ>H$ åhUOo àemgZmMr àË`jmV H$m © H$aUmam KQ>H$ hmo . emgH$s` Ü o YmoaUm§MrA_§c~OmdUr H$aUmam KQ>H$ hm o.

2) ñdV§Ì ñd §{Z §{ÌV _§S>imMr CXmhaUo

B§Q>a ñQ>oQ> H$m°_g© H${_eZ \o$S>ac {aPìh© {gñQ>r_, \o$S>ac nm°da H${_eZ, \o$S>ac Q´>oS> H${_eZ hr_§S>io A_o[aHo$V _moR>çm à_mUmV AmT>iVmV.


1) ImVo åhUOo _w»`H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mè`mÀ`m ImcmoImc AgUmar gdm©V _moR>r, {d^mJr` g§KQ>Zmhmo . hr g§KQ>Zm emgZmÀ`m g§nyU© H$m`m©Mo {d^mOZ H$aVo.

ImË`mMo AmYma yV KQ>H$

4Ps qH$dm 4 à

1) à`moOZ 2) à[H«$`m 3) àOm 4) àXoe

2) à`moOZ KQ>H$mMo JwU d Xmof-

JwU-1) H$_©Mmar Vk d {ZnwU ~ZVmo.

2) Aem ImË`mV g§{X½YVm d Jm|Yi ZgVmo.

3) ImË`mMo H$m © O~m~XmarZo d OmUrdoZo MmcVo.

47

Xmof - 1) H$m ©/hoVy `m g§koMm AW© A{ZíMrV dmQ>Vmo.

2) Aer ImVr \$ŠV Amnë`mM H$m`m©H$S>o cj XoVmV.BVa Jmoï>rH$S>o Xwc©j hmoVo.

3) Aer ImVr BVa ImË`m§Zm ghH$m © H$arV ZmhrV.

3) àOm `m KQ>H$mda AmYmarV ImË`mMr CXmhaUo -

nwZd©gZ ImVo, Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mU ImVo, _{hcm d ~mc H$ë`mwU ImVo, eoVr ImVo, g_mOH$ë`mU ImVo B.

3.5 gmam§e :

àemgH$s` gK§Q>ZoV ñQ>m\$ d cmB©Z KQ>H$ _hÎdmMo AmhoV. emgZmMr {d{dY cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m }àË`jmV nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r cmB©Z KQ>H$ Cn wŠV AgVmo. ImVr, cmoH${ZJ_, ñdV§Ì ñd §[Z §{ÌV _§S>io `mKQ>H$m_m\©$V {d{dY H$m } nma nmS>cr OmVmV. Va ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$ `m àË`j H$m © H$aUmè`m KQ>H$mcm _XV H$aVAgVmo. gëcm XoV AgVmo. ñQ>m\$ d cmB©Z KQ>H$mÀ`m ghH$m`m©VyZ g§KQ>ZoMo H$m © `eñdr hmoV AgVo.

àemgZmÀ`m cmB©Z KQ>H$mVrc ImVo hm gdm©V _hÎdmMm àH$ma Amho. àemgZmMr ~hþVm§e H$m } ImË`m_m\©$Vnma nmS>cr OmVmV.ImË`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü o à`moOZ, à{H«$`m, àOm d àXoe `m Mma KQ>H$m§Mm AmYma KoVcmOmVmo. l_ {d^mJUr d A{YH$ma nXna§naoZwgma ImË`mMo H$m © MmcVo AmYw{ZH$ wJmV àemgZmMm ImVo hmgdm©V _moR>m d _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ ~Zcm Amho.

3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`` :

1. ñQ>m\$ KQ>H$ åhUOo H$m`? ñQ>m\$ KQ>mMo àH$ma ñnîQ> H$am?

2. cmB©Z KQ>H$mMm AW©, ì`m»`m d àH$ma ñnîQ> H$am.

3. ImË`mMr ì`m»`m {chm d Ë`mMo AmYma yV KQ>H$ ñnîQ> H$am.


1) cmoH$àemgZmMo {gÜXm§V - n.{g. H$mZo.

2) cmoH$àemgZ - àm. lrH$m§V {d. Xoenm§S>o

3) cmoH$àemgZ- ~r.~r.nmQ>rc

4) cmoH$àemgZ VÎd d V§Ì - {X. H$m. JX}

5) Public Administration- Bhambhri C.P

6) Public Administration in theory & Practice - M.P. Sharma

ooo

48

KQ>H$ : 4

cmoH${ZJ_ o

AZwH«$_{UH$m

4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 cmoH${ZJ_

4.2.2 cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço

4.2.3 cmoH${ZJ_m§darc _§Ìr_§S>ir` {Z §ÌU

4.2.4 cmoH${ZJ_m§darc g§gXr` {Z §ÌU

4.2.5 cmoH${ZJ_m§g_moarc ImOJrH$aUmMr AmìhmZo


4.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

4.5 gmam§e



4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm

cmoH${ZJ_ åhUOo H$m` ho g_Ooc

cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço g_OVrc

cmoH${ZJ_m§darc _§Ìr_§S>ir` d g§gXr` {Z §ÌU H$em nÜXVrMo Amho Vo g_Ooc d

cmoH${ZJ_mg_moarc ImOJrH$aUmMr AmìhmZo H$moUVr AmhoV Vo ñnï> hmoB©c.

49

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

ZmJarH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ dmT>Umè`m JaOm§À`m _wio AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc amÁ` gd©ì`mnr ~Zco Amho. ì`dgm`,ì`mnma, CÚmoJY§Xo, CËnmXZ `m§À`m _Ü o Pmcoë`m àM§S> dmT>rZo amÁ`mcm Am{W©H$ joÌmda {Z §ÌU R>odUo JaOoMo~Zco Amho. `m joÌm_Ü o amÁ`mcm CËnmXZ, {dVaU, {Z §ÌU ^m§S>dc nwadR>m Aer doJdoJir H$m o© H$amdrcmJVmV. Ë`m_wio nma§nmarH$ ImVr hr AmYw{ZH$ AmìhmZo g_W©nUo nocÊ`mg Hw$MH$m_r R>ê$ cmJcr. `m_YyZMZdrZ àH$maÀ`m àemgH$s` g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>im§À`m Ûmao amÁ`mVrc _hÎdmÀ`mCÚmoJm§da {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmcr.`m_wio {dgmì`m eVH$mVrc AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`m§Zr cmoH${ZJ_ nX²YVrMmpñdH$ma Ho$cm. `m§Mo H$m © ImË`mÀ`m ~amo~arZo àemgZmV gwê$ Pmco. emgH$s` {Z §ÌU Am{U ImOJr joÌmVrcCnH«$_ `m§Mm g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mVyZ cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m } nwU©Ëdmg ZoÊ`mgmR>r cmoH${ZJ_ nÕVrCn wŠV R>acr.

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 cmoH${ZJ_ : AW© d ì`m»`m

A) AW© :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m } H$ê$Z àOocm gwIr, g_mYmZr R>odmdo Aer g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUràË oH$ XoemZo A§JrH$macr Amho. `mgmR>r ImOJr ì`mdgm{`H$ ì`dñWmnZmMr VÎdo pñdH$mê$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ dì`mdgm{`H$ joÌmV `eñdr nXmn©U Ho$co Amho. {d{c`_ E.am°~gZ `m§Zr Ago åhQ>co Amho H$s. ""Joë`m nÝZmgdfm©V B§½c§S>_Ü o {dH$grV Pmcocr gdm©V _hËdnyU© KQ>Zm åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>io hmoV. cmoH${ZJ_m§Mm{dH$mg åhUOo amÁ`mMr Am{W©H$ H$m } nyU© H$aUo Am{U gaH$maZo H$ma^mamVrc hñVjon H$_rV H$_r H$aUo hmo .''AcrH$S>o OJmV gd©Ì cmoH${ZJ_m§Mm {dH$mg Pmcocm {XgVmo. ImË`m§À`m à_mUoM hr gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>iocmoH$H$ë`mU Am{U {dH$mgmMr H$m } H$aVmV _mÌ ImË`m§À`m nojm hr _hm_§S>io A{YH$ ì`mnmar d ì`mdgm{`H$Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ H$m_ H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mda emgZmMo {Z §ÌU XoIrc H$_r AgVo. Ë`m_wioM amï´>r` ì`dgm`mÀ`mì`dñWmnZmgmR>r cmoH${ZJ_ Cn wŠV AmhoV.

~) ì`m»`m:

1) E_². B. {S>_m°H$ : ""EImÚm {d{eï> ì`dgm`mgmR>r qH$dm Am{W©H$ H$m`m©gmR>r _Ü`dVu gaH$maÀ`mqH$dm KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ gaH$maÀ`m H$m`ÚmÛmao Am{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcoë`m gmd©O{ZH$CÚmoJY§Úmcm cmoH${ZJ_ Ago åhUVmV.''

2) àmo. E_². Oo. {\$\$Za : ""Ooìhm AZoH$ ì`ŠVtZm EH$ ì`ŠVr åhUyZ H$m © H$aVm oB©c `m hoVyZoEImXr g§ñWm {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVo. Voìhm Ë`mg cmoH${ZJ_ Ago åhUVmV. cmoH${ZJ_ Aer EH$ H¥${Ì_ ì`ŠVrAgVo H$s {Vcm H$m`ÚmÛmao {d{eï> H$m © H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ma gÎmm àmßV hmoVo.''

3) àmo. E_. gr. ewŠcm : ""cmoH${ZJ_ åhUOo Aer g§ wŠV g§ñWm H$s Or H$m`Xo _§S>imÛmao {Z_m©U


50

hmoVo. {VMo A{YH$ma d H$m o© H$m`ÚmZwgma {ZíMrV Ho$cr OmD$Z Vr g§ñWm Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo ñdV§ÌnUo EImÚm{d{eï> joÌmnwaVo qH$dm EImÚm {d{eï> ì`dgm`mnwaVo ñnï> d _`m©{XV ñdê$nmMo H$m © H$arV AgVo.''

4) {dë`_ J«|O : ""cmoH${ZJ_ åhUOo Aer H¥$Ìr_ ì`ŠVr H$s Orcm H$m`ÚmÛmao EImÚm {d{eï>ì`dgm`mnwaVo H$m © H$aÊ`mMr gÎmm {Xcocr AgVo.

5) àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> : ""CÚmoJY§Xo d ì`mnma {df`H$ joÌmV amÁ`mZo Ho$coë`m àdoem_wio Pmcocmn[aUm_ åhUOo amÁ`{Z{_©V à_§S>io hmoV.''

6) h°am°ëS> grS>_Z : ""gaH$mar à_§S>io åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ CÔoe àmárgmR>r amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`ÚmZwgmaAm{YH¥$VnUo {Z_m©U Ho$cë`m g§KQ>rV g§ñWm hmoV.''

darc ì`m»`m Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Ago åhUVm oB©c H$s amÁ`{Z_uV cmoH${ZJ_ ho amÁ`mVrc ì`mnmaCÚmoJY§Xo Am{U ì`dgm` `m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$cocr AmhoV hr _hm_§S>io ñdV§ÌnUocmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m ©o H$aV AgVmV. åhUOoM EImÚm {d{eï> ì`dgm`mgmR>r qH$dm Am{W©H$ H$m`m©gmR>ramÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`ÚmZwgma g§ wŠV g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao gmd©O{ZH$ CÔoí`àmár Ho$cr OmVo Ë`m g§ñWm§ZmcmoH${ZJ_ Ago åhUVmV.

H ñd §: AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ -1

1) cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m } H$aV AgVmZm ImOJr ì`mdgm{`H$ ì`dñWmnZmMr VÎdo pñdH$mê$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$d ì`mdgm{`H$ joÌmV ...................Zr _hËdnyU© H$m`© Ho$co Amho

2) cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmV amOH$s` hñVjon ....................AgVmo.

4.2.2 cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço

cmoH${ZJ_ ho amÁ`mMr C{ÔîQ>ço nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$coco AgVmV. CÚmoJ, ì`mnma d ì`dgm` `mgdm©_Ü o H$m_ H$aVmZm cmoH${ZJ_m§Zr Amnco d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ApñVËd Onco Amho. cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr d¡{eîQ>çoImcrc à_mUo AmhoV.

1) cmoH${ZJ_m§_Ü o nyU© Jw§VdUyH$ gaH$maMr :

cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m _Yrc H$mhr ^mJ qH$dm nyU©nUo Jw§VdUyH$ gaH$maMr AgVo. Ë`m_wio `m§À`mda _mcH$shŠH$ amÁ`mMm AgVmo. cmoH${ZJ_m_Ü o H$m_ H$aUmao H$m ©H$mar _§S>imVrc gXñ` nyU©nUo gaH$maH$Sy>Z Zo_cocoAgVmV. Ë`m_wioM cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr _mcH$s nyU©nUo OZVoMr AgVo.

2) ZoV¥Ëd ì`ŠVr JQ>mH$S>o :

cmoH${ZJ_m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd ì`ŠVr JQ>mH$S>o AgVo. cmoH${ZJ_mcm H¥$Ìr_ ì`ŠVrJQ>m à_mUo _mZco OmVo. ì`ŠVrà_mUoM gaH$mar à_§S>imda H$moQ>m©V Xmdm H$aVm oVmo. qH$dm H$moUmhr ì`ŠVrda qH$dm g§ñWoda à_§S>i Xmdm H$ê$eH$Vo. BVa g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm, à_§S>io `m§~amo~a H$ama H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH${ZJ_mcm AgVmo. cmoH${ZJ__mc_Îmm ~miJy eH$Vo qH$dm IaoXr-{dH«$s H$ê$ eH$Vo.

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3) {Z{_©Vr {deof H$m`ÚmÛmao :

cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$m`Xo_§S>imVyZ {deof H$m`ÚmÛmao hmoV AgVo. `m H$m`ÚmÛmaoM gmd©O{ZH$ à_§S>imMoCÔoe, A{YH$ma, H$m ©,O~m~Xmè`m,ñdm`VÎmm B. Jmoï>r§Mo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$coco AgVo.

4) nyU© Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` :

cmoH${ZJ_m§Zm nyU©nUo Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` {Xcoco AgVo. ImË`m§À`m à_mUo cmoH${ZJ_m§da gaH$maMo dH$m`Xo_§S>imMo {Z §ÌU ZgVo. XoemÀ`m A§XmO nÌH$mV cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamMm CëcoI ZgVmo.cmoH${ZJ_ ñdV§ÌnUo Amncr Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm R>odrV AgVmo.

5) H$m`mªMo ñdê$n ì`mdgm{`H$ d ì`mnmar :

cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr H$m } ì`mdgm{`H$ d ì`mnmar ñdê$nmMr AgVmV. n[aUm_r Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n d H$m © ImË`mnojmdoJio AgVo. cmoH${ZJ_ ImË`m§À`mà_mUoM cmoH$H$ë`mUmMo H$m © H$aV AgVmV. na§Vw Vr ì`mnmar ñdê$nmVH$aVmV. gwadmVrg cmoH$H$ë`mUmcm àmYmÝ` XoD$Z H$mhr à_mUmV cmoH${ZJ_ Z\$m {_i{dVmV.

6) {d{eîQ> C{ÔîQ>mà_mUo H$m © : cmoH${ZJ_mg_moa {d{eï> CÔrï> AgVo. Ë`mM à_mUo H$m © cmoH${ZJ_ H$aVAgVmo. Amnë`m H$m`m©{edm` BVa joÌm_Ü o H$m © H$aÊ`mMr gÎmm cmoH${ZJ_mcm ZgVo.

7) cmoH${ZJ_m§Zm nyU© àemgH$s` ñdmV§Í` :

cmoH${ZJ_m§Zm nyU©nUo àemgH$s` ñdmV§Í` ~hmc Ho$coco AgVo. gaH$maH$Sy>Z {ZJ_m§Mr Ü o YmoaUo R>a{dcrVar X¡Z§{XZ H$ma^mamV cmoH${ZJ_m§Zm ñdmV§Í` AgVo. cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m H$m ©H$mar g§MmcH$mH$Sy>Z d g§MmcH$_§S>imH$Sy>Z X¡Z§{XZ àemgZmMr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>cr OmVo.

8) H$_©Mmar d A{YH$mar Zo_UwH$s~m~V ñdmV§Í` :

cmoH${ZJ_mVrc H$_©Mmar d A{YH$mar `m§À`m Zo_UwH$s ~m~V Ë`m§Zm ñdmV§Í` {Xco Amho. Ë`mMr Zo_UyH$gaH$maH$Sy>Z qH$dm cmoH$godm AmJmoJmH$Sy>Z hmoV Zmhr. ^aVr, ~T>Vr, godm{Zd¥Îmr B. Jmoï>r ImgJr, ì`mdgm{`H$g§KQ>Zoà_mUoM cmoH${ZJ_mV hmoVmV.

H ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ -2

MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.

1) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m _Ü o OmñVrV OmñV Jw§VdUyH$ gaH$maMr AgVo.

2) cmoH${ZJ_ ñdV:Mr _mc_Îmm IaoXr qH$dm {dH«$s H$ê$ eH$VmV.

3) cmoH${ZJ_m§Zm nyU© nUo Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` {Xcoco AgVo.

4) cmoH$ {ZJ_m§Mo ñdê$n ImË`m§À`m nojm doJio ZgVo.

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4.2.3 cmoH${ZJ_mdarc _§Ìr_§S>ir` {Z §ÌU

cmoH${ZJ_mÛmao {d{dY cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m } Ho$cr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMo (_§Í`m§Mo) Ë`mda{Z §ÌU AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. {deofV: àË oH$ cmoH${ZJ_mda Vmo Á`m ImË`mer g§~§YrV Agoc Ë`m ImË`mÀ`m_§Í`m§Mo {Z §ÌU AgVo. CXm. hdmB© dmhVyH$ _hm_§S>imda hdmB© dmhVyH$ _§Í`m§Mo {Z §ÌU AgVo. H¥$fr CÚmoJ{dH$mg _hm_§S>imda H¥$fr ImË`mÀ`m _§Í`mMo {Z §ÌU AgVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m{ZJ_mda AW©_§Í`m§Mo{Z §ÌU AgVo. _§Ìr_§S>imMo cmoH${ZJ_m§darc {Z §ÌU Imcrc _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©c.

1) cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ -

_§Ìr_§S>i cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m g§MmcH$ _§S>imVrc gXñ`m§Mr, AÜ`jm§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§ZmH$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMm A{YH$ma _§Ìr_§S>imcmM Amho. cmoH${ZJ_mV ì`dñWmnH$ d H$m ©H$mar g§MmcH$ `m§MrZo_UyH$ _§Ìr_§S>imH$Sy>ZM hmoVo. cmoH${ZJ_mcm A{W©H$ gëcm _§Ìr_§S>imH$Sy>Z Zo_coë`m A{W©H$ gëcmJmamH$Sy>ZM{_iV AgVmo. CXm. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m _Yrc g§MmcH$ _§S>imVrc JìhZ©a Am{U BVa gXñ`m§Mr Zo_UyH$^maVmÀ`m AW©_§Í`m§H$Sy>Z hmoVo. Xm_moXa KmQ>r _hm_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ _§Ìr_§S>imH$Sy>ZM Ho$cr OmVo._hmamï´>m_Ü o amÁ`_mJ© nardhZ _§S>i, _hmamï´> amÁ` eoVr _hm_§S>i `m cmoH${ZJ_mdarc g§MmcH$m§À`m {Z wŠVrd Ë`m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMm A{YH$ma _hmamï´> emgZmcm Amho.

cmoH${ZJ_mdarc g§MmcH$ _§S>i d H$m ©H$mar à_wI `m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma _§Ìr_§S>imcm AgcmVar amOH$s` hoVyZo Pmcoë`m Zo_UwH$m§À`m _wio AnmÌ, AH$m ©j_ ì`ŠVrMr Zo_UyH$ `mR>rH$mUr hmoD$ eH$Vo.n[aUm_r Ë`m§À`m H$Sy>Z A{YH$mamMm J¡admna hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

2) Ü o YmoaUm~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z :

cmoH${ZJ_mVrc Ü o YmoaU d `moOZm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Á`m Ë`m ImË`m§À`m _§Í`mH$Sy>Z AmXoe d gyMZm hmoVAgVmV. hdmB© dmhVyH$ _hm_§S>imÀ`m 31 ì`m H$c_mV Aem àH$maMr ñnï> VaVyX Ho$cr Amho.dmhVyH$_hm_§S>imÀ`m `moOZm§Zm, YmoaUm§Zm _§Ìr_§S>imMr {e\$mag ¿`mdr cmJVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m Ü oYmoaUm§g§~§Yr AW© _§Ìmc`mH$Sy>Z doimodoir _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co OmVo.

3) cmoH${ZJ_mdarc Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU :

cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamda g§nyU©nUo _§Ìr_§S>imMo {Z §ÌU AgVo. cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m ^m§S>dcC^maUrgmR>r _§Ìr_§S>imMr nadmZJr ¿`mdr cmJVo. Ë`mM ~amo~a ^mJ-^m§S>dc dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r XoIrc_§Ìr_§S>imMr nadmZJr ¿`mdr cmJVo. ZdrZ `moOZm§À`mda IM© H$aÊ`mÀ`m VaVwXrg _§Ìr_§S>imZoM _mÝ`VmÚmdr cmJVo CXm. Xm_moXaKmQ>r {ZJ_, qhXwñWmZ ñQ>rc {c{_Q>oS> Aem _hm_§S>im§Zm ^m§S>dc A^maUr, H$O©{Z{_©Vr, gmYZ gm_wJ«r IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r _§Ìr_§S>imMr nadmZJr ¿`mdr cmJVo. VgoM n§Yam cmImnojm A{YH$qH$_VrMr gmYZgm_wJ«r IaoXrgmR>r _§Ìr_§S>imMr nadmZJr cmJVo. H|$ÐgaH$maÀ`m coIm narjm {d^mJmH$Sy>ZcmoH${ZJ_m§À`m {heo~m§Mr VnmgUr hmoVo. `mdê$Z àË oH$ cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamda H|$ÐgaH$maMo{Z §ÌU AgVo.

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4) _§Ìr_§S>imMo Img AmXoe :

cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m YmoaUm§g§~§Yr _§Ìr_§S>i Img AmXoe H$mTy>Z {e\$maer d gyMZm H$aVo. cmoH${ZJ_XoIrc _hÎdmÀ`m `moOZm§~m~V, {ZU© m~m~V _§Ìr_§S>imMr nyU©g§_Îmr KoVmV. _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m nadmZJr {edm`Ë`m§Zm Ë`mg§~§Yr {ZU© KoVm oV Zmhr. CXm. Xm_moXa KmQ>r {ZJ_mcm nmUr dmQ>nmgmR>r, H$mcdo-{Z{_©VrgmR>r_§Ìr_§S>imMo Img AmXoe JaOoMo AgVmV. hdmB© dmhVyH$ _hm_§S>imcm Zdr `moOZm, hdmB© _mJ© gwê$ H$aVmZm_§Ìr_§S>imMm Img AmXoe JaOoMm AgVmo.

5) Ahdmc gmXa H$aÊ`m~m~V :

àË oH$ cmoH${ZJ_mcm Amnë`m H$m_H$mOmg§~§Yr Ahdmc _§Ìr_§S>img gmXa H$amdm cmJVmo. dm{f©H$A§XmOnÌH$, {heo~ Am{U Ë`mg§~§YrMr {ddaU nÌo _§Ìr_§S>img gmXa Ho$cr OmVmV. g§~§YrV ImË`mÀ`m _§Í`mZocmoH${ZJ_mH$S>o _m{hVr _mJ{dë`mg Ë`m§Zm Vr VmËH$mi Úmdr cmJVo. CXm. Xm_moXa KmQ>r {ZJ_ Amnë`mH$m_H$mOm g§~§YrMm Ahdmc Am{W©H$ df© g§në`mZ§Va ghm _{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV _§Ìr_§S>imH$S>o nmR>{dVo. AerVaVwX {ZJ_mÀ`m Am{Y{Z`_mÀ`m 45 ì`m H$c_mV Amho. ^maVr` hdmB© dmhVyH$ _hm_§S>io Am{W©H$ dfm©À`meodQ>r Amnë`m H$m_H$mOmg§~§YrMm Ahdmc _§Ìr_§S>imcm XoVmV.

Aem àH$mao _§Ìr_§S>imMo cmoH${ZJ_m§À`mda {Z §ÌU AgVo._mÌ ho {Z §ÌU _`m©XrV ñdê$nmMo Agmdo.H$maU OmñV {Z §ÌUm_wio cmoH${ZJ_m§Mo ApñVËd d ñdmV§Í` Zï> hmoB©c. Ë`m_wio ImVo d cmoH${ZJ_ `m§À`mVrc\$aH$ Zï> hmoD$Z X¡Z§{XZ H$ma^mamV _§Í`mMm hñVjon dmT>oc. `mgmR>rM gmYmaUnUo {Z §ÌU, AmXoe, _mJ©Xe©Z`m Ûmao cmoH${ZJ_m§Mo H$m © Mmcy ahmdo ZmhrVa ImË`mà_mUoM cmoH${ZJ_mV «ï>mMma, ~oO~m~XmanUm, AH$m ©j_Vm,XâVa {Xa§JmB© `mgmaIo Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVrc.cmoH${ZJ_mMo A{YH$ma d ñdm`VÎmm A~mYrV R>odyZ cmoH$H$ë`mUmMrH$m } nma nmS>md`mMr AgVrc Va cmoH${ZJ_m§À`mda _`m©XrV {Z §ÌUM Amdí`H$ R>aVo.


Imcrc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m g§MmcH$ gXñ`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$moUm_m\©$V Ho$cr OmVo?

2) cmoH${ZJ_m§Zm Ü o YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moU _XV H$aVo?

3) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m ^m§S>dc C^maUrgmR>r H$moU nadmZJr XoVo?

4) cmoH${ZJ_ Amnë`m H$m_H$mOmMm Ahdmc H$moUmcm XoVmV?

4.2.4 cmoH${ZJ_mdarc g§gXr` {Z §ÌU

dmñV{dH$ g§gXoÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZwgmaM cmoH${ZJ_mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo. `m_wio g§gXoMo H$mhr à_mUmVAgcoë`m {Z §ÌZm_wio cmoH${ZJ_ A{YH$ H$m ©j_nUo d O~m~XmarZo H$m © H$aVrc. cmoH${ZJ_mda _§Ìr_§S>imMo{Z §ÌU AgVo. g§~§YrV ImË`mMo _§Ìr cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m H$m`m©da {Z §ÌU R>odVmV. g§gXoV _§Í`m§Zm àíZ, CnàíZ{dMmê$Z cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m H$m`m©da MMm© Ho$cr OmVo._mÌ ImË`mMr O~m~Xmar g§nyU©nUo Oer _§Í`m§Mr AgVo.Ver O~m~Xmar cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m ~m~VrV _§Ìr pñdH$maV ZmhrV.

54

^maV Am{U B§½c§S> `m g§gXr` cmoH$emhr AgUmè`m XoemV. cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m H$m_H$mOmg§X^m©V _§Í`m§ZmàíZ {dMmaco OmVmV. _§Ìr MM}V gh^mJr hmoD$Z H$mhr à_mUmV O~m~Xmar pñdH$maVmV. g§gXr` g{_VtÀ`m_m\©$V cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr Mm¡H$er Ho$cr OmVo.`m Mm¡H$erMm Ahdmc g§gXocm gmXa Ho$cm OmVmo. g§gXoV `m {df`rMMm© Ho$cr OmVo.

A_o[aHo$_Ü o ImË`mÀ`m à_wIm§Zm H$m±J«og_Ü o àíZ {dMmaco OmV ZmhrV. H$m±J«og _Ü o `mda MMm© KS>dyZAmUcr OmV Zmhr. H$maU A_o[aHo$V cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr g§»`m àM§S> Amho. Var gwÕm H$m`Xo_§S>i d AÜ`j `m§MocmoH${ZJ_m§À`m da Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU AgVo. cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m A§XmOnÌH$mcm H$m±J«ogMr _§Oyar cmJVo. Ë`m§Mo{heo~ coIm narjH$mH$Sy>Z Vnmgco OmVmV d Ë`mMo Ahdmc H$m±J«ogH$S>o nmR>{dco OmVmV.

WmoS>Š`mV cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr {Z{_©Vr, ^mJ^m§S>dcm§Mr C^maUr, cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m H$m`m©Mr nmhUr, Ë`m§Mr{hemo~ VnmgUr `mda H$m`Xo_§S>im_Ü o H$mhr à_mUmV {Z §ÌU Amdí`H$ R>aVo.

g§gXr` emgZ nÕVrV g§gXoH$Sy>Z cmoH${ZJ_mda nwT>rc à_mUo {Z §ÌU R>odco OmVo.

1) cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m {Z{_©Vrg§~§Yr H$m`Xm H$aUo d H$m`ÚmV ~Xc H$aUo.

2) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m H$m_H$mOmg§~§Yr àíZ-CnàíZ {dMmaUo.

3) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m dm{f©H$ Ahdmcmda MMm©, {dMma{dZr_` H$aUo.

4) dm{f©H$ A§XmOnÌH$mda MMm© H$aUo.

5) cmoH${ZJ_mg§~§YrÀ`m {dYo H$mda, H$amamda MMm© H$aUo.

6) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m AË`mdí`H$ àíZm~m~V ñWJZ àñVmd _m§Sy>Z MMm© H$aUo, Ë`mg§~§Yr {ZU© KoUo.

7) coIm narjUmÀ`m Ahdmcmda MMm© H$aUo d H$mQ>H$gar g§X^m©V Cnm` gwM{dUo.

8) Mm¡H$er g{_Vr H$Sy>Z Amcoë`m Ahdmcmda MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo.

9) cmoH$coIm g{_Vr, A§XmOnÌH$ g{_Vr d cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr `m _m\©$V Amcoë`m Ahdmcmda MMm©H$aUo.

cmoH${ZJ_m§À`mda H$m`Xo_§S>imMo dM©ñd Agmdo `mgmR>r H$mhr _hËdmÀ`m ì`ŠVtZr à{V{H«$`m ì`ŠVHo$ë`m AmhoV Ë`m Imcrc à_mUo.

AemoH$ M§Xm :- Ë`m§À`m _Vo ì`mnma CÚmoJY§Xo `mg§~§YrÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ H$m ©joÌmV g§gXoMo {Z §ÌU_hËdmMo AgVo. g§gXoZo Ho$coë`m {Z`_mZwgma cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo. Voìhm cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m H$m`m©da{Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AmnmoAmnM g§gXocm àmßV hmoVmo.

H¥$îU_oZZ g{_Vr :- g§gX cmoH${ZJ_mda `mo½` àH$mao {Z §ÌU R>ody eH$V Zmhr. H$maU g§gXonwT>oo H$m_mMmì`mn EdT>m àM§S> AgVmo H$s cmoH${ZJ_m§da {Z §ÌU R>odUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.

{dcr`_ am°~gZ:- cmoH${ZJ_mda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMm Iam Am{YH$ma _§§Ìr_§S>imcm Amho. g§gXocmcmoH${ZJ_mda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMo A{YH$ma {Xcoco AmhoV. na§Vw àË`jmV g§gX _§Ìr_§S>imZo _m§S>coë`m R>amdm§Zm,{ZU© m§Zm _§Oyar XoÊ`mMo H$m © H$arV AgVo.

55

AZw_mZ g{_Vr - Xm_moXa KmQ>r {ZJ_mH$Sy>Z Am{YH$mam§Mm Xwê$n`moJ Pmcocm Amho. Ë`m_wio `mcmoH${ZJ_mV AH$m ©j_Vm, XâVa {Xa§JmB© d n¡emMm Anì`` Ago Xmof {Z_m©U Pmco AmhoV. åhUyZ AemcmoH${ZJ_mda emgZmMo {Z §ÌU Amdí`H$ Amho.

`mdê$Z Ago cjmV oVo H$s cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m H$m`m©da g§gXoMo {Z §ÌU H$mhr à_mUmV R>odUo Amdí`H$R>aVo. cmoH${ZJ_mMr ñdm`VÎmm YmoŠ`mV Z AmUVm cmoH${ZJ_ ~oO~m~XmanUo dmJUma ZmhrV Ago {Z §ÌU R>odUoAmdí`H$ R>aoc. _§Í`m§Mm cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m X¡Z§XrZ H$m`m©V hñVjon Agy Z o na§Vw Ë`m§Mo cmoH${ZJ_mda {Z §ÌUAgmdo. cmoH${ZJ_ ñdV§ÌnUo cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m } H$aVrc Aem àH$mao g§gXoMo {Z §ÌU cmoH${ZJ_m§À`mdaAgmdo åhUOoM emgH$s` {Z §ÌU d cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr ñdm`VÎmm `m_Ü o g_Ýd` gmYcocm Agmdm.


Imcrc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m Mm¡H$erMm Ahdmc H$moR>o gmXa Ho$cm OmVmo?

2) A_oarHo$V cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m A§XmOnÌH$mcm _§Oyar H$moUmH$Sy>Z KoVcr OmVo?

3) cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm A{YH$ma H$moUmcm Amho.

4.2.5 cmoH${ZJ_mg_moarc ImOJrH$aUmMr AmìhmZo

OmJ{VH$ ì`dñWo_Ü o AmO CXmarH$aU d ImOJrH$aUmMo VÎd gd©M amï´>m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$co Amho. nañna{hVmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ amï´>m§Zr Amncr AW©ì`dñWm BVa amï´>m§gmR>r Iwcr Ho$cr Amho. `m_Ü oM Xoem§VJ©VAm`mVrgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mV Amco Amho. Ë`mà_mUo ^maVmZo XoIrc Amncr AW©ì`dñWm ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§ZmIwcr Ho$cr Amho.`m H§$nÝ`m§Mo CÔoe Amnco Am{W©H$ {hV gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMo Agco Var Xwgè`m ~mOwZo Amnë`mamï´>mcm _moR>çm à_mUmV amoOJma CncãY H$ê$Z XoD$Z ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm n[aM` ^maVmcm H$ê$Z {Xcm Amho.Ë`m_wioM ImOJrH$aU d CXmarH$aUmMm gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m OrdZmda VgoM gaH$mar CÚmoJY§Úmda ì`mnH$à_mUmV à^md nS>cm Amho. cmoH$àemgZmVrc {deofV: cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m da Ë`mMm à^md A{YH$ nS>cm Amho.

AmnU Aä`mgë`mà_mUo cmoH${ZJ_ ho gaH$maÀ`m _mcH$sMo AgyZ Ë`m§Mm cmoH$H$ë`mU hm à_wI CÔoeAgVmo. `m cmoH${ZJ_mda emgZmMo {Z §ÌU d ì`dñWmnZ AgVo. gmd©O{ZH$ CÎmaXm{`Îd,gmd©O{ZH$ à`moOZ ddoJdoJù`m àH$maMr H$m } hr Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va Amnë`m amï>mMo VmËH$mcrH$,gm_m{OH, Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m {Z`moOZ~Õ d {eñV~Õ nÕVrZo hmVmiUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. amï´>m_Ü o eoVràYmZAW©ì`dñWm d Xw~©c Am¡Úmoo{JH$ joÌmA§VJ©V g§aMZm Am{U H$_Hw$dV n[apñWVr Agë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm_Ü oàmXo{eH$ Ag_Vmoc hmoVmo. Ë`m_wioM emgZmMm Am{W©H$ joÌmV hñVjon Amdí`H$ R>aVmo. `m_wioM H$ë`mUH$maramÁ`mMr g§H$ënZm pñdH$mê$Z gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ ^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWogmR>r _hÎdmMo _mZco Amho. 1956 À`mAm¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ _hËdmMr y{_H$m ~Omdy cmJcm. VoìhmnmgyZOdi Odi 50 dfm©n ªV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMm {dH$mg Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. 1990 nmgyZ gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrcn[apñWVr A{YH$M H$_Hw$dV ~ZV Jocr d OZVoMm Ë`mdarc {dídmg H$_r hmoD$ cmJcm. Ë`mM Xaå`mZ^maVmZo OmJ{VH$sH$aU d ImOJrH$aUmMo YmoaU pñdH$mê$Z ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmg _mÝ`Vm {Xcr.

56

^maVm_Ü o CXmarH$aUmA§VJ©V ImOJrH$aUmcm dmd {_imcm. AW©ì`dñWoV naH$s` Jw§VdUwH$, _wŠVì`mnma Am{U ImOJr CÚmoJY§Úm§Mr dmT> hmoD$ cmJcr.

1) CÚmoJY§Úm_Yrc ñnYm© : ^maV gaH$maH$Sy>Z gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMr àJVr hmoV Agë`mMo Xe©{dcoVar ImOJrH$aUmMo AmìhmZ ZmH$maVm oUma Zmhr. CÚmoJm§_Yrc ñnYm© ho gdm©V _moR>o AmìhmZ Amho. gmd©O{ZH$CÚmoJ Y§Xo {Q>H$dmd`mMo AgVrc Va ImOJr CÚmoJY§Úmà_mUoM Ë`m§Mohr H$m © H$m ©j_nUo hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.CËnmXrV _mcmMm XOm© Am§Vaamï´>r` AgcmM nm{hOo H$maU cmoH${ZJ_mMr ñnYm© Ho$di Xoem§VJ©V AgUmè`mImOJr CÚmoJm§er ZgyZ hr ñnYm© Am§Vaamï´>r` CÚmoJY§Úmer OmoS>cr Amho.

2) ImOJr ì`dñWoMm gd© joÌm_Ü o hñVjon : CXmarH$aUm_wio ^maVmV Ho$di Am¡Úmo{JH$ H§$nÝ`mAmcoë`m ZmhrV Va Ë`mM~amo~a gm_m{OH$ godm g§ñWm, ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJmgmR>r AZoH$ amï´>m§Zr ^maVmer g§~§YOmoS>co AmhoV. Ë`m_wio ^maVm_Ü o ~mhoarc amï´>mMm hñVjon Ho$di Am{W©H$ joÌmnwaVm _`m©XrV amhrcm ZgyZgm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$ `m gd© joÌm_Ü o PnmQ>çmZo ngaV AmhoV. `m_wio cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m H$ë`mUH$marg_mOmÀ`m g§H$ënZog YmoH$m nmohMyZ cmoH${ZJ_m§Mo A{ñVËd YmoŠ`mV oV Amho.

3) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMr à{Vð>m H$_r :- ImOJrH$aUmÀ`m àH«$s o~amo~a gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc à{Vð>mH$_r hmoV Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a ImOJr H§$nÝ`mZr {Xcoë`m gmo r, gw{dYm gmd©O{ZH$ H§$nÝ`m§Mm nojm A{YH$Mm§Jë`m AmhoV. `m_wio gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m _ZmV H$_r n¡emV,H$_rdoioV, Mm§Jë`m gmo r XoUmè`m ImOJr joÌm{df`rMr AmnwcH$s dmT>V OmD$Z gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMr Xoem_Ü o AgUmar à{Vð>m H$_r hmoÊ`mMo AmìhmZ {Z_m©UPmco Amho.

4) YmoaUmË_H$ ~Xc : ImOJr joÌmZo Amncr JwUdÎmm dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r ì`mdgm{`H$VoMm Adc§~H$ê$Z ì`dñWmnZmV H$m_Jmam§Mm gh^mJ dmT>dyZ H$m ©joÌmMm {dH$mg Ho$cm Amho. `mMm {dMma H$ê$ZImOJrH$aUmMo AmìhmZ nocÊ`mgmR>r cmoH${ZJ_m§Zr g§KQ>ZmË_H$ aMZoV, {dÎmr` d ^aVrÀ`m à{H«$ oV, g§MmcH$_§S>im_Ü o, YmoaUmË_H$ ~Xc KS>{dco nmhrOoV. Ë`mM~amo~a gaH$ma Am{U CÚmoJ `m§À`m _Yrc g§~§Y{dMmanyd©H$ ~XcyZ ImOJr CÚmoJm§À`m g_moa cmoH${ZJ_mÛmao {Z_m©U Ho$coco CÚmoJ gj_nUo C o Ho$co nm{hOoV.

5) H$m ©nÕVrV ~Xc H$aUo : cmoH${ZJ_m_Yrc ì`dgm` {Z{íMVM \$m`ÚmV AmhoV. na§Vw H$ë`mUH$maramÁ`mÀ`m g§H$ënZo_wio H$_r Zâ`mÀ`m VËdmda CÚmoJY§Xo Mmc{dco OmVmV. n[aUm_r ImOJr joÌm_Ü o ZmoH$am§ZmnJmadmT,> godm nwa{dÊ`mMm H$m ©H$mc `m {dMmam~amo~aM JwUdÎmm pñWa R>odcr OmVo. `m AmìhmZm_wio cmoH${ZJ_m§ZrAmnë`m YmoaUm_Ü o cd{MH$Vm AmUyZ ~XcË`m KS>m_moS>tZm à{VgmX XoD$Z H$m © H$aÊ`mÀ`m nX²>YVrV ~XcH$ê$Z cmoH${ZJ_m§Zm H$mimMr AmìhmZo nocÊ`mg gÁO ~Z{dco nm{hOo.

6) Zdo V§ÌkmZ, Zdo à{ejU : ImOJr CÚmoJY§Úm§Zr cmoH${ZJ_m§g_moa ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ d Hw$ecH$m_Jma `m§À`m OmoamdaM O~aXñV AmìhmU {Z_m©U Ho$co Amho. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÛmao H$_r IMm©V A{YH$ godmXoÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ o_wio gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJarH$m§À`m _ZmV AmemXm`H$ {MÌ {Z_m©U Ho$co Amho. ho AmìhmU g_W©nUonocÊ`mgmR>r cmoH${ZJ_m§Zr ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm pñdH$ma Ho$cm nm{hOo OwÝ`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zm à{ejU XoD$Z Zì`mñnY}gmR>r AmìhmZmË_H$ ~Z{dco nm{hOo.

57

^maVm_Ü o CXmarH$aU d ImOJrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oMm {deofV: gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmda ZH$mamË_H$ d gH$mamË_H$à^md Pmcm Amho. «ï>mMma, AH$m ©j_Vm Aem ZH$mamË_H$ ñdê$nmV à^md Pmcm Agcm Var gH$mamË_H$Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ñnY}VyZ gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmZr hr AmìhmZo pñdH$maë`mg gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV {Z{íMVM ~Xc hmoB©cAm{U ^maVmÀ`m H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMo CÔrï> Ë`mVyZ nyU© hmoB©c.


Imcrc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm

1) ^maVm_Ü o ImOJr CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm Am{O~mV ñWmZ Zmhr.

2) H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r cmoH$ {ZJ_ Cn`moJr R>aVmV.

3) cmoH${ZJ_mVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm ImOJr CÚmoJmVrc H$_©Mmè`mnojm OmñV AgVo.

4) ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm hmV^ma cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r hmoV Zmhr.

4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX qH$dm eãXmW©

1) cmoH${ZJ_ - gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>io

2) à_§S>io - {ZJ_

3) A§XmOnÌH$-Am{W©H$ Vmio~§X

4) cmoH$godm Am`moJ- gaH$mar A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar `m§À`m Zo_UwH$sgmR>r ñdV§Ì H$m ©aV AgUmarg§ñWm

5) H$m ©H$mar _§S>i-_§Ìr_§S>i

6) coIm narjU-H|$Ð gaH$maMo {heo~ VnmgÊ`mMo A{YH$ma

7) {ddaU nÌ- Z\$m VmoQ>m nÌ

8) g§gX- H$m`Xo{Z_m©U H$aUmar XoemVrc gdm}À` g§ñWm

9) g§gXr` cmoH$emhr- Á`m cmoH$emhrXoemV gdm}À` A{YH$ma g§gXoH$S>o EH$dQ>coco AgVmV Ë`mXoemÀ`m ì`dñWocm g§gXr` cmoH$emhr åhUVmV.

10) H$m±J«og-A_oarHo$Mo H$m`Xo_§S>i

11) {dYo H$- H$m`ÚmMm H$ÀMm _gwXm

12) ñWJZ àñVmd- H$m`Xo_§S>imV MMm© gwê$ AgVmZm AË`mdí`H$ JaO H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$jmVAmUyZ XodyZ gd© {df`mdarc MMm© Wm§~dyZ AË`mdí`H$ àíZmda MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Omo àñVmdAmUcm OmVmo Ë`mcm ñWJZ n«ñVmd Ago åhUVmV.

13) cmoH$coIm g{_Vr- gaH$mar IMm©Mo {heo~ VnmgUmar g§gXoZo {Z_m©U Ho$cocr g{_Vr.

14) A§XmOnÌH$ g{_Vr- gaH$mar A§XmOnÌH$mV gyMZm XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgUmar cmoH$g oVyZ{Z_m©U Ho$cocr g{_Vr.

58

4.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao


1) cmoH${ZJ_m§Zr 2) H$_rV H$_r


1) ~amo~a 2) ~amo~a 3) ~amo~a 4) MyH$


1) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m g§MmcH$ gXñ`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ _§Ìr_§Sim_m\©$V Ho$cr OmVo.

2) cmoH${ZJ_m§Zm Ü o YmoaUo R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Á`m Ë`m ImË`m§Mo _§Ìr _XV H$aVmV.

3) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m ^m§S>dc C^maUrgmR>r _§Ìr_§S>i nadmZJr XoVo.

4) cmoH${ZJ_ Amnë`m H$m_H$mOmMm Ahdmc _§Ìr_§S>img XoVmV.


1) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m Mm¡H$erMm Ahdmc g§gXocm gmXa Ho$cm OmVmo.

2) Ao_[aHo$V cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m A§XmOnÌH$mcm H$m±J«ogH$Sy>Z _§Owar KoVcr OmVo.

3) cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm A{YH$ma g§gXocm Amho.


1) MyH$ 2) ~amo~a 3) MyH$ 4) MyH$

4.5 gmam§e

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm cmoH${ZJ_mMm AW©, ì`m»`m, d¡{eîQ>ço, Ë`m§À`mdarc _§Ìr_§S>ir`

d g§gXr` {Z §ÌU d Ë`m§À`m g_moarc ImOJrH$aUmMr AmìhmZo g_Ococr AmhoV.

{S>_m°H$ `m§À`m _Vo, ""EImÚm {d{eîQ> ì`dgm`mgmR>r qH$dm Am{W©H$ H$m`m©gmR>r _Ü`dVu gaH$maÀ`mqH$dm KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m H$m`ÚmÛmao A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcoë`m gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJY§Úmcm cmoH${ZJ_ AgoåhUVmV.''

AmnU Aä`mgcocr cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV Vr åhUOo - cmoH${ZJ_m§_Ü o H$mhr ^mJqH$dm nyU© Jw§VdUyH$ gaH$maMr AgVo, Ë`mMo ZoV¥Ëd ì`ŠVr JQ>mH$S>o AgVo, Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr {deof H$m`ÚmÛmaoHo$cr OmVo, Ë`m§Zm nyU© Am{W©H$ d àemgH$s` ñdmV§Í` {Xcoco AgVo, Ë`m§Mr H$m } ì`mdgm{`H$ d ì`mnmarñdê$nmMr AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm H$_©Mmè`m§À`m d A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UwH$sg§X^m©V ñdmV§Í` AgVo Am{U Vo Or H$m }nma nmS>V AgVmV Vr {d{eîQ> CÔrîQ>mcm AZwgê$Z AgVmV.

59

cmoH${ZJ_m§darc _§Ìr_§S>imMo {Z §ÌU nwT>rc _wX²>Úm§dê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo. Vo åhUOo cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m gXñ`m§MrZo_UyH$, Ë`m§À`m Ü o YmoaUm~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z, Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU, Img AmXoe H$mTy>Z {e\$maer d gyMZm H$aUoBË`mXrÛmao _§Ìr_§S>i cmoH${ZJ_m§da {Z §ÌU R>odV AgVo. VgoM cmoH${ZJ_m§Zm dfm©À`m eodQ>r Ë`m§À`mH$m_H$mOmg§~§Yr Ahdmc _§Ìr_§S>img gmXa H$amdm cmJVmo.

Var cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m {Z{_©Vrg§~§Yr H$m`Xm H$aUo, H$m`ÚmV ~Xc H$aUo, H$m_H$mOmg§~§Yr MMm© H$aUo,dm{f©H$ Ahdmcmda, {dYo H$mda A§XmOnÌH$mda, coIm narjUmÀ`m Ahdmcmda, Mm¡H$er g{_VrH$Sy>Z Amcoë`mAhdmcmda, cmoH$coIm g{_Vr, A§XmOnÌH$ g{_Vr, cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr `m§À`m Ahdmcmda MMm© H$aUo VgoMcmoH${ZJ_m§À`m AË`mdí`H$ àíZm~m~V ñWJZ àñVmd _m§Sy>Z MMm© H$aUo Am{U Ë`mg§~§Yr {ZU© KoUo. `m gd©_mÜ`_m§VyZ cmoH${ZJ_m§da g§gXr` {Z §ÌU R>odco OmVo.

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m eodQ>r AmnU cmoH${ZJ_mg_moarc ImOJrH$aUmMr AmìhmZo g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocmAmho. CÚmoJY§Úm§_Yrc ñnYm©, ImOJr ì`dñWoMm hñVjon, gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMr à{VîR>m H$_r hmoUo, YmoaUmË_H$~Xc H$aUo, H$m ©nÕVrV ~Xc H$aUo, Zdo V§ÌkmZ AmË_gmV H$aUo, Am{U Zdo à{ejU KoV ahmUo hr H$mhrImOJrH$aUmMr AmìhmZo cmoJ{ZJ_m§g_moa AmhoV. `m AmìhmZm§H$S>o gH$mamË_H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ nm{hë`mg dË`m§Mo AmìhmZ à^mdrnUo nocë`mg cmoH${ZJ_gwÕm ImOJr CÚmoJ-Y§Úmà_mUo H$m ©aV amhÿ eH$Vrc.


A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao g{dñVa {chm.

1) cmoH${ZJ_ åhUOo H$m`? cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$am?

2) cmoH${ZJ_mMr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ Ë`mdarc _§Ìr_§S>ir` {Z §ÌU H$em nÕVrMo Amho Vo ñnîQ> H$am.

~) {Q>nm {chm :

1) cmoH${ZJ_m§darc g§gXr` {Z §ÌU

2) cmoH${ZJ_m§g_moarc ImOJrH$aUmMr AmìhmZo.


1) Zm. am. BZm_Xma - cmoH$àemgZ, _hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W {Z{_©Vr _§S>i, ZmJnya.

2) JX} {X. H$m. - cmoH$àemgZ V§Ì d _§Ì, ZmJnya.

3) àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rc - cmoH$àemgZ.

4) lram_ _hoídar - cmoH$àemgZ {gÕm§V Am{U g§H$ënZm.

ooo

61

KQ>H$ : 5

godH$ àemgZ

AZwH«$_{UH$m

5.1 C{Ôï>o

5.2 àmñVm{dH$

5.3 {df` {ddoMZ

5.2.1 godH$ àemgZ

5.2.2 âVr

5.2.3 à{ejU

5.2.4 ~T>Vr

5.2.5 gZXr godH$m§Mr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm



5.5 gmam§e



5.0 C{Ôï>o :


l godH$ àemgZ d gZXr godm `m§Mm AW© gm§JVm oB©c.

l godH$ âVrMm AW©, {VÀ`m nÜXVr d Ë`m§Mo JwU-Xmof ñnï> H$aVm oVrc.

l à{ejUmMm AW©, à{ejUmMo àH$ma d nÜXVr g_OyZ KoVm oVrc.

l ~T>VrMm AW©, ~T>VrMr VÎdo d {VMo JwU-Xmof ñnï> H$aVm òVrc.

l gZXr godH$m§Mr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm åhUOo H$m` ho g_Ooc d VQ>ñWVodarc Amjon, {VMo ñdê$nAm{U {VMr Amdí`H$Vm H$m Amho? `m Jmoï>r g_OVrc.

go{_ñQ>a-4

62

5.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

"cmoH$àemgZ' `m Am§Va-{dÚmemIr` Aä`mg H«$_mV AmVmn ªV cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n, ì`mßVr,_hÎd, g§KQ>ZoMr VÎdo, g§KQ>ZoMo KQ>H$, cmoH${ZJ_m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`mdarc g§gXoMo d _§Ìr_§S>imMo {Z §ÌU dË`mnwT>rc ImOJrH$aUmMr AmìhmZo `m~m~VMr _m{hVr KoVcr.

KQ>H$ H«$. 5 _Ü o AmnU àm_w»`mZo gZXr godH$m§Mr âVr, Ë`m§Mo à{ejU, ~T>Vr, Am{U gZXr godH$m§MramOH$s` VQ>ñWVm `m g§X^m©V _m{hVr KoUma AmhmoV. `m_wio AmnUmg godH$ àemgZmMo _hÎd g_OyZ KoVmòB©c.

5.2.1 godH$ àemgZmMm AW©, gZXr godm AW©, ì`m»`m, d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U H$m } :

A) AW© : godH$ àemgZ hm eãX XmoZ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ dmnacm OmVmo. ì`mnH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ {dMma Ho$ë`mggodH$ àemgZmMm g§~§Y, emgZmcm cmoH$H$ë`mUmÀ`m hoVyZo H$amì`m cmJUmè`m gd© àH$maÀ`m H$m`m©er Am{UË`mgmR>r {Z_m©U H$amì`m cmJUmè`m godH$ dJm©À`m ì`dñWoer oVmo. Va g§Hw${MV Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ godH$ àemgZmVHo$di godH$ dJm©À`m ì`dñWog§~§YrMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. `mMmM AW© godH$ àemgZmV godH$mMrâVr,à{ejU, ~T>Vr, godm{Zd¥Îmr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm B. AZoH$ ~m~tMm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. emgZmMr YmoaUo{H$Vrhr Mm§Jcr Agcr Var Vr YmoaUo am~{dUmam H$_©Mmar dJ© H$m ©j_ Zgoc Va àemgZhr AH$m ©jo_ ~ZVo.Ë`m_wioM AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV godH$ àemgZmcm {deof _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho. àË oH$ XoemVrc godH$ àemgZmMoñdê$n, aMZm {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AgVo.

ZmJar godm (Civil Service) hm eãX "cîH$ar godm' "nmocrg godm" `m eãXmdê$Z Pmcm Amho.emgZmÀ`m Ü o YmoaUm§Mr àË`jmV A§_c~OmdUr H$aUmam ZmoH$adJ© åhUOo "gZXr godm' qH$dm "ZmJar godm'hmo . ZmJar godm§Mm g§~§Y amÁ`mVrc Ho$di ZmJar H$ma^mamer oVmo.

~) ì`m»`m : gZXr godoÀ`m AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr Amnmnë`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ nwT>rc à_mUo ì`m»`m Ho$ë`mAmhoV :

1. S>m°. ha_Z \$m`Zg : ""ZmJar godm åhUOo Agm ì`mdgm{`H$ àemgH$s` ZmoH$adJ© H$s, Omo H$m`_ñdê$nr, nJmar Am{U Hw$ec AgVmo''

2. ½c°S>Z : ""ZmJar godm åhUOo Agm àemgH$s` ZmoH$adJ© H$s, Omo Amnë`m H$m`m©V {ZnwZ, Hw$ecAgyZ ñd{hVmnojm amï´>{hVmcm amï´>godocm dmhÿZ KoVmo. Agm ZmoH$adJ© H$moUË`mhr njmMo {hV [H§$dmdJm©Mo {hV OmonmgV Zmhr.''

3. àmo. JoQ>oc : ""ZmJar godm åhUOo àË`j àemgH$s` H$m © H$aUmam {d^mJ hmo . Aem ZmJar godoVH$m`Xo {df`H$, Ý`m`{df`H$, VgoM g¡{ZH$ Zm¡Xc `mVrc àË`j godm H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtMm g_mdoehmoVmo.''

63

ZmJar godoMr d¡{eîQ>ço : ZmJar godoMr nwT>rc à_mUo H$mhr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm oVrc.

1) ì`mdgm{`H$Vm : ZmJar godoVrc àË oH$ àemgH$ hm ì`mdgm{`H$ àemgH$ AgVmo. àemgZhm ì`dgm` åhUyZ ñdrH$macm Amho.

2) nXgmonmZ nÜXVrMm ñdrH$ma : godH$ àemgZmV d[aîR> Vo H${ZîQ> A{YH$mè`mn ªV nXgmonmZVÎdmZwgma aMZm {Z_m©U Ho$cocr AgVo.

3) H$m`_ ñdê$nr godm : àemgZmÀ`m ñW¡ m©gmR>r gZXr godH$ H$m`_ñdê$nr Zo_cm OmVmo. Ë`m_wioË`mÀ`m kmZmMm d AZw dmMm \$m`XmàemgZmcm hmoVmo.

4) ZmoH$aemhr :- gZXr godH$ Amnë`m d[að>m§er O~m~Xma amhÿZ d {Z`_mda ~moQ> R>odyZ H$m_H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ah§ md, XßVa{Xa§JmB©, «ï>mMma Ago AZoH$ Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmV. gZXr godH$ AmnU OZVoMogodH$ AmhmoV hoM {dgaVmV.

5) H$m`Xo_§S>imcm gZXr godH$ O~m~Xma ZgVmV.: àË oH$ gZXr godH$ hm Amnë`m d[að>A{YH$mè`mcm O~m~Xma amhVmo. nU Vmo H$m`Xo_§S>imcm O~m~Xma ZgVmo.

6) {Z:njnmVr, VQ>ñW d AZm{_H$Îd : ZmJar godoVrc H$_©Mmar VQ>ñW d {Z:njnmVrnUo H$m_H$aVmV. Vo amÁ`mMo godH$ AgVmV. H$moUË`mhr njmMo godH$ ZgVmV. H$moUVohr {ZU© H$moUm_wio KoVco Joco`m~m~V nS>Úm AmS>Mr y{_H$m åhUOo AZm{_H$Ëd gZXr godH$mZm ñdrH$mamdo cmJVo.

S>) ZmJar qH$dm gZXr godoMr H$m } : AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m g§H$ënZo_wiogZXr godH$mZm nwT>rc à_mUo AZoH$ àH$maMr H$m_o H$amdr cmJVmV.

1) CnXoe d gëcm XoUo

2) emgZmÀ`m Ü o YmoaUm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo.

3) àXÎm {dYr{Z`_m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.

4) àemgH$s` Ý`m` XoUo.

5) cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m_o H$aUo.

6) OZVoÀ`m AS>MUr gmoS>{dUo.


nwT>rc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.

1) cmoH$àemgZmV godH$ àemgZmMm Aä`mg g§Hw${MV Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$cm OmVmo.

2) AZm{_H$Ëd ho ZmJar godoMo d¡{eîQ>ço Zìho

3) àemgH$s` Ý`m` XoUo ho gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mMo H$m_ Amho

64

5.2.2 âVr :

cmoH$àemgZmV d ImOJr àemgZmV `mo½`, Hw$ec Am{U H$m ©j_ H$_©Mmè`m§Mr âVr H$aUo hr ~m~_hËdmMr g_Ocr OmVo. g§nyU© à«emgZmMo è Ë`m_Ü o {Z wŠV Ho$coë`m gZXr godH$mda Adc§~yZ AgVo.

A) âVrMm AW© : gm_mÝ`nUo âVrMm AW© {Z wŠVr Agm KoVcm OmVmo. nU Vmo AW© narnyU© Zmhr. âVråhUOo àemgH$s` qH$dm cmoH$godogmR>r Cn wŠV ì`ŠVrMr nmhUr Am{U {ZdS> hmo . WmoS>Š`mV ZmJargodoVrc [aH$må`m nXmgmR>r `mo½` C_oXdmamZm AmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoUo åhUOo âVr hmo .

~) âVrÀ`m ì`m»`m : AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr Amnmnë`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ âVrÀ`m Ho$coë`m ì`m»`m nwT>rcà_mUo:

1. ½c°S>ñQ>Z : ""^ŠH$_ d pñWa Aem ZmJar godoMr {H$ëcr åhUOo âVr hmo .''

2. ñQ>mc : ""g§nyU© ZmJar godH$ àemgZmÀ`m aMZoMr AmYma{ecm åhUOo âVr hmo .''

3. _me©c B.{S>_m°H$: ""{d{eï> nXmgmR>r `mo½` àH$maÀ`m ì`ŠVr {_i{dUo åhUOo âVr hmo .''

4. àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> : ZmJar godoVrc EImÚm [aH$må`m nXmgmR>r C_oXdmam§Zm ñnYm© narjoV ^mJKoÊ`mgmR>r AmH${f©V H$aUo åhUOo âVr H$aUo hmo .''

5. S>r. dmëS>mo : ""ZmJar godoVrc [aH$må`m nXmgmR>r Á`m ñnYm© narjm KoVë`m OmVmV, Ë`mV ^mJKoÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` nmÌVoÀ`m C_oXdmamZm AmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoUo `mg âVrMr à{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV.''

6. Oo. S>r. qH$Jñco : ""ZmJar godoV hmoUmè`m Zo_UyH$mgmR>r ñnYm© narjoV ^mJ KoÊ`mgmR>r C_oXdmam§ZmàmoËgmhZ XoUo qH$dm AmH${f©V H$aUo `mg âVr Ago åhUVmV.''

C_oXdma âVrgmR>r AmH${f©V ìhmdoV åhUyZ Om{hamVr XoUo, q^Vr nÌHo$ d {MÌo cmdUo, {MÌnQ>,AmH$medmUr, XyaXe©Z `mÛmao [aŠV nXmMr _m{hVr XoUo, Vm§[ÌH$ _hm{dÚmc`m§Zm {dZ§Vr H$ê$Z Am{U {deof`mo½`Vm Agcoë`mZm nÌ nmR>dyZ [aŠV nXmgmR>r AmH${f©V Ho$co OmVo.

H$) âVrÀ`m nÜXVr : amÁ` àemgZmVrc godH$m§Mr âVr H$aVmZm nwT>rc XmoZ AmYmam§Mm {dMma Ho$cmOmVmo.

1) amOH$s` AmYma : Ooìhm ZmoH$adJm©Mr âVr amOH$s` AmYmamda Ho$cr OmVo Voìhm Ë`m nÜXVrcmcyQ> nÜXVr åhUVmV. {VMm CX` A_o[aHo$V ào{gS>|Q> Oo\$agZ `m§À`m H$mimV Pmcm. gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV Á`mnjmcm ~hþ_V {_iVo d gÎmoda oVmo Ë`m njmcm Amnë`m BÀN>oZwgma gZXr ZmoH$am§À`m Zo_UyH$m H$aVm oVmV.åhUyZM `m nÜXVrcm cyQ> qH$dm I¡amV nÜXVr Ago hr åhUVmV. 1881 gmcr A_o[aHo$V [anpãcH$Z ào{gS>|Q>Jma{\$ëS> `m§Mm EH$m ~oamoOJma ì`ŠVrZo IyZ Ho$cm Ë`m_wio 1883 gmcmnmgyZ cyQ> nÜXVr EodOr `mo½`VmnÜXVrMm Adc§~ gwê$ Ho$cm.

B§½cS>_Ü o 1857 gmcmnmgyZ JwUdÎmm nÜXVrMm Adc§~ gwê$ Pmcm Am{U 1870 gmcmnmgyZ B§½cS>_Ü oJwUdÎmm nÜXVr gd© ImË`mV cmJy Ho$cr. ^maVmV {~«{Q>e H$mimVM 1853 gmcmnmgyZ Va \«$mÝg_Ü o 1847gmcmnmgyZ JwUdÎmm nÜXVr ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amcr Amho. MrZ_Ü o àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZM JwUdÎmoÀ`m AmYmaogodH$âVr Ho$cr OmV hmoVr.

65

2) {deof nmÌVoMm AmYma - (`mo½`Vm nÜXVr) Ooìhm ZmoH$adJm©Mr Zo_UyH$ {deof nmÌVoÀ`mAmYmamda Ho$cr OmVo Voìhm Ë`m nÜXVrcm `mo½`Vm qH$dm JwU{deof nÜXVr åhUVmV. AmO ~hþVoH$ gd©MXoemV `mo½`Vm nÜXVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cocm {XgVmo.

godH$ àemgZmV âVrÀ`m à_wI XmoZ nÜXVr ñdrH$maë`m OmVmV.

1) A§VJ©V {H§$dm ~T>VrÛmao âVr

2) ~mø qH$dm àË`j âVr.

1) A§VJ©V qH$dm ~T>VrÛmao âVr : `mMm AW© Agm H$s ZmJar godoÀ`m àemgZmV EImXo nX[aŠV Pmë`mg Ë`mM {d^mJmVrc H${ZîR> godH$mcm Ë`m [aŠV nXmda ~T>Vr XoD$Z {Z wŠV Ho$co OmVo.gm_mÝ`nUo g§KQ>ZoVrc _Ü`_ d CÀM loUrVrc nXo âVmZm `m nÜXVrMm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo. na§VwàemgZmVrc H${ZîR> nXo àË`j âVrÛmaoM âÊ`mV oVmV.

A) A§VJ©V qH$dm ~T>VrÛmao âVr nÜXVrMo JwU :

1) àemgH$s` AZw dmMm cm^ : C_oXdma hm nydunmgyZ Ë`mM àemgH$s` {d^mJmV H$m_H$arV Agë`m_wio Ë`mcm g§KQ>ZoMr C{ÔîQ>ço, H$m ©nÜXVr `m§Mr _m{hVr AgVo. Ë`m_wio doioMm Anì`` ZhmoVm Ë`m nXmMm H$m © ma Vmo C_oXdma gm§ miy eH$Vmo.

2) H$_©Mmè`mVrc CËgmh H$m`_ amhVmo : ~T>VrÛmao âVr_wio godH$mcm d[aîR> nXmda Zo_UyH$hmoÊ`mMr Amem AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mVrc CËgmh H$m`_ amhVmo. godH$ H$m ©j_VoZo H$miOrnyd©H$ H$m_H$aVmV. n[aUm_V: àemgZ H$m ©j_ ~ZVo.

3) à{ejUmMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo : H$_©Mmar nydr©nmgyZM Ë`m godoV Agë`m_wio Ë`mZm H$m_mMmAZw d AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr d[aîR> nXmda {Z wŠVr Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zm {deof à{ejUmMr JaO ZgVo.

4) Ûof qH$dm _Ëga `m§Zm ñWmZ Zmhr : âVrÀ`m `m nÜXVr_wio H$_©Mmè`m§À`mV loîR> H${Zð>VoMr^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. àË`j âVrÛmao oUmam d[aîR> A{YH$mar d`mZo d AZw dmZo H$_r Agë`m_wioAZw dr, d`mod¥ÜX H$_©Mmar Aem Vê$U d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mMm _Ëga H$aVmV. na§Vw ~T>VrÛmao âVrV Vgo hmoVZmhr.

5) AÝ`m` Xya H$aÊ`mg Cn wŠV : àË`j âVrÀ`m nÜXVrV g§KQ>ZoVrc d g§KQ>Zo~mhoarc AemXmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m ì`ŠVr§Zm ñnYm© narjocm ~gÊ`mMr g§Yr XoÊ`mV oV Agcr Var àË`j âVrÀ`m nÜXVr_wiog§KQ>ZoVrc OwÝ`m H$_©Mmè`m§da AÝ`m` hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm A{YH$ AgVo. H$maU ñnYm© narjoV R>odÊ`mV oUmao{df` ho {dÚmnrR>mVyZ {eH${dco OmUmao {df` AgVmV. Ë`m_wio {dÚmnrR>mVyZ nXdr KoD$Z ZwH$Ë`mM ~mhoanS>coë`m C_oXdmamZm Ë`m ñnYm© narjm nmg hmoUo gmono OmVo. `mCcQ> g§KQ>ZoVrc nydunmgyZ H$m_ H$aUmè`mH$_©Mmè`m§Mo kmZ AÚmdV ZgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mda AÝ`m` hmoÊ`mMrM eŠ`Vm AgVo.

6) A{YH$ {dídmgmh© : `m nÜXVrV H$_©Mmar nydunmgyZ g§KQ>ZoV H$m_ H$arV Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m


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H$m ©j_Vo~m~V d àm_m{UH$nUm ~m~V {ZpûMV _m{hVr CncãY AgVo. `mCcQ> àË`j âVrÛmao godoVoUmè`m C_oXdmam~m~V {Z{ûMV _m{hVr ZgVo.

~) A§VJ©V qH$dm ~T>VrÛmao âVr nÜXVrMo Xmof :

1) {ZdS>r~m~V _`m©Xm : `m nÜXVrV g§KQ>ZoVrc H$_©Mmè`m§À`mVyZ ~T>Vr XoD$Z âVr H$amdrcmJVo. Ë`m_wio {ZdS>r~m~V _`m©Xm nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ~mhoarc ì`ŠVr g§KQ>ZoVrc H$_©Mmè`mnojmloîR> XOm©Mr Agcr Var Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr âVr H$aVm oV Zmhr. n[aUm_V: àemgZ ~wÜXr_mZ ì`ŠVtZm_wH$Vo.

2) n[adV©ZmMm A^md : `m nÜXVrV H${ZîR> nmVirdarc H$_©Mmè`m§MrM ~T>Vr XoD$Z d[aîR>nmVirda Zo_UyH$ hmoV AgVo. Ago H$_©Mmar Amnë`m nyduÀ`m H$m ©nÜXVrV ~Xc H$aÊ`mg V`ma ZgVmV.Ë`m_wio àemgZmV ZdrZ ZdrZ à`moJ Ho$co OmV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio àemgZmcm JVr {_iV Zmhr.

3) H$m ©j_Vocm _maH$ : H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vo `m nÜXVrÛmao H${ZîR> ñVamda AZoH$ dfm©nmgyZH$m_ H$arV Agcoë`m Am{U gm_mÝ` `mo½`Vm Agcoë`m ì`ŠVr_YyZM d[aîR> nXmda {ZdS> Pmcoë`m ì`ŠVrH$m_ H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` ~wÜXr_ÎmoÀ`mM ì`ŠVtMr d[aîR> nXmda {Z wŠVr hmoVo. n[aUm_V: àemgZAH$m ©j_ ~ZVo. VgoM godm OoîR>VoZwgma ~T>Vr {_iVo ho _m{hVM Agë`m_wio Vo H$_©Mmar {deof H$m ©j_ ahmVZmhrV. Ë`m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm AmnmoAmn KQ>Vo.

4) àemgZmVrc {eñVrcm hm{ZH$maH$ : `m nÜXVrV nmÌVonojm godmÁ oîR>Vocm A{YH$ _hÎd XoD$Z~T>Vr XoÊ`mV oVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mM g§KQ>ZoVrc ~wÜXr_mZ na§Vw H$_r dfo© godm Ho$coë`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zm ~T>VrÛmaod[aîR> nXmda H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m ~wÜXr_ÎmoMr H$ënZm AgVo. Ë`m_wio Aem H${ZîR> ñVamdarc ~wÜXr_mZì`ŠVr Amnë`m d[að>m§À`m Amkm nmiÊ`mg {H$Ë oH$ doim V`ma ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio àemgZmVrc {eñV {~KS>Vo.~wÜXr_mZ {Zame hmoVmV Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a Vo AH$m ©jo_ ~ZVmV.

2) ~mø qH$dm àË`j âVr : åhUOo àemgZmVrc gd© ñVamdarc [aŠV nXo hr àemgH$s` {d^mJmV nydr©H$m_ H$arV Zgcoë`m na§Vw ñnYm© narjoV CÎmrU© Pmcoë`m C_oXdmamVyZ âÊ`mV oVmV.

A) ~mø qH$dm àË`j âVrMo JwU :

1) {ZdS>r~m~V ì`mnH$ joÌ : àË`j âVr_Ü o {d{eï> nmÌVm YmaU H$aUmè`m gd©M C_oXdmamZmñnYm© narjocm ~gÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xcr OmVo. Ë`m_wio Ag§»` C_oXdmamVyZ ~wÜXr_mZ d à{V^md§V C_oXdmamMr{ZdS> H$aUo gmono OmVo.

2) n[adV©Zmcm ânya g§Yr : `m nÜXVrÛmao âVr Ho$coco C_oXdma Vê$U, ZdrZ C_oXrMo Am{U ZdrZ{dMmam§Mo AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Vo àemgZmV n[a{ñWVrZwgma ZdrZ ~Xc d ZdrZ ZdrZ à`moJ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wioàemgZmcm JVr {_iVo.

3) H$m ©j_Vocm nyaH$ : `m nÜXVrZo âVr Ho$coco C_oXdma VéU d CËgmhr AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Vo

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Amnë`m H$m`m©~m~V VËnaVoZo {ZU© KoVmV. ZdrZ H$m © H$aÊ`mMr Am{U BVam§nojm doJio H$mhr Var H$ê$ZXmI{dÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr V`mar AgVo. Ë`m_wio g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m ©j_VoV dmT> hmoVo. àemgZmMm OZVodahrMm§Jcm à^md nS>Vmo.

4) Ý`m`mda AmYmacocr nÜXVr : ñnYm© narjocm ~gÊ`mMr g§Yr gdmªZm {Xcr OmVo. Am{Ugdm©V loîR> d ~wÜXr_mZ Omo R>aoc Ë`mMrM {ZdS> Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`m_wio Vr Ý`m`mda AmYmacocr nÜXVr_mZcr OmVo.

5) cmoH$emhr VÎdmcm AZwHy$c : àË`j âVrÀ`m nÜXVrV gdm©Zm ñnYm© narjocm ~gÊ`mMrg§Yr {Xcr OmVo. VoWo g§KQ>ZoVrc Am{U g§KQ>Zo~mhoarc Agm oX^md Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. åhUyZM hr nÜXVrcmoH$emhr VÎdmcm nyaH$ _mZcr OmVo.

6) {eñVrcm nmofH$ : Amnë`m nojm loîR> d JwUdmZ ì`ŠVrMr AmkmnmcZ H$aÊ`mMr _mUgmVñdm^m{dH$Vm Amho. Ë`m_wio H${ZîR> H$_©Mmar Amnë`m d[að>m§À`m Amkm AmnmoAmn nmiVmV. Ë`m_wio àemgZmV{eñV {Z_m©U hmoVo.

~. ~mø qH$dm àË`j âVrMo Xmof :

1) AZw dmMm A^md : ñnYm© narjoV Oar øm ì`ŠVr loîR> R>aë`m Agë`m Var Ë`m§Zm àemgZmMmAZw d ZgVmo. àemgZmVrc Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r AZw dmMr JaO AgVo.

2) ~T>VrMr g§Yr ZgVo: `m nÜVVrV ~mhoê$Z C_oXdmam§Mr âVr H$aÊ`mV oV Agë`m_wio g§KQ>ZoVrcH$_©Mmè`m§Zm ~T>VrMr g§Yr {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio g§KQ>ZoVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Mm CËgmh H$_r hmoD$Z H$m ©j_Vm KQ>Vo.

3) A{YH$ I{M©H$ nÜVVr : `m nÜXVrV âVr H$aÊ`mV oUmè`m C_oXdmam§Zm H$m`m©Mm AZw dZgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mZm à{ejU XoÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. n[aUm_V: n«{ejUmgmR>r cmJUmam doi d n¡gm `m§MmAnì`` hmoVmo.

4) Ûof d AghH$m`m©V dmT> : `m nÜXVrÛmao CÀM nXmda Zo_Ê`mV oUmè`m ì`ŠVr øm Vê$U AgVmVd Vo g§KQ>ZoVrc AZw dr d`mod¥ÜX ì`ŠVtÀ`mda gÎmm JmOdVmV Ë`m_wio d`mod¥ÜX ZdrZ Vê$U ì`ŠVtMm _Ëgad Ûof H$aVmV. VgoM g§KQZoVrc OwZo d`mod¥ÜX H$_©Mmar `m ZdrZ VéUm§Zm ghH$m © H$arV ZmhrV. na§Vw g§KQ>ZoMoè nañna ghH$m`m©da Adc§~yZ AgVo.

5) H${ZîR> d _Ü`_ loUrgmR>r `mo½` ì`ŠVtMm VwQ>dS>m : ~wÜXr_mZ ì`ŠVr Zo_h_rM d[aîR> nXmdaZo_UyH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r CËgwH$ AgVmV. H$mhr H$mi Aem ~wÜXr_mZ ì`ŠVr _Ü`_ ñVamda H$m_ H$aÊ`mg V`maAgë`m Var Ë`m§Mo H$m_mda cj ZgVo. H$maU VoWo ~T>VrMr eŠ`VmM ZgVo. Ë`m§Mr Zoh_r d[aîR> nXmgmR>rYS>nS> Mmcy AgVo. Ë`m_wio H${ZîR> d _Ü`_ loUrÀ`m nXmgmR>r ~wÜXr_mZ ì`ŠVr CncãY hmoV ZmhrV.

S>) {ZîH$f© : âVrÀ`m XmoÝhr nÜXVrV H$mhr JwU d Xmof AmhoV XmoÝhr nÜXVrV g_Vmoc gmYÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZoAmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~hþg§»` XoemV `m XmoÝhr nÜXVtMm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mV oVmo. ^maVmV àW_ loUrÀ`m

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godoV 45% OmJm ~T>VrÛmao Va 55% OmJm àË`j âVrÛmao âÊ`mV oVmV Va {ÛVr` loUrÀ`m65% ~T>VrÛmao Va 35% OmJm à`j âVrÛmao âÊ`mV oVmV.


Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$ Vo XmoZ dmŠ`mV {chm.

1) godH$ âVr åhUOo H$m`?

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2) ~T>VrÛmao âVr nÜXVrMo XmoZ JwU gm§Jm

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3) ~mø âVrMo XmoZ Xmof ñnï> H$am.

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4) ~T>VrÛmao âVrMo XmoZ Xmof {deX H$am.

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5.2.3 à{ejU :

cmoH$àemgZmV godH$m§À`m à{ejUmMm àíZ âVr BVH$mM _hÎdmMm _mZcm OmVmo. cmoH$àemgZmMoñdê$n ì`mnH$ ~Zë`m_wio godH$mMo H$m¡eë`, H$m ©j_Vm, nmÌVm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à{ejUmMo {d{dY àH$ma dnÜXVr Adc§{~ë`m OmVmV. n««{ejU ho ì`mdgm{`H$ d {d{eï> {df`mnwaVo AgVo; åhUyZM à{ejU `mo½` doir`mo½` {XeoZo d `mo½` à_mUmV {Xco OmVo.

A) à{ejUmMm AW© :- à{ejU åhUOo H$_©Mmè`mZm Amnco H$m © H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma H$aUo hmo . na§Vwà{ejUmMm ì`mnH$ AW©, H$_©Mmè`m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ ì`mnH$ hmoB©c Agm à`ËZ H$aUo hmo .

~) à{ejUmÀ`m ì`m»`m : à{ejUmÀ`m ì`m»`m H$mhr {dMmad§VmZr nwT>rc à_mUo Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

1) _¡ÝS>oc : ""àemgZmVrc ZdrZ H$m`m©gmR>r nwZamdcmoH$Z H$aUo, dV©_mZ H$m`m©gmR>r kmZ d H$m¡eë``m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo Am{U ^{dî` H$mimVrc O~m~Xmar ñdrH$maÊ`mMr V`mar R>odUo `mcm à{ejU AgoåhUVmV.''

2) {dë`_ Or. Q>m°nu : ""à{ejU åhUOo ^mdr àemgH$m§Mr V`mar H$aUo AWdm {dÚ_mZ àemgH$m§MrH$m ©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm H$m¡eë o, gd`r, kmZ Am{U Ñï>rH$moZ {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m hmo .''

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3) E\$.E_. _mŠg© : ""ZmJar godH$mZm Amnco H$m`© {eH$Vm `mdo d Ë`m§À`m {d{eï>ì`mdgm{`H$ joÌmV {dH$mg ìhmdm åhUyZ Ë`mZm ghmæ` d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mÀ`m ì`dñWmnZ{d^mJm_m\©$V OmUrd nyd©H$ H$aÊ`mV oUmam à`ËZ åhUOo à{ejU hmo .''

4) àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> : ""gZXr ZmoH$am§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©{df`r Oo kmZ H$ê$Z {Xco OmVoAmm{U Oo kmZ godH$mZm Ë`m§À`m godoV gVV Cn wŠV R>aVo Ë`mg à{ejU Ago åhUVmV.''

H$) à{ejUmMm CÔoe : 1944 gmcr B§½cS>_Ü o ZmJar godH$m§À`m à{ejUmg§~§Yr {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>rZo_coë`m A°eoQ>Z g{_VrZo Am{U gm`_Z `m§Zr à{ejUmÀ`m CÔoem~m~V {Xcoë`m ñnï>rH$aUmdê$Zgm_mÝ`nUo à{ejUmMo nwT>rc hoVy qH$dm CÔoe gm§JVm oVrc.

1) gZXr godH$mZm àemgZ H$m`m©À`m CÔoem§Mr d H$m ©nÜXVrMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo.

2) gZXr ZmoH$amZm Ë`m§À`m H$m_mMr O~m~Xmar g_OmdyZ XoUo

3) ZmJar godH$m§À`m kmZmV,H$m¡eë`mV Am{U H$m ©j_VoV dmT> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo _Zmo~c d AmË_{dídmgdmT>{dUo.

4) gZXr godH$m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ {demc ~ZdyZ àemgH$s` ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$V`mar H$aUo.

5) ZmJar godoVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Zm ZdrZ Jmoï>r~m~V d {dH$mgm~m~V _m{hVr XoD$Z àemgZ H$m © A{YH$gwc^ d `eñdr H$aUo.

à{ejUmMo hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{ejU XoUmao A{YH$mar `mo½` nmÌVoMo Am{U AZw dr AgmdocmJVmV. VgoM godH$m§Zr gwÜXm O~m~XmarZo à{ejU nyU© Ho$co nm{hOo. à{ejUmMm hoVy {H$VnV gmÜ` Pmcm honmhmÊ`mgmR>r à{ejU {Xë`mZ§Va godH$m§Mr EImXr narjm KoUo KaOoMo Amhoo.

S>) à{ejUmMo àH$ma : gZXr godH$mZm à{ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWm, à{ejUmMr nÜXVr, à{ejUmMm H$m ©H$mc`m AmYmao à{ejUmMo nwT>rc àH$ma gm§JVm oVrc. :

1) Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU :

A) Am¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU : Am¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU åhUOo C_oXdmamMr godoV ^aVr qH$dm Zo_UyH$Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mcm Ë`mÀ`m nXmg§~§YrÀ`m àemgH$s` H$m`m©Mo kmZ d[aîR>m _m\©$V H$ê$Z {Xco OmVo Ë`mgAm¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU åhUVmV. H$mhr doim C_oXdmam§Mr {ZdS> Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mZm godoV ê$Oy H$ê$Z KoÊ`mnydu Agoà{ejU {Xco OmVo. CXm. ^maVmV Am`. E. Eg. narjm CÎmrU© Pmcoë`m C_oXdmamZm {ZdS> Pmë`mZ§Va _gyaroWo Z°eZc A°H°$S>_r Am°\$ A°S>{_{ZñQ´>oeZ_Ü o (gÜ`mMo Zmd cmc ~hmXya emñÌr Z°eZc A°H°$S>_r Am°\$

A°S>{_{ZñQ´>oeZ) EH$ df© Am¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU {Xco OmVo. VgoM nmocrg A{YH$mè`mZm Zm{eH$ d _mD§$Q> A~y `m{R>H$mUr Am¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU {Xco OmVo.

~) AZm¡nMm[aH$ à[ejU : AZm¡nMm[aH$ n«{ejU åhUOo C_oXdma ZmJar godoV XmIc Pmë`mZ§Va

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AZw dmÛmao Ë`mcm Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr {_iVo. ho à{ejU C_oXdmamcm Z H$iV AmnmoAmn {_iVAgVo. à{ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r {Z{üV nÜXVr ZgVo. VgoM à{ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r Img AZw^dr d[aîR>A{YH$marhr Zo_coco ZgVmV. C_oXdma ñdV:M à{ejU KoV AgVmo. hr nÜXVr na§namJV ñdê$nmMr Amho.

AZm¡nMmarH$ à{ejU nÜXVrda Q>rH$m H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>co OmVo H$s, Vr XrK©H$mcrZ d A{YH$H$ï>mMr à{ejU nÜXVr Amho. Ë`m_wio {H$Ë`oH$ C_oXdma {Zê$Ëgmhr ~ZVmV. ½c°S>Z d {Q>H$Zoa `m{dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vo AZm¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU nÜXVr gm_mÝ` nmÌVoÀ`m godH$m§À`m ~m~VrV Cn wŠV R>aV Zmhr.na§Vw _¡ÝS>oc d Q´>odo{c`Z `m XmoKmZr Vr AË §V Cn wŠV Agë`mMo _V _m§S>co Amho.

2) Aën _wXVrMo d XrK© _wXVrMo à{ejU :

à{ejUmMr _wXV {H$Vr Agmdr `m ~m~V {dMmad§Vm§À`mV EH$_V AmT>iV Zmhr. na§Vw à{ejUmMr_wXV àemgZmÀ`m JaOoda Adc§~yZ AgVo. gm_mÝ`V: H$m_mMo ñdê$n d JaO, n[a{ñWV, à{ejH$m§Mrì`dñWm Am{U C_oXdmam§Mr nmÌVm B. KQ>H$mda à{ejUmMr _wXV R>a{dcr OmV AgVo.

A) Aën_wXVrMo à{ejU : Aën_wXVrMo à{ejU åhUOo Á`m à{ejUmMm H$mi gm_mÝ`nUo 3_{hZo Vo 9 _{hÝ`m§Mm AgVmo Ë`mg Aën_wXVrMo à{ejU åhUVmV. CXm. ghH$ma, _hgyc ImË`mVrcH$_©Mmè`mZm Ago Aën_wXVrMo à{ejU {Xco OmVo.

~) XrK© _wXVrMo à{ejU : XrK© _wXVrMo à{ejU Á`m à{ejUmMm H$mcI§S> 2 Vo 3 dfm©n ªVMmAgVmo, Ë`mg XrK© _wXVrMo à{ejU åhUVmV. CXm. g¡Ý`mVrc A{YH$mè`mZm Ago XrK© _wXVrMo à{ejU {XcoOmVo.

3) àdoenyd© d àdoemoÎma à{ejU :

A) àdoenyd© à{ejU : àdoenyd© n«{ejU åhUOo ZmJar godoV EImÚm nXmda ê$Oy hmoÊ`mnyduC_oXdmamcm {Xco OmUmao à{ejU hmo . CXm. Am`. Q>r. Am`. B§{O{ZAatJ Aem {ejU g§ñWmVyZ {Xco OmUmaon«{ejU ho àdoenyd© à{ejU hmo . ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo emco d _hm{dÚmc`rZ {ejU ho EH$ àH$mao àdoenyd©à{ejU hmo .

àdoenyd© à{ejUmMo XmoZ àH$ma nmS>Vm oVmV.

1) {eH$mD$ C_oXdmar 2) A§VJ©V C_oXdmar

1) {eH$mD$ C_oXdmar : åhUOo g§KQ>ZoVrc C_oXdmamcm {d{eï> nXmgmR>r {d{eï> g§ñWm_Ü o àdoenyd©à{ejU {Xco OmVo. CXm. Am`. Q>r. Am`. _Ü o {ejU KoVcoë`m C_oXdmamcm H$mhr H$mi {eH$mD$ C_oXdmaåhUyZ H$_ H$amdo cmJVo

2) A§VJ©V C_oXdmar : `mMm AW© {d{eï> Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va C_oXdmamcm H$mhr H$mimgmR>rA§VJ©V C_oXdmar H$ê$Z à{ejU ¿`mdo cmJVo. CXm. d¡ÚH$s` Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va S>m°ŠQ>g©Zm EH$ df©ehar d J«m_rU ^mJmV A§VJ©V C_oXdmar åhUyZ H$m_ H$amdo cmJVo.

~) àdoemoÎma à{ejU : åhUOo C_oXdmam§Zm godoV XmIc Pmë`mZ§Va Ü o YmoaUm§Mr d H$m ©nÜXVrMr

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_m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUo hm `m à{ejUmMm CÔoe AgVmo. CXm. g_mOH$ë`mU d Amamo½` ImË`mVrcH$_©Mmè`mZm Aem àH$maMo àdoemoÎma à{ejU {Xco OmVo. _¡ÝS>oc `m§À`m _Vo ""àdoemoÎma à{ejUm_wiog§KQ>ZoMm hoVy g\$c hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo Am{U àemgZmV gmVË` d J{VercVm amhVo.''

4) {d^mJr` d H|$Ðr` à{ejU :

A) {d^mJr` à{ejU : åhUOoM ImVo{Zhm` à{ejU hmo`. `mV àË`oH$ ImVo Amnë`mImË`mg§~§YrMo àemgH$s` kmZ d _m{hVr ImË`mVrc d[aîR> AZw dr A{YH$mè`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Amnë`m H${ZîR>godH$mZm XoVmV. CXm. nmoñQ> d Vma ImË`mVrc godH$mZm {Xco OmUmao à{ejU.

~) H|$ÐrV à{ejU : åhUOo EH$mM loUrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm {Xco OmUmao gd© gm_mÝ` ñdê$nmMoà{ejU hmo . Ago à{ejU H|$ÐemgZ qH$dm {d{eï> ImË`mH$Sy>Z qH$dm g§ñWoH$Sy>Z {Xco OmVo. {d{eï> nmÌVoMoC_oXdma {d{eï> nXmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVmV. CXm. Am`. E. Eg. Pmcoë`m C_oXdmamZm _gwar oWo VadZA{YH$mè`mZm S>ohamSy>Z oWo à{ejU {Xco OmVo.

5) Hw$ecVoMo d nmíd© w{_{df`H$ à{ejU :

A) Hw$ecVoMo à{ejU : `mMm AW© H$mhr {d{eï> H$m`m©gmR>r {d{eï> àH$maMo H$m¡eë` qH$dm V§ÌAmdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r godH$mZm Aem H$m¡eë`mMo d V§ÌmMo à{ejU XoUo hmo . CXm. hoa ImË`mVrcgodH$m§Zm JwÝho emoYÊ`mÀ`m H$m¡eë`mMo à{ejU Úmdo cmJVo. Va {ejH$m§Zm {eH${dÊ`mÀ`m H$coMo à{ejU {XcoOmVo.

~) nmíd© y{_{df`H$ à{ejU : åhUOo godH$mZm Á`m joÌmV H$m_ H$amd`mMo Amho. Ë`m joÌmMrnmíd© y{_ g_OmdyZ XoUo hmo . CXm. ~±H$s¨J ì`dgm`mV H$m_ H$aUmè`m godH$mZm Ë`m joÌmMr nmíd© y{_ g_OmdyZÚmdr cmJVo.

B) à{ejUmÀ`m nÜXVr : gZXr godH$Zm gm_mÝ`V: Imcrc nÜXVrÛmao à{ejU {XcoOmVo.

1) AZw dmÛmao à{ejU : gZXr godH$ àemgH$s` godoVXmIc Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mcm Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©MokmZ AZw dmÛmao {_iVo. VgoM g§KQ>ZoVrc {d{dY {d^mJmV godH$mcm H$m_ H$aÊ`mgg§Yr XoD$Z AZw dmÛmaokmZ {Xco OmVo. CXm. g{Mdmc`mVrc d[aîR>> àemgH$ {d{dY ImË`mV AZw dmÛmao à{ejU KoV AgVmV.~±Ho$Vrc H$_©Mmar Ogm gd© Q>o~cMo H$m_ H$ê$Z AZw dmÛmao ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mMo kmZ {_i{dVmo `mcmMAZw dmÛmao à{ejU nÜXVr åhUVmV.

2) Am¡nMm[aH$ nÜXVrZo à{ejU : gZXr godH$mZm d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§À`m H$Sy>Z OmUrd nyd©H${d{eï> nÜXVrZo Am¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU {XcoOmVo. Ago à{ejU {d{eï> gyMZm XoD$Z, _mJ©Xe©Z d MMm© H$ê$Z,ì`m»`mZo XoD$Z d[aîR> A{YH$mar H${ZîR> A{YH$mè`mZm XoV AgVmV.CXm.{d^mJr` Am wŠVmH$Sy>Z {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§Zm(Ë`m§À`m {d^mJmVrc) {Oëhm àemgZm~m~V Am¡nMm[aH$ nÜXVrZo à{ejU {Xco OmVo.

3) gd©gm_mÝ` _m{hVr XoUmè`m _mÜ`_m§Mm Adc§~ H$ê$Z à{ejU : `m nÜXVrV gZXr godH$mZm{Z`_mdcr, n{ÌH$m, gyMZm nÌHo$, nwpñVH$m, {gZo_m `m gma»`m _mÜ`_m§Mm Adc§~ H$ê$Z à{ejU {Xco OmVo.

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Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm àemgZmMo kmZ {_ioV.

4) n[afXm Ûmao à{ejU : g§KQ>ZoVrc H$_©Mmar dJm©cm Am{U A{YH$mè`mZm EH$Ì ~mocmdyZ MMm©,dmX{ddmX, ^mfUo `mÛmao àemgZm~m~VMo kmZ qH$dm _m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xcr OmVo. n[afXoÛmao à{ejU hr nÜXVrA_o[aHo$V A{YH$ ì`mnH$ à_mUmV ñdrH$macr OmVo. ^maVmV gwÜXm n[afXm, _oimdo, H$m ©emim KoD$Z Agoà{ejU {Xco OmVo. n[afXoÛmao à{ejU XoVmZm à{ejU KoUmao EH$mM XOm©Mo d gm_mÝ` AZw dmMo AgmdocmJVmV. àË oH$mcm Amnco _V ñdV§ÌnUo _m§S>Vm `mdo Ago oWrc dmVmdaU Iwco Agmdo.

à{ejUmÀ`m darc nÜXVrn¡H$s H$moUVrhr EH$ nÜXVr Cn wŠV Amho Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oV Zmhr.

H ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ - 3

EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) Aën _wXVrÀ`m d XrK© _wXVrÀ`m n«{ejUmMr _wXV gm§Jm.

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2) emim _hm{dÚmc`mVyZ {Xco OmUmao {ejU ho H$moUË`m àH$maMo à{ejU hmoB©c

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3) JwÝho emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMo {Xco OmUmao à{ejU H$moUË`m àH$maMo Amho.

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5.2.4 ~T>Vr :

godH$ àemgZmV ^aVr, à{ejU `m VËdmà_mUoM "~T>Vr' `m VÎdmcm _hÎd {Xco OmVo. ZmJar godH$m§À`mVCËgmh, H$m ©j_Vm, H$V©ì`XjVm, CÎmaXm{`Îd Am{U àemg{H$` {eñV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~S>VrÀ`m VÎdmMmAdc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo.

A) ~T>VrMm AW© :

gm_mÝ`nUo godH$mMr H${ZîR> nXmdê$Z d[aîR> nXmda Zo_UyH$ hmoUo `mcm ~T>Vr Ago åhUVmV. na§Vw Ho$dinJma dmT>Uo åhUOo ~T>Vr Zìho. H$maU ZmJar godH$mMm {Z`{_V doVZdmT>r_wio Xadfu nJma dmT>V AgVmo. `mMmAW© Ë`mcm Xadfu ~S>Vr {_iVo Agm Zmhr. ~T>Vr {_imë`mZV§a gZXr godH$mMm nJma Va dmS>VmoM nU Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mMr H${ZîR> nXmdê$Z d[aîR> loUrÀ`m nXmda Zo_UyH$ hmoV AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mMm d A{YH$mamMmXOm©hr dmT>Vmo. Am{U Ë`mÀ`mda d[aîR> nXmMr O~m~Xmarhr gmon{dcr OmVo.

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~) ~T>VrÀ`m ì`m»`m :

1) àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q>: ""~T>Vr åhUOo godH$mÀ`m H$m`m©V ~Xc H$ê$Z H${ZîR> nXmdê$ZA{YH$ O~m~XmarÀ`m AdKS> ZdrZ nXmda doVZmV dmT> H$ê$Z Zo_UyH$ H$aUo hmo ''

2) àmo. {dcmo~r : ""~T>Vr åhUOo H$_©Mmè`m§Mr H${ZîQ> nXmdê$Z d[aîR> nXmda {Z wŠVr H$aUohmo`''

3) gr.nr. ^m§^ar : H${ZîR> nXmdê$Z d[aîR> nXmda {Z`wŠVr hmoVmZm gZXr godH$mÀ`mO~m~Xmè`m Am{U H$V©ì o `mV dmT> hmoUo åhUOo ~T>Vr hmoU''

4) Mmëg© ~W© : ""~T>Vr åhUOo Aer à{H«$`m H$s, Á`m_wio ZmJar godH$mcm H${ZîR> nXmÀ`mO~m~XmarVyZ d[aîR> nXmÀ`m O~m~XmarV {Z wŠV Ho$co OmVo.''

WmoS>Š`mV g§KQ>ZoVrc `mo½` d H$m ©j_ Aem H$_©Mmè`mMr H${ZîR> nXmdê$Z d[aîR> nXmda Zo_UyH$ H$ê$ZË`mÀ`mH$S>o A{YH$ O~m~Xmè`m XoD$Z Ë`mMm XOm© dmT>{dUo åhUOo ~T>Vr hmo .

H$) ~T>VrMr VÎdo :

~T>VrgmR>r ZmJar godH$m§Mr nmÌVm {Z{üV H$aUmar Or VÎdo AmhoV Ë`mZm ~T>VrMr VÎdo åhUVmV. godH$àemgZmV ~T>Vr XoVmZm `mo½` d nmÌ ì`ŠVrZmM d[aîR> nXo {_imcr nm{hOoV åhUyZ H$_©Mmè`mZm ~T>Vr XoVmZmImcrc XmoZ VÎdm§Mm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.

A) Ooð>VoMo VÎd qH$dm godoÀ`m H$m ©H$mcmMo VÎd

~) JwUloîR>VoMo VÎd qH$dm `mo½`VoMo VÎd

A) Á oîR>VoMo VÎd : `m VÎdmZwgma ~T>Vr XoVmZm godH$mÀ`m godoMm H$m ©H$mc {dMmamV KoVcm OmVmo.WmoS>Š`mV Á`m H$_©Mmè`mMr godm OmñV Pmcr Amho Ë`mcm àW_ ~T>Vr {Xcr OmVo. gd©M Xoem§À`m godH$àemgZmV OoîR>Vm VÎdmMm Adc§~ Ho$cocm Amho.

OoîR>Vm VÎdmMo JwU :

1) Adc§~ H$aUo gwc^ : gZXr godH$mZm ~T>Vr XoVmZm OoîR>Vm VÎdmMm Adc§~ H$aUo gwc^ R>aVo.Á`mMr godm gdm©V OmñV Amho Ë`mcm ~T>Vr {Xcr OmVo.

2) AZw dmMm g§KQ>Zocm \$m`Xm : AZoH$ df} g§KQ>ZoV H$m_ H$ê$Z AZw d KoVcoë`m OoîR> H$_©Mmè`mcm~T>Vr {Xcr OmV Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m AZw dmMm d H$m ©j_VoMm g§KQ>Zocm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.

3) H$_©Mmar dJm©V g§Kf© hmoV Zmhr : `m VÎdmZwgma ~T>Vr XoVmZm H$_©Mmè`mMm godmH$mc _moOcmOmVmo. Aem godmH$mcmV åhUOoM godmÁ oîR>VoV H$moUVmhr \o$a~Xc H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. Ë`m_wio OoîR>Vm dAZw d `mZwgma ~T>Vr {Xcr OmVo.gmh{OH$M H$_©Mmar dJm©V g§Kf© hmoV Zmhr.

4) amOH$s` à^md nS>V Zmhr : OoîR>Vm VÎd ñdrH$maë`m_wio amOH$s` X~md oV Zmhr. Omo A{YH$

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OoîR> AgVmo Ë`mcmM ~T>Vr {_iVo. Ë`m_wio njnmVrnUm hmoV Zmhr. godm nwñVH$mdê$Z OoîR> d H${ZîR>H$moU ho {Z{üVnUo R>a{dVm oVo.

5) H$_©Mmè`m§Mo _ZmoY¡ © H$m`_ amhVo : `m nÜXVrV àË oH$ H$_©Mmè`mcm godmÁ oð>Vm `mXrVAmncm Z§~a H$moR>o Amho?Am{U Amnë`mcm ~T>Vr Ho$ìhm {_ioc ho _m{hV AgVo. VgoM Á`mZm ~T>Vr{_imcr Amho Vo Amnë`mnojm OoîR> hmoVo `mMr OmUrd Ë`m§Zm AgVo. `m_wio AmnUmcmhr `mo½` doir ~T>Vr{_iUma `mMr Ë`m§Zm H$ënZm AgVo. Ë`m_wio godH$m§Mo _ZmoY¡ © {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.

6) ñd §M{cV d «ï>mMmamnmgyZ _wŠV : `m nÜXVrV H$_©Mmè`mÀ`m OoîR>VoV dmT> Pmcr H$sAmnmoAmn Ë`mcm ~T>Vr {_iV AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r H$_©Mmè`mcm {deof à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. åhUyZM`m nÜXVrcm ñd §M{cV H$m © H$aUmar nÜXVr åhQ>co OmVo. VgoM àË oH$mcm Amncm OoîR>>Vm H«$_ Ho$ìhmoB©c Am{U Amnë`mcm ~T>Vr {_ioc ho _m{hV AgVo Ë`m_wio VoWo «ï>mMmamcm dmd ZgVmo.

7) à{VîR>m : AZoH$ df} H$m © H$aUmè`m AZw dr d OoîR> godH$mZm ~T>Vr_wio à{Vð>m d _hÎdàmßV hmoVo.

OoîR>Vm VÎdmMo Xmof :

AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr JwUm ~amo~aM Á oîR>Vm VÎdmMo Xmofhr ñnîQ> Ho$co AmhoV.

H àmo. {\$\$Za `m§À`m _Vo OoîR>Vm VÎdm_wio d[aîR> nXmda ~T>VrÛmao A`mo½`, AnmÌ ì`ŠVtMr{ZdS> hmoD$Z àemgZmMm XOm© ImcmdVmo.

H ½c°S>Z `m§À`m _Vo ~T>VrgmR>r AZoH$ H$_©Mmar nmÌ AgyZhr Ë`mZm ~T>VrMr g§Yr XoVm oV Zmhr.H$maU d[aîR> nXo \$maM _moR>r AgVmV. Ë`m_wio H$mhr H$_©Mmè`m§À`mda AÝ`m` hmoD$ eH$Vmo

H Oo\$g©Z åhUVmV H$s, gdm©ZmM OoîR>Vm VÎdmZwgma ~T>Vr {_iUo AeŠ` AgVo.

H E. S>r. Jmoadmcm åhUVmV H$s,""H$mhtZm BÀN>m ZgVmZm d[aîR> nXo {_iVmV Va H$mhrZm BÀN>mAgyZhr Ooð>Vm Zgë`m_wio d[aîR> nXo {_iV ZmhrV''

OoîR>Vm VÎdmda nwT>rc AmUIr H$mhr Amjon KoVco OmVmV Vo Ago AmhoV :

1) Ho$di Á oîR>VoÀ`m AmYmamda A`mo½` ì`ŠVtMr {Z wŠVr hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m : Ho$diÁ oîR>Vm VÎdmÀ`m AmYmao H$_©Mmè`mMr `mo½`Vm R>a{dVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio A`mo½`, AnmÌ H$_©Mmar d[aîR>nXmda Zo_cm OmÊ`mMm YmoH$m AgVmo.

2) A{YH$ H$mi dm`m OmVmo : g§KQ>ZoVrc Vê$U CËgmhr H$m`©j_ H$_©Mmè`mg ~T>Vr{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ~arM df} Wm§~mdo cmJVo. Ë`m_wio Vo ZmamO hmoD$Z {Zê$Ëgmhr ~ZVmV.

3) {ZîH$miOrnUm dmT>Vmo : {H$Ë oH$ doim Á oîR>VoZwgma ~T>Vr {_imcoë`m d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mnojmH${ZîR> A{YH$mar ~wÜXr_mZ d H$m ©j_ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio H${ZîR>m§À`m _ZmV d[að>m§À`m ~m~V Ûof {Z_m©UhmoVmo d Vo {ZîH$miOrnUo dmJy cmJVmV.

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4) ZdrZ à`moJmg {damoY : Á oîR>Vm VÎdmZwgma ~T>Vr {_imcocm A{YH$mar OwÝ`m _VmMoAgVmV. Vo ZdrZ à`moJ H$aÊ`mMo YmS>g H$aV ZmhrV.Ë`m_wio àemgZ JVrhrZ ~ZVo.

5) OoîR>Vo~amo~a JwUdÎmmhr Amdí`H$: ~T>Vr XoÊ`mgmR>r Á oîR>Vmhr EH$_od nÜXVr Zmhr. VaÁ oîR>Vo~amo~a JwUdÎmocmhr _hÎd XoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.

àmo. aVZñdm_r `m§À`m _Vo godH$mZm ~T>Vr XoVmZm Ë`m§À`m godmÁ oîR>Vo ~amo~a Ë`m§À`m H$m ©j_VoMm dJwUdÎmoMmhr {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. àmo. {dcmo~r `m§À`m _Vo g§KQ>ZoVrc {d{dY nXm§À`m n[apñWVrà_mUoOoîR>Vm VÎdmMm Adc§~ H$aUo `mo½` R>aoc.

~) JwUloîR>VoMo VÎd : (`mo½`VoMo VÎd)

åhUOo H$_©Mmè`mcm d[aîR> nXmda ~T>Vr XoVmZm H${ZîR> ñVamdarc Or ì`ŠVr `mo½` nmÌVoMr AgVo {Vcmd[aîR> nXmda ~T>Vr {Xcr OmVo. `m VÎdmV ì`ŠVrÀ`m godoÀ`m H$mcI§S>mMm {dMma Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wiog§KQ>ZoVrc Vê$U, hþema, nmÌ d CËgmhr Aem godH$ dJm©cm ~T>Vr {_iVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m kmZmMm dH$m ©j_VoMm emgZmcm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.

JwUloîR>VoÀ`m VÎdmZwgma ~T>Vr XoVmZm àemgH$s` godoVrc H$_©Mmè`mMr `mo½`Vm nwT>rc VrZ nÜXVrÛmaoR>a{dcr OmVo.

A) ñnYm© narjm

~) godm {ddaU (XßVar Zm|X) d H$m ©j_VoMo _moO_mn

H$) d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§Mo _V

A) ñnYm© narjm : ZmJar godoVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Mr nmÌVm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$godm Am`moJ AWdmg§~§{YV ImË`m_m\©$V narjm KoD$Z Ë`mMr JwUloîR>Vm R>a{dcr OmVo.

ñnYm© narjoMo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV Vo Imcrc à_mUo.

1) Iwcr ñnYm© narjm : `m ñnYm© narjocm g§KQ>ZoVrc qH$dm g§KQ>Zo~mhoarc H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr ~gyeH$Vo. hr ñnYm© narjm gd© H$_©Mmè`mZm Iwcr AgVo. Á`m H$_©Mmè`mZm ñnYm© narjoV OmñV JwU {_iVmV,Aem hþema ~wÜXr_mZ H$_©Mmè`mMr {ZdS> hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm d[aîR> nXmda {Z wŠV Ho$co OmVo.

2) _`m©{XV ñnYm© narjm : Á`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zr H$mhr {d{eï> H$mi godm Ho$cr Amho Aem H$_©Mmè`m§ZmqH$dm gdm©V Á oîR> A{YH$mè`m§Zm `m _`m©{XV narjocm ~gÊ`mg g§Yr {Xcr OmVo.d Ë`mVrc JUdÎmm YmaH$m§Zmd[aîR> nXmda {Z wŠV Ho$co OmVo. `m narjoV nmÌVo~amo~a Á oîR>Vocmhr _hÎd {Xco OmVo.

3) gmYr CÎmrU© narjm : hr narjm gdm©Zm Iwcr AgVo. `m narjoV nmg hmoUo qH$dm {d{eîQ> JwU{_i{dUo hr AQ> AgVo. CXm. {c{nH$, Q>§H$coIH$, ñQ>oZmo Aem nXmgmR>r hr narjm KoVcr OmVo.

ñnYm© narjoÛmao ZoV¥Ëd, VËnaVm ho JwU g_OyZ oV ZmhrV Var gwÜXm «ï>mMma, njnmV amOH$s` X~md hoXmof Q>miÊ`mgmR>r gd©Ì ñnYm© narjm nÜXVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm OmVmo.

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~) godm {ddaU d H$m ©j_VoMo _moO_mn : godm {ddaU åhUOo H$_©Mmè`mÀ`m H$m`m©g§~§Yr Zm|XR>odyZ,Ë`m XßVa Zm|XrÀ`m AmYmao Ë`mMr `mo½`Vm R>a{dUo hmo . ~T>VrgmR>r nmÌ Agcoë`m H$_©Mmè`mÀ`mgodm {ddaUmMm VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$ê$Z H$_©Mmè`mMr JwUdÎmm R>a{dcr OmVo d Ë`m JwUdÎmoÀ`m AmYmao~T>Vr {Xcr OmVo. godm Zm|XUr nwñVH$. d¡ {ŠVH$ Zm|X, JmonZr` Ahdmc B. Ûmao godm{ddaU Ho$co OmVo.godm {ddaUmV H$_©Mmè`mMo kmZ H$m¡eë`, H$m ©j_Vm,CËgmh, Mm[aÍ`, g_`gyMH$Vm B. JmoîQ>tMr Zm|XKoVcr OmVo. Ë`m Zm|XrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z gdm}Îm_ (Excellent), A{YH$ CÎm_ (Very Good), CÎm_ (Good ), gmYmaUnUo R>rH$ (Fair), Am{U Ag_mYmZH$maH$ Aem nmM loUr Ûmao H$_©Mmè`mMr~T>VrgmR>r nmÌVm R>a{dcr OmVo.

godm {ddaUm~amo~aM ZmJar godoVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Mo H$m ©j_VoMo _moO_mn nwT>rc nÜXVrZo Ho$co OmVo.

1) H$_©Mmè`m§À`m CËnmXZ j_VoÀ`m AmYmamda Ë`m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm AO_m{dUo CXm. Q>m`{nñQ>,ñQ>oZmo`m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm `m nÜXVrZo nm{hcr OmVo.

2) H$_©Mmè`mVrc JwU d àd¥Îmr `m§À`m AmYmao H$m ©j_Vm nmhUo CXm. CËgmh Mm[aÍ`, {ZU©j_Vm, ZoV¥Ëd, B. JwUm§À`m AmYmamda H$m © j_VoMo _moO_mn H$aUo.

3) H$_©Mmè`mVrc dV©UwH$sMo d H$m_mMo Ahdmc nmhÿZ Ë`m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm nS>VmiUo.

4) H$_©Mmè`mÀ`m gd`r, H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVr, Ë`mÀ`m JwUXmofmMo aoH$m°S>©g² nmhÿZ H$m ©j_VoMo_moO_mn H$aUo.

H$_©Mmè`mMr JwUloîR>Vm Am{U nmÌVm nmhVmZm {VMo _moO_mn {Z:njnmVr d Ý`m` y{_Ho$VyZ hmoUoJaOoMo AgVo.

H$) d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§Mo _V :

H$_©Mmè`mcm ~S>Vr XoVmZm Ë`m H$_©Mmè`m§À`m d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§Mo _V {dMmamV KoVco OmVo. H$maUd[aîR> A{YH$mè`mcm H$_©Mmè`mMo JwU Xmof, H$m ©nÜXVr, gd`r B. ~m~V A{YH$ _m{hVr AgVo. `mVì`ŠVr {Zð>oMm Xmof AmT>iyZ oVmo. Ë`mgmR>r d[aîR> Aem EH$m ì`ŠVr EodOr XmoZ qH$dm VrZ d[að>m§Mr _Vo{dMmamV KoVcr OmVmV. Am{U ~T>VrgmR>r H$_©Mmè`mMr `mo½`Vm R>a{dcr OmVo.

EH§$XarV ~T>Vr XoVmZm OoîR>Vm d JwUloîR>Vm `m XmoÝhrhr VÎdm§Mm H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV dmna Ho$cmOmVmo.

H ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ -4

EH$ Vo XmoZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) H$moUË`m XmoZ VÎdm§Mm ~T>Vr XoÊ`mgmR>r {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo?

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2) JwUloîR>VoÀ`m VÎdmZwgma ~T>Vr XoVmZm H$moUË`m VrZ nÜXVtMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo?

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3) ñnYm© narjoMo VrZ àH$ma Z_wX H$am?

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5.2.5 gZXr godH$m§Mr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm :

gZXr godH$m§Mm amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm hm _hÎdmMm JwUY_© Amho. àemgZmMr H$m ©j_Vm d àemgH$s``eñdrVm hr gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoda Adc§~yZ AgVo. amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoÀ`m _wi VÎdmMr gwê$dmV{~«Q>Z_Ü o Pmcr. Ë`mZ§Va CXma_VdmXr cmoH$emhrMm ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m BVa XoemZr ñdrH$ma Ho$cm.

A) amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMm AW© :

gZXr godH$ amOH$s` ÑîQ>çm VQ>ñW Agmdm `mMm AW© Ë`mZo amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{cßV Agmdo. Ë`mZo{ZdS>UyH$m cT>dy Z oV. njr` amOH$maUmV ^mJ KoD$ Z o. H$maU cmoH$emhrV {Za{Zamio amOH$s` nj A{YH$mamdaoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`m gd© amOH$s` njm§Mr emgH$s` YmoaUo d {dMmagaUr gmaIr ZgVo. Ë`m_wio gZXr ZmoH$amZm

YmoaU am~{dVmZm amOH$s` {dMmagaUr Ë`m§À`m emgH$s` H$m_mÀ`m AmS> oUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoUo JaOoMoAgVo. åhUyZ gZXr godH$ amOH$maUmnmgyZ VQ>ñW Agcm nm{hOo. `mMm AW© gZXrgodH$mZm amOH$s` _VoMAgy Z oV Agm Zmhr. XoemMm ZmJarH$ `m ZmË`mZo Ë`mZm Amncr _Vo R>a{dÊ`mMo nyU© ñdmV§Í` Agco nm{hOo.na§Vw gZXr ZmoH$am§À`m _Vmer Z OwiUmè`m {dMmam§Mm nj gÎmoda Amcm Va Ë`mÀ`m YmoaUmÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrVË`m§Zr nyU© ghH$m © Ho$co nm{hOo.

1949 gmcr Zo_coë`m _mñQ>a _Z g{_VrZo B§½cS>À`m gZXr godoMo nwT>rc KQ>H$ ñnîQ> Ho$co AmhoV.

1) B§½cS>_Yrc gZXr godm amOH$s` nyU©J«hmnmgyZ _wŠV Amho. Agm oWrc OZVocm {dídmg dmQ>Vmo.

2) VoWrc gZXr godH$ H$moUVm nj gÎmoda Amho `mMm {dMma Z H$aVm AmnUmer EH${ZîR> amhVrcAgm VoWrc _§Í`mZm {dídmg dmQ>Vmo.

3) amOH$s` g§~§YmMm {dMma Z H$aVm Ho$di Amnë`m JwUdÎmoÀ`m AmYmamda Amnë`m H$m_mMo _moO_mnHo$co OmB©c d ~T>Vr d ~jrg {Xco OmB©c Agm gZXr godH$mZm {dídmg dmQ>Vmo.

A_o[aHo$À`m gZXr godH$m§Mr VQ>ñWVm hÿda H${_eZZo nwT>rc eãXmV ñnîQ> Ho$cr Amho. (1959 H${_eZZo_co hmoVo)

1) gZXr ZmoH$am§Zr gd© amOH$s` H$m`m©nmgyZ A{cßV amhÿZ emgH$s` YmoaUm§À`m ~m~VrVhr AmncrVQ>ñWVm {Q>H${dcr nm{hOo.

78

2) d[aîR> gZXr godH$m§Zm gd© amOH$s` H¥$Ë`mnmgyZ A{cßV am{hco nm{hOo Am{U Amnë`mYmoaUmda dmB©Q> n[aUm_ hmoB©c Aem ñdê$nmMo amOH$s` ~§YZ Q>mico nm{hOo. VgoM amOH$s`njm§er qH$dm Ë`m§À`m YmoaUmer g§~§Y OmoS>cm OmB©c Aem Jmoï>rhr Q>mië`m nm{hOoV.

3) d[aîR> gZXr ZmoH$amZr Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m àemgH$s` {ZdoXZm{edm` BVa H$moUVohrgmd©O{ZH$ AWdm ImOJr {dYmZ H$ê$ Z o.

^maVmV gaH$mar ZmoH$amZm H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWoÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m cT>{dÊ`mnyduMAmnë`m emgH$s` ZmoH$arMm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo. ^maVmV H|$Ðr` gZXr godm {Z`_ 1955 Zwgma gZXrgodH$m§da ~arM ~§YZo (amOH$s` ñdê$nmMr) KmVcr AmhoV.

~) gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVodarc Amjon :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMr nma§nm[aH$ g§H$ënZm cmon nmdcr Amho H$maUamOH$maU d àemgZ `mVrc gr_maofm Añnï> Pmcr Amho. Ë`m_wio gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoda nwT>rcAmjon KoVco OmVmV.

1) _§Í`m§Zm Amnë`m ImË`mMm H$ma^ma Mmc{dVmZm d YmoaU AmIVmZm d[aîR> gZXr ZmoH$am§Mo ghH$m ©¿`mdo cmJVo. VgoM YmoaU à{H«$`m hr _§Ìr Am{U gZXr godH$ `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo MmcUmar à{H«$`m Amho AgoAmO _mZco OmVo. Ë`m_wioM \«o$S>[aM, dmëS>mo, hoam°ëQ>ñQ>rZ, nm°c A°nc~r B. Zr amOH$maU Am{U àemgZEH$_oH$mnmgyZ doJio H$aVm oV Zmhr, Vo nañnamZm nyaH$M Amho Ago åhQ>co Amho.

2) njr` amOH$maU Am{U YmoaUm§Mo amOH$maU `mV amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMo nwañH$V} JëcV H$aVmV Agmhm Xwgam Amjon KoVcm OmVmo. gZXr ZmoH$am§Zr njr` amOH$maUmnmgyZ Xya amhmdo, na§Vw YmoaUmÀ`m amOH$maUmnmgyZXya amhÿ Z o Ago H$mhrOZ gm§JVmV. nm°c A°nc~tÀ`m _Vo""AmOMo gd© àemgZ amOH$s` Amho. H$maU Vogmd©O{ZH$ {hVmcm à{VgmX XoUmao Amho.''

3) AmO amÁ`mMo ñdê$n d hoVy Á`mà_mUo ~XcV Amho Ë`mMà_mUo gZXr godH$m§Mo ñWmZhr ~XcVAmho. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr H$ënZm `eñdrnUo am~dm`Mr Agoc Va gZXr ZmoH$am§Zr nyU©nUo VQ>ñW amhÿZMmcUma Zmhr. " Zì`m àemgH$mZo cmoH$emhrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§er ~m¡ÜXrH$ d ^md{ZH$ EH$mË_Vm gmYcrnm{hOo Ago Eg. cmc `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. hmac±S> {Šcìhc±S> `m§À`m _Vo ""d[aîR> àemgH$mcm àemgZmÀ`mYmoaUmnmgyZ ^md{ZH$ ÑîQ>çm A{cßV amhUo eŠ` Zmhr'' hÿda H${_eZZo åhQ>co Amho H$s, ""amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMmeãXe: AW© KoUmar d[aîR> ZmJar godm åhUOo EH$ àH$mao f§T>m§Mr Q>moir R>aoc. ^md{ZH$ VmXmË_ Q>miUmè`m gZXrgodH$m§Mo emgZ åhUOo EH$ àH$mao Amnco amoJr _aVmV H$s OJVmV `mMr H$miOr Z H$aUmè`m S>m°ŠQ>amZr Am{Un[aMm[aH$mZr ^acoco hm°pñnQ>c R>aoc.

gmo_g© `mZr amOH$s` VQ>ñWoda Q>rH$m H$aVmZm åhQ>co Amho H$s, ""gZXr godH$mZr YmoaUmer ^md{ZH$VmXmË_ Q>miUo H$go eŠ` Amho? Am{U Vgo Vo Amdí`H$ Var Amho H$m? Ago Pmco Va gd© àemgZ ê$j ~Zoc.

{d{dY XoemVrc gZXr godH$m§Mr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm :

79

1. B§½cS> :

`m XoemV gZXr ZmoH$amZm amOH$s` H$m`m©V ^mJ KoVm `mdm `mgmR>r AZoH$ gmo r AmhoV. `m g§X^m©VgodH$m§Mo VrZ JQ>mV {d^mOZ Ho$co Amho.

1) `m JQ>mVrc ZmJar godH$mZm gd© àH$maÀ`m amOH$s` godoV _wŠVnUo ^mJ KoVm oVmo. `mVAm¡Úmo{JH$ godH$, Q>nmc ImË`mVrc H${ZîR> godH$ d BVa ImË`mVrc Xwæ`_ godH$ CXm.{enmB©, ñdÀN>Vm H$m_Jma B. `m_Ü o Odi Odi 62% godH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

2) `m Xwgè`m JQ>mV _Ü`_ nmVirdarc godH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m_Ü o {c{nH$, Q>§H$coIH$,Xwæ`_ godH$ Aem 22%godH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m§Zm \$ŠV {ZdS>UyH$m cT>{dVm oV ZmhrV.BVa amOH$s` H$m`m©V ^mJ KoVm oVmo. na§Vw amOH$s` níZmda dŠVì` H$aVmZm H$mhr g§Ho$Vnmimdo cmJVmV.

3) Oo gZXr godH$ emgZmMr Ü o YmoaUo R>a{dUo d Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo `m gmaIr H$m_oH$aUmè`m d[aîR> gZXr ZmoH$amZm CXm. d[aîR> g{Md, nmocrg à_wI, {Oëhm{YH$mar `m§Zm _VXmZm{edm` BVa H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` H$m`m©V ^mJ KoVm oV Zmhr. Aem gZXr godH$m§Mr g§»`m 16%Amho.

{~«Q>re ZmJar godoV nwT>rc à_mUo amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoÀ`m ~m~VrV {Z`_ AmhoV.

1) gZXr ZmoH$a nyd©nadmZJr KoD$Z ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§À`m amOH$maUmV ^mJ KoD$ eH$Vmo.

2) gZXr ZmoH$amcm amOH$s` njmMm àMma qH$dm njr` ñdê$nmMo {dMma à{gÜX H$aVm oUma ZmhrV.

3) gZXr godH$ emgZmer EH${ZîR> amhÿZ {Z:njnmVrnUo emgZmÀ`m Ü o YmoaUm§Mr A§_c~OmdUrH$aVrc.

4) gZXr godH$mZo Amnë`m ì`ŠVrJV _Vm§Mm d {dMma _yë`m§Mm emgH$s` Ü o YmoaUmda d H$m`m©daà^md nSy> XoD$ Z o.

5) gZXr godH$m§da amOH$s` X~md Q>mH$cm OmUma Zmhr Am{U Ë`m§À`m àemgZ H$m`m©V amOH$s`hñVjon Ho$cm OmUma Zmhr.

6) gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMo YmoaU g§nyU© XoemV g_mZ Agoc.

2. ^maV :

^maVmVrc gZXr godoÀ`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoda {~«Q>re gZXr godoÀ`m VQ>ñWVoMm à^md nS>cocm {XgVmo.^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 309 Zwgma gZXr godH$m§À`m ^aVr g§~§Yr d godm eVug§~§Yr {Z`_ H$aÊ`mV AmcoAmhoV. H|${Ð` gZXr godm {Z`_ 1955 _Ü o amOH$s` VQ>ñWVo~m~V nwT>rc {Z`_ H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV.

1) ^maVr` gZXr godH$ emgZmer EH${ZîR> amhÿZ {Z:njnmVrnUo Amnco H$m © nma nS>Vrc.

80

2) gZXr godH$mZm nm¡T> d JwßV _VXmZ nÜXVrZo _VXmZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.

3) gZXr godH$mcm H$moUVrhr gmd©O{ZH$ nXmMr {ZdS>UyH$ CXm. g§gX, {O. n[afX, {dYmZg^mB. cT>dm`Mr Agoc Va àW_ Ë`mcm Amnë`m ZmoH$arMm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJoc.

4) gm{h{Ë`H$, H$cmË_H$ Am{U emñÌr` ñdê$nmÀ`m {df`mì`{V[aŠV BVa ~m~rda gZXr godH$mcm_V ì`ŠV H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

5) gZXr ZmoH$amcm qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$mZm H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` nXmgmR>r Am{W©H$ {ZYr JmoimH$aVm oUma Zmhr qH$dm Am[W©H$ _XV XoVm oUma Zmhr.

6) gZXr ZmoH$amcm H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` njmMo gXñ`Ëd ñdrH$aVm oUma Zmhr.

7) gZXr ZmoH$am§Zr amOH$maUmV ^mJ KoD$ Z o VgoM Ë`m§À`mda H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` njmMo XS>nU oD$Z o åhUyZ {Zdm©MZ Am`moJmZo EH$ ñdV§Ì AmMma g{hVm {Z_m©U Ho$cr Amho.

8) gZXr godH$mZo gMmoQ>rZo d {Zð>oZo Amncr w{_H$m nma nmS>mdr.

9) àË oH$ gZXr ZmoH$amZo {ZdS>UyH$ AmMma g§{hVoMo H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmcZ H$amdo. AmMma g§{hVoMm §JH$aUmè`m qH$dm gaH$maMr ~oA~«w hmoB©c Ago amOH$s` H¥$Ë` H$aUmè`m gZXr godH$mcm {ejmH$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.

3. A_o[aH$m :

B§½cS>nojm A_o[aH$oV gZXr godH$mda A{YH$ H$S>H$ ~§YZo AmhoV. 1883 À`m n|S>ëQ>Z H$m`ÚmZo Am{UgZXr godm Am`moJmZo gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWo~m~V {Z`_ H$aÊ`mV Amco. nwT>o 1939 gmcr `mMH$m`ÚmZwgma gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` H¥${Vda Imcrc ~§YZo KmcÊ`mV Amcr.

1) H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m H$moUË`mhr godH$mcm Ë`mÀ`m emgH$s` A{YH$mamMm qH$dm à^mdmMm {ZdS>UyH$sVhñVjon H$aÊ`mg qH$dm {ZdS>UyH$ {ZH$mcmV hñVjon H$aÊ`mg ~§Xr Amho.

2) gZXr godH$mcm amOH$s` _mo{h_oV g{H«$` ^mJ KoVm oUma Zmhr.

3) gZXr godH$mcm gd© amOH$s` {df`mda Amnco _V ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Amho. na§Vw Ë`m~m~VrVhrH$mhr ~§YZo AmhoV.

4) Ý`m`_y{V© lr ãc°H$ `m§À`m _Vo gZXr godH$mZm em§VVmnyd©H$ _VXmZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. VgoMË`m§Zm Amnco amOH$s` _V ñdV:À`m OmoIr_oda H$miOrnyd©H$ ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.Ë`mMà_mUo Vo amOH$s` _mo{h_oÀ`m ~¡R>{H$V Ho$di àojH$ AgVmV.

5) hr ~§YZo Z nmië`mg 90 {Xdg {~Z nJmar {Zc§{~V H$aÊ`mnmgyZ Vo ZmoH$arVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mn ªVÀ`m{ejm darc H$m`ÚmV gwM{dë`m AmhoV.

A_o[aHo$V darc ñdê$nmMr ~§YZo H|$ÐemgZmÀ`m d KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m ImË`mVrc gd© d[aîR> gZXrgodH$ VgoM emgZmMo {d{dY KQ>H$, cmoH${ZJ_ d ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m ZmoH$am§Zmhr cmJy

81

H$aÊ`mV Amcr AmhoV.

n. wamo{n`Z Am{U ñH±$S>rZoìhr`Z amï´>m§V gZXr godH$m§Zm amOH$maUmV ^mJ KoÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Amho.VgoM ~oëOr`_ pñdËPcªS> `m XoemV gZXr ZmoH$am§Zm {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. {ZdSy>ZAmë`mZ§Va Ë`mZm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo. \«$mÝgÜ o Va gZXr godH$ gmd©O{ZH$ nXmMm H$m ©H$mc ^moJyZg§në`mZ§Va naV Amnë`m ZmoH$arV ê$Oy hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

H$) amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMr Amdí`H$Vm:

gZXr godH$m§À`m ~m§{YcH$sÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMma H$aVmZm gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoda Q>rH$mHo$cr OmV Agcr Var AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~hþg§»` cmoH$emhr XoemV gZXr godH$m~m~V amOH$s`VQ>ñWVoMr Anojm Ho$cr OmV Amho. gZXr ZmoH$amZm nwT>rc H$maUm_wio amOH$s` A{YH$ma ZmH$maco AmhoV.

1) àemgZmV {Z:njnmVrnUm d gmVË` {Q>H${dUo :

amÁ`àemgZ {Z:njnmVrnUo Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r gZXr godH$ amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{cßV Agmdo cmJVmV.VgoM cmoH$emhr emgZ ì`dñWoV amOH$s` à_wI gVV ~XcV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio emgZmÀ`m YmoaUmVMdoimodoir ~Xc Pmcm Va OZVoMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. YmoaUmV gmVË` amIÊ`mgmR>r H$m`_ ñdê$nmMm gZXr ZmoH$adJ©Amdí`H$ AgVmo. åhUyZ gZXr ZmoH$am§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Úmdm nU {ZdS>UwH$ cT>{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoD$Z`o.

2) _ŠVoXmarg Amim KmcUo Amdí`H$ :

gZXr ZmoH$amZm gm_mÝ` ZmJarH$mà_mUo amOH$s` hŠH$ {Xco Va Vo Amnë`m g§KQ>Zm (amOH$s`) ñWmnZH$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m AmYmamda AW©nÜXVr, A§XmOnÌH$, àemgZ ì`dñWm BË`mXrda Amnco dM©ñd ñWmnZ H$aVrcAm{U Ë`m§Mr gd©M joÌmV _ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U hmoB©c. Ë`m_wio godH$ àemgZ AH$m ©j_, «ï>mMmar ~Zoc. OZVoMmË`mdarc {dídmgM Zï> hmoB©c.

3) OZVoMr d emgZmMr Anojm :

gZXr godH$m§Zr amÁ`mÀ`m àemgZmer EH${ZîR> amhÿZ H$m_ H$arV ahmdo Aer OZVoMr Am{U emgZmMrhrAnojm AgVo. Aemdoir Ë`m§À`mgmR>r H$mhr amOH$s` A{YH$ma Z XoUoM {hVmMo R>aVo.

{ZîH$f© :

àemgZmMo ñW¡ ©, H$m ©j_Vm d gmVË` {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r gZXr ZmoH$am§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoÀ`m YmoaUmMmgd©M XoemZr nwañH$ma Ho$cocm {XgVmo.

H ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-5

1 gZXr ZmoH$am§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMm WmoS>Š`mV AW© gm§Jm


82

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2 H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m gZXr godH$m~m~VÀ`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoÀ`m g§X^m©V ^maVmV H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmVVaVwX Ho$cr Amho?

------------------------------------------------------

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3 gZXr ZmoH$amZm gm_mÝ`nUo amOH$s` A{YH$ma H$m ZmH$maco Amho.

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5.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© BË`mXr

1) XßVa{Xa§JmB© : àemgH$s` godH$ àemgZmVrc H$m_o H$aVmZm {Z`_mZm, nwd©àWm. nyd©ì`dhma, `mZmdmOdr nojm A{YH$ _hÎd XoVmV Ë`m_wio àemgH$s` {ZU© KoÊ`mg {dc§~ cmJVmo. Ë`m_wio àemgH$s`H$m_o cdH$a hmoV ZmhrV. Ë`mcmM XßVa{Xa§JmB© åhUVmV B§J«OrV Ë`mcm Red Tape qH$dm Ë`mcm_amR>rV cmc {\$VrMm H$ma^ma Agohr åhUVmV Ë`mVyZM «ï>mMmamcm MmcZm qH$dm àmoËgmhZ {_iVo.

2) cyQ> nÜXVr qH$dm I¡amV nÜXVr : ZmoH$a âVrÀ`m `m nÜXVrMm CX` A_o[aHo$V ào{gS>|Q> Oo\$agZ `m§À`mH$mimV Pmcm. `m ZmoH$a âVrÀ`m nÜXVrV Omo nj gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sV {dO`r hmoVmo Ë`m njmMo gaH$maAmnë`m _Or©Zwgma gZXr ZmoH$am§À`m Zo_UyH$m H$aVo. WmoS>Š`mV Amnë`m njmVrc cmoH$m§Zm Iyf H$aÊ`mgmR>rgZXr godH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr OmVo. åhUyZM Ë`m nÜXVrcm I¡amV nÜXVr Agohr åhUVmV.Aem doir gZXr godH$m§À`m nmÌVocm \$mago _hÎd {Xco OmV Zmhr. hr nÜXVr 1883 gmcmnmgyZA_o[aHo$Vhr ~§X H$aÊ`mV Amcr AgyZ Ë`mEodOr `mo½`Vm nÜXVrMm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmV Amho.

3) `mo½`Vm nÜXVr qH$dm JwU{deof nÜXVr : `m nÜXVrV gZXr godH$m§Mr âVr H$aVmZm {d{eï> nXmgmR>r{deof nmÌVm Amdí`H$ AgVo. AemM nmÌVoÀ`m AmYmamda gZXr godoV ZmoH$am§Mr âVr Ho$cr OmVo.Voìhm Ë`m nÜXVrcm `mo½`Vm nÜXVr qH$dm JwU{deof nÜXVr åhUVmV.

5.4 ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :


1) ~amo~a 2) MyH$ 3) MyH$


83

1) ZmJar godoVrc [aŠV nXmgmR>r `mo½` C_oXdmamZm AmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoUo åhUOo âVr hmo .

2) ~T>VrÛmao âVrMo XmoZ JwU A) gZXr godH$m§À`m àemgH$s` AZw dmMm cm^ hmoVmo Ë`m_wiodoioMm Anì`` hmoV Zmhr. ~) C_oXdmamcm Img à{ejU XoÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo.

3) ~mø âVrMo åhUOo àË`j âVrMo XmoZ Xmof A) A{YH$ I{M©H$ nÜXVr Amho. H$maUC_oXdmamZm H$m_mMo à{ejU Úmdo cmJVo. ~) ~T>VrMr g§Yr Zgë`m_wio H$_©Mmè`m§À`mVrcCËgmh H$_r hmoD$Z H$m ©j_Vm KQ>Vo.

4) ~T>VrÛmao âVrMo XmoZ Xmof A) àemgZmV n[adV©ZmMm A^md AmT>iVmo. ~) C_oXdmam§À`m{ZdS>r~m~V _`m©Xm nS>VmV.


1) Aën_wXVrÀ`m à{ejUmMr _wXV gm_mÝ`nUo 3 _{hZo Vo 9 _{hÝ`mn ªV AgVo Va XrK©_wXVrÀ`m à{ejUmMr _wXV 2 df} Vo 3 dfm©n ªV AgVo.

2) emim _hm{dÚmc`mVyZ {Xco OmUmao à{ejU ho ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo àdoe nyd© à{ejU hmo .

3) JwÝho emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {Xco OmUmao à{ejU ho Hw$ecVoMo à{ejU hmo .


1) Á oîR>VoMo VÎd d JwUloîR>VoMo VÎd `m XmoZ VÎdm§Mm ~T>Vr XoÊ`mgmR>r {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo.

2) ñnYm© narjm, godm {ddaU Am{U d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§Mo _V `m VrZ nÕVtMm JwUloîR>VoÀ`mVÎdmZwgma ~T>Vr XoVmZm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.

3) Iwcr ñnYm© narjm, _`m©{XV ñnYm© narjm, gmYr CÎmrU© narjm Ago ñnYm© narjoMo VrZ àH$maAmhoV.


1) amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm `mMm AW© gZXr godH$mZo amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{cßV amhÿZ gÎmmYmar njmÀ`m Ü oYmoaUm§Mr àm_m{UH$nUo, {Z:njnmVrnUo A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo hmo . njr` amOH$maUmV Am{UamOH$s` {ZdS>UyH$mV gZXr godH$mZo ^mJ KoD$ Z o.

2) ^maVmV H|$Ðr` gZXr godm {Z`_ 1955 _Ü o H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s`VQ>ñWVo ~m~VÀ`m VaVwXr Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

84

3) gZXr ZmoH$am§Zm gm_mÝ`nUo nwT>rc VrZ H$maUm§À`m_wio amOH$s` A{YH$ma ZmH$macoco AmhoV.(A) àemgZmV {Z:njnmVrnUm d gmVË` {R>H${dUo (~) gZXr ZmoH$am§À`m _ŠVoXmarg AmimKmcUo (H$) OZVoMr d emgZmMr hr Ver Anojm AgVo.

5.5 gmam§e :

`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU godH$ àemgZ, âVr, à{ejU, ~T>Vr Am{U gZXr godH$m§Mr amOH$s`VQ>ñWVm `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho.

godH$ àemgZm_Ü o AmnU godH$ àemgZmMm AW©, gZXr godoMm AW©, ì`m»`m, d¡{eîQ>ço Am{UH$m © `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho. godH$ àemgZ hm eãX XmoZ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ dmnacm OmVmo. ì`mnH$Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ godH$ àemgZmMm g§~§Y, emgZmcm cmoH$H$ë`mUmÀ`m hoVyZo H$amì`m cmJUmè`m gd© àH$maÀ`mH$m`m©er Am{U Ë`mgmR>r {Z_m©U H$amì`m cmJUmè`m godH$ dJm©À`m ì`dñWoer oVmo. g§Hw${MV Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ\$ŠV godH$ dJm©À`m ì`dñWog§~§YrMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. gZXr godm åhUOo emgZmÀ`m Ü o YmoaUm§MràË`jmV A§_c~OmdUr H$aUmam ZmoH$adJ© hmo . ì`mdgm{`H$Vm, nXgmonmZ nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma, H$m`_ñdê$nrgodm, ZmoH$aemhr, H$m`Xo_§S>imcm gZXr godH$ O~m~Xma ZgVmV, {Z…njnmVr, VQ>ñW d AZm{_H$Ëd hrgZXr godoMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmnU g_OyZ KoVcocr AmhoV. VgoM gZXr godoMr H$mhr H$m } AmhoV Vr åhUOoCnXoe d gëcm XoUo, emgZmÀ`m Ü o YmoaUm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo, àXÎm {dYr{Z`_m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo,àemgH$s` Ý`m` XoUo, cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m_o H$aUo Am{U OZVoÀ`m AS>MUr gmoS>{dUo.

âVr_Ü o AmnU âVrMm AW©, ì`m»`m, nÕVr, d Ë`m§Mo JwU-Xmof `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho.gm_mÝ`nUo âVrMm AW© {Z wŠVr Agm Ho$cm OmVmo nU Vmo n[anyU© Zmhr. âVr åhUOo àemgH$s` godogmR>rCn wŠV ì`ŠVrMr nmhUr Am{U {ZdS> hmo . {S>_m°H$ `m§À`m _Vo ""{d{eîQ> nXmgmR>r `mo½` àH$maÀ`m ì`ŠVr{_i{dUo åhUOo âVr hmo .'' âVrÀ`m XmoZ à_wI nÕVr AmhoV. EH$ åhUOo A§VJ©V qH$dm ~T>Vr nÕVAmUIr Xwgar nÕV åhUOo ~mø qH$dm àË`j nÕVr. A§VJ©V âVrMo H$mhr JwU d Xmof AmhoV.àemgH$s` AZw dmMm cm^, H$_©Mmè`mVrc CËgmh H$m`_ amhUo, à{ejUmMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgUo, ÛofqH$dm _Ëga `m§Zm ñWmZ ZgUo, AÝ`m` Xya HaÊ`mg Cn wŠV, A{YH$ {dídmgmh© ho H$mhr A§VJ©V âVrMoJwU AmhoV. VgoM A§VJ©V âVrMo H$mhr Xmof nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV. {ZdS>r~m~V _`m©Xm AmhoV, n[adV©ZmMmA^md Amho, H$m ©j_Vocm _maH$ Amho Am{U àemgZmVrc {eñVrcm hm{ZH$maH$ Amho. âVrMr XwgarnÕV Or Amho Vr åhUOo ~mø qH$dm àË`j âVr. àË`j âVr_wio C_oXdmamÀ`m {ZdS>rMo joÌ ì`mnH$hmoVo, n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r ânyV g§Yr {_iVmV, H$m`©j_Vm dmnaÊ`mgmR>r n[anyU© Amho, Ý`m`mdaAmYmacocr, cmoH$emhr VÎdmcm AZwHw$c Agcocr, Ë`mM~amo~a {eñVrcm nmofH$ Aer hr nÕVr Amho.na§Vw `m nÕVrMo H$mhr Xmofhr AmhoV Vo åhUOo ZdrZ C_oXdma Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m_Ü o AZw dmMm A^mdAgVmo, ~T>Vr {_iÊ`mMr g§Yr ZgVo, I{M©H$ nÕV Amho, Ûof d AghH$m`m©V dmT> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`VmA{YH$ AgVo VgoM H${ZîR> d _Ü`_ loUrgmR>r `mo½` ì`ŠVr {_iUo H$R>rU hmoVo.

85

à{ejUm_Ü o AmnU à{ejU `m g§H$ënZoMm AW©, ì`m»`m, CÔoe, àH$ma, nÕVr `m§Mm Aä`mgHo$cocm Amho. à{ejU åhUOo H$_©Mmè`m§Zm Amnco H$m © H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma H$aUo d Ë`m§Mm Ñ{îQ>H$moZì`mnH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo hmo . à{ejUmMo A°eoQ>Z g{_VrZo Am{U gm`_Z `m§Zr gm§{JVcoco CÔoí`nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV Vo åhUOo gZXr godH$m§Zm àemgZ H$m`m©À`m CÔoem§Mr, H$m ©nÕVrMr, O~m~XmarMrOmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo, Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§À`m kmZmV, H$m¡eë`mV, H$m ©j_VoV dmT> H$aUo, Ë`m§Mm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ{demc ~ZdUo, ZdrZ JmoîQ>tMr _m{hVr XoD$Z àemgZ H$m © gwc^ d èñdr H$aUo, à{ejUmMo nmMàH$ma AmhoV Vo åhUOo Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU, Aën _wXVrMo d XrK© _wXVrMo à{ejU,àdoenyd© d àdoemoÎma à{ejU, {d^mJr` d H|$Ðr` à{ejU Am{U Hw$ecVoMo d nmíd©^y{_{df`H$à{ejU. à{ejUmÀ`m Mma nÕVr AmhoV Ë`m åhUOo AZw^dmÛmao, Am¡nMm[aH$, _mÜ`_m§Ûmao Am{Un[afXm§Ûmao à{ejU {Xco OmVo.

~T>Vr_Ü o AmnU ~T>VrMm AW©, ì`m»`m, VÎdo `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho. godH$mMr H${ZîR>nXmdê$Z d[aîR> nXmda Zo_UyH$ hmoUo `mcm ~T>Vr Ago åhUVmV. ìhmB©Q> `m§À`m _Vo, ""~T>Vr åhUOogodH$mÀ`m H$m`m©V ~Xc H$ê$Z H${ZîR> nXmdê$Z A{YH$ O~m~XmarÀ`m AdKS> ZdrZ nXmda doVZmV dmT>H$ê$Z Zo_UyH$ H$aUo hmo .'' ~T>VrMr XmoZ VÎdo AmhoV. EH$ åhUOo OoîR>VoMo VÎd d Xwgao åhUOo JwUloîR>VoMo VÎd.

KQ>H$mÀ`m eodQ>r AmnU gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMm Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho. `m_Ü o AmnUgZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMm AW©, VQ>ñWVodarc Amjon Am{U {d{dY Xoem§Vrc gZXr godH$m§À`mamOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgcocr Amho. amOH$s` VQ>ñWVVm `mMm AW© gZXr godH$m§Zr amOH$s`ÑîQ>çmVQ>ñW Agmdo, Ë`m§Zr amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{cßV Agmdo, {ZdS>UwH$m cT>dy Z oV Agm hmoVmo. amOH$maU Am{UàemgZ doJio ZgyZ nañnam§Zm nyaH$ Amho, njr` amOH$maU Am{U YmoaUm§Mo amOH$maU `m§À`mV JëcV, ~XcË`mH$mimZwgma gZXr godH$m§Zmhr ~XcUo JaOoMo Amho Ago Amjon H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Zr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoda KoVcocoAmhoV. eodQ>r AmnU B§½c§S>, ^maV d A_o[aH$m `m XoemVrc amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgcocr Amho.

Aem nÕVrZo godH$ àemgZm_Ü o darc gd© g§H$ënZm d Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg _hÎdmMm Amho.

5.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

A) nwT>rc àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {chm.

1) âVr åhUOo H$m`? àË`j âVrMo JwU Xmof {chm.

2) A§VJ©V âVrMm AW© gm§JyZ, A§VJ©V âVrMo JwU Xmof {deX H$am.

3) à{ejUmMm AW© gm§JyZ à{ejUmMo àH$ma ñnï> H$am.

4) ~T>VrMr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ ~T>VrÀ`m OoîR>Vm VÎdmMo JwU Xmof gm§Jm

5) "gZXr godH$m§Mr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm' `m {df`mda ^mî` H$am.

86

~) {Q>nm {chm :

1) ZmJar godoMr d¡{eîQ>ço d H$m }

2) godH$ ^aVrMo AmYma

3) ~T>VrMo JwUloîR>VoMo VÎd

4) ^maVmVrc gZXr godH$m§Mr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm

5.7 g§X © J«§W :

1) Dr. Amreshwar Avasthi and Dr. Shriram Maheshwari - Public Administration

25th Revised Edition:2001, Published by-Lakshmi Narain Agarwal

Educational Publishens Hospital Road Agra-3

2) Dr. M. P. Sharma Dr. B. L Sadana- Public Administration in Theory and

Practice 31th Edition-2000, Published by: Kitab Mahal 22-A, Sarojini Naidu

Marg, Allahabad

3) Dr. A. R. Tyagi- Public Administration (Principles and Practice) 6the Revised

edition 1996, Published by: Atmaram and sons (H.O) Kashmere Gate Delhi-

110006

4) Chandra Prakash Bhambhri- Public Administration Theory Practice 4th

revised Edition-1969, Published by : K.N. Gupta Managing Partner, Jai

Prakash Nath & Co Meerut

5) Zm. a. BZm_Xma : cmoH$àemgZ 1975 gmYZm àH$meZ nwUo 30

6) S>m°. em§Vmam_ _moJco : cmoH$àH$meZ ({gÜXm§V Am{U ì`dhma) Xwgar Amd¥Îmr 1981 lr _§JoeàH$meZ, lr em§VmXwJm© {Zdmg 23, Zdr am_Xmg noR>, ZmJnya, 10

7) àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rc : cmoH$àemgZ {gÜXm§V Am{U ì`dhma àW_md¥Îmr 2005 \$S>Ho$ àH$meZH$moëhmnya.

8) S>m°. {d. _m. ~mMc : cmoH$àemgZmMr _ycVÎdo

9) n. {g. H$mUo : cmoH$àemgZ àW_md¥Îmr Owc¡ 2001-àH$meH$ : {dÚm àH$meZ ZmJnya 440002

10) S>m°. dm. ^m. nmQ>rc : cmoH$àemgZ àW_ Amd¥Îmr 1998 - àH$meH$: lr em§VmXwJm© {Zdmg 23,Zdr am_Xmg noR> ZmJnya 10.

ooo

87

KQ>H$ : 6

{dÎmr` àemgZ (^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V)

AZwH«$_{UH$m

6.0 C{Ôï>o

6.1 àmñVm{dH$

6.2 {df` {ddoMZ

6.2.1 A§XmOnÌH$mMm AW© d {Z{_©Vr

6.2.2 g§gXr` _§Oyar

6.2.3 A§XmOnÌH$mMr H$m ©dmhr d Ë`mdarc {Z §ÌU

6.2.4 g§gXr` {dÎm g{_Ë`m



6.5 gmam§e



5.0 C{Ôï>o :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm -

q ^maVr` AW©g§H$ënr` à{H«$`m ñnï> H$aVm oB©c.

q ^maVr` A§XmOnÌH$ {Z{_©VrMo {d{dY Q>ßno ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrc.

q g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§Mr aMZm Am{U H$m } gm§JVm oVrc

6.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

H$moUVohr àemgZ {dÎmm{edm` Amnco emgZ {df`H$ H$m © nma nmSy> eH$V Zmhr. ""{dÎm qH$dm n¡gmamÁ`mMo ñZm y AmhoV'' Ago {aM°ë y åhUV Ago. amÁ`mÀ`m gd© `moOZm Am{U cmoH$H$ë`mU gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>ramÁ`mMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr ^ŠH$_ Agmdr cmJVo. AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`mMo ñdê$n cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar Agë`m_wio

88

cmoH$m§Mo {ejU, amÁ`mVrc H¥${f{df`H$ CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg, amÁ`mMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr BË`mXr AZoH$ H$m }emgZmÛmao H$aÊ`mV oVmV. emgZmÀ`m àË oH$ H$m`m©gmR>r n¡gm cmJVmo. åhUyZ {dÎmr` àemgZmMm {dMmaH$aVmZm ^maVr` g§X^m©V Ë`mMr _m{hVr g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr JaO Amho.

6.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

6.2.1 A§XmO nÌH$mMm AW© d {Z{_©Vr :

A) AW© : {dÎm AJa n¡gm emgZmMo OrdZ-aŠV (Life-blood) _mZco OmVo. emgZmÀ`m JmS>çmMo{dÎm hoM B§YZ AgVo. n¡emÀ`m A^mdr Mm§Jë`m `moOZm Am{U amÁ`mMr YmoaUo \$cÐÿn hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`mMo H$m ©joÌ ì`mnH$ ~Zco Amho. `moOZm~Õ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo VÎd ~hþVoH$ Xoem§Zr ñdrH$macoAmho. {dÎmr` àemgZ EH$ J{Verc à{H«$`m AgyZ Vo cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎdmMo A§J Amho. àemgZ ì`dñWo_Ü o{dÎmr` àemgZ hm AË §V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ g_Ocm OmVmo. Á`m amï´>mMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gÑT> AgVo Vo amï´>amOH$s` ÑîQ>çm loîR> g_Oco OmVo.

àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> `m§À`m _Vo ""àemgZ Am{U {dÎm AcJ H$aVm oV Zmhr. n«Ë oH$ àemgH$s` H$m`m©Mr~mOy Am{W©H$ AgVo, Or, Ë`mÀ`mnmgyZ AcJ H$aVm oV Zmhr. Ogo H$s _Zwî`mnmgyZ Ë`mMr gmdcr (N>m`m)AcJ H$aVm oV Zmhr.'' gd© CÚmoJY§Xo {dÎm qH$dm n¡emda Agë`m_wio amOmZo amÁ`mÀ`m A{YH$mofmH$S>o(Treasury) gdm©{YH$ cj nwa{dco nm{hOo Ago à{gÜX ^maVr` amÁèmñÌk H$m¡{Q>ë` `m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$coAmho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gaH$maMo èmnè Ë`mÀ`m {dÎmr` àemgZmÀ`m ì`dñWoda ~hþVm§e à_mUmV Adc§~yZAgVo. CÎm_ {dÎmr` ì`dñWm åhUOo gaH$mar `moOZm§Mo, H$m ©H«$_mMo CÎm_ àH$mao g§MmcZ hmo .

A§XmOnÌH$ ho {dÎmàemgZmÀ`m hmVmVrc {Z §ÌUmMo EH$ à^mdr gmYZ Amho. Amnë`m CËnÞmÀ`m Am{UIMm©À`m ~m~r H$moUH$moUË`m AmhoV. `m§Mm A§XmO KoÊ`mgmR>r AW©g§H$ën Ho$cm OmVmo. A§XmOnÌH$(Budget)hm eãX ~wOoQ> (bougette) `m \«|$M eãXmnmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmcm. ~wOoQ> (Bougette) åhUOo Mm_S>çmMr W¡crqH$dm {nedr Agm hmoVmo. AW©{df`H$ _hÎdmMr H$mJXnÌo R>odÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV oUmè`m `m W¡crdê$Z Ë`mH$mJXnÌm§Zm nwT>o "Budget" Ago åhQ>co OmD$ cmJco. B. g. 1733 _Ü o B§½c§S>Mo VËH$mcrZ AW©_§Ìr ga am°~Q>©dmcnmoc `mZo nmc©_|Q>_Ü o A§XmOnÌH$m g§~§YrMr H$mJXnÌo Amnë`m Mm_S>r W¡crVyZ H$mTy>Z MM}gmR>r R>odcr.Ë`mdoir AW©_§Í`mZo nmc©_|Q>_Ü o ~OoQ> CKS>co Ago åhQ>co Am{U VoìhmnmgyZ "~OoQ>' hm eãX àemgZmVH$m`_Mm ê$T> Pmcm. emgH$s` O_mIMm©À`m A§XmOmcm "~OoQ>' Ago åhQ>co OmVo.

~) ì`m»`m : emgZmZo Amnë`m CËnÝZmMr Am{U IMm©Mr AmIcocr EH$ `moOZm åhUOo A§XmOnÌH$Ago åhUVm oB©c. H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Zr A§XmOnÌH$mMr ì`m»`m nwT>rc à_mUo Ho$cocr Amho.

1) Q>ocaÀ`m _Vo, ""EH$m {Z{íMV H$mimgmR>r Ho$cocr emgZmMr Am{W©H$ `moOZm åhUOo A§XmOnÌH$hmo`.''

2) Or. OoOÀ`m _Vo, ""A§XmOnÌH$ åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ Am` Am{U ì`` `m g§~§Yr Ho$coco AZw_mZqH$dm A§XmO AgyZ H$mhr IMm©À`m Am{U CËnÝZmÀ`m g§~§Yr A{YH$ma XoUmam AmXoe Amho.''

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3) àmo. {S>_m°H$À`m _Vo,""hmVr A§XmOnÌH$ åhUOo yVH$mcrZ H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm, dV©_mZ {Z §ÌUmMrnÜXVr Am{U ^{dî`H$mcrZ `moOZm§Mm ZH$mem AgVmo.'' Ë`m§À`m _Vo EH$m {d{eîQ>> H$mimgmR>r IM©Am{U CËnÝZmMo Ho$coco g§Vw{cV {ddaU åhUOo A§XmOnÌH$ hmo .

4) {dcmo~rÀ`m _Vo, ""A§XmOnÌH$ åhUOo Ho$di gaH$maÀ`m CËnÝZmMm Am{U IMm©Mm AmamIS>mZgyZ Vo EH$mMdoir EH$ à{Vd¥Îm, A§XmO d gyMZm `m§Mo {X½Xe©Z H$aUmao n[anÌH$ AgVo.''

darc gd© ì`m»`m {dMmamV KoVm Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s amÁ`mMo CËnÞ Am{U IM© `m§À`m~ÔcMm A§XmOH$aUmaoOo nÌH$ AgVo Ë`mcm A§XmOnÌH$ AWdm AW©g§H$ën Ago åhUVmV. A§XmOnÌH$ Aer EH$ ì`dpñWV nÜXVrAmho H$s Á`mÛmao yVH$mi Am{U dV©_mZ H$mimVrc _m{hVr EH$Ì Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`m AmYmamda gaH$maMo AmJm_rdfm©gmR>r Am{W©H$ YmoaU {Z{íMV Ho$co OmVo. Ë`mcm A{Y{Z`_rV Ho$co OmVo, VgoM Ë`mcm H$m`mªpÝdV Ho$co OmVo.gm_mÝ`V: A§XmOnÌH$ {d{eï> H$mimnwaVo åhUOo EH$ dfm©gmR>r AgVo.



1) ~wOoQ> (Bougette) `m \«|$M eãXmnmgyZ ~OoQ> (Budget) hm eãX {Z_m©U Pmcm.

2) A§XmOnÌH$mcm H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMr _§Oyar ¿`mdr cmJVo.

3) EH$m {Z{íMV H$mimgmR>r Ho$cocr emgZmMr Am{W©H$ `moOZm åhUOo A§XmOnÌH$ hmo .

H$) AW©g§H$ënr` à{H«$`m (Budgetary Process)

AW©g§H$ën à{H«$`m åhUOo Aer nÜXVr Amho H$s Á`mÛmao AW©g§H$ënmMm Cn`moJ {dÎmr` àemgZmVrcH|$Ðr` CnH$aU qH$dm §Ì åhUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. gm_mÝ`V: AW© g§H$ënr` à{H«$ oV ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V nwT>rcAdñWm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1) A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aUo

2) g§gXoMr _§Owar KoUo

3) A§XmOnÌH$ H$m`m©pÝdV H$aUo.

4) A§XmOnÌH$mdarc {Z §ÌU

WmoS>Š`mV A§XmOnÌH$ {Z{_©Vr, Ë`mcm g§gXoMr _§Oyar, A§_c~OmdUr Am{U Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU `m Jmoï>rAW©g§H$ënr` à{H«$ oV _hÎdmÀ`m _mZë`m OmVmV.

ŸS>) A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aUo (Preparation of Budget)

A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aVmZm Am{W©H$ dfm©nmgyZ gwê$dmV H$amdr cmJVo. Am{W©H$ dfm©Mr gwê$dmV {Za{Zamù`mXoem§V {Za{Zamù`m doir gwê$ hmoVo. CXm. ^maV, B§½c§S> gma»`m amï´>m§V Am{W©H$ dfm©Mr gwê$dmV 1 E{àc nmgyZgwê$ hmoVo Am{U 31 _mM©cm Am{W©H$ df© g§nVo. A_o[aH$m, Am°ñQ´>o{c`m, BQ>mcr, ñdrSZ BË`mXr Xoem§V Am{W©H$

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dfm©Mr gwê$dmV 1 Owc¡cm hmoD$Z 30 OyZcm Am{W©H$ df© g§nVo. \«$mÝg Am{U wamonmVrc H$mhr Xoem§V 1OmZodmar Vo 31 {S>g|~a Agm Am{W©H$ dfm©Mm H$mcmdYr _mZcm OmVmo. ^maV hm H¥${fàYmZ Xoe Agë`mZoAm{W©H$ df© 1 OmZodmar Vo 31 {S>g|~a Ago gwM{dco OmVo. nrH$-nmÊ`mMm A§XmO Ë`mdoir ñnï> PmcocmAgVmo. na§Vw gÜ`m ^maVr` A§XmOnÌH$mMr gwê$dmV 1 E{àccm hmoD$Z 31 _mM©cm Am{W©H$ df© g§nVo

A§XmOnÌH$mMr V`mar Am{W©H$ df© gwê$ hmoÊ`mAYr ghm-gmV _{hZo gwê$ hmoVo. A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m{Z{_©VrÀ`m V`marcm Am°JñQ,> gßQ>|~a_Ü o gwê$dmV Ho$cr OmVo. ^maVmMo A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r MmaKQ>H$m§Mm g{H«$` gh^mJ AgVmo. 1) AW©_§Ìmc` 2) {d{dY àemgH$s` _§Ìmc o 3) {Z`moOZ _§S>i 4)_hmcoImnmc. AW©g§H$ënr` AZw_mZ V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$m ©nm{cHo$H$S>o Oar gmon{dÊ`mV Amco AgcoVar Vo H$m © àË`jmV AW©{d^mJmÛmao Ho$co OmVo. àË oH$ XoemV hr O~m~Xmar doJdoJù`m {d^mJm§dagmon{dcr OmVo. B§½c§S>_Ü o amOH$mofmda Va A_o[aHo$V hr O~m~Xmar ã wamo Am°\$ ~OoQ>da Amho. ^maVmV hrO~m~Xmar AW©_§Ìmc`mda gmon{dÊ`mV Amcr Amho.

^maVmVrc A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr gwê$dmV Am°JñQ>-gßQ>|~a_Ü o hmoVo.Ë`mdoir AW©ImË`mH$Sy>Zgd© ImË`m§Zm EH$ n«nÌH$ (\$m°åg© qH$dm VŠVm) nmR>dyZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z IMm©g§~§Yr _m{hVr ^ê$Z _m{JVcrOmVo. Vr _m{hVr nwT>rc ñdê$nmV AgVo.

1) _mJrc dfm©Mm àË`j IM©

2) Mmcy dfm©Mm _mÝ`VmàmßV IM©

3) Mmcy dfm©Mm gwYm[aV IM©

4) AmJm_r dfm©gmR>r Ano{jV IM©

5) Mmcy dfm©gmR>r AmVmn ªV Pmcocm àË`j IM©

6) _mJrc dfm©Vrc Ë`mM H$mimV àË`j Pmcocm IM©

darc àH$maMr _m{hVr ^ê$Z, Ë`mMo g§H$cZ d {ZarjU H$ê$Z AmJm_r dfm©Vrc IM© A§Xm{OVH$aÊ`mV oVmo. àË oH$ ImVo `mo½` _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao Amnco O_mIMm©Mo A§XmO H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$arVAgVo. hr _m{hVr AW© _§Ìmc`mH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mnydu {VMo gwú_ {ZarjU d narjU Ho$co OmVo. gd© ImË`m§ZrnmR>{dcocr AZw_mZo àemgH$s` _§Ìmc`mH$S>o oVmV. Ë`mV `mo½` Ë`m gwYmaUm H$ê$Z Zmoìh|~a _{hÝ`mV hrAZw_mZo (Estimates) AW©_§Ìmc`mH$S>o nmR>{dcr OmVmV.

{dÎm_§Ìmc`M (Department of Economic Affairs) `m _m{hVrMo narjU H$aVo. {dÎm_§Ìmc`mMrVnmgUr _w»`Ëdo H$mQ>H$ga Am{U emgZmOdirc CncãY {dÎmr` gmYZo `m§À`m g§X^m©V AgVo. {dÎm_§Ìmc`mH$S>oÁ`m doir ànÌH$mZwgma _m{hVr nmR>{dcr OmVo Ë`mdoir Ë`mMr EH$ àV _hmcoImnmc (Accountant General)`m§À`mH$S>ohr nmR>{dcr OmVo. Ë`m§À`m gyMZm {dÎm_§Ìmc`mH$S>o oVmV. àemgH$s` ImË`m§À`m _mJÊ`mMm {dMmaH$aVmZm Ë`mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. gd©gmYmaUnUo {S>g|~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m eodQ>r A§XmOnÌH$ AW©_§Ìmc`mH$Sy>Z V`mahmoVo.

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AW©_§Ìr n§VàYmZmer Am{W©H$ Ü o YmoaUmg§~§Yr MMm© H$ê$Z,`mo½` Vo ~Xc H$ê$Z, A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m{Z{_©VrMo H$m_ nyU© H$aVmo. ^maVmV _§{Ì_§S>i A§XmOnÌH$mda {dMma H$ê$Z A§{V_ {ZU© KoV AVo. _§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m_mÝ`VoZ§Va amï´>nVtÀ`m_m\©$V AW©_§Ìr ñdV: A§XmOnÌH$ H$m`Xo_§S>img_moa _m§S>Vmo.


nwT>rc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) ^maVmV Am{W©H$ dfm©Mr gwê$dmV Ho$ìhm hmoVo?

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2) ^maVmV A§XmOnÌH$ H$moUË`m {d^mJmH$Sy>Z V`ma Ho$co OmVo?

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3) ^maVr` g§gXo_Ü o A§XmOnÌH$ H$moU gmXa H$aVmV?

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6.2.2 A§XmOnÌH$mcm H$m`Xo_§S>imMr _§Oyar (Enactment of Budget)

amï´>nVrÀ`m {e\$maerZo A§XmOnÌH$ g§gXoV _m§S>co OmVo. ^maVmV A§XmOnÌH$mcm _§Owar {_idVmZm nwT>rc5 AdñWm§_YyZ Omdo cmJVo.

1) A§XmOnÌH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imV _m§S>Uo.

2) A§XmOnÌH$mdarc gm_mÝ` MMm©

3) AZwXmZmg§~§Yr _mJÊ`mda _VXmZ

4) {d{Z`moOZ {dYo H$mg§~§Yr {dMma d _mÝ`Vm.

5) H$amg§~§Yr _VXmZ- AW© {dYo H$mcm _mÝ`Vm.

cmoH$emhr_Ü o cmoH$m§Mo-cmoH$à{V{ZYtMo åhUOoM H$m`Xo_§S>imMo H$m ©H$mar_§S>imdarc {Z §ÌU hm _hÎdmMmA{YH$ma _mZcm OmVmo. H$m`Xo_§S>imMo Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU hm _hÎdmMm A{YH$ma _mZcm OmVmo. H$m`Xo_§S>imMoAm{W©H$ {Z §ÌU ho cmoH$emhrVrc à_wI hÎ`ma Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 112 Vo 117 `m _Ü oA§XmOnÌH$ gmXa H$aÊ`mMr nÜXVr ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. H$m`Xo_§S>imV A§XmOnÌH$mcm _mÝ`Vm {_iVAgVmZmMr à{H«$`m nwT>rc à_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©c.

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1) A§XmOnÌH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imV gmXa H$aUo :

^maVmV gaH$macm H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m _mÝ`Vo{edm` H$moUVmhr H$a AmH$maVm oV Zmhr qH$dm EH$n¡gmhr IM© H$aVm oV Zmhr. A§XmOnÌH$mgmR>r H$m`Xo_§S>imMo (g§gXoMo) A{YdoeZ \o$~«wdmar _{hÝ`mV gwê$hmoVo. \o$~«wdmar _{hÝ`mÀ`m eodQ>À`m {Xder, Ë`m{Xder g§gXocm gwÅ>r Agoc Va Ë`mÀ`m AmXë`m {XderAW©_§Ìr A§XmOnÌH$ cmoH$g og_moa _m§S>Vmo. `mcm "gm_mÝ` A§XmOnÌH$' (General Budget) AgoåhUVmV. `m Xaå`mZ aoëdo _§Í`mH$Sy>Z aoëdo A§XmOnÌH$ gm_mÝ` A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m 3 Vo 4 {Xdg AJmoXa_m§S>co OmVo. A§XmOnÌH$ _m§S>V AgVmZm AW©_§Ìr A§XmOnÌH$s` ^mfU (Budget Speech) H$aVmo.Ë`mMdoir A§XmOnÌH$mg{hV `m ^mfUmÀ`m àVr dmQ>Ê`mV `oVmV. Ë`m_wio g^mgXm§Zm A§XmOnÌH$mg§~§YrMr gd©gmYmaU _m{hVr {_iVo.

2) A§XmOnÌH$mda gd©gmYmaU MMm© :

g§gXocm A§XmOnÌH$ gmXa Ho$ë`mZ§Va gd©gmYmaUnUo AmR>dS>çmZo Ë`mda MMm© gwê$ hmoVo Am{U VrXmoZ-VrZ {Xdg MmcVo. A§XmOnÌH$mda {dMma H$aÊ`mg gdmªZmM g§Yr {_iVo. `mdoir A§XmO nÌH$mdagmYH$ ~mYH$ MMm© hmoVo. MM}V H$moUË`mhr g^mgXmcm ^mJ KoVm oVmo. Ë`mcm {d{dY A§XmO, gaH$maMoYmoaU `mda gS>oVmoS> Q>rH$m H$aVm oVo. `m Q>rHo$cm d MM}cm AW©_§Í`mcm g_mYmZH$maH$ CÎmao ÚmdrcmJVmV. A§XmOnÌH$mdarc hr gm_mÝ` MMm© g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV EH$mM doir gyê$ AgVo.

3) AZwXmZm g§~§YrÀ`m _mJÊ`m§da _VXmZ :

{d{Y_§S>imVrc MM}À`m Ñï>rZo hm Q>ßnm _hÎdmMm AgVmo. `mdoir A§XmOnÌH$mVrc g§{MV {ZYr_Yrc{ZX}e Ho$coë`m ~m~r gmoS>Vm BVa ~m~tda MMm© H$aVm oVo. amï´>nVr, cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m, Ë`m§Mo AÜ`j dCnmÜ`j, gaÝ`m`mYre d BVa Ý`m`mYre, _hm{Z §ÌH$, _hmcoImnarjH$ `m§Mo doVZ d ^Îmo, amï´>r` H$Om©~m~VMoIM© `m gdmªMm g_mdoe g§{MV {ZYrV Ho$cm OmVmo. `m~m~V g§gXocm H$nmV qH$dm ~Xc H$aVm oV Zmhr. g§{MV{ZYrMm IM© H$m`_ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo; Ë`m_wio Ë`mda _VXmZ KoÊ`mMr nÜXV Zmhr.

A§XmOnÌH$mdarc gm_mÝ` MM}Z§Va cmoH$g oV _mJÊ`m§Zm _§Owar XoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ hmoVo. _mJÊ`mda_VXmZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma \$ŠV cmoH$g^m `m H${ZîR> J¥hmcm Amho. amÁ`g ocm Agm A{YH$ma Zmhr.amÁ`g^m `m§da \$ŠV MMm© H$aVo. `mdoir {d{dY ImË`m§À`m _mJÊ`m ImVodma MM}gmR>r oVmV. gd©gmYmaUA§XmOnÌH$mV EHy$U 109 _mJÊ`m AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s 103 ZmJar d 6 g§ajU{df`H$ AgVmV. VgoM aoëdoA§XmOnÌH$mV 23 _mJÊ`m AgVmV. `m _mJÊ`m§da MMm© hmoD$Z _§Owar {_imcr H$s Ë`m§Mo AZwXmZmV ê$nm§VahmoVo.

àË oH$ _mJUrda MMm© hmoVo. n«Ë oH$ _mJUrhr àñVmdmÀ`m ñdê$nmV AgVo; Ë`mda g§~§YrV _§Ìr N>moQ>ogo^mfU H$aVmo. `mdoir {damoYr njmH$Sy>Z g§~§YrV _§Ìr VgoM gaH$mada A{Ve` àIanUo Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo.`mdoir H$nmV àñVmd _m§Sy>Z MM}cm CÎmoOZ {Xco OmVo.

gmYmaUV: H$nmV àñVmd VrZ àH$maMo AgVmV.

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A) {ZYrg§~§Yr H$nmV (Policy Cut) ""_mJUr Ho$coë`m aH$_oV 1 ê$n`m H$_r Ho$cm Omdm''Ago `m H$nmV àñVmdmMo ñdê$n AgVo. `m àñVmdmMm _w»` CÔoe gaH$maÀ`m {deof {d^mJmÀ`m YmoaUmdaQ>rH$m H$ê$Z g§~§YrV {df`mda g{dñVa MMm© KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm AgVmo.

~) H$mQ>H$garg§~§Yr H$nmV (Economy Cut) "" _mJUr Ho$coë`m aH$_oVyZ {d{eï> a¸$_ H$_rHo$cr Omdr'' Ago `m àñVmdmMo ñdê$n AgVo. `m àñVmdmMm CÔoe gaH$mar IMm©V H$mQ>H$ga H$aUo hm AgVmo.

H$) à{VH$ H$nmV (Token Cut)""_mJUr Ho$coë`m aH$_oVyZ 100 ê$n o H$_r H$aÊ`mV `mdo'' Ago`m àñVmdmMo ñdê$n AgVo.`m àñVmdmMm CÔoe gaH$maMo cj {d{eï> àíZmH$S>o AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mMm AgVmo.

darc gd© àH$maÀ`m H$nmVr àñVmdarc MM}Z§Va g§~§YrV _§Ìr CnpñWV Ho$coë`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoVmo VgoMH$nmV àñVmd _mJo KoÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aVmo. gmYmaUV: Ago àñVmd {damoYr gXñ`m§Zr _m§S>coco Agë`m_wio VonaV KoV ZmhrV. Ë`mda _VXmZ KoVco OmVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mda _VXmZ KoÊ`mV oVo gÎmmê$T> njmÀ`m ~hþ_Vm_wioAgo àñVmd A_mÝ` hmoVmV.

MM}Z§Va _mJÊ`m§da _VXmZ KoÊ`mV oVo. ~hþ_VmZo _mJUr ñdrH$maë`mg _mJUrMo (Demand) AZwXmZmV(Grant) ê$nm§Va hmoVo. ^maVmV AZwXmZ{df`H$ _mJÊ`mda g§gXoV _VXmZmgmR>r 26 {Xdg R>odcoco AmhoV.cmoH$g ocm `m 26 {XdgmV gd© _mJÊ`m _§Oya H$amì`m cmJVmV. àË oH$ _mJUrMr _VXmZ doi {ZpíMV Ho$crOmVo. eodQ>À`m{Xder Cacoë`m gd© _mJÊ`mda _VXmZ KoÊ`mV oVo. `m {d{dY _mJÊ`mÀ`m _§OwarÀ`m doirg§gXocm emgZmÀ`m H$ma^mamMo narjU H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iVo.

4) {d{Z`moOZ {dYo H$mda MMm© d Ë`mg _§Owar : (Cosideration and passing of the

Appropriation Bill)

gd© _mJÊ`m§Zm g^mJ¥hmZo _mÝ`Vm {Xë`mZ§Va cmoH$g^m {d{Z`moJ {dYo H$ _§Oya H$aVo. `m {dYo H$mMm hoVyH$m`Xo_§S>imZo g§_V Ho$cocm IM© H$m`Xoera H$aUo hm AgVmo; VgoM g§{MV {ZYrVyZ gaH$macm IM© H$aÊ`mMmA{YH$ma XoÊ`mMm AgVmo. {d{Z`moJ {dYo H$ _§Oya H$aVmZm _mJUr g§~§Yr MMm© hmoV ZgyZ gd©gmYmaU YmoaUmg§~§YrM MMm© hmoV AgVo. cmoH$g oZo gd©gmYmaU MMm© H$ê$Z {d{Z`moJ {dYo H$ g§_V Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vo amÁ`g oH$S>onmR>{dÊ`mV oVo.

amÁ`g oV {d{Z`moJ {dYo H$ - {d{Z`moJ {dYo`H$ ho YZ {dYo`H$ (Money Bill) Agë`m_wioamÁ`g oMo A{YH$ma _`m©{XV AgVmV. amÁ`g^m `mV Xwê$ñË`m H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr qH$dm Vo {dYo H$ ZmH$mê$hreH$V Zmhr. amÁ`g ocm {d{Z`moJ {dYo H$mda MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r 14 {XdgmMr _wXV {Xcocr AgVo. 14{XdgmÀ`m AmV amÁ`g oH$S>o nmR>dmdo cmJVo. amÁ`g oÀ`m {e\$maer _mZÊ`mMo ~§YZ cmoH$g oda ZgVo. 14{Xdgm§À`m AmV {d{Z`moJ {dYo H$ amÁ`g oZo cmoH$g oH$S>o nmR>{dco Zmhr Va amÁ`g ocm Vo _§Oya Amho Agog_OyZ cmoH$g oMm g^mnVr Vo {dYo H$ amï´>nVrH$S>o g§_VrgmR>r nmR>dyZ XoVmo. amï´>nVtMr ñdmjar Pmë`mda{d{Z`moJ {dYo H$mMm (Appropriation Bill) {d{Z`moJ H$m`Xm (Appropriation Act) ~ZVmo.

94

5) H$am§g§~§Yr _VXmZ-AW©{dYo H$mcm _mÝ`Vm (Consideration and passing of the taxation

proposals i.e. Finance Bill)

{dÎmr` à{H«$`m \$ŠV AZwXmZ g§~§Yr _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$ê$Z nyU© hmoV Zmhr. Ho$di ImVodma _mJÊ`m _mÝ`H$ê$Z emgZ IM© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU `m _mJÊ`m§Mr qH$dm gaH$maÀ`m IMm©Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r IMm©MrgmYZo {Z{íMV H$ê$Z emgZmcm H$m`Xo _§S>imMr g§_Vr ¿`mdr cmJVo. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 265 Zwgma""H$m`ÚmZo àm{YH$ma {Xë`mIoarO H$moUË`mhr H$amMr AmH$maUr qH$dm dgycr Ho$cr OmUma Zmhr'' gaH$marIMm©Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmJUmè`m aH$_oMr VaVyX H$a ~gdyZ, H$O} H$mTy>Z H$amdr cmJVo. H$mhr H$a ñWm`rñdê$nmMo AgVmV. VgoM H$mhr H$a Zì`mZo AmH$mamdo cmJVmV. OH$mV, Am`H$a `m§Mo H$a àË oH$ dfr©g§gXo_m\©$V R>a{dco OmVmV. H$amnmgyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV gaH$macm CËnÝZ {_iVo.

nwT>rc dfm©V H$a cmdÊ`mg§~§YrMo Oo àñVmd AgVmV Ë`m§Zm {dYr{Z`_mMo ñdê$n XoÊ`mV oVo. `mcmM{dÎm {dYo`H$ (Finance Bill) Ago åhUVmV. cmoH$g oV {dÎm {dYo H$mcm _mÝ`Vm {Xë`mZ§Va Vo {dYo H$amÁ`g oH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mV oVo. amÁ`g ocm A§XmOnÌH$mV Xwê$ñË`m H$aÊ`mMm dm Vo A_mÝ` H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$maZmhr. VoWo Ho$di A§XmOnÌH$mda MMm© H$ê$Z 14 {XdgmÀ`m AmV Vo cmoH$g oH$S>o naV nmR>{dco OmVo.A§XmOnÌH$mV dm YZ{dYo H$mV H$mhr gyMZm d {e\$maer H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amÁ`g ocm Amho. na§Vw amÁ`g oZoHo$coë`m {e\$maer cmoH$g oda ~§YZH$maH$ AgV ZmhrV. amÁ`g ocm OmñVrV OmñV 14 {Xdg [dÎm {dYo H$mcm{dc§~ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. AW©{dYo H$ _wXVrnydu Amco Zmhr Va amÁ`g ocm _§Oya Amho Ago g_OyZamï´>nVrÀ`m g§_VrgmR>r nmR>{dco OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va amï´>nVrÀ`m g§_VrZo A§XmOnÌH$ {H«$`mpÝdV hmoVo. Aem arVrZoA§XmOnÌH$mÛmao g§gXocm amÁ`mÀ`m Am`ì``mda gÑT> {Z §ÌU R>odVm oVo.



1) ^maVmV A§XmOnÌH$s` A{YdoeZ H$moUË`m _{hÝ`mV AgVo?

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2) A§XmOnÌH$ g§gXoÀ`m H$moUË`m g^mJ¥hmV gd©àW_ _m§S>co OmVo?

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3) g§gXo_Ü o A§XmOnÌH$ H$moU gmXa H$maVmo? H|$ìhm gmXa H$aVmo?

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95

6.2.3 A§XmOnÌH$mMr H$m ©dmhr d Ë`mdarc {Z §ÌU

A) A§XmOnÌH$mMr H$m ©dmhr (Execution of Budget) :

g§gXoZo AW©g§H$ënmcm _§Oyar {Xë`mZ§Va AW©g§H$ënmMr {Vgar AdñWm gwê$ hmoVo. AW©g§H$ënmMr hr{Vgar AdñWm åhUOo A§XmOnÌH$mMr A§_c~OmdUr qH$dm A§XmOnÌH$ H$m`m©pÝdV H$aUo hmo . A§XmOnÌH$mMrH$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {dÎm-_§Ìmc`mda AgVo. Ë`mZwgma (1) H$am§Mr AmH$maUr d dgwcr(Assessment and collection of Revenue) (2) {ZYrMo g§ajU (Custody of Funds) Am{U(3) {ZYrMo {dVaU (Disbursement of Funds) hr H$m } H|$Ðr` AW©_§Ìmc`mcm H$amdr cmJVmV.

1) H$am§Mr AmH$maUr Am{U dgwcr (Assessment and Collection of Taxes) :

g§gXoZo H$a cmdÊ`mg g§_Vr {Xë`mZ§Va H$amMr dgycr H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV hmoVo. `m dgwcr_Ü o XmoZàH$maÀ`m H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo 1) H$a {ZYm©aU (Assessment of Taxes) Am{U 2) H$am§Mr dgwcr(Collection of Taxes). H$a {ZYm©aU `mMm AW© H$moUË`m ì`ŠVr VgoM g§ñWm H$a XoD$ eH$VmV Am{U {H$Vrà_mUmV H$a XoD$ eH$VmV `mg§~§Yr {ZU© H$aUo hmo . `mCcQ> H$a dgycrMm AW© H$aXmË`mH$Sy>Z n¡gm dgycH$aUo VgoM Vmo EH${ÌV H$aUo hmo . ^maVmV hr XmoÝhr H$m } AW© _§Ìmc`mÛmao Ho$cr OmVmV; na§Vw Ë`mV XmoZ{d^mJ AmhoV. 1) H$amMr AmH$maUr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ {dÎm _§Ìmc`mÀ`m amOñd {d^mJmH$S>o (Department of

Revenue) AgVo Ë`mV H$amMm Xa BË`mXr Jmoï>r R>a{dë`m OmVmV. 2) H$a dgyc H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H|$Ðr` amOñd_§S>i (Central Board of Revenue) H$aVo. XmoÝhr H$m } EH$mM _§Ìmc`m_YyZ hmoV Agë`m_wio H$m`m©Mr{Z{íMVVm Am{U H$mQ>H$ga `m ~m~r gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$VmV.

2) {ZYrMo g§ajU (Custody of Funds)

H$aê$nmZo {ZYr Jmoim Ho$ë`mZ§VaMr {dÎmr` àemgZmVrc Xwgar AdñWm åhUOo {ZYrMo g§ajU hmo .H$aê$nmZo Jmoim hmoUmam {ZYr emgH$s` H$mofmJmamV (Treasury) R>odcm OmVmo. emgH$s` H$mofmJmamMo Omiog§nyU© Xoe^a {dUcoco Amho. ^maVmV àË oH$ {OëømÀ`m {R>H$mUr EH$ amOH$mof AgVmo. Ë`mcm {Oëhm H$mofmc`(District Treasury) Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a àË oH$ VmcwŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr CnH$mofmc`mMr (Sub-

Treasuries)ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am{U ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$À`m ñWmnZoZ§Va H$mofmJmam§Mm dmnaA{YH$ hmoD$ cmJcm Amho. `m nÜXVr_wio _w»`Vm nwT>rc \$m`Xo {_iVmV.

1) Am{W©H$ XodKodrÀ`m H$m`m©da {Z §ÌU R>odUo gwc^ OmVo.

2) gaH$macm O_m Pmcoë`m aH$_oda ì`mOmÀ`m ñdê$nmV A{YH$ aŠH$_ àmßV hmoVo.

3) gaH$mar n¡emÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r amOH$mofm§Mm dmna hmoVmo.

3) {ZYrMo {dVaU (Disbursement of Funds)

{d{Z`moJ {dYo H$ _§Oya Pmë`mZ§Va {dÎm_§Ìmc` àË oH$ àemgH$s` _§Ìmc`mcm Ë`m {d^mJmMo IMm©gmR>r_§Oya Ho$cocr aŠH$_ (AZwXmZ) {c{IV ñdê$nmV H$i{dVo. àemgH$s` _§Ìmc` `mMr Zm|X KoD$Z Ë`m _§Ìmc`mÀ`mA{YZñW Agcoë`m àË oH$ {d^mJ à_wImgmR>r {deof aŠH$_ XoV AgVo. (Allotment) ImVo à_wImÀ`m

96

gmhmæ`mZo dmQ>n A{YH$mar {d{eï> aŠH$_oMr {~co V`ma H$aVmV. Ë`mda H$mofm{YH$mè`mMrhr ghr AgmdrcmJVo. ImË`mcm {Xcoë`m aŠH$_oÀ`m {dVaUmMr O~m~Xmar dmQ>n A{YH$mar (Disbursing Officer),{Z §ÌH$ A{YH$mar (Controlling Officer) d H$mofm{YH$mar (Treasury Officer) `m§À`mda AgVo. Ë`m§À`mH$m_mMo Ahdmc _hmcoImnmc (Accountant General) `m§À`mH$S>o nmR>{dco OmVmV.

Aem àH$mao AW©_§Ìmc`mH$Sy>Z A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrMo H$m © MmcVo. A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aVmZmqH$dm coIm nÜXVrV ~Xc H$aÊ`mAmYr {dÎm _§Ìmc`mÀ`m AW©ì`dhma ImË`mMr (Department of Economic

Affairs) AZw_Vr cmJVo.{dÎm _§Ìmc`mMo {Z §ÌU A§XmOnÌH$nyd© Ë`mMà_mUo A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrÀ`mQ>ßß`mVhr {VVHo$M à^mdr AgVo.



1) AW©g§H$ënmMr {Vgar AdñWm H$moUVr?

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2) AW©g§H$ënmMr H$m ©dmhr H$moU H$arV AgVo?

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3) A§XmOnÌH$mMr H$m ©dmhr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` AW©_§Ìmc`mcm H$moUVr H$m } H$amdr cmJVmV?

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~) A§XmOnÌH$mdarc {Z §ÌU

darcà_mUo AW©g§H$ën V`ma H$aUo, Ë`mcm g§gXoMr _mÝ`Vm KoUo VgoM _mÝ`Vm àmßV YZmMm AW©g§H$ënmVZ_yX Ho$coë`m CÔoemgmR>r IM© H$aUo `m VrZ à_wI AdñWm AmhoV; na§Vw EdT>çmZoM AW©g§H$ën à{H«$`m nyU©hmoV Zmhr. AW©g§H$ën à{H«$`m nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr EH$ AdñWm AgVo Vr åhUOo {dÎmr` à^mdr {Z §ÌUR>odUo hmo .

{dÎmr` {Z §ÌUmMo CÔoe nwT>rcà_mUo -

1) gmYZm§Mm Xwê$n`moJ hmoUma Zmhr.

2) gmd©O{ZH$ n¡emMm Xwê$n`moJ hmoUma Zmhr.

3) IM© Ho$coë`m YZmnmgyZ {Z{íMV \$i {_imco nm{hOo.

97

^maVmgma»`m cmoH$emhr XoemV cmoH$ H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` VgoM g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoMo Ü`o`S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ dmQ>Mmc gwê$ Amho. Ë`m_wio A§XmOnÌH$mda à^mdr {Z §ÌU R>odUo hr H$mimOr JaOAmho.

^maVmV {dÎmr` {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r VrZ g§ñWm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. A§XmOnÌH$mÛmaoamÁ`mÀ`m Am`ì``mda {Z §ÌU A{YH$ ^ŠH$_ hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo AZw_mZ g{_Vr (Estimates Committee)Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_Vr (Public Accounts Committee) Aem XmoZ g{_Ë`m _hÎdmMo H$m ©H$aVmV. gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_VrÀ`m ~¡R>{H$g {Z §ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoImnarjH$hr CnpñWV AgVmV. `mV22 gXñ` AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s 15 cmoH$g oVyZ Am{U 7 amÁ`g oVyZ KoVco OmVmV. AZw_mZ g{_VremgZmVrc IMm©V H$mQ>H$ga gmÜ` H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gyMZm d g§emoYZ H$arV AgVo. ^maVmÀ`m H|$Ðr`AZw_mZ g{_VrV EHy$U 30 g^mgX AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> à_mU{ea à{V{ZYrËdmZwgma cmoH$g oÀ`mg^mgXm§VyZ H$aÊ`mV oVo. n¡emMm Xwê$n`moJ d Anì`` hmoD$ Z o, cmMcwMnVrg Amim ~gmdm åhUyZ{d{dY {d^mJm§Mo {heo~ nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ`mMo H$m`© {Z`§ÌH$ d _hmcoIm narjH$mg H$amdo cmJVo.AemàH$mao ^maVmV A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma Pmë`mda Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr d {Z §ÌU `m H$[aVm Ë`mcm AZoH$AdñWm§VyZ Omdo cmJVo.

6.2.4 A§XmOnÌH$s` g{_Ë`m : (Financial Committees)

^maVmV {dÎmr` àemgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r g§gXo_m\©$V g{_Ë`m Zo_ë`m OmVmV. gmd©O{ZH$Am`ì``mda g§gXoMo à^mdr {Z §ÌU AgUo AË §V Amdí`H$ Pmco Amho; na§Vw g§gXocm Amnë`m A{YH$ gXñ`g§» o_wio,{demc AmH$mam_wio VgoM AË`m{YH$ H$m`m©_wio gmd©O{ZH$ Am`ì``mda à^mdr {Z §ÌU R>odUoAeŠ` Amho. g§gXocm {d{dY ñdê$nmMo H$m`Xo H$amdo cmJVmV. `mgmR>r g§gXocm doihr AgV Zmhr. Ë`m_wioemgZm_m\©$V {d{dY ImË`mda Omo n¡gm IM© hmoVmo Ë`mda Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU R>odUo g§gXocm eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r g§gXoZo Amnë`m g^mgXm§n¡H$s H$mhr g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z VrZg{_Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr Amho. `m g{_Ë`m nwT>rc à_mUo AmhoV.

1) AZw_mZ qH$dm A§XmO g{_Vr (Estimate Committee)

2) cmoH$coIm qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ {heo~ g{_Vr (Public Accounts Committee)Ÿ

3) cmoH$moÚmoJ qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ g{_Vr. (Committee on Public Under takings)

A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m A§_c~OmdUr g§X^m©V g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§Mo H$m ©hr cmoH$emhrÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMoAgVo.{H§$~hþZm, H$m ©H$mar _§S>imÀ`m Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§da H$m`Xo_§S>imMo {Z §ÌU hrM cmoH$emhr emgZmÀ`m{dH$mgmMr IyU Amho. emgH$s` ImË`m§Zr Ho$coë`m IMm©Mr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mMo H$m © gmd©O{ZH$ cmoH$coImg{_Vr H$arV AgVo. A§XmO g{_Vr A§XmO nÌH$mÀ`m à{H«$ oMo {ZarjU H$aVo Am{U IMm©V H$mQ>H$gagwM{dÊ`mMo Am{U {e\$maer d Cnm` gwM{dÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVo. cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr hr _moR>_moR>o CÚmoJY§Xo,


98

gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>io `m§À`m coImì`dhmamMo narjU H$aVo. `m {d{dY g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§Mr aMZm Am{UH$m } nwT>rc à_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oVrc.

A) AZw_mZ g{_Vr qH$dm A§XmO g{_Vr (Estimate Committee)

AZw_mZ g{_Vr hr A§XmO g{_Vr `m ZmdmZohr AmoiIcr OmVo. emgZmÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJm§V IMm©MrH$mQ>H$ga gmÜ` H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {Za{Zamio Cnm` gwM{dÊ`mMo H$m © AZw_mZ g{_Vrcm H$amdo cmJVo. hr g{_VrH$m`_ ñdê$nmMr AgyZ gmVË`mZo H$m © H$arV AgVo. B§½c§S>_Ü o 20 Vo 30 g^mgX Agcocr hr AZw_mZg{_Vr B.g. 1912 nmgyZ ApñVËdmV Amho. B§½c§S>à_mUo ^maVmVhr H|$Ð d amÁ`gaH$mam§V AZw_mZ g{_VrMrì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho. AZw_mZ g{_Vr{df`H$ H$ënZm 1938 gmcr nwT>o Amcr hmoVr; na§Vw A§XmOg{_VrÀ`m H$ënZocm {~«Q>re emgZmMm {damoY Agë`m_wio ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV Aer g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aVmAmcr Zmhr. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma B. g. 1950 _Ü o `m g{_VrMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV oD$Z1953 _Ü o {VÀ`m H$m`m©V dmT> H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

^maVmÀ`m AZw_mZ qH$dm A§XmO g{_VrMr aMZm :

^maVmÀ`m Ho$§X«r` AZw_mZ g{_VrV (The Central Estimates Committee) EHy$U 30 g^mgXAgVmV. cmoH$g oÀ`m g^mgXm§_YyZ Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> à_mU~ÜX à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m nÜXVrZwgma H$aÊ`mV oVo. `mg{_VrV amÁ`g oMm EH$hr g^mgX ZgVmo. `m g{_VrMm AÜ`j cmoH$g oÀ`m g^mnVrH$Sy>Z (Speaker)Zo_Ê`mV oVmo. ho gd© g^mgX EH$ dfm©gmR>r {ZdS>coco AgVmV. na§Vw gmYmaUnUo EH$ dfm©Mm H$m ©H$mcg§në`mZ§Va nwÝhm g^mgXm§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr OmVo. `mVrc H$mhr g^mgXm§Mr nwZaZo_UyH$ Ho$cr OmVo. `m g{_VrVZo_UyH$ H$aVmZm Zdo Am{U OwZo g^mgX `mV amhVrc `mMr H$miOr KoVcr OmVo. OwZo d AZw dr g^mgX AgUog{_VrÀ`m H$m`m©À`m Ñï>rZo `mo½` AgVo. g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> EH$c g§H«$_U _VnÜXVr d à_mUera à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`mnÜXVrZo Ho$ë`m_wio cmoH$g oVrc gd© amOH$s` njm§Zm Amnë`m gXñ` g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV à{V{Z{YËd {_iVAgVo. {ZdS>coë`m g^mgXm§_Ü o cmoH$g oMo g^mnVr AgVrc Va Vo A§XmO g{_VrMo nX{gÕ AÜ`j ~ZVmV.`m g{_VrV emgZmMm EH$hr à{V{ZYr qH$dm _§Ìr g^mgX AgV Zmhr.

AZw_mZ g{_VrMo H$m © :-

AZw_mZ g{_Vr àemgH$s` _§Ìmc`mÀ`m AZw_mZmMr VnmgUr H$ê$Z Ë`mV H$mQ>H$ga H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>ZogwMZm H$arV Agë`m_wio `m g{_Vrcm H$mQ>H$ga g{_Vr Agohr åhUVmV. AZw_mZ g{_VrÀ`m AhdmcmZwgmaemgZmH$Sy>Z Amdí`H$ Vr H$mQ>H$ga g§~§{YV ImË`mÀ`m IMm©V Ho$cr OmVo. Aem AZw_mZ g{_Ë`m H|${Ð`AZw_mZ g{_Ë`m§À`m à_mUo KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Vhr H$m © H$aVmV. AZw_mZ g{_Vrcm nwT>rc àH$mamMr H$m } H$amdrcmJVmV.

1) àemgZmV H$mQ>H$ga, H$m ©j_Vm Am{U gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r {e\$maer H$aUo.

2) A§XmOnÌH$mVrc YmoaUmer gwg§JV amhÿZ emgH$s` §ÌUoV gwYmaUm gwM{dUo.

3) A§XmOnÌH$mVrc VaVwXrZwgma n¡gm `mo½` arVrZo àË oH$ H$m`m©da dmQ>cm OmVmoo H$s Zmhr ho nmhUo

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4) AZw_mZnÌH$ g§gXog_moa H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV gmXa H$amdo `mg§~§Yr {e\$maer H$aUo.

5) amï´>r` CnH«$_m§À`m g§KQ>ZoV d àemgZmV Amdí`H$ Vo ~Xc hr g{_Vr gwMdy eH$Vo.

6)Ÿ AcrH$S>o `m g{_VrZo {d{dY emgH$s` CnH«$_mdahr Amnco _V àX{e©V H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmVHo$cr Amho. CXm. ~oH$marMr g_ñ`m, Xm_moXa Imoao _hm_§S>i, {Z`moOZ _§S>i B.

AZw_mZ g{_VrMo H$m_H$mOmMo ñdê$n :

AZw_mZ g{_VrMr ñWmnZm hmoVmM hr g{_Vr EH$m dfm©Mm Amnë`m VnmgUrMm H$m ©H«$_ {Z{íMVH$aVo. EH$m dfm©V {H$Vr {d^mJm§Mo d _§Ìmc`m§Mo A§XmOmMo AmamIS>o Vnmgm`Mo ho àW_ R>a{dVo. Ë`mgmR>rcmJUmar gmYZgm_J«r d _m{hVrMr CncãYVm ìhmdr `mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co OmVmV. _m{hVr {_i{dVmZmg{_Vr àíZmdcr V`ma H$aVo. hr àíZmdcr {d{dY {d^mJ d _§Ìmc`m§Zm nmR>{dcr OmVo. `m àíZmdcrcmg_n©H$ CÎmao XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$moUVmM {d^mJ AJa _§Ìmc` Q>miy eH$V Zmhr. {d^mJmMr d_§Ìmc`m§Mr XßVao d Amdí`H$ Vr _hÎdmMr _m{hVr gmXa H$amd`mg gm§{JVcr OmVo ho VnmgUrMo H$m_Jw§VmJw§VrMo d ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMo AgVo. åhUyZM `m g{_VrÀ`m H$mhr Cng{_Ë`m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m OmVmV.Aem Cng{_Ë`m Amdí`H$ Ë`m {R>H$mUr oQ>r XoD$Z _m{hVr d AmH$S>odmar Jmoim H$aVmV. gd© VnmgUr dMm¡H$erMo H$m_ g§në`mZ§Va AZw_mZ g{_Vr Amncm Ahdmc cmoH$g ocm gmXa H$aVo. VgoM g§~§{YV_§Ìmc`mH$S>o EH$ àV nmR>{dÊ`mV oVo.

AZw_mZ g{_VrMo H$m © YmoaU {ZYm©arV H$aÊ`mMo ZgyZ gaH$maZo qH$dm g§gXoZo {ZYm©arV Ho$coë`mYmoaUmZwgma Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m H$m`m©V A{YH$V_ H$mQ>H$ga qH$dm H$m ©j_Vm AmUÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo {e\$maerH$aUo ho hmo .

cmoH$g oMo n{hco g^mnVr lr. Or. ~r. _mdi§H$a `m§Zr 19 E{àc 1950 cm AZw_mZ g{_VrMoCX²KmQ>Z H$aVmZm à_wI Mma CÔoemda ^a {Xcm hmoVm. Vo nwT>rc à_mUo AmhoV :

1) g§gX gXñ`m§Zm àemgZmÀ`m Odi AmUUo, àemgH$s` nÜXVrg§~§Yr à{ejU XoUo. VgoMemgZmg_moa Agcoë`m àíZm§Mr, g_ñ`m§Mr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo.

2) H$m ©nm{cHo$da Aem àH$mao {Z §ÌU R>odUo H$s Vr {Za§Hw$e ~ZUma Zmhr.

3) gaH$mar YmoaUmcm à^m{dV H$aUo.

4) OZVm Am{U gaH$ma `m_Ü o g§nH©$ ñWmnZ H$aUo.

A§XmO g{_VrÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _wë`_mnZ :

A§XmO g{_VrÀ`m H$m`m©Mm ì`mn _moR>m Amho Am{U {VÀ`m AZoH$ AhdmcmVrc {e\$maetMrA§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho. emgH$s` Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamV H$mQ>H$ga ìhmdr `m Ñï>rZo hr g{_VrCn wŠV w{_H$m dR>{dV AgVo. `m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer d gìh}jUo emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm, {d^mJm§Zm d_§Ìmc`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVmV, na§Vw `m g{_VrÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda nwT>rc àH$maMr Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo.

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1) A§XmO g[_Vr H$YrVar EH$Xm {d^mJ d _§Ìmc`m§Mr VnmgUr H$aVo d Z§Va ~amM H$mi `m{d^mJmH$S>o qH$dm _§Ìmc`mH$S>o cjM XoV Zmhr; Ë`m_wio {VMo `e _`m©{XV ~ZVo.

2) A§XmO g{_VrMr aMZm XmofnyU© AgVo. `m g{_VrV Ì`ñW (layman) g^mgX H$m_ H$aVmV VoemgH$s` ì`dhmamV \$magm ag KoV ZmhrV; Ë`m§Mr CXmgrZ d¥Îmr g{_VrMo CÔoe gmÜ` H$ê$ eH$VZmhr.

3) `m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$magr emgZmcm ~§YZH$maH$ ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio `m g{_VrMm Cn`moJ H$m`? Aere§H$m ì`ŠV Ho$cr OmVo. na§Vw gaH$maZo `m g{_VrÀ`m AZoH$ {e\$maer ñdrH$macoë`m Agë`m_wioAer Q>rH$m {ZaW©H$ R>aVo.

4) `m g{_VrVrc A{YH$mar gaH$mar {d^mJmVrc A{YH$mè`m§er d g{Mdmc`mVrc d[að> A{YH$mè`m§ergm¡OÝ`mZo dmJV ZmhrV. {ZîH$maU Ë`m§Mr CcQ>VnmgUr Ho$cr OmVo Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo. g§gXr`cmoH$emhr nÜXVrV AZw_mZ g{_Vrg Ago A{YH$ma XoUo `mo½` Zmhr Ago gwM{dco OmVo.

5) YmoaUm{df`H$ àíZ CnpñWV H$aUo åhUOo EH$ àH$mao cmoH$g oÀ`m A{YH$mamda AmH«$_U Ho$ë`mgmaIohmoVo Ago H$mhtMo _V Amho; na§Vw A§XmO g{_Vr ho cmoH$ g oMoM AnË` Amho Am{U {VÀ`m{e\$magtda A§{V_ {ZU© cmoH$g oZoM ¿`md`mMm AgVmo. åhUyZ darc àH$maMr Q>rH$mhr `mo½` R>aVZmhr.

6) `m g{_VrZo Amnco H$m ©joÌ d hñVjon dmT>{dÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$cr Amho. {d^mJm§Mr nwZK©Q>Zm H$aUo,{Z`moOZ _§S>imMo AÜ`jñWmZ n§VàYmZmcm Z XoUo B. àH$maÀ`m {e\$maer g{_VrZo Ho$ë`m_wioA{YH$mar dJm©V _moR>rM Ii~i CS>mcr hmoVr. `m g_rVrZo Amnco H$m ©joÌ dmT>dy Z o qH$dmAmnë`m H$jo~mhoa OmD$ Z o Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo.

7) _mOr {Z §ÌH$ d _hmcoImnarjH$ lr AemoH$ M§Xm `m§Zr `m g{_Vrda Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr hmoVr H$s,""AZw_mZ g{_Vr dñVw{ZîR> KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mEodOr Vr EH$ XmofXe©H$ §ÌUm ~ZV Amho.''

darcà_mUo `m g{_VrÀ`m H$m_H$mOmV H$mhr Xmof Agco Var àemgZmMr §ÌUm gwì`dpñWV ìhmdr;{dÎmr` àemgZmVrc AS>MUr Xya ìhmì`mV `m Ñï>rZo `m g{_VrMo H$m © ñn¥hUr` d CëcoIZr` Amho.AZw_mZ g{_VrÛmao g§gX gXñ` Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` OZVm `m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ àíZm§Mo, àemgH$s` AS>MUtMod àemgH$s` à{H«$`m§Mo ñdê$n g_Oy eH$Vo. gXñ` Amnë`m MM}Vhr A§XmO g{_VrÀ`m AhdmcmMm{ZX}e H$aVmV. cmoH${ejUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo ho H$m © _hÎdmMo Amho. AmOn ªVÀ`m AZw dmdê$Z Ago AmT>iVoH$s AZw_mZ g{_Vrcm `e àmßV Pmco Amho. AZw_mZ g{_Vr cmoH$ì``mMm Xwê$n`moJ Wm§~{dÊ`mMo EH$_hÎdnyU© gmYZ R>aco Amho.



1) emgZmÀ`m Am{W©H$ IMm©V H$mQ>H$ga gwM{dUmè`m g{_Vrcm H$m` åhUVmV?

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2) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma AZw_mZ g{_VrMr ñWmnZm Ho$ìhm H$aÊ`mV Amcr?

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3) AZw_mZ g{_VrV EHy$U {H$Vr g^mgX AgVmV?

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4) AZw_mZ g{_VrÀ`m g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> ^maVr` g§gXoÀ`m H$moUË`m g^mJ¥hmVyZ Ho$cr OmVo?

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~) cmoH$coIm g{_Vr (Public Accounts Committee)

hr g{_Vr gmd©O{ZH$ {heo~ g{_Vr qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_Vr `m ZmdmZohr AmoiIcr OmVo.{dÎmr` àemgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_Vr _hËdmMo H$m © H$aVo. coIm n[ajUAhdmc V`ma Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mda {Z §ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoImnarjH$mMr ghr hmoD$Z Vmo H|$ÐgaH$mag§~§YrAgë`mg amï´>nVrH$S>o nmR>{dcm OmVmo. KQ>H$ amÁ`mMm coIm n[ajU Ahdmc amÁ`nmcmH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mVoVmo. Ë`mZ§Va amï´>nVr Vo à{Vd¥Îm g§gXoH$S>o nmR>{dVmo. g§gX Vo à{Vd¥Îm cmoH$coIm g{_VrÀ`m narjUmW©

cmoH$coIm g{_VrH$S>o nmR>{dVmo. `m coIm n[ajU AhdmcmV ImË`mZo IM© Ho$coë`m n¡emÀ`m `mo½`Vog§~§YrMod d¡Ym{ZH$Vog§~§YrMo eoao (Remarks) coIm n[ajU A{YH$mè`mZo {Xcoco AgVmV. `m gdmªMm AË §V~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_VrH$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmVmo. hr g{_Vr {heo~mMo à{Vd¥Îm VnmgÊ`mgmR>ràñWm{nV Ho$crcr AgVo.

cmoH$coIm g{_VrMr aMZm -

^maVmV gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_VrMr ñWmnZm gd©àW_ B.g. 1923 _Ü o H$aÊ`mV Amcr. na§VwË`mdoir Iè`m AWm©Zo hr g{_Vr g§gXr` ZìhVr H$maU H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMm (Executive council) EH$gXñ` `m g{_VrMm g^mnVr Ago. Ë`m_wio gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m Anì``mda CKS>nUo Q>rH$mH$aVm oV Zgo. Ago Agco Varhr AemoH$ M§XmÀ`m _Vo, "" gwê$dmVrnmgyZM `m g{_VrZo gaH$madag§nÎmrMm IM© H$mQ>H$garZo H$amdm `m ~m~VrV à^md Q>mH$cm Amho. hr g{_Vr gwê$dmVrnmgyZ d¡Ym{ZH${Z §ÌUmMr EH$ _hÎdnyU© eŠVr ~Zcr Amho.''

^maVmV amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma 1950 _Ü o hr g{_Vr Iè`m AWm©Zo g§gXr` ~Zcr. AmO gaH$maMm EH$hr

102

gXñ` `m g{_VrMm gXñ` ZgVmo. gwê$dmVrcm `m g{_VrMr g^mgX g§»`m 15 hmoVr. `m gd© g^mgXm§Mr{ZdS> cmoH$g oÀ`m g^mgXmVyZM hmoV Ago. na§Vw 1953 _Ü o `m g{_VrMr gXñ`g§»`m 22 H$aÊ`mV AmcrAm{U amÁ`g oVyZ 7 g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV oD$ cmJcr. AmO `m g{_VrMr EHy$U gXñ` g§»`m 22AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s 15 g^mgX cmoH$g oMo Am{U 7 g^mgX amÁ`g oMo AgVmV.

gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_VrÀ`m g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> Xadfu EH$c g§H«$_Ur` _V (Single Transferable

Vote) Am{U à_mUera à{V{Z{YËd (Proportional Representation) nÜXVrZo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g§gXo_Yrc{d{dY amOH$s` njm§Zm Ë`m§À`m g^mgX g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV `m g{_VrMo g^mgXËd àmá hmoVo. `m g{_VrMmAÜ`j gm_mÝ`V: gÎmmYmar njmMm AgVmo. B§½c§S>_Ü o gmd©O{ZH$ {heo~ g{_VrMo AÜ`jnX {damoYr njmÀ`mg^mgXmH$S>o gmon{dco OmVo. nU ^maVmV Vr nÜXV Zmhr. g{_VrÀ`m g^mgXmV gmVË` amhmdo åhUyZg^mgXmMm H$m ©H$mc XmoZ dfm©Mm AgVmo. Ë`mMm g{_VrÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda Am{U H$m ©j_Voda {Z{íMVMm§Jcm n[aUm_ Pmcocm AmT>iVmo.

cmoH$coIm g{_VrMo H$m © :

cmoH$coIm g{_Vr gaH$mar IMm©Vrc A{Z`{_VnUm Am{U AZmR>m`r IMm©Mm Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mÀ`mÑï>rZo \$ma _hÎdmMo H$m © H$arV AgVo. H|$ÐemgZmMo {heo~ Am{U g§gXonwT>o R>odcoco BVa {heo~ `m§MrVnmgUr H$aUo d Ë`mZwgma g§gXocm Ahdmc gmXa H$aUo ho H$m © g{_Vr H$aVo. cmoH$coIm g{_Vrcm nwT>rcH$m } H$amdr cmJVmV

1) gmd©O{ZH$ n¡gm g§gXoZo _§Oya Ho$coë`m AW©g§H$ënmVrc {Z`_mZwgma IM© hmoVmo H$s Zmhr hoVnmgUo

2) IM© H$aÊ`mV Amcocr, VgoM {heo~mV XmI{dÊ`mV Amcocr aŠH$_ Á`m H$m`m©H$[aVm H$m`ÚmZoIM© H$amd`mMr Amho Ë`mM H$m`m©H$[aVm IM© H$aÊ`mV Amcr H$s Zmhr ho VnmgUo.

3) `mo½` Ë`m H$maUmgmR>rM aŠH$_ IMu nS>cr Amho H$s Zmhr `m~m~V VnmgUr H$aUo.

4) Pmcocm IM© A{YH¥$V §ÌUo_m\©$VM Pmcocm Amho H$s Zmhr `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoUo.

5) _hm_§S>io, ì`mnmar d CËnmXH$, `moOZm d àH$ën `m§Mo {heo~ VnmgUo.

6) ñdm`Îm AWdm {Z_ñdm`Îm Aem g§KQ>ZoMo {heo~ VnmgUo.

7) CncãY Pmcoë`m {ZYrMm EImÚm {d^mJmZo Anì`` Ho$cm Amho H$m `mMo narjU H$aUo.

8) IM© Pmcocm n¡gm H$mQ>H$garZo d `mo½` H$maUmgmR>rM IMu nS>cm Amho H$s Zmhr `mMohrnarjU hr g{_Vr H$aVo.

9) {Z §ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoImnarjH$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Amcoco gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§Mo {heo~, Vmio~§XqH$dm àH$ënm§Mo Ahdmc VnmgUo.

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10) EH$m H$m`m©gmR>r _§Oya Ho$cocm n¡gm Xwgè`m H$m`m©gmR>r dmnaÊ`mV Amcm Agë`mg `mo½`nwZ{d©{Z`moJ à{H«$ oZo Ho$co Joco Amho H$m Am{U Vr à{H«$`m gj_ A{YH$mè`mZo Ho$cr Amho H$m`mMr Zm|X KoUo.

11) amï´>nVtZr emgH$s` {heo~ Vnmg{Zgm§H$Sy>Z H$moUË`mhr emgH$s` ^m§S>mamMo VnmgyZ KoVcoco{heo~ VnmgyZ Ë`mda _V XoUo.

gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_VrÀ`m H$m`m©V {Z §ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoIm narjH$ `m§Mo gmhmæ` d _mJ©Xe©Z_hÎdmMo AgVo. `m g{_VrÀ`m ~¡R>H$sÀ`m doir {Z §ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoImnarjH$ CnpñWV amhÿ eH$VmV.åhUyZ Vmo `m g{_VrMm {_Ì, VÎdk Am{U _mJ©Xe©H$ (Friend, philosopher and Guide) åhUyZ H$m ©nmhVmo. {Z §ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoIm narjH$ gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_Vr `m§Mo K[ZîR> g§~§Y AgVmV. AemoH$M§XmÀ`m _Vo,""XmoÝhr A{YH$mè`mMo H$m © nañna g§~§{YV Zmhr Va H$mhr à_mUmV nañnamda Adc§{~VqH$dm AmlrV Ago Amho.''

_yë`_mnZ :

1) gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_VrMo H$m`© åhUOo Pmcoë`m Jmoï>r§Mo nwÝhm Md©U qH$dm H$mÏ`mHy$Q>Ho$ë`mgmaImM àH$ma AgVmo. àma§ r {Z §ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoIm narjH$mZo Amdí`H$ Vo eoao dgyMZm Ho$coë`mM AgVmV. åhUyZ `m g{_VrMo H$m`© àoVmMr narjm (Post-Mortem)H$aÊ`mgmaIo Amho Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo.

2) `m g{_VrÀ`m H$m`m©Mm àemgZmda \$magm à^md nS>cm Amho Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. H$maUOoìhmnmgyZ `m g{_VrMr ñWmnZm Pmcr VoìhmnmgyZ AW©g§H$ën à{H«$ oV gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mEodOr{VMm ñVa AmUIrZM Imcmdcocm AmT>iVmo. CXm. Xadfu H$mhr emgH$s` {d^mJmH$Sy>Z _§OyaIMm©nojm A{YH$ IM© Pmcocm AmT>iVmo. Va H$mhr emgH$s` {d^mJmH$Sy>Z nyaH$ _mJÊ`m _§OyaaŠH$_hr IM© Ho$cr OmV Zmhr.

3) hr g{_Vr åhUOo Ý`m`mYrem§MrM g{_Vr Amho. Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo. H$maU `m g{_VrMoH$m_H$mOhr Ý`m`mc`rZ VaVwXrgmaIoM AgVo. àË oH$ Jmoï>rda Vr ñdV:Mo _V AJa {e\$magH$arV AgVo.

darc à_mUo `m g{_Vrda Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmV Agcr Var hr g{_Vr àË`j ì`dhmamV Cn wŠV Am{U{dÎmr` àemgZmMo {Z §ÌU H$aUmar à^mdr §ÌUm ~Zcr Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ {heo~ g{_VrÀ`m gyMZmemgZmg _mÝ` ZgVrc Va Ë`m ~ÔcMr H$maUo emgZmcm Úmdr cmJVmV. KQ>H$ amÁ`mVhr `m à_mUoMgmd©O{ZH$ {heo~ g{_VrMo H$m © MmcVo. OZVoMm n¡gm H$m`Xo_§S>imZo _§Oya Ho$coë`m H$m`m©gmR>r Am{U{Z`_mZwgma IM© ìhmdm d n¡gm _§Oya H$aVmZm H$m`Xo_§S>imMm Ë`m_mJrc CÔoe Ë`m IMm©VyZ gmÜ` ìhmdmhr gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_VrMr y{_H$m AgVo.

104



1) ^maVmV amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_Vr Iè`mAWm©Zo g§gXr` Ho$ìhm ~Zcr?

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2) cmoH$coIm g{_Vrda cmoH$ g oVyZ Am{U amÁ`g oVyZ {H$Vr g^mgX {ZdS>coco AgVmV?

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3) cmoH$coIm g{_VrMo H$m © H$moUmÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZwgma MmcVo?

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H$) cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr (gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ g{_Vr)

(Committee on Public Undertakings)

cmoH${ZJ_ Am{U cmoH$moÚmoJ `m§À`m Am{W©H$ àemgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r Or g{_Vr ñWmnZHo$cocr AgVo {Vcm cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ g{_Vr Ago åhQ>co OmVo. gmd©O{ZH$CnH«$_m§À`m gwê$dmVrnmgyZ Ë`m§À`mda H$m`Xo_§S>imMo {Z §ÌU Agmdo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZH$amdr Agm AmJ«h Yacm OmV hmoVm. gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§Mo ì`mnmar ñdê$n cjmV KoVm Ago {Z §ÌUAgUo A{YH$ JaOoMo ~Zco hmoVo. H$maU gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ Img"g§ñWmZo' ~ZV Mmccr hmoVr. VgoM{Z §ÌH$ d _hmcoImnarjH$ `m§À`m {Z §ÌUmVyZ Vr _wŠV hmoVr. Aer g{_Vr _§Í`mMo hmV ~iH$Q> H$ê$ZH$m`Xo_§S>imMo {Z`§ÌU A{YH$ à^mdr H$ê$ eHo$c Agmhr EH$ {dMma àdmh hmoVm. åhUyZ AZoH$g{_Ë`m§Zr g§gXoMr Aer ñWm`r g{_Vr Agmdr Aer {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr. ( CXmhaUmW© - H¥$îU _oZZg{_Vr-1959) {Z`moOZ _§S>imZohr gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§da {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r g{_VrMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr{e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr.

g§gXoMr gXñ`g§»`m, {VMr _`m©{XV H$mimgmR>r Agcocr A{YdoeZo Am{U {VÀ`mg_moarc H$m_cjmV KoVm gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§À`m H$m`m©da cj R>odUo g§gXocm AeŠ` AgVo; nU gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§Mo_hÎd Am{U Ë`m§Mm dmT>Vm ì`mn cjmV KoVm Ë`m§À`mda à^mdr {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r g{_VrMr ñWmnZmH$aUo hmM n`m© hmoVmo. cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr_wio gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§da à^mdr {Z §ÌU R>odVm oB©c VgoMAgo CnH«$_ Am{U g§gX `m§À`m_Ü o CÎm_ g§nH©$ amhÿ eHo$c Am{U cmoH$_VmMr H$ënZm Amë`m_wiocmoH$moÚmooJm§À`m CYinÅ>rcm Amim ~goc Agm EH$ {dMmaàdmh nwT>o Amcm. `m nmíd© y_rda cmoH$moÚmoJg{_VrMr g§H$ënZm dmñVdmV Amcr. B§½c§S>, \«$mÝg Aem Xoem§V cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr H$Sy>Z gmd©O{ZH$

105

CÚmoJjoÌmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU R>odco OmVo. `m AmYmao ^maVmVhr cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr 1964gmcr gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJjoÌm§g§X^m©V {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

^maVr` g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr J¥hm§H$Sy>Z cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_VrMo gXñ` {ZdS>co OmVmV. `m g{_VrVcmoH$g oVyZ 10 Am{U amÁ`g oVyZ 5 Ago EHy$U 15 gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmVo. `m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> 5dfm©gmR>r AgVo. `m g{_VrVrc EH$n§M_m§e gXñ` Xadfu {Zd¥Îm hmoV AgVmV Am{U VodT>oM ZdrZ gXñ`{ZdS>co OmVmV. `m g{_VrV gÎmmYmar Am{U {damoYr Aem XmoÝhr njm§Vrc gXñ` AgVmV. `m g{_VrVEH$mhr _§Í`mMm g_mdoe ZgVmo. g{_Vr_Yrc EImXm gXñ` _§Ìr Pmcm Va Ë`mcm g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`ÎdmMmamOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo.

cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_VrMr H$m } -

cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vrcm Am{W©H$ àemgZm~m~V nwT>rc H$m } H$amdr cmJVmV.

1) Amnë`m H$m ©joÌmVrc gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§Mo (amï´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m Am{U ImË`mH$Sy>Z H$m`m©pÝdVAgcoco CnH«$_ gmoSy>Z) Ahdmc d coImnarjU VnmgUo.

2) {Z §ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoImnarjH$ `m§À`m gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_mg§~§YrÀ`m Ahdmcm§Mo narjU H$aUo.

3) A§VJ©V ñdm`ÎmVm d H$m ©j_Vm `m§À`m g§X^m©V gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§À`m ì`dñWmnUmMo narjUH$aUo.

4) cmoH$coIm g{_Vr d AZw_mZ g{_Vr `m§À`m H$m ©joÌmVrc cmoH$moÚmoJg§~§YrÀ`m ì`dhmamMo cmoH$g oMog^mnVr gm§JVrc Ë`mà_mUo narjU H$aUo.

AWm©V, X¡Z§{XZ ì`dñWmnZ Am{U emgH$s` YmoaU{df`H$ àíZ `m~m~VrV g{_VrÀ`m A{YH$mamcm_`m©Xm nS>VmV. cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr g§nyU© df© a H$m ©aV AgVo Am{U dfm©À`m eodQ>r Amnë`m H$m_H$mOmMmAhdmc cmoH$g^m g^mnVrH$S>o nmR>{dVo. g§gXoV `m Ahdmcmda MMm© Ho$cr OmVo. cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_VrMm _w»`CÔoe gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJY§ÚmV H$m ©j_Vm dmT>{dUo hm AgVmo. `m g{_VrÀ`m {Z §ÌUm_wio gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJY§ÚmdaemgZmMo {Z §ÌU àñWm{nV hmoVo. gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJY§ÚmV Jw§V{dcocm n¡gm `mo½` àH$mao IM© Ho$cm OmVmo H$s Zmhrho VnmgÊ`mgmR>r hr g{_Vr Cn wŠV R>aVo. cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_VrZo {d{dY CnH«$_m§Mo dmñVd ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aUmaoAm{U ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~rg§~§YrMo Ahdmc doimodoir à{gÜX Ho$co AmhoV. g§gXo_Yrc MM}À`mdoirË`m§Mm Cn`moJ Pmcocm AmT>iVmo. emgH$s` §ÌUo_Ü o H$m ©H$mar_§S>i A{YH$ g§K{QV Am{U ì`mnH$ A{YH$maAgcoco _§S>i Agë`mZo Ë`mda cmoH$_VmMo {Z §ÌU AgUo ho cmoH$emhrÀ`m cT>çmVrc EH$ _hÎdmMo gyÌ hmoVo.cmoH${Z §ÌUmV Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU gdm©V à^mdr {Z §ÌU Agë`m_wio g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§Mo ñWmZ _hÎdmMo R>aVo.



1) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m Am{W©H$ àemgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odUmè`m g{_Vrcm H$m` åhUVmV?

106

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2) cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_VrV cmoH$g oVrc d amÁ`g oVrc {H$Vr gXñ` AgVmV?

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3) cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_VrVrc gXñ`m§Mm H$m ©H$mc {H$Vr dfm©Mm AgVmo?

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6.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© B.

1) ~OoQ> (Budget) : ~OoQ> `m B§J«Or eãXmcm _amR>rV A§XmOnÌH$ Ago åhUVmV. ~OoQ> hmeãX ~wOoQ> (Bougette) `m \«|$M eãXmnmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmcm. ~wOoQ> åhUOo Mm_S>çmMr W¡cr Agm AW©Amho. AW©{df`H$ _hÎdmMr H$mJXnÌo dmnaÊ`mV oUmè`m W¡crdê$Z Ë`m H$mJXnÌm§Zm ~OoQ> (Budget)Ago åhQ>co OmD$ cmJco.

2) A§XmOnÌH$ : amÁ`mÀ`m EH$m dfm©À`m {Z{íMV Aem O_mIMm©À`m AZw_mZmcm A§XmOnÌH$Ago åhUVmV. A§XmOnÌH$m_Ü o yVH$mi Am{U dV©_mZH$mimVrc _m{hVr Jmoim Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`m AmYmaoemgZmMo nwT>rc dfm©gmR>r Am{W©H$ YmoaU {Z{íMV Ho$co OmVo.

3) AW©g§H$ënr` à{H«$`m : `m_Ü o A§XmnÌH$ {Z{_©Vr, Ë`mcm g§gXoMr _§Oyar, A§XmOnÌH$mMrH$m ©dmhr Am{U Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU `m ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

4) {dÎmr` àemgZ$ : amÁ`mÀ`m àemgZmV Am{W©H$ àemgZ hm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo.Ë`mcmM {dÎmr` àemgZ åhUVmV.

5) g§gX : `mcm B§J«OrV "nmc©_|Q>' Ago åhUVmV. ^maVr` g§gXo_Ü o cmoH$g^m Am{U amÁ`g^m`m XmoÝhr J¥hm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. g§gXoÀ`m H${ZîR> J¥hmcm cmoH$g^m åhUVmV. Va d[aîR> J¥hmcm amÁ`g^mAgo g§~moYco OmVo.

6) AZw_mZ g{_Vr : `mcm A§XmO g{_Vr Agohr åhUVmV. hr g{_Vr emgZmÀ`m {d{dY{d^mJm§Zm Am{W©H$ H$mQ>H$ga H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo. `m g{_VrV cmoH$g oVrc 30 gXñ`EH$ dfm©gmR>r {ZdS>coco AgVmV. `m g{_VrV amÁ`g oMm gXñ` ZgVmo.

7) cmoH$coIm g{_Vr : `m g{_Vrcm gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_Vr d gmd©O{ZH$ {heo~ g{_Vr `mZmdmZohr AmoiIco OmVo. `m g{_VrV cmoH$g oVrc 15 d amÁ`g oVrc 7 Ago 22 gXñ` AgVmV.gmd©O{ZH$ n¡gm g§gXoZo _§Oya Ho$coë`m A§XmOnÌH$mVrc {Z`_mZwgma IM© hmoVmo H$s Zmhr ho VnmgÊ`mMoH$m`© hr g{_Vr H$aVo.

107

8) cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr : `m g{_Vrcm gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ g{_Vr Agohr åhUVmV. cmoH${ZJ_Am{U cmoH$moÚmoJ `m§À`m Am{W©H$ àemgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r hr g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$cocr AgVo. `mg{_Vr_Ü o cmoH$ g oVrc 10 Am{U amÁ`g oVrc 5 Ago EHy$U 15 gXñ` AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> 5dfm©gmR>r Ho$cocr AgVo. ho gXñ` gÎmmê$T> Am{U {damoYr nj `m XmoÝhr amOH$s` njmVrc AgVmV.



1) ~amo~a 2) MyH$ 3) ~amo~a


1) ^maVmV 1 E{àccm ZdrZ Am{W©H$ dfm©Mr gwê$dmV hmoVo.

2) ^maVmV {dÎm _§Ìmc`mH$Sy>Z A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma Ho$co OmVo.

3) ^maVr` g§gXoV AW©_§Ìr A§XmOnÌH$ gmXa H$aVmV.


1) ^maVmV A§XmOnÌH$s` A{YdoeZ \o$~«wdmar _{hÝ`mV AgVo.

2) g§gXoÀ`m cmoH$g^m `m H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmV A§XmOnÌH$ gd©àW_ _m§S>co OmVo.

3) g§gXo_Ü o AW©_§Ìr A§XmOnÌH$ gmXa H$aVmo. ho A§XmOnÌH$ \o$~«wdmar _{hÝ`mÀ`m eodQ>À`m{Xder gmXa Ho$co OmVo. Oa g§gXocm Ë`m {Xder gwÅ>r Agoc Va AmXë`m {Xder A§XmOnÌH$gmXa Ho$co OmVo.


1) A§XmOnÌH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z _§Oya Pmë`mZ§Va A§XmO nÌH$mMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMrà{H«$`m gwê$ hmoVo. hr A§XmOnÌH$mMr {Vgar AdñWm hmo .

2) {dÎm _§Ìmc` A§XmOnÌH$mMr H$m ©dmhr H$arV AgVo.

3) A§XmOnÌH$mMr H$m ©dmhr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$am§Mr AmH$maUr d dgwcr, {ZYrMo g§ajU Am{U{ZYrMo {dVaU hr H$m } H|$Ðr` AW© _§Ìmc`mcm H$amdr cmJVmV.


1) emgZmÀ`m Am{W©H$ H$mQ>H$ga gwM{dUmè`m g{_Vrcm AZw_mZ g{_Vr qH$dm A§XmO g{_VrAgo åhUVmV.

108

2) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma B.g. 1950 _Ü o AZw_mZ g{_VrMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

3) AZw_mZ g{_VrV EHy$U 30 g^mgX AgVmV.

4) AZw_mZ g{_VrÀ`m g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> ^maVr` g§gXoÀ`m cmoH$g oVyZ Ho$cr OmVo.


1) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma B.g. 1950 _Ü o gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_Vr hr Iè`m AWm©Zo g§gXr`~Zcr

2) cmoH$coIm g{_Vrda cmoH$g oVrc 15 Am{U amÁ`g oVrc 7 gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmVo.

3) ^maVmMm {Z §ÌH$ d _hmcoImnarjH$ `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZwgma cmoH$coIm g{_VrMo H$m © MmcVo.


1) cmoH${ZJ_m§À`m Am{W©H$ àemgZmda {Z`§ÌU R>odUmè`m g{_Vrcm cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr AgoåhUVmV.

2) cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr_Ü o cmoH$g oVrc 10, Am{U amÁ`g oVrc 5, Ago EHy$U 15 gXñ`AgVmV.

3) cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_VrVrc gXñ`m§Mm H$m ©H$mc 5 dfm©Mm AgVmo.

6.5 gmam§e :

H$moUË`mhr àemgZmV Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm AgVmo. amÁ`mÀ`m gd© `moOZm§Mr A§_c~OmdUrì`d{gWVnUo H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ pñWVr ^ŠH$_ Agmdr cmJVo. àemgZ ì`dñWo_Ü o {dÎmr` àemgZ hmKQ>H$ _hÎdmMm g_Ocm OmVmo. {dÎmr` àemgZm_Ü o A§XmOnÌH$ ho EH$ à^mdr gmYZ Amho. amÁ`mMo CËnÝZAm{U IM© `m~Ôc Omo Vmio~§X AgVmo Ë`mcm A§XmOnÌH$ Ago åhUVmV. ho A§XmOnÌH$ EH$ dfm©gmR>r AgVo.yVH$mi d dV©_mZ H$mimVrc O_m Am{U IM© `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z AmJm_r dfm©gmR>r A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma Ho$co

OmVo.

^maVmV A§XmOnÌH$ {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m nwT>rc à_mUo AgVo.

1) A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aUo.

2) A§XmOnÌH$mcm g§gXoMr _§Owar KoUo

3) A§XmOnÌH$mMr H$m ©dmhr H$aUo

4) A§XmOnÌH$mdarc {Z §ÌU

109

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ^maVmZo cmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMm nwañH$ma H$ê$Z cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMo Ü oñdrH$maco Amho. Ë`m_wio emgZmMo H$m © ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMo ~Zco Amho. g§gXocm {d{dY ñdê$nmMo H$m`Xo H$amdocmJVmV. emgZm_m\©$V {d[dY ImË`mda Omo n¡gm IM© hmoVmo Ë`mda Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU R>odUo g§gXocm AeŠ`hmoVo. g§gXoV A{YH$ gXñ` AgVmV Am{U doihr AnyU© AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamda {Z §ÌUR>odÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc VrZ g{_Ë`m {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

1) AZw_mZ g{_Vr qH$dm A§XmO g{_Vr.

2) cmoH$coIm g{_Vr qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_Vr

3) cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_Vr qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ g{_Vr.


1) A§XmOnÌH$ åhUOo H$m`? ^maVmVrc A§XmOnÌH$ {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.

2) ^maVmVrc AZw_mZ g{_VrMr aMZm Am{U H$m } ñnï> H$am?

3) ^maVmVrc gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_VrMr aMZm Am{U H$m`m©Mo narjU H$am.

4) ^maVmVrc cmoH$moÚmoJ g{_VrMr aMZm Am{U H$m } gm§Jm?


1) Public Administration in Theory and practice - Dr. M. P. Sharma

2) Indian Administration- Maheshwari Shriram

3) Public Administration- A.R. Tyagi

4) Introduction to the study of Public Administration - L.D.White

5) cmoH$àemgZ- àm. S>m°. Zm.a. BZm_Xma

6) cmoH$àemgZmMo {gÜXm§V- àm. n. {g. H$mUo, {dÚm àH$meZ, éB©H$a _mJ© ZmJnya,2.V¥Vr`Amd¥Îmr OmZo. 1974

7) cmoH$àemgZ- àm. lrH$m§V Xoenm§S>o : lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya- 10, Amd¥Îmr 2000

8) cmoH$àemgZ - em§Vmam_ H¥$. ^moJco

9) cmoH$àemgZ : Ho$.gmJa, S>m°.ìhr.Or.ZmÝXoS>H$a: A{Zê$ÜX npãcqeJ hmD$g, nwUo Amd¥Îmr2004

10) cmoH$àemgZ : àm. ~r. ~r.nmQ>rc : \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ H$moëhmnya, àW_md¥Îmr, Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2004

ooo

110

KQ>H$ : 7

àXV {d{Y{Z`_ Am{U àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdmS>m

AZwH«$_{UH$m

7.1 C{Ôï>o

7.2 àmñVm{dH$

7.3 {df` {ddoMZ

7.2.1 àXV {d{Y{Z`_mMm AW©

7.2.2 àXV {d{Y{Z`_m§À`m dmT>rMr H$maUo

7.2.3 àXV {d{Y{Z`_mMo _yë`_mnZ

7.2.4 àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdmS>m AW©

7.2.5 àemgH$s` Ý`m`{YH$aUmMo _yë`_mnZ

7.2.5 àemgH$s` Ý`m`nÜXVrVrc Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mMo _mJ©



7.5 gmam§e



7.0 C{Ôï>o :


l àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMm AW©, àH$ma d d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ KoVm oVrc

l àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mÀ`m dmT>rMr H$maUo g_OyZ KoVm oVrc.

l àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mo JwUXmof d Amdí`H$ _`m©Xm ñnï> H$aVm oVrc.

l àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdmS>m åhUOo H$m` ho g_Ooc Am{U Ë`mMm {dH$mg d dmT>rMr H$maUo {deX H$aVm`oVrc.

l àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMo JwUXmof g_OVrc.

l àemgH$s` Ý`m`nÜXVrMo Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mMo Cnm` gm§JVm oVrc.

111

8.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc H$ë`mUH$mar d g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoÀ`m H$ënZo_wio amÁ`mÀ`m H$m ©joÌmVAm{U Ë`mM ~amo~a H$m`Xo_§imÀ`m H$m ©joÌmV dmT> Pmcr Amho. Ë`m_wio àXÎm {d{Y[Z`_m§Mr JaO {Z_m©UPmcr Amho. VgoM gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmMr H$m } nma nmS>VmZm àemgZmV àemgH$s` {ZU© m_wio g§Kf©, AÝ`m`hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Aem doir gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mnojm àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`o Cn`wŠV R>aVmV.Ë`m§MmM `m àH$aUmV {dMma H$ê$ `m.

7.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

7.2.1 àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ :

A) AW© : Á`mdoir H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z H$m`ÚmMr ê$naofm R>adyZ H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm åhUOoM _§Ìr dd[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`mZm Ë`mg§~§YrMo Vn{ecdma {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcocm AgVmoË`mg àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ åhUVmV.'' `m A{YH$mamMm dmna H$m ©H$mar _§S>imH$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmV Agë`m_wio Ë`mg""H$m ©H$mar {d{Y{Z`_'' Agohr åhUVmV. VgoM ho A{YH$ma H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMo _yiMo A{YH$ma ZgVmV VaË`mg Xwæ`_ {d{Y{Z`_ Agohr åhUVmV.

~) àH$ma: àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMo à_wI VrZ n«H$ma nmS>co OmVmV.

1) àmg§{JH$ àXÎm {dYmZ -

`m àH$maÀ`m àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_Ü o H$m`Xo_§S>i EImÚm {d{eï> ~m~rg§~§Yr qH$dm n[apñWVr~m~V _w»`H$m`Xm H$aVo Am{U Ë`m~m~VrV H$m ©H$mar _§S>img Ë`m Jmoï>rg§~§Yr H$mhr {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ H$aÊ`mg qH$dm Vo{Z`_ Cn{Z`_ nS>VmiyZ nmhmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoVo. åhUOoM _w»` H$m`Xm {ZíMrV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoVo.CXm. H$m ©H$mar _§S>img H$m`Xo _§S>imZo Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamg§~§Yr OH$mV ~g{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ^maVr`OH$mV H$a H$m`Xm 1934 _Ü o Xwê$ñVr H$ê$Z {Xcm Amho. AgoM A{YH$ma A_o[aHo$À`m AÜ`jmZmhr AmhoV.

2) nyaH$ àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ :

`m àH$mamV H$m`Xo_§S>i H$m`ÚmMr ê$naofm V`ma H$aVo Am{U H$m ©H$mar _§S>img Ë`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo{Z`_ Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm OmVmo.

3) _r_m§gmË_H$ qH$dm ñnï>rH$aUmË_H$ àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ :

`m àH$mamV H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Ho$coë`m H$m`Úm§Mm AW© ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm, Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg Ë`m§À`mVWmoS>m\$ma \o$a~Xc H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m ©H$mar _§S>img {Xcm OmVmo. ñnï>rH$aUmË_H$ {Z`_ H$m`Xoera ÑîQ>çm~§YZH$maH$ ZgVmV. na§Vy A_o[aHo$gma»`m XoemV Ý`m`_§S>i, H$m ©H$mar _§S>imZo Ho$coco ho ñnï>rH$aU OaXoemÀ`m {hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo `mo½` Agoc Va Vo {Z`_ ~§YZH$maH$ R>aVmV.

H$m`Xo_§S>imMo A{YdoeZ Mmcy ZgVmZm Oo dQ>hwHy$_ H$mT>co OmVmV Ë`m§Zm àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ åhUVm oUma

112

Zmhr. VgoM àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`mZo ì`{ŠVJV ñdê$nmV KoVcoco {ZU© qH$dm dmnacoco A{YH$ma àXÎm{d{Y{Z`_ hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. AZwf§JmZo {Z`_ Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm OmVmo.

H$) d¡{eîQ>ço

1) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ åhUOo H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm {_imcocm {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMmA{YH$ma AgVmo.

2) Aem àH$maMm àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma CÀM nmVirdarc Am{U O~m~Xma AemgÎmocmM XoÊ`mV oVmo.

3) Á`m§Zm hm A{YH$ma {Xcocm AgVmo, Ë`m§Zm Vmo A{YH$ma BVa Xwæ`_ gÎmoH$S>o XoVm oV Zmhr.

4) H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z hm A{YH$ma H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm {_imcocm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio H$m ©H$mar _§S>imgÁ`m H$m`Úm§VJ©V ho A{YH$ma {_imcoco AgVmV Ë`m H$m`ÚmVrc VÎdm§er gwg§JV AgoM àXÎm{d{Y{Z`_ H$amdo cmJVmV. Oa Vo gwg§JV ZgVrc Va Vo aÔ R>a{dÊ`mV oVmV.

5) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mr d¡YVm VnmgÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ý`m`mc`m§Zm àmßV Pmcocm AgVmo.



1) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hm _yiMm H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMm Amho.

2) H$m`Xo_§S>imMo A{YdoeZ Mmcy ZgVmZm H$mT>coë`m dQ>hþHy$_m§Zm àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ åhUVmV.

3) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm AgVmo.

7.2.2 àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§À`m dmT>rMr H$maUo :-

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hm gd©ñdr Oar H$m`Xo_§S>imMm Agcm Var AZoH$ H$maUm§_wioH$m`Xo_§S>imcm Amncm A{YH$ma H$mhr à_mUmV H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm àXmZ H$amdm cmJVmo. Ë`m_wioM àXÎm{d{Y{Z`_m§Mr dmT> Pmcr Amho. Ë`mMr H$maUo Imcrc à_mUo AmhoV.

1) H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m`m©V Pmcocr A_`m©X dmT> :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMo ñdê$n, dmT>Vo Am¡Úmo{JH$aU d eharH$aU, Jw§VmJw§VrMrg_mOaMZm `m_wio amÁ`mcm {d{dY ñdê$nmMr H$m_o H$amdr cmJV AmhoV. Aem doir Ë`m H$m`m©À`m g§X^m©VAZoH$ ñdê$nmMo H$m`Xohr H$amdo cmJVmV. na§Vw H$m`Xo_§S>imcm gd©M H$m`Xo Vn{ecdma H$aUo AeŠ` PmcocoAmho. ZdrZ H$m`Xo H$aUo, OwÝ`m H$m`ÚmV ~Xc H$aUo qH$dm Vo aÔ H$aUo, Ago H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m_mMo ñdê$nì`mnH$ ~Zco Amho. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imcm df© a Oar H$m_ H$arV am{hco Var g§nUma Zmhr. åhUyZ H$m`Xo_§S>iH$m`ÚmMm AmamIS>m d _hÎdmMr VÎdo R>adyZ XoVo Am{U Ë`m H$m`Úm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aVmZm {Z`_, Cn{Z`_V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ g§~§YrV ImË`mMo _§Ìr d d[aîR> gZXr godH$m§À`mH$S>o gmon{dco OmVo.

113

2) H$m`Xo {df`H$ H$m_m§Mo Vm§{ÌH$ ñdê$n :

H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z AZoH$ {df`m~m~V H$m`Xo Ho$co OmVmV. Ë`mVrc H$mhr H$m`Úm§Mo {df` Vm§{ÌH$ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. Ë`mgm§R>r Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMr JaO AgVo. na§Vw H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc gXñ`m§Zm Ago Vm§{ÌH$kmZ AgVoM Ago H$mhr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {d{Y_§S>imMo gXñ` Vm§[ÌH$ ~m~rg§~§Yr \$magm {dMma Z H$aVmH$m`Úm§Mr ê$naofm R>a{dVmV Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~tMm Vn{ec ^aÊ`mMo H$m_ g§~§YrV ImË`mVrc Vkì`{ŠVH$Sy>Z Ho$co OmVo. CXm.{dfmar nXmW© {dH$Ê`mg ~§Xr Agm H$m`Xm H$m`Xo_§S>i H$aVo Am{U Ë`mAZwf§JmZo {dfmar nXmW© H$moUVo? ho R>a{dÊ`mMo H$m_ AÝZ Am{U Am¡fY àemgZmVrc d[aîR> gZXr godH$H$aVmV.

3) H$m`ÚmV cd{MH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo :

H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Ho$cooco H$m`Xo g§nyU© XoemgmR>r Ho$coco AgVmV. d Vo g§nyU© Xoemcm cmJy nS>VmV AgoH$m`Xo VmR>a AgVmV. na§Vw g§nyU© XoemVrc ^m¡Jmo{cH$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, d Am{W©H$ pñWVr gd©ÌgmaIr ZgVo. Ë`m_wio H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aVmZm n[apñWVrZwgma H$m`ÚmV cd{MH$Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>rË`m H$m`Úmg§~§Yr {Z`_ Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma d{aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm XoÊ`mV oVmo.Ë`m_wio àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mr dmT> Pmcr Amho.

4) H$m`ÚmÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrVrc AS>MUr Xya H$aUo :

H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Ho$coë`m H$m`Úm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aVmZm ^{dî`mV H$moUË`m g_ñ`m d AS>MUr{Z_m©U hmoVrc ho H$m`Xo V`ma H$aVmZm gm§JVm oV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r H$m`Xo_§S>i H$m`ÚmMm AmamIS>m V`maH$aVo Am{U Ë`m H$m`Úmg§X^m©V {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`m H$m`ÚmMr àË`j A§_c~OmdUrH$aUmè`m g§~§YrV d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm XoÊ`mV oVmo. H$maU H$m`Úm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aVmZmàXÎm {dYmZmMr nÜXVr Cn wŠV R>aVo.

5) g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§er {dMma {d{Z_` H$aUo :

{d{Y_§S>imH$Sy>Z Ooìhm H$m`Xm _§Oya Ho$cm OmVmo, Voìhm Ë`m H$m`ÚmMo n[aUm_ H$moUH$moUË`m KQ>H$mdahmoUma AmhoV, Ë`m g§~§Yr {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. na§Vw VodT>m doi H$m`Xo_§S>imcm ZgVmo. Aem KQ>H$m§er{dMma {d{Z_` H$ê$Z {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm{Xcm OmVmo. Ë`m_wioM àXÎm {dYmZmV dmT> Pmcr Amho.

6) Am{U~mUrÀ`m H$mimV Cn wŠV :

wÜX, A§VJ©V ~§S>mir, _hmnya, yH§$n Aem g§H$Q>mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r emgZmcm ËdarV {ZU© KoD$Z,Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$amdr cmJVo. Ë`mgmR>r àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMm A{YH$ma d[aîR> H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mè`m§Zm XoUoAmdí`H$ AgVo.

7) {Z`moOZ `eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV OJmVrc AZoH$ amï´>mZr {Z`moOZmMm _mJ© ñdrH$macm Amho. amï´>r` {Z`moOZmÛmao Á`m


114

`moOZm ñdrH$maë`m OmVmV Ë`m§Mr `eñdr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mr Amdí`H$VmAgVo. CXm. eha {Z`moOZ, J«m[_U {dH$mg, O{_Z gwYmaUm `mg§~§Yr àXÎm {dYmZmMm A{YH$ma d[aîR>àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm XoUo Cn wŠV AgVo.

H ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-2


1. Vm§[ÌH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m`ÚmMr AS>MZ H$er Xya Ho$cr OmVo?

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2. Am{U~mUrÀ`m H$mimV CXm. nya, yH§$n H$moUVo H$m`Xo Cn wŠV R>aVmV?

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3. H$m`ÚmV cd{MH$Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$m` H$amc?

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7.2.3 àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMo _yë`_mnZ :

A) JwU :

1) H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m_mMm ^ma H$_r hmoVmo : AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`m§Mo H$m ©joÌ ì`mnH$ Pmë`m_wioH$m`Xo_§S>imMo H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrMo H$m ©hr A{YH$ {dñV¥V Pmcco Amho. na§Vw àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio _yi H$m`Úm§VJ©V{Z`_, Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMo H$m © H$m ©H$mar_§S>i H$aVo. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m_mMm ^ma H$_r hmoVmo.

2) doioMr ~MV : àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>i H$m`ÚmMr Ho$di ê$naofm V`ma H$aVo.Ë`m_wioH$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m doioMr ~MV hmoVo. `m doioMm Cn`moJ {d{Y_§S>imcm BVa _hÎdmÀ`m Am{U amï´>r` ñdê$nmÀ`m{df`mda cj H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVm oVmo. Ë`mM à_mUo {d{Y_§S>imcm emgZmdahr (gaH$mada) à^mdr{Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r doi {_iVmo.

3) {deof Vkm§À`m kmZmMm Cn`moJ : AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrMo H$m`© Jw§VmJw§VrMo d Vm§[ÌH$ñdê$nmMo Pmco Amho. VgoM H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc gXñ`m§Zm Aem Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~tMo {deof kmZhr ZgVo. AemdoiràemgZmVrc Vk, AZw dr ì`{ŠV§À`m Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm Cn`moJ àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mÛmao H$ê$Z KoVm oVmo.

4) g§~§YrV ì`{ŠV§er {dMma {d{Z_` : àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mm Á`m§À`mda n[aUm_ hmoUma Amho, Aemì`{ŠV§À`m qH$dm ag_mOmÀ`m BÀN>m OmUyZ KoD$Z Ë`mZwgma {Z`_ d Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dë`mg H$m`ÚmV ÌwQ>r ahmVZmhrV. WmoS>Š`mV OZVoÀ`m BÀN>m AmH$m§jm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z H$m`Xm ~Z{dVm oVmo.

5) {deof n[apñWVrV Cn wŠV : H$m`Xo_§S>imcm ^{dî` H$mcrZ n[apñWVr~m~V A§XmO H$ê$Z

115

H$m`Xo ~Z{dUo eŠ` ZgVo. Aem pñWVrV {d{Y_§S>i ^{dî`mV CX^dUmè`m nya, yH§$n, naH$s` AmH«$_U`m gma»`m g§H$Q>H$mcrZ n[apñWVrcm Vm|S> XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$maàXmZ H$aVo. Am{U Ë`m g§H$Q>mZm èñdrnUo Vm|S> {Xco OmVo.

6) n[adV©ZercVm : H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Ho$coco H$m`Xo VmR>a AgVmV Ë`mV H$m`Xo_§S>imcm Vm~S>Vmo~~Xc H$aVm oV Zmhr. na§Vw àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mÀ`m A{YH$mam_wio emgZmcm ~XcË`m n{apñWVrZwgma H$m`ÚmV~Xc H$aVm oVmo. VgoM H$m`Xo_§S>imcm AmnU Ho$coë`m H$m`Úm§Mr ^{dî`mV A§_c~OmdUr H$aVmZm H$moUË`mAS>MUr oVrc `mMr OmUrd ZgVo. na§Vw Ë`m H$m`Úm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUmè`m H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm Ë`mVrcAS>MUr g_OyZ oVmV. Voìhm H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm Amdí`H$VoZwgma Ë`m H$m`ÚmV ~Xc H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$maAgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Vmo A{YH$ma àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio Ë`m§Zm àmßV hmoVmo.

~) Xmoof :-

1) H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMr hþHy$_emhr : àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMmhrA{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. H$m`Xo H$aUo d Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo ho XmoÝhr A{YH$ma EH$mM ì`{ŠVH$S>o qH$dm{d^mJmH$S>o AgVrc Va Ë`m§Mr hþHy$_emhr {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ì`{ŠV ñdmV§Í`mcmhr YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoVmo.åhUyZM cm°S>© hodm°Q>© åhUVmV H$s, AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV àXÎm {dYmZm_wio d àemgH$s` {ZdmS>çm_wio nwÝhm EH$XmhþHy$_emhrMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho.

2) H$m`Xo_§S>imcm Xwæ`_ ñWmZ : àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imMo A{YH$ma joÌ g§Hw${MV hmoVOmD$Z _§Ìr_§S>i d d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Mr gÎmm dmT>V Amho. {H$Ë oH$ doim àemgH$s` A{YH$maràXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mÀ`m A{YH$mamMm J¡admna H$ê$Z Ago {Z`_ Cn{Z`_ ~ZdVmV H$s,Ë`m_wio _yi H$m`ÚmMoñdê$nM ~Xcco OmVo. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imMo _hÎd H$_r hmoD$Z H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMo _hÎd dmT>Vo.

3) gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmH$S>o Xwc©j : àXÎm {dYmZmMm A{YH$ma dmnaVmZm H$mhr doim àemgH$sÀ{YH$mar g§~§YrV KQ>H$m§er {dMma {d{Z_` Z H$aVm d Ë`m§À`m A{S>AS>MUr g_OyZ Z KoVm {Z`_, Cn{Z`_V`ma H$aVmV. àg§Jr àemgH$s` Vk àË oH$ Jmoï>rH$S>o gd©gm_mÝ` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ nmhÊ`mEodOr g§Hw${MV Ñï>rH$moZmVyZnmhVmV Ë`m_wio gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmH$S>o Xwc©j hmoVo.

4) àXÎm {dYmZmÀ`m gÎmoMm J¡admna : d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z Oo àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ V`maHo$co OmVmV Vo _yi H$m`Úmer gwg§JV AmhoV qH$dm ZmhrV ho nmhmÊ`mMr nwaoer §ÌUm ZgVo. Ë`m_wio àemgH$sÀ{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z àXÎm{dYmZmÀ`m gÎmoMm J¡admna hmoÊ`mMm g§ d AgVmo. S>mZmo_moa g{_VrZo Aer {^Vr ì`ŠVHo$cr hmoVr H$s, àXÎm {dYmZmÀ`m nÜXVr_wio ZmoH$amMo _mcH$mV énm§Va hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m Amho.

5) amOH$s` ÑîQ>çm KmVH$ : àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ nÜXVr amOH$s` Ñï>rZo {dMma Ho$ë`mg KmVH$ R>aVo.gÎmmê$T> nj njr` {hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo àXÎm gÎmoMm Xwê$n`moJ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m_wio OZVoMm emgZmdarc {dœmgCS>Vmo.

6) àemgZ ApñWa ~ZVo : àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMr gÎmm àmßV Pmë`m_wio d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mar

116

dma§dma H$m`ÚmV ~Xc H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio H$m`ÚmV cd{MH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z àemgZ ApñWa ~ZVo.

7) AÝ`m`m {dê$ÜX XmX _mJVm `oV Zmhr : {d{Y_§S>imZo Ho$coë`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m g§X^m©VÝ`m`mc`mV OmVm oVo. na§Vw àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m~m~V Ý`m`mc`mV XmX _mJVm oUma Zmhr Aer Oa VaVyXË`m H$m`ÚmV Agoc Va _J AÝ`m` ghZ H$aÊ`m{edm` n`m© ahmV Zmhr.

8) gm_mÝ` OZVocm àXÎm {dYmZmMo ñdê$n g_OV Zmhr : H$m ©H$mar _§S>imH$Sy>Z d d[aîR>àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z Oo àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ V`ma Ho$co OmVmV, Vo gm_mÝ` OZVocm g_OV ZmhrV.

9) cmoH$emhr {damoYr : cmoH$emhr emgZmV {d{Y{df`H$ gÎmm hr {d{Y_§S>imH$S>o AgVo. na§VwàXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§_wio hr gÎmm _§Ìr_§Si>mH$S>o Am{U àË`jmV d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§À`mH$S>o H|$ÐrVhmoVo, H$s Oo H$moUË`mhr AWm©Zo OZVoMo à{V{ZYr ZgVmV. VgoM àemgH$s` A{YH$mar {Z`_, Cn{Z`_V`ma H$aVmZm OZVoÀ`m BÀN>m AmH$m§jm§Mm \$magm {dMma H$aV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio àXÎm{d{Y{Z`_mMr nÜXVrcmoH$emhr {damoYr Amho.

10) _`m©{XV d g§KQ>rV cmoH$m§MmM \$m`Xm :

àemgH$s` A{YH$mar g§KQ>rV cmoH$m§er MMm© H$ê$Z àXÎm{d{Y{Z`_ ~Z{dVmV Ë`m_wio Ag§KQ>rVcmoH$m§Mm VmoQ>m hmoVmo. gm_mÝ` ZmJarH$m§er MMm© H$aÊ`mMm Ìmg àemgH$s` A{YH$mar KoV ZmhrV.

darc Xmofm_wio cm°S>© hodm°Q>© `mZr àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio {Za§Hw$eVoMm ZdrZ àH$ma CX`mg Amcm AmhoAgo åhQ>co Agco Var àmo Am°J `m§À`m _Vo ""amÁ`mÀ`m gVV dmT>Umè`m H$m ©joÌm_wio àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_nÜXVr A{Zdm © Pmcr Amho''

H$) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMo YmoHo$ Q>miÊ`mMo Cnm` :(g§ajH$ Cnm`)

1) {Z{üV _`m©Xm :àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMr _`m©Xm ñnï> Am{U {Z{üV Agmdr. Á`m A{Y{Z`_mÛmaoH$m ©H$mar_§S>imcm {d{Y{df`H$ gÎmm àXmZ H$aÊ`mV oVo, Ë`mVM `m _`m©XoMm ñnï> CëcoI Agmdm.

2) nwaoer à{gÜXr : àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ V`ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm nwaoer à{gÜXr XoÊ`mV `mdr. Ë`m§Mmàgma H$aÊ`mV `mdm. Ago àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ gm_mÝ` OZVocm g_OmdyZ ÚmdoV. Ago àXÎm {d{YZ`_ cmJyH$aÊ`mnydu Ë`m§Zm à{gÜXr XoÊ`m{df`r nyd© AQ> KmcÊ`mV `mdr.

3) gm_mÝ` ñdê$nmÀ`m CÔoemgmR>r gÎmm àXmZ Agmdo :{d{Y_§S>imZo H$m ©nm{cHo$cm Ho$digm_mÝ` ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>rM àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMr gÎmm Úmdr. VgoM _`m©{XV CÔoemgmR>rMAer àXÎm {dYmZ gÎmm Agmdr.

4) g§~§YrVm§er MMm© H$ê$Z àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr : àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mm Á`mKQ>H$m§À`mda n[aUm_ hmoUma Amho; Ë`m§À`mer g§nH©$ gmYyZ Ë`m§Mo _V, BÀN>m AmH$m§jm OmUyZ KoD$Z àXÎm{d{Y{Z`_m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$amdr.

5) H$maU _r_m§gm Úmdr : àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ V`ma H$aVmZm Ago {Z`_ H$m H$amdo cmJco `mMrH$maUohr Ë`mV ñnï> H$amdrV.

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6) gwú_ VnmgUr H$amdr :àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ V`ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va, Vo A§_cmV AmUÊ`mnydr© Ë`m§MrN>mZZr, VnmgUr H$aÊ`mMr §ÌUm {Z_m©U H$amdr. Ë`mgmR>r g§gXoH$Sy>Z qH$dm g§gXoÀ`m {MH$sËgm g{_VrH$Sy>ZË`mMr N>mZZr ìhmdr.

7) Ý`m`mc`mg `mo½`Vm VnmgÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Úmdm :àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ ì`{ŠV ñdmV§Í`mcm _maH$Agoc Va Vmo aÔ R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ý`m`mc`mg Agmdm. B§½c§S>, A_o[aH$m `m XoemV àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mdaÝ`m`mc` à^mdrnUo {Z §ÌU R>odVo. VgoM àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ _yi H$m`Úmer d amÁ`KQ>Zoer gwg§JV AmhoV H$sZmhrV ho R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ý`m`mc`mcm {Xcm AgVm H$m ©H$mar _§S>imH$Sy>Z `mo½` d gwg§JV AgoM {Z`_,Cn{Z`_ {Z_m©U Ho$co OmVmV.

H ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmRr àíZ-3

1. àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMo XmoZ JwU {chm.

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2. àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMo XmoZ Xmof ñnîQ> H$am.

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3. àXÎm {dYmZmMo YmoHo$ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVohr XmoZ Cnm` {chm.

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7.2.4 àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdS>m :

A) AW© : AmYw{ZH$ wJmV H$ë`mUH$mar Am{U g_mOdmXr amÁ`mÀ`m H$ënZo_wio amÁ`mMo H$m ©joÌ gVVdmT>V OmD$Z H$m`ÚmÀ`m g§» oVhr _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> Pmcr Amho. Ë`m_wio gaH$macm Amnco H$m © H$aVmZmì`{ŠV{hV d g_mO{hV `mV g§VwcZ àñWm{nV H$amdo cmJVo. Aem doir àemgH$s` {ZU© m_wio EImÚmì`{ŠVÀ`m {hVg§~§Ymda qH$dm A{YH$mamda A{VH«$_U Pmë`mg Vr ì`{ŠV àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mH$S>o XmX_mJVo. àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUo hr gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mnojm doJir AgVmV. àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUo åhUOod[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm Ý`m`{ZdmS>m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoUo hmo .

àemgH$s` {ZdmS>m åhUOo àemgZmV àemgH$s` H$m`m©g§~§Yr Oo g§Kf© V§Q>o {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ë`mg§~§Yr d[aîR>àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z Ý`m` XoUo hmo`. àemgH$s` {ZdmS>çmV XmoZ Jmoï>r _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV.1) àemgH$s` {ZU© m_wio ì`{ŠVda AÝ`m` Pmcm Agcm nm{hOo. 2) Ë`m ì`{ŠVZo Ë`m AÝ`m`m {dê$ÜXàemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmH$S>o AmìhmZ Ho$co nm{hOo. AmO àemgH$s` {ZdmS>m nÜXVr ~hþg§»` XoemV ñdrH$macocr{XgVo. CXm. ^maV, B§½cS,> A_o[aH$m, B.

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~) ì`m»`m :

1) àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> :""àemgH$s` {ZdmS>m åhUOo H$m`Xm d dñVwpñWVr `m§Mm AmYma KodyZÁ`m_Ü o ImOJr njH$mamMm g§~§Y Agoc Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m g§Kfm©Mr qH$dm V§Q>çmMr àemgH$s` g§KQ>ZoH$Sy>ZH$aÊ`mV oUmar Mm¡H$er d Ë`mg§~§Yr KoVcocm {ZU© hmo .''

2) ãcmMcr Am{U AmoQ>_°Z : ""gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`rZ nÜXVrnmgyZ ~mhoa AgUmao àemgH$s` A{YH$marcmoH$àemgZmÀ`m H$m`m©da Am¡nMm[aH$ IQ>ë`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV qH$dm àñWm{nV àÜXVrÛmao AmH«$_U Pmë`mgH$m`ÚmMm AW© cmdVmV Am{U Ë`mMm dmna H$aVmV.''

3) {S>_m°H$ Am{U {S>_m°H$ :""àemgH$s` {ZdmS>m hr Aer EH$ à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o àemgH$s`gÎmm Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©V EImÚm H$m`Úmg§~§Yr g_ñ`m Cä`m amhVmV Voìhm Ë`m gmoSdy eH$VmV.''

H$) ñdê$n :

hr Ý`m`m{YH$aUo nwT>rc ñdê$nmMr AgVmV. 1) _§Ìr 2) {d^mJr` n«_wI A{YH$mar 3) {deof g{_Ë`mqH$dm Am`moJ 4) àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc` 5) {deof H$m`Úmg§~§YrMo Ý`m` nrR> 6) EH$ gXñ` Ý`m`m{YH$aU 7)AZoH$ gXñ` Ý`m`m{YH$aU

S>) àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMm {dH$mg :

àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMr gd© àW_ gwê$dmV B§½cS>_Ü o 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r Pmcr. 20 ì`meVH$mV àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`m§Mm OcX JVrZo {dH$mg Pmcm. àmo. {dë`_ am°~gZ `m§Zr 1928 gmcr, ""Ý`m`Am{U àemgH$s` H$m`Xm `m J«§WmV Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMm {Z:njnmVrnUm Am{U cmoH$m§Mm {dídmg `mg§~§Yr {dMma_m§S>co. 1929 gmcr cm°S>© {h~Q>© `m§Zr Amnë`m, "The New Despotism" `m J«§WmV àemgH$s`Ý`m`m{YH$aUmÀ`m nÜXVrda H$R>moa Q>rH$m Ho$cr. cmoH$m§Zmhr Ý`m`m{YH$aUm~m~V {dídmg dmQ>V ZìhVm. åhUyZ{~«Q>re gaH$maZo cm°S>© S>mZmo_moa `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$g{_Vr Zo_cr. `m g{_VrZo Ho$coë`m ¥e\$maetH$S>o Xwgè`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV Xwc©j Pmco. nwT>o 1955 gmcrAm°{cda \«±$Šg g{_Vr {~«Q>re gaH$maZoo Zo_cr hmoVr. Ë`m g{_VrZo gImoc Aä`mg H$ê$Z 1957 gmcr 95{e\$maetMm Amncm Ahdmc gaH$macm gmXa Ho$cm. \±«$Šg g[_{VÀ`m _Vo. 1) gm_m{OH$ d Am[W©H$n[adV©ZmgmR>r Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMr nÜXV {~«{Q>e g_mOmcm Amdí`H$ Amho. 2) Iwco Ý`m`XmZ (ñnï>Vm),àm_m{UH$Vm Am{U {ZînjVm `m VrZ {ZH$fm§Mm Ý`m`XmZmV dmna H$amdm 3) B§½cS,> doëg gmR>r EH$ dñH$m°Q>c§S>gmR>r Xwgar Aem XmoZ n[afXm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m _m\©$V àemgH$s` Ý`m`mMo {ZarjU H$amdo. \«$±Šgg{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma 1958 gmcr Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMm H$m`Xm _§Oya H$ê$Z Ë`mZwgma Q´>m`ã yZc H$m¡pÝgcMrñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. doS> `m§À`m _Vo hr Q´>m`ã yZc H$m¡pÝgc åhUOo ZmJar ñdmV§Í`mMm nhmam H$aUmè`memgZmgmaIr Amho.

119

àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUo

^maV, B§½cS>, A_o[aH$m, B. XoemV nwT>rc à_mUo àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUo ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV AmcrAmhoV.

1) ^maV :- BÝH$_Q>°Šg A°{ncoQ> {Q´>ã yZc, aoëdo aoQ>g² {Q´>ã yZc, co~a A°ÊS> B§S>ñQ´>r`c H$moQ>©,co~a H$mQ>©g², doO ~moS>©g², a|Q> {Q´>ã yZc B.

2) B§½cS> :- aoëdo H$moQ>©g², {X Q´>mÝgnmoQ>© {Q´>ã yZc, ñHy$c {Q´>ã yZëg, noÝeZ {Q´>ã yZëg², c±S>{Q´>ã yZëg B.

3) A_o[aH$m :- A_o[aHo$V Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMo nwT>rc Mma àH$ma AmT>iVmV. (A) ñdV§Ì àemgH$s`Ý`m`mc o (~) {deof àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc o (H$) ñdV§Ì {Z`m_H$ Am`moJ (S>) {d{eï> ñdê$nmMràemgH$s` Ý`m`mc o.

B) à«emgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmÀ`m dmT>rMr H$maUo :

1) gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ H$m`m©gmR>r Amdí`H$ :-

AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`mZr H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr H$ënZm ñdrH$maë`m_wio gaH$maÀ`m gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ joÌmV{Xdg|{Xdg A{YH$ dmT> hmoV Amho. gaH$macm Amncr H$m_onma nmS>rV AgVmZm ì`{ŠV{hV d g_mO{hV `mV`mo½` Vmo _oi Kmcmdm cmJVmo. `mVyZM ì`{ŠV Am{U àemgZ `m§À`mV dmX {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ago dmX{_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r g_mOH$ë`mUmMr ^mdZm Agcoë`m Ý`m`mc`mMr JaO AgVo. gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc o Ë`m Ñï>rZoCn wŠV ZgVmV. åhUyZ àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo. Ý`m` hm Zoh_r gm_m{OH$ Amdí`H$VocmAZwgê$Z Agmdm cmJVmo. àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`m_wio gaH$macm Amncr gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ H$m } `mo½` [aVrZonyU© H$aVm oVrc.

2) àíZm§Mo Vm§{ÌH$ ñdê$n :-

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc g_mO OrdZ BVHo$ Jw§VmJw§VrMo Pmco Amho H$s Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m IQ>ë`m§g§~§Yr{ZU© XoVmZm {deof Vm§[ÌH$ kmZmMr JaO AgVo. Ago {deof Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mg ZgVo. Ë`mgmR>r{deof Vm§[ÌH$ kmZ Agcoë`m àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMr JaO AgVo.

3) gm_m{OH Ñï>rH$moZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm :

gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mVrc Ý`m`m{Yem§Mm IQ>ë`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ hm ì`{ŠVJV ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. Voì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mMm g§ajH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. na§Vw g_mO H$ë`mUH$mar Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ý`m`XmZH$aÊ`mgmR>r gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mnojm àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc o A{YH$ Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

4) VmËH$mi {ZU© :

gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mMr H$m ©nÜXVr Am{U Ý`m`à{H«$`mhr {dc§~ cmdUmar Agë`m_wio Á`m {R>H$mUrVmËH$mi {ZU© mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo VoWo àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mV oVmo. CXm. _mcH$d H$m_Jma `m§À`mVrc dmXmV ËdarV {ZU© Z {Xë`mg g§nyU© amï´>mÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoda n[aUm_ hmoÊ`mMr

120

{^Vr AgVo.

5) ñdñV nÕVr :

Ý`m`VÎdmV A§V ©yV Agcoco _hÎdmMo VÎd åhUOo Ý`m` hm ËdarV d ñdñVmV {_imcm nm{hOo. na§Vwgm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mÛmao Ý`m` {_i{dUo ho doi d n¡gm A{YH$ IM© H$aUmao AgVo. gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$mcmIMm©À`m {^Vr_wio Ý`m`mnojm AÝ`m` nadS>Vmo Ago åhUmdo cmJVo. n[aUm_V: XmoÝhr Jmoï>r àmßVH$aÊ`mgmR>r àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV oVo.

6) gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m H$m_mV d¥ÜXr :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV amÁ`mÀ`m H$m ©joÌmV dmT> Pmë`m_wio gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`m§À`m H$m`m©Vhr dmT> PmcrAmho. n[aUm_V: gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mZm Amnco H$m_ VËnaVoZo d H$m ©j_VoZo H$aUo AdKS> Pmco Amho. Aemdoir gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mdarc H$m_mMm VmU H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc o Amdí`H$ R>aVmV.


Imcrc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.

1) àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMr gwê$dmV gd©àW_ A_o[aHo$V Pmcr

2) gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mV àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mnojm ËdarV d ñdñVmV Ý`m` {_iVmo.

3) n«íZm§Mo Vm§{ÌH$ ñdê$n ho àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`m§À`m dmT>rMo EH$ H$maU Amho.

7.2.5 àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMo _yë`_mnZ :

JwU :

1) Aën I{M©H$ : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mV Ý`m` {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m VwcZoZo\$ma H$_r IM© cmJVmo. CXm. {d{eï> ñQ>°ånMr, d{H$cm§Mr JaO cmJV Zmhr.

2) cd{MH$ H$m ©nÜXVr : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMr H$m ©nÜXVr A{Ve` cd{MH$ ñdê$nmMrAgVo. VgoM `m àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mda BVa àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcoco {ZU© ~§YZH$maH$ ZgVmV.VgoM ^{dî` H$mimV XoÊ`mV oUmao {ZU© _m{Jc {ZU© mnojm AJXr {^ÝZ AgVmV. gm_mÝ` n[apñWVrÀ`mAmYmamda àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMo gd© {ZU© Adc§~yZ AgVmV.

3) AZm¡nMm[aH$Vm : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mVrc gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMr à{H«$`m gwÜXm AZm¡nMm[aH$àH$maMr AgVo. Ý`m`m{Ye gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r dmXr qH$dm à{VdmXr `m§Mr ~mOy ñdV: KoVmV. dmXrqH$dm à{VdmXrZm {dMmaÊ`mV oUmè`m àíZm§Mo ñdê$nhr AZm¡nMm[aH$ AgVo. àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mV{d{eï> {Z`_mZm Yê$ZM Ý`m`XmZ Ho$co nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ Zmhr.

4) VËnaVm : cd{MH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ H$m ©nÜXVr_wio àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMo {ZH$mc ËdarVcmJVmV.

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5) ZdrZ à`moJmcm dmd : àË oH$ àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{Ye Amnco d¡ {ŠVH$ AZw d Am{U{d{eï> n[a{ñWVr Zwgma Ý`m` XoV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio `m nÜXVrV ZdrZ ZdrZ à`moJ H$aÊ`mg dmd AgVmo.VgoM àË`j AZw dmÀ`m AmYmao {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ d àemgH$s` H$m`Xo `mV ghO Xwê$ñË`m H$aVm oVmV.gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m ~m~VrV Vo ghO eŠ` ZgVo.

6) gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mdarc H$m_mMm ^ma H$_r hmoVmo : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mÛmao Ho$digm_mÝ` ñdê$nmÀ`m IQ>ë`m§Mm {ZU©` {Xcm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio J§^ra ñdê$nmMo IQ>coM VodT>o gm_mÝ`Ý`m`mc`mH$S>o OmVAgVmV. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mdarc H$m_mMm ^ma H$_r hmoVmo.

7) n[apñWVrZwê$n ~Xc : AmXoe H$mTy>Z {deof n[apñWVrV àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{Yem§À`mA{YH$mamV d¥ÜXr H$aVm oVo qH$dm nydr© {Xcoco A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoVm oVmV. na§Vw Agm ~Xc gm_mÝ`Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m ~m~VrV eŠ` ZgVmo.

8) emgZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo \$m`Xoera : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mgmR>r Img {e{jV ~wÜXr_mZ dA{YH$ doVZ Agcoë`m Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr d doJù`m H$m`m©c`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.Ë`m_wio emgZmMm IM©dmMVmo.

Xmof :-

1) gm_mÝ` H$m`ÚmÀ`m {damoYr :- àemgH$s` H$m`Xm gm_mÝ` H$m`ÚmÀ`m {damoYr Amho.gm_mÝ` H$m`ÚmÀ`m nÜXVrV H$m`Xm hm gd©loîR> AgyZ Ë`m H$m`Úmg_moa gaH$mar A{YH$mar d gm_mÝ`ZmJ[aH$ g_mZ _mZco OmVmV. gaH$ma gwÜXm øm H$m`Úm{damoYr H$m © H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. na§Vw àemgH$s`H$m`Xm hm àemgH$s` A{YH$mar d ZmJ[aH$ `mV ^oX H$aVmo. ZmJ[aH$m-ZmJ[aH$mVrc dmX gm_mÝ`H$m`Úmà_mUo {_Q>dcm OmVmo. nU ZmJ[aH$ d àemgH$s` A{YH$mar `mVrc dmX _mÌ àemgH$s`H$m`ÚmÀ`m AmYmao gmoS>{dÊ`mV oVmo. Agm oX H$aUo cmoH$emhr VÎdmÀ`m {damoYr Amho.

2) gm_mÝ` Ý`m` VÎdmÀ`m {damoYr : gm_mÝ` Ý`m`VÎdmZwgma ì`{ŠVda Amamon R>odÊ`mnydu Ë`mì`{ŠVMo åhUUo EoHy$U KoVco OmVo. Amamon {gÜX Pmë`m{edm` H$moUË`mhr ì`{ŠVcm JwÝhoJma R>a{dco OmVZmhr. `m CcQ> àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mV ì`{ŠVda Amamon R>odyZ Ë`mMr ~mOy EoHy$Z Z KoVmM Ë`mg JwÝhoJmaR>a{dco OmVo. VgoM àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mZo Omo {ZU© {Xcocm AgVmo Ë`mg§~§YrMr H$maUo gwÜXm {Xcr OmVZmhrV. VgoM IQ>ë`mMr gwZmdZr JwßV[aË`m hmoV AgVo. VgoM àemgH$s` A{YH$mar d gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$`m§À`mVrc IQ>ë`mÀ`m ~m~VrV oX Ho$cm OmVmo. Aem n[apñWVrV {Xcocm Ý`m` hm gm_mÝ` Ý`m`VÎdmÀ`m {damoYr R>aVmo.

3) njnmV: àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mVrc Ý`m`m{Ye ho Ý`m`rH$ à{ejU àmßV Ho$coco ZgVmV.VgoM Ë`m§Zm gm_mÝ` Ý`m`VÎdmZwgma Ý`m`XmZ H$aÊ`mMm AZw^dhr ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ{Z:njnmVrnUmMm ZgVmo. Vo Ý`m`mc`mcm àemgZmMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJM g_OVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm H$cZoh_r àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§À`m YmoaUmMo g_W©Z H$aÊ`mda AgVmo.

4) gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m A{YH$ma joÌmda A{VH«$_U : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mZr {Xcoë`m

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{ZU© mda gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mV Anrc H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr H$mhr ~m~VrV {Xcr OmV Zmhr.dmñV{dH$XoemVrc H$moUË`mhr H${ZîR> Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m {ZU© m{dê$ÜX gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mV Anrc H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr{Xcr Jocr nm{hOo.na§Vw àemgH$s` Ý`m`ì`dñWoV Ago hmoV Zmhr.

5) EH$ê$nVoMm A^md : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mV EH$mM àH$maÀ`m Ý`m`XmZ à{H«$ oMm Adc§~H$aÊ`mV oV Zmhr. àË oH$ Ý`m`mYre d Ý`m`mc` ñdV§Ì d ñdoÀN>oZwgma H$m_ H$arV AgVo.EdT>oM Zoìho VaEH$mM Ý`m`mc`mZo nydu {Xcoco {ZU© gwÜXm Ë`m Ý`m`mc`mda ~§YZH$maH$ ZgVmV. EH$mM ñdê$nmÀ`mIQ>ë`mV {^ÝZ Ý`m`mc o {^ÝZ {^ÝZ {ZU© XoVmV. Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§Mm `m Ý`m`mc`mdarc {dídmg CS>Vmo.

6) {Za§Hw$eVm : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m {ZU© m{dê$ÜX gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mV Anrc H$aVm oVZgë`m_wio àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m {Za§Hw$e àd¥Îmrcm àmoËgmhZ {_iVo. Ë`m_wio cm°S>© hodm°Q>© `m§Zr Ë`mMmCëcoI ""g§KQ>rV AamOH$Vm'' Agm Ho$cm Amho. `m Ý`m` nÜXVrVrc _hÎdmMm Xmof åhUOo {Za§Hw$eVm hmhmo . Ë`m_wio `m Ý`m`mc`mH$Sy>Z ZmJ[aH$mZm Iè`m AWm©Zo Ý`m` {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Zgë`mZo S>m`gr `mZrhr ì`dñWm Ë`mÁ` R>a{dcr Amho.

àemgH$s` Ý`m` nÜXVrV AZoH$ Xmof Agco Var Ë`mnojm {VÀ`mVrc AZoH$ JwUm_wio hr nÜXVrcmoH$[à` Pmcr AgyZ Vr AmYw{ZH$ àemgZmMo EH$ Amdí`H$ A§J ~Zcr Amho.


1) àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdmS>çmMo XmoZ JwU {chm.

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2) àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMo H$moUVohr XmoZ Xmof {chm.

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3)Ÿ AZm¡nMm[aH$Vm hm àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMm H$m` Amho?

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7.2.6 àemgH$s` Ý`m` nÜXVrVrc Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© :

1) à{e{jV Ý`m`{Yem§Mr Zo_UyH$ : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mV Ý`m`m{Ye$ åhUyZ àemgH$s`A{YH$mè`mZm Z Zo_Vm Ë`m EodOr à{e{jV {d{YVk d H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$m_mMm AZw d Agcoë`m ì`{ŠV§MrZo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV `mdr. OZVoV Ý`m`m{Yem§À`m {Z:njnmVrnUm~Ôc {dídmg {Z_m©U ìhmdm åhUyZ Ë`m§MrZo_UyH$ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m gaÝ`m`m{Yem§À`m gëë`mZo H$amdr.

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2) {Z{íMV Ý`m` à{H«$ oMr {Z{_©Vr :- àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mgmR>r EH$ {Z{íMV ñdê$nmMrÝ`m` à{H«$`m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdr.

3) {ZU© XoVmZm H$maUo ÚmdrV :- àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YemZr Amncm {ZU© XoVmZm Vmo {ZU©VgmM H$m {Xcm `m~m~V `mo½` Ago ñnï>rH$aU Úmdo. Ë`m_wio ZmJ[aH$m§Mm Ë`m {ZU© mda {dídmg ~goc

4) Ý`m`rH$ n[ajU : àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMr H$m ©j_Vm d {Z:njnmVrnUm H$m`_ {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>ràemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m {ZU© m{dê$ÜX gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mV (gdm}ÀM qH$dm CÀM) Anrc H$aÊ`mMr OZVocmnadmZJr Agmdr. Ë`m_wio OZVoV Ý`m` nÜXVr~m~V {dídmg {Z_m©U hmoB©c Ago _V ^maVmMo _hmÝ`m`dmXrE_. gr. goQ>cdmS> `mZrhr ì`ŠV Ho$co Amho.

5) _`m©{XV Cn`moJ : darc Cnm` `moOZoÛmao àemgH$s` Ý`m`ì`dñWoVrc Xmof Xya H$aVm oV AgcoVar g§nyU© {dMma Ho$ë`m{edm` Am{U Amdí`H$Vm Agoc VaM àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMm Adc§~ H$amdm. VgoM`m Ý`m`mc`mMo CÔoe Am{U _`m©Xm Ë`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrÀ`m doirM {Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV `mì`mV.


Imcrc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm

1) {Z{íMV Ý`m` à{H«$ oMr {Z{_©Vr àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMm Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mg Cn wŠV Zmhr.

( )

2) àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m {ZU© m~amo~a H$maUo ñnï> Ho$ë`mg cmoH$m§Mm Ë`m {ZU© mda {dídmg ~goc.

( )

3) àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMm _`m©{XV Cn`moJ H$aUo `mo½` Amho. ( )

7.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© B.

1. Xwæ`_ {d{Y{Z`_ : `mcmM Xwgao Zmd "H$m ©H$mar {d{Y{Z`_ Agohr Amho. àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mZm

Xwæ`_ {d{Y{Z`_ åhUÊ`mMo H$maU Ago Amho H$s, ho {d{Y{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMo A{YH$ma g§gXoH$Sy>Z_§Ìr, d[aîR> A{YH$mar Aem Xwæ`_ gÎmocm {Xcm OmVmo. åhUyZM Ë`mg Xwæ`_ {d{Y{Z`_ AgohråhUVmV.

2. àmg§{JH$ àXÎm {dYmZ : àg§JmZwgma {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrV H$mhr {Z`_ Cn{Z`_ H$aÊ`mMmA{YH$ma d[aîR> àemgH$s` godH$mZm {Xcm OmVmo. Ë`mg àmg§{JH$ àXÎm {dYmZ åhUVmV.

3. nyaH$ àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ : Ooìhm H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z H$m`Úm§Mr ê$naofm R>a{dcr OmVo Am{U Ë`mH$m`Úm§Zm nyaH$ qH$dm g§c½Z Ago {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m ©H$mar à_wImZm{Xcm OmVmo. Voìhm Ë`mcm nyaH$ àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ åhUVmV.

124

4. _r_m§gH$ àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ : åhUOo {d{Y_§S>imZo Ho$coë`m H$m`Úm§Mm AW© ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mMrAmdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg Ë`m§À`mV WmoS>m\$ma \o$a~Xc H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m ©H$mar à_wImZm XoUo

hmo`.

7.4 ñd §… AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

H ñd §… AÜ``Z àíZ-1

1) MyH$ 2) MyH$ 3) ~amo~a


1) Vm§{ÌH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m`ÚmMr AS>MU gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xo_§S>i Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~tMm \$magm {dMmaZ H$aVm H$m`Úm§Mr ê$naofm R>a{dVo d H$m`ÚmVrc Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~tMm Vnerc R>a{dÊ`mMo H$m_ g§~§YrVImË`mVrc d[aîR> Vk ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z Ho$co OmVo.

2) AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

3) H$m`ÚmV cd{MH$Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m H$m`Úmg§~§Yr {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$mag§~§{YV ImË`mMo _§Ìr d d[aîR> àemgH$s` Vk A{YH$mè`m§Zm XoD$.


1) A) H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m_mMm ^ma H$_r hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imcm BVa AZoH$ _hÎdmÀ`m~m~tda {dMma H$aÊ`mg doi {_iVmo.

~) emgZmcm ~XcË`m n[apñWVrZwgma H$m`ÚmV àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio ~Xc H$aVm oUo eŠ`hmoVo.

2) A) H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMr hþHy$_emhr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m AgVmo.

~) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imMo A{YH$ma joÌ g§Hw${MV hmoV OmVo. Ë`m_wio _§Ìr_§S>iAm{U d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Mr gÎmm dmT>Vo. Ë`m gÎmoMm Xwén`moJ hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$mAgVmo.

3) A) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMr _`m©Xm ñnîQ> d {ZpíMV Agmdr. Á`m A{Y{Z`_mÛmao àXÎm {d{Y{df`H$gÎmm àXmZ H$aÊ`mV oVo Ë`mVM Ë`m _`m©Xm ñnîQ> Agmì`mV.

~) gyú_ VnmgUr H$amdr - `mMmM AW© àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ A§_cmV AmUÊ`mnydu Ë`m§Mr N>mZZr,VnmgUr g§gXoH$Sy>Z Ho$cr Omdr.


1) MyH$ 2) MyH$ 3) ~amo~a

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1) JwU- A) Aën I{M©H$ Ý`m` - gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m VwcZoZo Ý`m` {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r IM© H$_ròVmo.

~) cd{MH$ H$m ©nÕVr_wio Ý`m`mc`mMo {ZU© Ëd[aV cmJVmV.

2) Xmof- A) gm_mÝ` Ý`m` VÎdmÀ`m {damoYr - ì`ŠVrMo {H$Ë oH$doim åhUUo EoHy$Z Z KoVmM Ë`mgJwÝhoJma R>a{dco OmVo. {ZU© mMr H$maUohr gm§{JVcr OmV ZmhrV.

~) gm_mÝ` H$m`ÚmÀ`m {damoYr nÕVr {XgyZ òVo. ZmJarH$ d àemgH$s` A{YH$mar`m§À`mVrc dmX àemgH$s` H$m`ÚmÀ`m AmYmao gmoS>{dcm OmVmo. Aemdoir àemgH$sÀ{YH$mè`mg PwH$Vo _mn {_iVo.

3) AZm¡nMm[aH$Vm hm àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc`mMm EH$ JwU Amho. Ë`mÛmao àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{Ye gËèmoYyZ H$mTy> eH$VmV.


1) MyH$ 2) ~amo~a 3) ~amo~a

7.5 gmam§e

`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMm AW©, Ë`mÀ`m dmT>rMr H$maUo, Ë`mMo _yë`_mnZ `m§Mm Aä`mg

Ho$cocm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a AmnU àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdmS>m `m g§H$ënZoMm AW©, àemgH$s` Ý`m`{YH$aUmMo_yë`_mnZ d àemgH$s` Ý`m`nÕVrVrc Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mMo _mJ©hr g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho.

Á`mdoir H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z H$m`ÚmMr ê$naofm R>adyZ H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm Vn{ecdma {Z`_, Cn{Z`_~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcocm AgVmo Ë`mg àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ åhUVmV. àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV. VoåhUOo àmg§{JH$ àXÎm {dYmZ, nyaH$ àXÎm {dYmZ Am{U _r_m§gmË_H$ àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_.

H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m`m©V Pmcocr A_`m©X dmT>, H$m`Xo{df`H$ H$m_mMo Vm§{ÌH$ ñdê$n, H$m`ÚmV cd{MH$Vm{Z_m©U H$aUo, H$m`ÚmÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrVrc AS>MUr Xya H$aUo, AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV Cn wŠV, {Z`moOZèñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$, Aer H$mhr àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§À`m dmT>rMr H$maUo AmhoV.

àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mÀ`m _yë`_mnZm_Ü o AmnU Ë`mÀ`m JwUm§Mm d Xmofm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho.H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m_mMm ^ma H$_r H$aUo, doioMr ~MV H$aUo, {deof Vkm§À`m kmZmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo,g§~§YrV ì`{ŠV§er {dMma{d{Z_` H$aUo, {deof n[apñWVrV Cn wŠV AgUo Am{U n[adV©ZercVm AgUo hoH$mhr àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mo JwU AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mMo H$mhr Xmof nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV Vo åhUOo àXÎm{d{Y{Z`_m§_wio H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMr hþHw$_emhr àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo, H$m`Xo_§S>imcm A{YH$majoÌ g§Hw${MV ~ZVo, gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmH$S>o Xwc©j hmoVo, àXÎm {dYmZmMm J¡admna hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo,

126

amOH$s`ÑîQ>çm KmVH$ R>aVo, àemgZ ApñWa ~ZVo, AÝ`m`m{déÕ XmX _mJVm oV Zmhr, gm_mÝ` OZVocmàXÎm {dYmZmMo ñdê$n g_OV Zmhr, cmoH$emhr {damoYr ~ZVo, Am{U àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio _`m©{XV dg§KQ>rV cmoH$m§Mm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.

AmVm AmnU àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdmS>m g§X^m©V Ho$cocm Aä`mg OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$ `m.àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdmS>m `mMm AW© àemgZmV àemgH$s` H$m`m©g§~§Yr Oo g§Kf© qH$dm V§Q>o {Z_m©U hmoVmVË`mg§~§Yr d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z Ý`m` XoUo hmo . VgoM AmnU àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmÀ`mdmT>rMr H$maUo gwÕm g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho. àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$H$m`m©gmR>r JaOoMo Amho, àíZ Vm§{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMo Agë`m_wio hr Ë`mMr JaO ^mgVo, gm_m{OH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZcjmV KoD$Z Ý`m` XoUo, {ZU© VmËH$mi hmoVmV, Ý`m` ñdñVmV {_iVmo, Am{U gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`m§MmH$m_mMm ^ma H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

eodQ>r AmnU àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMo _yë`_mnZ d àemgH$s` Ý`m`nÕVrVrc Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mMo_mJ© g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho. àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUo hr Aën I{M©H$, AZm¡nMm[aH$,VËna, ZdrZ à`moJmg dmd XoUmar, cd{MH$ H$m ©nÕVrMm Adc§~ H$aUmar gm_mÝ` Ý`m` `mdarc H$m_mMmVmU H$_r H$aUmar, n[apñWVrZwê$n ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUUmar Am{U emgZmÀ`m Ñ{îQ>Zo \$m`Xoera AmhoV. AgoH$mhr Ë`m§Mo JwU AmhoV. Va gm_mÝ` H$m`ÚmÀ`m {damoYr, gm_mÝ` Ý`m` VÎdmÀ`m {damoYr, njnmVr,gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m A{YH$ma joÌmda A{VH««$_U H$aUmar, EH$ê$nVoMm A^md AgUmar Ago H$mhràemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMo Xmof AmhoV. na§Vw àemgH$s` Ý`m` nÕVrVrc Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$mhr_mJmªMm Aä`mghr AmnU Ho$cocm Amho Vo _mJ© åhUOo à{e{jV Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aUo, {ZpíMVÝ`m` à{H«$ oMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo, {ZU© XoVmZm H$maUm§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aUo, Ý`m`rH$ n[ajUmMr gmo CncãYH$ê$Z XoUo Am{U àemgH$s` Ý`m` nÕVrMm _`m©{XV Cn`moJ H$aUo B.

Aem nÕVrZo `m KQ>H$m_Ü`o à_wI XmoZ g§H$ënZm§g§X^m©V- àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_ d àemgH$s`Ý`m`m{YH$aUo- `m§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho.


A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {chm.

1) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mm AW© gm§JyZ AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc Ë`mÀ`m dmT>rMr H$maUo {deX H$am.

2) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m§Mo JwU d Xmof ñnîQ> H$am.

3) àemgH$s` Ý`m`{ZdmS>m åhUOo H$m`? Ë`mÀ`m dmT>rMr H$maUo gm§Jm.

4) àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMo _yë`_mnZ H$am.

127

~) Q>rnm {chm :

1) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMo àH$ma

2) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMo YmoHo$ Q>miÊ`mMo Cnm`

3) àemgH$s` Ý`m`nÕVrVrc Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mMo _mJ©.


1) Dr. Amreshwar Avasthi and Dr. Shviram Maheshwari; Public Administration

25th Revised Edition, Published by L. N. Agarwal - Education Publishers

Agra 2001.

2) Dr. M. P. Sharma, Dr. B. L. Sadan; Public Administration in Theory and

Practice 39th ed. Kitab Mahal Allahabad-2000.

3) Dr. A. R. Tyagi, Public Administration (Principles and Practice) 6th Edition

Atmaram and Sons Delhi, 1996.

4) Chandra Prakash Bhambhri; Public Administration Theory and Practice 4th

Revised Edition J. P. Nath & Co. Meerut 1969.

5) Zm. a. BZm_Xma; cmoH$àemgZ,> gmYZm àH$meZ nwUo 1975

6) S>m°. em§Vmam_ ^moJco; cmoH$àH$meZ ({gÜXm§V Am{U ì`dhma) Xwgar Amd¥Îmr, lr _§Joe àH$meZZmJnya 1981.

7) àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rc; cmoH$àemgZ ({gÜXm§V Am{U ì`dhma) àW_ Amd¥Îmr, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,H$moëhmnya 2005.

ooo

128

KQ>H$ : 8

cmoH$nmc d cmoH$Am wŠV : JaO d H$m ©

AZwH«$_{UH$m

8.0 C{Ôï>o

8.1 àmñVm{dH$

8.2 {df` {ddoMZ

8.2.1 cmoH$nmc

8.2.2 cmoH$m`wŠV

8.2.3 cmoH$nmc/cmoH$m`wŠVmMr JaO

8.2.4 cmoH$nmc/cmoH$m`wŠVmMo _hÎd



8.5 gmam§e



8.0 C{Ôï>o :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm -

l cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV åhUOo H$m` ho g_Ooc.

l cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m g§ñWoMm CX` d CÔoe g_OVrc.

l ^maVmVrc cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m`wŠV `m nXmMr aMZm, Ë`m§Mr H$m`©nÜXVr d A{YH$mag_OVrc.

l ^maVmV cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV nXmMr JaO H$m Amho Vo g_Ooc.

l ^maVmVrc "cmoH$nmc' d cmoH$m wŠV nXmMo _hÎd g_Ooc.

129

8.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

XoemVrc amO{H$`, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ joÌmVrc ^«ï>mMma {Z_w©cZmgmR>r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mVAmcocr g§ñWm åhUOo "cmoH$nmc' hmo . cmoH$nmc åhUOoM "Am°å~wS²>g_Z' (ombusdsman) hmo .Am°å~wS>g²_Z qH$dm cmoH$nmc hr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ 18 ì`m eVH$mV ñdrS>Z_Ü`o CX`mg Amcr.Ý`m`_§S>i Am{U BVa emgH$s` g§ñWm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z gm_mÝ` OZVoMo àíZ, VH«$mar gwQ>V ZmhrV. V|ìhm hoàíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imZo doJio Ago "Am°å~wS²>g_Z' nX {Z_m©U H$ê$Z EH$mA{YH$mè`mMr {Z wŠVr Ho$cr. `mcm "\$ñQ>© MmÝgca Am°\$ OñQ>rg' Ago åhQ>co OmV hmoVo. nU 1809nmgyZ `m A{YH$mè`mcm"Am°å~wS²>g_Z' Ago åhQ>co OmD$ cmJco. ñdrS>ZÀ`m `m cmoH$nmcmMr {ZdS> Mmadfm©gmR>r hmoV AgVo. "Am°å~wS²>g_Z' Mm ñdrS>re ^mfoVrc AW© "Am wŠV' Agm Amho. eãX H$mofmVrcì`mIoZwgma "Am°å~wS²>g_Z'åhUOo "cmoH$godH$m§À`m A`mo½` d Hw$àemgZm{df`r gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVrZr Ho$coë`mVH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aUmam A{YH$mar' hmo . àemgZmZo _Z_mZr H$ma^ma H$aUo, Xoe_wcH$, nwd©J«hm§À`mà^mdmImcr {ZU© KoUo d Ag_W©Zr` oX^md H$aUo `m gd© A`mo½` hoVy§À`m {Z_wªcZmgmR>r "Am°å~wS²>g_Z'hr g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. ^maVmV hr g§ñWm "cmoH$nmc' `m ZmdmZo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV AmcrAm{U ^«ï>mMma {damoYr EH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ {VMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMo {ZíMrV H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho.Ë`mÑï>rH$moZmVyZ ^maVmVrc "cmoH$nmc' g§ñWm§Mm {dH$mg, Ë`m§Mr H$m ©nÜXVr d A{YH$ma `m§Mm Aä`mg `màH$aUmV AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV. WmoS>Š`mV emgH$s` àemgZmÀ`m H¥$Vr{dê$Õ Am{U {ZU©`m{dê$ÕZmJarH$m§À`m VH«$mar gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r {Z wŠV emg{H$` A{YH$mar åhUOo "cmoH$nmc' hmo .

8.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

Ý`m`_§S>i Am{U BVa emgH$s` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z OZVoÀ`m àíZmMo, VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©UPmcocr ñdrS>Z_Yrc "Am°å~wS²>g_Z' g§ñWm Xwgè`m _hm wÜXmZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV IwnM {Z`m©Vj_ R>acr.H$maU AZoH$ amï´>m§Zr `m g§H$ënZoMm pñdH$ma H$ê$Z `m AmZwf§JmZo g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m, AZoH$ amï´>m§Zm hrg§ñWm Ë`m§Mr AmH$m§jm dmQ>Vo. Va H$m§hr XoemV Va Vr gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr EH$ Cnm``moOZm _mZcrOmVo. WmoS>Š`mV OdiOdi gd© amï´>m§V "Am°å~wS²>g_Z'gma»`m g§ñWm [Z_m©U Ho$coë`m AmhoV. ^maVmVhr honX {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. H$maU ^maVr` amOH$maUmcm Am{U àemgZmcm cmJcocr«ï>mMmamMr {H$S> g§ndÊ`mgmR>r "Am°å~wS²>g_Z' ho nX {Z_m©U Ho$co nm{hOo.

àH$aUmÀ`m àñVmdZoV gm§JrVë`m à_mUo "Am°å~wS²>g_Z' hr g§H$ënZm _wiMr ñdrS>ZMr Amho.OZVoÀ`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imZo "Am°å~wS²>g_Z' `m A{YH$mè`mMr{Z`wŠVr Ho$cr hmoVr. `oWo ZmJarH$ d g¡{ZH$ `m§À`m àíZmg§~§Yr d VH«$mar g§~§Yr XmoZ doJdoJio"Am°å~wS²>g_Z' AñVrËdmV AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> Mma dfm©gmR>r AgVo. Vmo gaH$macm O~m~Xma amhVZmhrV. Vmo gaH$maÀ`m H$moUË`mhr {d^mJmVyZ _m{hVr _mJdy eH$Vmo, H$mJXnÌo nmhÿ eH$Vmo. gd©gmYmaUÝ`m`mc o d àemgH$s` Ý`m`mc o `m§À`mda {Z §ÌU XoIaoI R>ody eH$Vmo. Ý`m`mc`m§Zr {Xcoë`m {ZU© mV\o$a\$ma H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma _mÌ Ë`mcm Zmhr.emg{H$` A{YH$mar d g§ñWm§da {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma


130

Ë`m§Zm Amho. Aem àH$maMr èñdr "Am°å~wS²>g_Z' g§ñWm 1909 Z§Va Zm°d}, {\$Zc±S>, Ý w{Pc§S>, S>oÝ_mH©$,B§½cS> BË`mXr Xoem§Zr Amnmnë`m XoemV {Z_m©U Ho$cocr {XgVo. Ë`mM~amo~a \«$mÝg, OnmZ, O_©Zr `mamï´>m§Vhr doJdoJù`m Zmdm§Zr `m g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m AmhoV. `mM AmYmamda ^maVmZo «ï>mMma, AÝ`mÀm{U cmoH$m§À`m VH«$mar {ZdmaÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ì`dñWm Agmdr åhUyZ 1960 À`m Xaå`mZ "cmoH$nmc'g§ñWoMm {dMma gwê$ Ho$cm Am{U "cmoH$nmc' `m g§ñWoMr Amdí`H$Vm d _hÎd _mÝ` Ho$co.

8.2.1 ^maVmVrc cmoH$nmc

AmO ^maVmV amO{H$`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ joÌmV Aem gd©M joÌmV «îQ>mMma dmT>cocm {XgyZoVmo. na§Vw «ï>mMma hr g_ñ`m AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVM {Z_m©U Pmcocr Amho Ago åhUVm oUma Zmhr H$maU

H$m¡Q>rë`mZo Amnë`m AW©emñÌ `m J«§WmV «ï>mMmamMm CëcoI Ho$cocm Amho. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va XoemÀ`mcmoH${dH$mgmgmR>r AZoH$ gm_whrH$ cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm am~dÊ`mV Amë`m. Vr YmoaUo Am{U `moOZmàË`jmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r ZdZdrZ H$m`Úm§Mr d emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mr, §ÌUoMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. nU àemgH$sÀgä` g§ñH¥$Vr_wio emgZmVrc d àemgZmVrc godH$m§Zr _Z_mZr H$ma^ma Ho$cm d «ï>mMmamMr gwê$dmVPmcr. «ï>mMma hr ñdmWm©_wio {Z_m©U Pmcocr EH$ {dH¥$Vr Amho. «ï>mMmar dV©Z åhUOo gÎmm Am{U g§nÎmr{_idÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrZo dmB©Q> ì`dhmam§Mm _mJ© Amdc§~Zo hmo . `m «ï>mMmar d¥Îmr_wio ^maVmV cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar`moOZm§Zm _`m©Xm nS>ë`m. Ë`m Ñï>rZo S>m°. gd©nëcr amYmH¥$îUZ, n§. Odmhacmc Zohê$,O`àH$me ZmamÙ,AmMm ©H¥$ncmZr, AemoH$ _ohVm BË`mXr§Zr «ï>mMmamÀ`m {Z_wªcZm~m~V Amnmnco {dMma _m§S>co d Ë`mgmR>rMmg§ñWmË_H$ H¥$Vr H$m ©H«$_ {Xcm.

gd©àW_ cmoH$g|dm_Yrc «ï>mMma {ZnQ>Ê`mgmR>r H|$ÐemgZmZo cmMcwMnV Am{U «ï>mMmamgma»`mJwÝøm§Mm _wH$m~cm H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Xëcr nmocrg Am wŠVmc`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mZ§Va 1955_Üò àemg{H$` XjVm Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm J¥hImË`mA§VJ©V H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m `§ÌUoda nwT>rcO~m~Xmè`m gmondÊ`mV Amë`m (A) «ï>mMma[damoYr Cnm``moOZm§Mr gdmªJrZ O~m~Xmar pñdH$maUo (~)«ï>mMma {damoYr H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mg Amdí`H$ ZoV¥Ëd Am{U _mJ©Xe©Z nwadUo Am{U g_Ýd` gmYZo (H$) àË oH$

{d^mJ Am{U ImË`mH$Sy>Z `m g§X^m©V {Q>H$mdy Am{U R>mog Aer H¥$Vr Ho$cr OmB©c `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoUoBË`mXr. 1957 _Ü o gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_, J¥h{Z_m©U Am{U nwadR>m `m ImË`mA§VJ©V EH$ _w»` Vm§{ÌH$narjH$m§Mr g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Ho$cr. `m g§KQ>ZoMm hoVy Agm hmoVm H$s IMm©V Am{W©H$ H$mQ>H$ga gmYZo Am{UVm§{ÌH$ d Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao R>odUo `m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ H|$Ðr` gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_{d^mJmMr EH$ gm_mB©H$, Vm§{ÌH$ {heo~ VnmgUr H$aUo. `m O~m~Xmè`m Ë`m§À`mda gmondÊ`mV Amë`mhmoË`m. nU Iè`m AWm©Zo `mMm H$m`_ñdê$nr Agm à^md nS>cm Zmhr.

^maVmV «ï>mMma {Z_w©cZmgmR>r "cmoH$nmc' hr g§ñWm Amdí`H$ Amho Agm {dMma gd©àW_ 1959_Ü o AW©Vk lr. gr. S>r. Xoe_wI `m§Zr _m§S>cm. Ë`m§Zr cmoH$nmc nXmMr Amdí`H$Vm d _hÎd gm§JwZ^maVmV Ago "cmoH$nmc' nX {Z_m©U H$aUo JaOoMo Amho Ago _V _m§S>co. VH«$ma{ZdmaU d AÝ`m` {ZdmaUXya H$aÊ`mMo CncãY _mJ© ghOnUo CncãY hmoV ZmhrV. Va Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ _`m©Xm AmhoV. gm_mÝ`_mUgmcm Va Vo Xwgè`m EH$m {gPaH$S>o XmX _m{JVë`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo. OJmVrc gd©loîR> BÀN>meŠVr AgwZhr

131

A{YH$ma loUrÀ`m darc nXmdarc A{YH$mè`mcm Ë`m§À`mH$S>o oUmè`m VH«$marMo {ZdmaU H$aVmZm AmË §{VH${Z:njnmVrnUo {ZU© XoVm oV Zmhr. qH$~hþZm AOmUVonUr VH«$marMo CJ_ñWmZ AgUmè`m _wi {ZU© mH$S>oMË`mMm H$c> AgVmo Am{U hm nwd©J«h Ë`mÀ`m {ZU© mVyZ ñnï> {XgVmo. Mm¡H$er gmaIr gmYZo hr àm_w»`mZo_moR>çm à_mUmdarc KmoQ>mio Am{U J¡aì`dhmamgmR>r Adc§~cr OmVmV. Agm {dMma _m§Sy>Z 1963 _Ü owVnyd© ImgXma S>m°. Ec. E_. qgKdr `m§Zr cmoH$g oV gd©àW_ "cmoH$nmcmMm' àíZ CnpñWV Ho$cm.

Am{U ^maVr` àemgZmV {Z_m©U hmoUmam AÝ`m`,^«ï>mMma, cmM, cwMnV, njnmVrnUm `m§Zm AmimKmcÊ`mgmR>r "cmoH$nmc' hr g§ñWm H$er Amdí`H$ Amho `mg§~§YrMo Ë`m§Zr g_W©Z Ho$co. `mMdoirÝ`m`_yVu lr. nr. [~. JO|ÐJS>H$a `m§Zr XoIrc cmoH$nmcnXmMo _hÎd Am{U Amdí`H$Vm `mg§~Yr _V_m§S>co hmoVo. amîQ´>r` H$m±J«ogÀ`m 1963 À`m O`nwa A{YdoeZmV n§S>rV Odmhacmc Zohê§$Zr XoIrc `mnXmMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z «ï>mMma {dahrV àemgZmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r H${ZîR> ZmoH$amnmgyZ Vo n§VàYmZmn ªVgdmªMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`m§Zm {Xcm nm{hOo Ago gwMdco. AemàH$mao cmoH$nmc gma»`mg§ñWoÀ`m ñWmnZog AZwHy$c Aem {XeoZo ^maVmV OmoaXma dmao dmhÿ cmJco.

1966 gmcr _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcrc d Z§Va Ho$. hZw_§Væ`m `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcrc{Z`wŠV Ho$coë`m àemgH$s` gwYma Am`moJmZo (1966-70) Amncm n{hcm Ahdmc gmXa H$aVmZmcmoH$nmc g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`m{df`r gwM{dco hmoVo. `m Am`moJmZo nwT>rc à_mUo {e\$maer Ho$ë`m :

A) _§Ìr, g{Md, àemg{H$` A{YH$mar `m§À`m H$m`m©{dê$Õ H$aÊ`mV `oUmè`m Amamonm§Mr dVH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mg§~§Yr {ZU© XoÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m§Mr{Z wŠVr H$amdr.

~) H$m ©H$mar _§S>i, Ý`m`_§S>i, d H$m`Xo_§S>i `m {VÝhr emgZmÀ`m emImnmgyZ cmoH$nmc dcmoH$m wŠV ho ñdV§Ì AgmdoV.

H$) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr {ZdS> AZm¡nMmarH$ d JwßVnÜXVrZo Pmcr nm{hOo.

S>) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m§Zr Amnco H$m © {Z:njnmVrnUo, {Zñdm:WunUo Ho$co nm{hOo.

B) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠVmMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm amï´>nVrZo n§VàYmZ,gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMm gaÝ`m`m{Yed {damoYr njmMm ZoVm `m§Mm gëcm {dMmamV ¿`mdm.

B©) cmoH$nmcmMm XOm© gaÝ`m`m{Yem EdT>m Agmdm, d Ë`mÀ`m J¡adV©ZmgmR>r nXÀ wV H$aÊ`mMm_hm{^`moJ hm gdm}ÀM Ý`m`m{Yem§À`m gmaIm Agmdm. Ë`mM~amo~a _wXVnyd© amOrZm_m XoÊ`mMmË`mcm A{YH$ma Amho.

C) cmoH$nmcmMr _wXV nmM dfm©Mr Agmdr.

D$) cmoH$nmcmcm Xadfu Amnë`m H$m`m©Mm Ahdmc cmoH$g ocm Am{U cmoH$m wŠVmcm {dYmZg ocmgmXa H$amdm cmJoc.

E) naamï´> ì`dhmamg§~§Yr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$nmcmcm Zmhr.

BË`mXr àH$maÀ`m {e\$maer H$ê$Z cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m§Mm g_mdoe Agcocr {ÛñVar` §ÌUm{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdr. cmoH$nmc ho H|$ÐemgZmÀ`m _§Ìr d g{Md `m§À`m{dê$Õ VH«$ar hmViVrc VgoM

132

amÁ`mMohr _§Ìr d g{Md cmoH$nmcmÀ`m H$joV oVrc. cmoH$m wŠV ho àË oH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mgmR>r AgVrc dAÝ` A{YH$mè`m§À`m VH«$marMr Vo XIc KoVrc. cmoH$nmcmÀ`m A{YH$maH$joV _§Í`mÀ`m ~amo~aM g{Mdm§À`mH¥$VrMmhr g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `mdm Agm Am`moJmZo {ZU© KoVcm.

àemg{H$` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$ë`mà_mUo H$m±J«og gaH$maZo 9 _o 1968 amoOr cmoH$nmc dcmoH$m wŠV `mg§~Yr {dÜ o H$ V`ma H$ê$Z Vo cmoH$g oV _m§S>co.`m cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoÀ`m{dÜ o H$mV n§VàYmZ,cmoH$godm Am`moJmMm AÜ`j, _hmcoIm narjH$, {ZdS>UyH$ Am wŠV BË`mXtZm dJiyZho {dÜ o H$ _m§S>co, Vo cmoH$g oV _§Owa Pmco nU amÁ`g oH$Sy>Z Vo _§Oya hmoD$ eH$co Zmhr. `mZ§Va 11Am°JñQ> 1971 amoOr H|$Ð gaH$maZo cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV {dÜ o H$ H$mhr _`m©Xm dmT>dyZ _m§S>co.na§Vw Vo{dÜ o H$ g§_V hmody eH$co Zmhr. naV 1977 _Ü o gÎmoda Amcoë`m OZVm njmÀ`m gaH$maZo XoemÀ`mgmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmVrc «ï>mMma {ZnQy>Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r d cmoH$nmc nXmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo {Xcoco AmídmgZ nyU©H$aÊ`mgmR>r Owc¡ 1977 _Ü o cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ cmoH$g oV _m§S>co. `m {dÜ o H$mV n§VàYmZ, H|$Ðr`_§Ìr, amÁ`mMo _w»`_§Ìr `m§À`m{dê$Õ VH«$ma _m§S>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma ZmJarH$m§Zm àmßV Pmcm. gmd©O{ZH$OrdZmVrc ì`ŠVr{dê$Õ Mm[aÍ`mg§~§Yr d J¡adV©Zm{df`r Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$nmcmZm XoÊ`mVAmcm. BË`mXr AZoH$ _`m©Xm dmT>dÊ`mV Amë`m nU OZVm njmMr amOdQ> g§nwîQ>mV Amë`m_wio åhUOocmoH$g^m ~aImñV Pmë`m_wio ho cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ ~maJico. `m {dÜ o H$mMr à_wI XmoZ d¡{eîQ>çohmoVr, EH$ åhUOo n§VàYmZm§Zm cmoH$nmcmÛmao hmoUmè`m Mm¡H$erÀ`m H$joV AmUco hmoVo. Am{U Xwgao d¡{eîQçåhUOo cmoH$nmcm§Zm Mm¡H$er d VnmgmÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r ñdV…Mr àemgH$s` §ÌUm CncãY hdr Aer VaVwXhmoVr.

nwÝhm 1985 gmcr amOrd Jm§Yr gaH$maÀ`m H$mcI§S>mV cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ _m§S>Ê`mV Amco. na§Vwg§gXoZo ho cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ Zm_§Oya Ho$co. Owc¡ 1985 _Ü o Zaqgh amd gaH$maZo cmoH$nmc g§ñWmApñVÎdmV AmUÊ`mg§~§YrMo C{Ôï> Omhra Ho$co hmoVo hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg§X^m©Vrc hm ghmdm à`ËZhmoVm. na§Vw `mhr doiog {dÜ o H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmody eH$co Zmhr. 1989 gmcr {dídZmW àVmnqgh`m§À`m gaH$ma_Yrc H$m`Xm_§Ìr {XZoe Jmoñdm_r `m§Zr cmoH$nmc {dÜ`o`H$ _m§S>co. ñdÀN>, {ZH$monàemgZmgmR>r cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ g§_V Ho$co nmhrOo d àemgZmV Am{U amOH$maUmV {Z_m©U Pmcocm«ï>mMma Zmhrgm Ho$cm nmhrOo Ago _V _m§S>Ê`mV Amco. gßQ>|~a 1996 _Ü o XodJm¢S>m gaH$maZo cmoH$g oV

nwÝhm ho {dÜ o H$ _m§S>co na§Vw cmoH$g^mM {dgOr©V Pmë`mZo {dÜ o H$ ~maJico. dmOno r gaH$maZo XoIrccmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ V`ma Ho$co hmoVo. Ë`m_Ü o nwdunojm AZoH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m hmoË`m `m {dÜ o H$mVcmoH$nmc d XmoZ gXñ`m§À`m Zo_UyH$sgmR>r EH$ ~hþgXgr` g{_VrMr {Z wŠVr Ho$cr hmoVr. cmoH$nmc hrg§ñWm {ÌñVar` Anojcr hmoVr. `m {dÜ o H$mV Aerhr VaVwX Amho H$s g§gX gXñ`m§Zr Amncr _mc_ÎmmOmhra H$amdr, Aem àH$maÀ`m AZoH$ A{YH$ma joÌm§Mm g_mdoe H$ê$Z dmOno r gaH$maZo ho {dÜ o H$J¥hImË`mÀ`m ñWm`r g{_VrÀ`m {dMma {d{Z_`mgmR>r nmR>dco. g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer dmOno r emgZmVrc_§Í`m§À`m EH$m JQ>mZo Amä`mgë`m. ì`mnH$ A{Yð>mZ Agcoë`m g§KQ>ZoZo `m nXmdarc Zo_UyH$sgmR>rì`ŠVrMo Zm§d gwMdmdo. Amamonm§À`m VnmgUrgmR>r cmoH$nmcm§Zm XoÊ`mV oUmè`m doioda AH$maU _`m©Xm KmcyZ o, gmYmaUVm _mJÀ`m Xhm dfm©Vrc Amamonm§Mr N>mUUr cmoH$nmcm§Zr H$amdr. Mm¡H$er BZ H°$_oam' Zo Z

133

H$aVm CKS>nUo Ho$cr Omdr {ZdSy>Z Amcoë`m gXñ`m§Zr ZdrZ Am{W©H$ dfm©À`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m n{hë`m ZìdX{XdgmÀ`m AmV Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Xa Xhmdfm©Zr 90 {Xdgm§À`m AmV Amnë`mH$S>rc g§nÎmr d _mc_ÎmmcmoH$nmcmg_moa Omhra H$amdr d _mc_ÎmoMm {heo~ Xe©dUmao naVmdo âco ZmhrV qH$dm {dc§~mZo âcoqH$dm AnyU© amIco Va Ë`mgmR>r H$S>H$ {ejm XoÊ`mV `mdr Aem VaVwXr hmoË`m nU Varhr ho {dÜ o H$_§Oya hmody eH$co Zmhr. Aem àH$maMm ^maVmÀ`m cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$mMm cm§~daMm d ~è`mM MS>CVmam§MmB{Vhmg Amho. AmOn ªV AmZoH$doim ho {dÜ o H$ cmoH$g oV _m§S>Ê`mV Amco. na§Vw Vo g§_V Pmco Zmhr.dmñV{dH$ gd© amOH$s` nj EH$Ì Amco Va ho {dÜ o H$ _§Oya hmoÊ`mg doi cmJUma Zmhr. VgoM AmOÀ`mH$mimV ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc Xoemcm `m cmoH$nmc g§ñWoMr JaO Amho.

^maVmVrc g§ mì` cmoH$nmc g§ñWm : aMZm :

A) cmoH$nmc aMZm :

cmoH$nmc g§ñWoMr aMZm H$aÊ`m~m~V Oo {dÜ o H$ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma cmoH$nmcg§ñWm hr {ÌñVar` §ÌUm hmoVr. `m {VZhr g^mgXm§Zr {Z:g§e`nUo ñdV§Ì d {Z:njnmVr AgUo AË §{VH$_hÎdmMo hmoVo. cmoH$nmc ho H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m _§Ìr, g{Md `m§À`m{dê$ÕÀ`m VH«$mar hmVmiVrc VgoMamÁ`m§Mohr _§Ìr d g{Md cmoH$nmcm§À`m A{YH$ma H$joV oVmV. Ë`m§Mo g§nyU© H$m_H$mO d VH«$mar{df`rMoH$m_H$mO ImOJr ñdê$nmV Mmcdco Omdo d Vo AZm¡nMmarH$ ñdê$nmMo Agmdo Aer aMZm hmoVr. cmoH$nmcho emgZmÀ`m {VÝhr emImnmgyZ ñdV§Ì Amho.

~) cmoH$nmcm§Mr {ZdS> :

cmoH$nmcm§À`m Zo_UyH$m eŠ` VodT>çm AamO{H$` ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV.Ë`m§Mr {Z wŠVr H$aVmZm Vo{Z:g§e`nUo, ñdV§Ì Am{U {Z:njnmVr d¥ÎmrMo AmhoV qH$dm Zmhr ho nm{hco OmVo. cmoH$nmcm§Mr {Z wŠVramï´>nVr, n§VàYmZ, ^maVmÀ`m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMm Ý`m`m{Ye, {damoYr njZoVm `m§À`m gëë`mZwgma H$amdmAer {e\$mag Amho. ^maVmÀ`m gaÝ`m`m{Yem§Zm Omo XOm© {Xcm OmVmo VmoM XOm© cmoH$nmcm§Mm AgVmo.Zo_UyH$snydu g§gX gXñ` AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr cmoH$nmc åhUyZ {Z wŠVr Pmë`mg {VMo g§gX gXñ`ËdAmnmoAmn aÔ hmoVo.

H$) H$m ©H$mc :

^maVmÀ`m cmoH$nmc nXmMm H$m ©H$mc nmM dfm©Mm AgVmo. Vmo nwZ{Z© wŠVrgmR>r nmÌ _mZcm OmVmo.åhUOoM Ë`mMr Ë`m nXmda \o$a{ZdS> hmody eH$Vo. Ë`mcm _wXVnyd© amOrZm_m ¿`md`mMm Agë`mg Vmo Ë`m§ZrñdhñVmjamV {chÿZ amï´>nVrH$S>o gmXa H$amd`mMm AgVmo. VgoM Oa cmoH$nmcmÀ`m J¡adV©Zm~m~V qH$dmAH$m ©j_Vo~m~V nXÀ wV H$amd`mMo Pmë`mg gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo Ý`m`m{Ye Á`m nÜXVrZo nXÀ wV Ho$coOmVmV Ë`mM nÜXVrZo cmoH$nmc nXmdarc ì`ŠVrMr nXÀ wVr hmoVo.

S>) cmoH$nmcm§Mr H$m } :

1) H|$Ðr` _§Ìr, g{Md, d àemg{H$` A{YH$mar `m§À`m H$m`m©{dê$Õ òUmè`m Amamonm§Mr dVH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo Am{U Ë`mg§~§Yr {ZU© XoUo.

134

2) àemgZmVrc gZXr godH$m§À`m AH$m ©j_Voda d J¡adV©Zmda cj R>odUo.

3) _§Ìr, g{Md àemg{H$` A{YH$mar nmVirdarc «ï>mMma, cmMcwMnV Am{U Xáa {Xa§JmB©MrMm¡H$er H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo {ZU© KoUo.

4) gm_mÝ`V: ZmJar godoVrc A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z gÎmoMm J¡admna hmoD$Z BVam§da AÝ`m` Pmcm VaË`m§Mo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$nmcmZm AgVmo.

5) cmoH$nmcmZm Amnë`m XadfuÀ`m H$m`m©Mm Ahdmc cmoH$g ocm gmXa H$amdm cmJVmo.

6) _hmcoImnarjH$, cmoH$godm Am`moJ AÜ`j, {ZdS>UyH$ Am wŠV Am{U H$m`Xo _§S>imMo à{VZrYr`m§Mr «ï>mMmam{df`r Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMo H$m © cmoH$nmcmZm H$amdo cmJVo.

EHy$UM cmoH$nmc «ï>mMmamcm Amim KmcyZ cmoH$emhr à{H«$`m {ZH$mon, ñdÀN> d gwÑT> H$aÊ`mMmà`ËZ H$aVmo.

B) cmoH$nmc H$jo~mhoarc {df` :

1) ^maV gaH$ma d naamï´> emgZ qH$dm Am§Vaamï´>r` g§KQ>Zm {H$§dm amÁ`emgZ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Pmcocoì`dhma, {Z`_, H$m`Xo `m~m~V gd© H¥$Vr.

2) JwÝømMm Vnmg H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVwZo Ho$cocr H¥$Vr qH$dm nmanÌmÀ`m g§X^m©V H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`mH$madmB©gh g§ajU H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVwZo Ho$cocr H¥$Vr.

3) Zo_UyH$m, nXÀMyVr, doVZ, {eñV, {Zd¥Vr d AÝ` godH${df`H$ ~m~rÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$coë`mH¥$Vr.

4) nm[aVmo{fH$ Am{U gÝ_mZm§À`m àXmZm g§~§Yr Mm¡H$er, H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.

5) H$moUË`mhr IQ>ë`m{dê$Õ Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcoë`m {ZU© m{dê$Õ Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.

6) VH«$marÀ`m VmaIonydu 12 _{hZo Am{Y KoÊ`mV Amcocm AÝ`m`H$maH$ àemgH$r` {ZU© BË`mXrg§~§Yr H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.


1) Am°å~wS>g_Z hr g§ñWm gd©àW_.....................`oWo CX`mg Amcr.

2) .......................Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma gd©àW_ cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$, {df`r VaVwXrñnï> Ho$ë`m.

3) 1966 gmcr ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m àemg{H$` gwYmaUm Am`moJmMo AÜ`j ..........hmoVo.

4) ^maVmV gd©àW_ cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$...................gmcr cmoH$g oV _m§S>Ê`mV Amco.

5) ^maVmÀ`m cmoH$mnmcmMr {ZdS>.......................H$aVmo.

135

8.2.2 cmoH$m wŠV :

1966 À`m àemg{H$` gwYmaUm Am`moJmÀ`m AhdmcmZwgma XoemVrc amO{H$`, gm_m{OH$ Am{UAm{W©H$ «ï>mMma, àemgH$s` AÝ`m`, Am{U cmoH$m§À`m VH«$mar {ZdmaÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV`m§Mm g_mdoe Agcocr §ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdr. cmoH$nmc ho H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m _§Ìr d g{Md`m§À`m{dê$ÕÀ`m VH«$mar hmViVrc. cmoH$m wŠV ho àË oH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì AgVrc Am{U AÝ`A{YH$mè`m§À`m VH«$matMr Vo XIc KoVrc Aer {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr. Ë`mZwgma ^maVmV AmVmn ªV XhmKQ>H$ amÁ`m§V "cmoH$m wŠV' g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m AmhoV. 1971 gmcr gd©àW_ _hmamï´>mV cmoH$m wŠV dCncmoH$m wŠV ho nX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcoco Amho. Aem àH$mao àemgZmVrc «ï>mMma, cmMcwMnV Am{UgÎmoÀ`m J¡admnamnmgyZ cmoH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmVrc AZoH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mV "cmoH$m wŠV' g§ñWmH$m ©aV AmhoV.

1) cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr {ZdS> :

cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr {ZdS> KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m amÁ`nmcmH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmVo. amÁ`nmc {dYr_§S>imMm g^mnVr,CÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo Ý`m`m{Ye, {dYr_§S>i {damoYr nj ZoVm `m§À`m g§_VrZo cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmV.hr {ZdS> H$aVmZm cmoH$m wŠV hm ñdV§Ì d¥ÎmrMm Am{U {Z:njnmVr d¥ÎmrMm Amho H$s Zmhr ho nm{hco OmVo.Ë`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m eŠ` VodT>çm AamO{H$` ñdê$nmÀ`m H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ amÁ`nmcmH$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmVmo.

2) H$m ©H$mc :

cmoH$m wŠVm§Mm H$m ©H$mc nmM dfm©Mm AgVmo. amÁ`nmcmH$Sy>Z Ë`mMr {Z wŠVr Pmë`mnmgyZ nmMdfm©n ªV Ë`m§Zm Ë`m nXmda amhVm oVo. cmoH$m wŠVmMm H$m ©H$mc nmM dfm©Mm Agcm Var Vo Ë`mMnXmgmR>r nwZ{Z© wŠVrgmR>r nmÌ g_Oco OmVmV. Aer nwZ{Z© wŠVr H$amd`mMr Pmë`mg Vr nmM dfm©À`mH$m`©H$mcmgmR>r Am{U nwT>À`m H$mimgmR>r darc Z_wX Ho$coë`m nÜXVrZoM Ho$cr OmVo. cmoH$m`wŠVm§ZmamOrZm_m Úmd`mMm Agë`mg Vmo Ë`m§Zr ñdV:À`m hñVmjamV {chÿZ amÁ`nmcmH$S>o Úmd`mMm AgVmo.cmoH$m wŠVm§Zm qH$dm CncmoH$m wŠVm§Zm Ë`m§À`m J¡adV©Zm~m~V nXÀ wV H$amd`mMo Agoc Va CÀM Ý`m`mc`mMoÝ`m`m{Ye Á`mà_mUo nXÀ wV Ho$co OmVmV Ë`mM nÕVrZo cmoH$m wŠV nXmdarc ì`ŠVrMr nXÀ wVr hmoVo.åhUOo àW_ Ë`mÀ`m J¡adV©ZmMr qH$dm AH$m ©j_VoMr gaÝ`m`m{YemH$Sy>Z Mm¡H$er hmoVo d Z§Va {dYr_§S>imMrg§_Vr KodyZ amÁ`nmc Ë`mcm nXmdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Vmo. cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr Zo_UyH$ Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm gË`mMr d{ZnjnmVrnUmMr enW ¿`mdr cmJVo.

3)Ÿ doVZ d ^Îmo :

cmoH$m wŠVmMm XOm© CÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yem EdT>m AgVmo. Ë`m_wio cmoH$m wŠVmMo doVZ, ^Îmo,nXÀ wVr, godm{Zd¥Vr doVZ ho CÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m _w»` Ý`m`m{Yemà_mUo {_iVo. cmoH$Am wº$mcm Xa_hm27 hOma én o _wi doVZ {_iVo.

136

4Ÿ) cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr H$m }

cmoH$m wŠV ho nX KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc «ï>mMma {Z_w©cZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcoco Amho.Ë`mM~amo~a KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc ZmJarH$m§H$Sy>Z _§Ìr, g{Md d emg{H$` A{YH$mar `m§À`m{dê$Õ Ho$coë`mVH«$marMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMo H$m © cmoH$m wŠVmH$Sy>Z Ho$co OmVo. gd©gmYmaU cmoH$m wŠVmcm ZmJar godoVrcA{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z hmoUmam gÎmoMm J¡admna, BVam§darc AÝ`m`, ^«ï>mMma, J¡adV©Z `mgma»`m H¥$Ë`m§À`m{ZdmaUmgmR>r H$m_ H$amdo cmJVo. ^maVmV cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r gZXrgodm, ì`mnma,eoVr, Amamo½`, nmocrg, {ejU, nmQ>~§Ymao, g§ajU, ~m§YH$m_ BË`mXr godm§Mr {Z wŠVr Ho$cocr AgVo. nU`m ImË`m_Yrc A{YH$mè`m§~m~V qH$dm BVa H${ZîR,> d[að> godH$m§~m~V O|ìhm «ï>mMmam~m~V qH$dmJ¡aH$ma^mamÀ`m VH«$mar oVmV Ë`m~m~V Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mMo H$m © cmoH$m wŠVmcmH$amdo cmJVo. cmoH$m wŠV g§~YrV ImË`m§À`m VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aVmV d Z§Va gj_ A{YH$mè`mH$S>o{e\$mag, gyMZm H$aVmV. hm «ï>mMma d AÝ`m` Xya H$aÊ`mg§~§YrÀ`m {e\$maetZm _wV© ñdê$n XoÊ`mMo H$m ©gj_ A{YH$mar H$aV AgVmV. gj_ A{YH$mè`mZo {Xcoë`m {e\$maerà_mUo Ë`m§À`mda `mo½` Vr H$madmB©Ho$cr OmVo. gj_ A{YH$mè`m§Zo Oa `m~m~V MmcT>H$c Ho$cr Va cmoH$m wŠV Amncm Ahdmc amÁ`nmcmH$S>onmR>dVmo. Z§Va Ë`m MM}gmR>r amÁ`{dYr_§S>imnwT>o R>odVmo. nU cmoH$m wŠVm§À`m {e\$maer gaH$macm~§YZH$maH$ ZgVmV. cmoH$m wŠVm§Zm gd©gmYmaU nwT>rc H$m } H$amdr cmJVmV :

1) cmoH$àemgZmVrc «ï>mMmamÀ`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aUo, Am{U «ï>mMma Wm§~dUo

2) gZXr godH$m§Mo OZVodarc AÝ`m` d Owcy_m§À`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aUo.

3) àemgZmVrc AH$m ©j_, J¡adV©Zr, godH$m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aUo d Ë`mcm nXÀ wV H$aUo.

4) emgH$s` Am{U àemgH$s` ì`dhmamV emgZH$V} Am{U A{YH$mar dJ© J¡a_mJm©Mm dmna H$arVAgVrc Va Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aUo

5) XoemVrc gmd©O{ZH$ n¡gm, gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r dmnaVmV H$s Zmhr `mMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.

6) cmoH$m wŠV ñdV:hÿZ EImÚm J¡aH¥$Ë`mMr XIc KodyZ VgoM dV©_mZnÌmVrc ~mVå`m dmMyZË`m§À`m J¡aì`dhmamMr d J¡aH¥$Ë`mMr XIc Kody eH$VmV.

7) àË oH$ ImË`mV Am{U {d^mJmV àH$aUmZwê$n VH«$mar pñdH$maUo d Ë`m§Mm Vnmg H$aUo Am{UAmdí`H$ VoWo VH«$ma {ZdmaUmÀ`m Cnm`moOZm CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m © cmoH$m wŠVm§Mo AgVo.BË`mXr.

5) H$m_H$mO :

cmoH$m wŠVm§Mo H$m_H$mO ho JwßV nÕVrZo AgVo. cmoH$m wŠVm§Zm {Z:g§e`nUo, ñdV§Ì Am{U {Zn:jnmVrnUoH$m_ H$amdo cmJVo. Ë`m§Zm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm Vnmg qH$dm Mm¡H$er JwßV nÕVrZo H$amdr cmJVo. VH«$maH$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr Am{U Á`m§À`m {dê$Õ VH«$ma Amho Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr AmoiI JwßV R>odmdr cmJVo. Ë`m§MoH$m_H$mO d VH«$mar{df`rMo VnmgH$m_ ImOJr ñdê$nmV Mmcdco OmVo d Vo AZm¡nMmarH$ ñdê$nmMo

137

AgVo. cmoH$m wŠVm§À`m H$m ©nÜXVrV Ý`m`mc` qH$dm emgZ hñVjon H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Amnco H$m_ H$arVAgVmZm `mo½` _mhrVr {_i{dÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm OmñVrV OmñV _moH$irH$ Am{U A{YH$ma AgVmV. H$moUË`mhrImË`mA§VJ©V Vo _mhrVr _mJdyZ Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$m wŠVm§Zm AgVmo.

6) CncmoH$m`wŠV:

àË oH$ KQ>H$ amÁ` Amnë`m H$m_H$mOmÀ`m ñdê$nmZwgma cmoH$m wŠV d CncmoH$m wŠVm§Mr {ZdS> H$aVAgVmo. cmoH$m wŠVm§À`m gëë`mZo CncmoH$m wŠVm§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV oVo. gm_mÝ`V: _§Ìr, g{Md d gZXrgodH$ `m§À`mdarc Amamonm§Mo d VH«$matMo {ZdmaU cmoH$m`wŠV H$arV AgVmo. Va CncmoH$m`wŠV BVaàemg{H$` A{YH$mè`m§{dê$ÕÀ`m VH««$matMo {ZdmaU H$arV AgVmo. CncmoH$m wŠVmZo J¡adV©UyH Ho$cr qH$dmAH$m ©j_Vm Xe©{dcr Va amÁ`nmc Ë`mcm nXmdê$Z H$_r H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mnydu Ë`mÀ`m J¡adV©ZmMrMm¡H$er gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{YemH$Sy>Z ìhmdr cmJVo. `m nXÀ`wVrcm {dYr_§S>imÀ`m XmoÝhrg^mJ¥hm§Mr _mÝ`Vm Agmdr cmJVo.

H ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-2

EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) ^maVmV H$moUË`m amÁ`mV gd©àW_ "cmoH$m wŠV' g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho?

2) KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc "cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr' {ZdS> H$moU H$aVo? Am{U {ZdS> à{H«$ oV H$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$gh^mJr AgVmV?

3) "cmoH$m wŠV' nXmMm H$m ©H$mc {H$Vr dfm©Mm AgVmo?

4) "cmoH$m wŠVmcm' Xa_hm {H$Vr doVZ AgVo?

5) "cmoH$m wŠVmcm' qH$dm CncmoH$m wŠVmcm H$moUË`m àH$mao nXÀ wV Ho$co OmVo?

8.2.3 cmoH$nmc/cmoH$Am wŠVmMr JaO :

àW_ ñdrS>Z_Ü o CX`mg Amcocr d {VWoM àË`jmV am~dÊ`mV Amcocr "Am°å~wS>g_Z' g§ñWm^maVmV cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m ZmdmZo ñWmnZ Pmcr. \«$mÝg, {~«Q>Z, Zm°d}, {\$Zc±S>, S>oÝ_mH©$ BË`mXrXoemghrV ^maVmVhr cmoH$nmc/cmoH$m wŠV `m g§ñWoMr Amdí`H$Vm d _hËd _mÝ` Ho$coco Amho. cmoH$nmcåhUOo cmoH$godH$m§À`m A`mo½` d Hw$àemgZ qH$dm J¡aàemgZm{df`r gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVtZr Ho$coë`m VH«$matMrMm¡H$er H$aUmam A{YH$mar hmo`. Hw$àemgZ {H$§dm J¡aàemgZ åhUOo {ZU©`m§Mr H$m`©dmhr JwUdÎmodaAmYmarV Z hmoVm àemg{H$` ~m~r hmVmiVmZm cmoH$godH$m§Zr AH$maU [Xa§JmB© Ho$cocr AgVo. AH$m ©j_Vm,Xwc©j d nwd©J«hXyfrV d¥ÎmrZo H¥$Vr Ho$cocr AgVo. EImXr àemg{H$` H¥$Vr qH$dm {ZîH¥$Vr hr Am`mo½`hoVy§À`m à^mdmImcr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho Agohr Ë`mV {XgyZ oVo. _Z_mZr H$ma^maH$aUo, Ûof_wcH$, nwd©J«hm§À`m à^mdmImcr {ZU© KoUo d Ag_W©Zr` oX^md H$aUo øm Am`mo½` hoVy§À`m{ZdmaUmgmR>r cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMr JaO Amho.

138

^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc amï´>mV «ï>mMma,cmMcwMnV Am{U gÎmoMm J¡admna `m d AÝ` H$maUm_wio^maVr` amÁ`ì`dñWm nmoIacocr {XgyZ oVo. AmO ^maVmV amOH$maUmVë`m ì`ŠVtgmR>r AmMaUm{df`H${Z`_ AOwZhr àñVyV H$aÊ`mV Amcoco ZmhrV. «ï> amOH$maÊ`m§Zm nH$S>Ê`mMr EH$ {Z`_rV §ÌZmhr^maVmV AÚmn AñVrËdmV Amcocr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^maVmV AZoH$ _moR>r «ï>mMmamMr àH$aUo CKS>H$sgAmcocr AmhoV. CXm. ~mo\$g© àH$aU, O_©Z nmU~wS>çm àH$aU, g§ajU amoIo IaoXr J¡aì`dhma, hf©X _ohVmeoAg© àH$aU, VocJr àH$aU, Mmam KmoQ>mim, gmIa KmoQ>mim, H$aMwH$doJrar àH$aU AemàH$mao AoZH$«ï>mMmamÀ`m àH$aUm§Mr ^maVr` cmoH$emhr Am{U g_mO OrdZ YmoŠ`mV AmUcoco Amho. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va

XoemV XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r AZoH$ ZdZdrZ YmoaUm§Mr {Z_uVr Ho$cr. `m YmoaUm§Mr nwV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r_moR>çm à_mUmV ZmoH$adJm©Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. nU emgH$s` Am{U àemgH$s` ì`dhmamV hoemgZH$V} d A{YH$mar dJ© J¡a_mJm©Mm Amdc§~ H$aVmZm {XgVmV. XoemVrc gmd©O{ZH$ n¡gm gmd©O{ZH${hVmgmR>r Z dmnaVm Vmo H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`ŠVrgmR>r qH$dm dJm©gmR>r dmnacm OmD$ cmJcm. àemgZmVrc{enmB© nXmnmgyZ Vo n§VàYmZ nXmn ªV godoMm d gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrÀ`m J¡admnamg§~§YrÀ`m VH«$mar nwT>o oD$cmJë`m. Ë`mÀ`m{dê$Õ OZVoH$Sy>Z AZoH$ Amamon, VH«$mar oD$ cmJë`m. Ë`m_wio {ZH$mon, ñdÀN> Am{UH$m ©j_ àemgZmMr Amdí`H$Vm åhUyZ cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWm§Mr JaO ^mgy cmJcr. {VWo _moR>çmà_mUmV J¡a AWdm Hw$àemgZ Amho, «ï>mMmamMo _moR>o à_mU Amho Am[U H$m ©j_Vm _mÌ ewÝ` Amho. VoWog§nyU© àemgZmV A_wcmJ«« ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. Aem AamOH$mÀ`m nar{ñWVrV cmoH$nmcd cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMr Cnm``moOZm hm à^mdr BcmO R>aUma Amho. ZmJarH$m§À`m JmèhmÊ`m§À`m {ZdmaUmgmR>rAñVrËdmV Agcoë`m emg{H$` §ÌUocm A{YH$ nÕVera d {eñV~ÜX H$aÊ`mgmR>r, XoemVrc «ï>mMma,AÝ`m` Am{U cmoH$m§À`m VH«$mar {ZdmaÊ`mgmR>r Am{U {dH$mgmcm EH$ àH$maMm Omo_ d gdmªJrU ZoV¥ËdXoÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc/cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMr JaO Amho. Vo§ìhm cmoH$nmc/cmoH$m wŠV `mgmaIo nX {Z_m©U Ho$coVa amÁ`H$V}, àemgZ A{YH$mar `m§À`mda {Z §ÌU amhrc. AmnU Ho$coë`m J¡aH¥$Ë`m~m~V AmnUmcmH$moUrVar Om~ {dMmaUmao Amho. Ago Ë`m§Zm Zoh_r dmQ>co nm{hOo.

8.2.4 cmoH$nmc/cmoH$m wŠV nXmMo _hËd :

^maVmV AmVmn ªV Xhm KQ>H$ amÁ`mV "cmoH$m wŠV H$m`Xm' g§_V hmoD$Z cmoH$m wŠV d CncmoH$m wŠV`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. VgoM ^maVmV cmoH$nmc {dÜ`o`H$mMm cm§~daMm d ~è`mMMT>CVmam§Mm B{Vhmg AmnU nmhrcocm Amho. àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerZo ho {dÜ o H$1968 _Ü o gmXa H$aÊ`mV Amco. nwÝhm 1971, 1977, 1985, 1988, 1996, 1998 _Ü onwZê$‚mrdrV Pmco. nU hr g§ñWm _mÌ gVV hþcH$mdUr XoV amhrcr åhUOo cmoH$nmcm§Mo {dÜ o H$, H$m`XmAmOn ªV _§Owa Pmcocm Zmhr. AmOn ªV ^maVr` amOH$maU Am{U àemgZ `m_Ü o gÎmm d A{YH$maàmárgmR>r AZoH$ J¡a_mJ© ñdrH$maco OmV AmhoV. gÎmm d g§nÎmrÀ`m hì`mgmnmoQ>r àemgH$s` A{YH$mar damOH$maUr ì`ŠVr J¡a_mJm©Mm gam©g dmna H$aVmZm {XgV AmhoV. Ë`mVyZM «ï>mMma, cmMcwMnV,d{eco~mOrAgo àH$ma gwê$ AmhoV. AmO «ï>mMma hm {eï>mMma Pmcocm Amho. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m {dH$mgm{df`rË`mÀ`m_Ü o CXm{gZVm {XgyZ oVo. Aem n[apñWVrV XoemMr gÚH$mcrZ n[apñWVr ~XcÊ`mgmR>r ñdÀN>,

139

{ZH$mon d H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc/cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMo _hËd Amho. ^maVmV cmoH$nmc g§ñWm hr_§Í`m§darc Amamonm§À`m VnmgUrdarc XoemMr g§ajH$ g§ñWm _mZcr OmVo.

H|$Ð qH$dm KQ>H$ amÁ` emgZmÀ`m _§Ìr qH$dm g{MdmZo Ho$coë`m àemgH$s` H¥$Vr_wio qH$dm Ë`m§À`mg§_VrZo H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m H¥$Vr_wio {dnarV n[aUm_ Pmcoë`m ì`ŠVrZo VH«$ma Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$erH$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$mnmc d cmoH$m wŠVm§Zm AgVmo. Aer VH«$ma ì`ŠVrcmhr H$aVm oB©c qH$dmg{_Vr, {ZJ_mcmhr H$aVm oB©c. Ë`mZ§Va cmoH$nmc Amnë`m AIË`marV Hw$àemgZmÀ`m VH«$marMr XIcKodyZ Mm¡H$er gwê$ H$aVrc ho Hw$àemgZ Ho$di AÝ`m` H¥$VrMoM Agoc Ago Zmhr Va EImÚm ì`ŠVrcmqH$dm {ZJ_mcm àmYmÝ` {Xë`mÀ`m AmamonmMo Agoc qH$dm Á`m§Zr hr àemgH$s` H¥$Vr Ho$cr Amho Ë`m§ZmåhUOoM _§Ìr qH$dm g{_VtZm ì`ŠVrJV \$m`Xo qH$dm cm^ {_idyZ XoUmar Agoc Varhr hr Mm¡H$ercmoH$nmc H$ê$ eH$VmV.àmá Pmcoë`m VH«$matÀ`m AmYmao Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mì`{VarŠV {ZXe©Zmg Amcoë`mAÝ` H$mhr àemgH$s` H¥$VrMr, Ë`mÀ`m {dê$Õ EImÚm ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Am¡nMmarH$ VH«$ma Amcocr ZgVmZmhrMm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$nmcm§Zm Agë`m_wio ^maVmgma»`m XoemV cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMo_hËd Amho. àemgZmVrc J¡aH$ma^ma gwYmaUo hm à_wI CÔoe cmoH$nmc, cmoH$m wŠVm§À`m {Z wŠVr_mJoAmho. cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠVm§À`m {Z wŠVr_wio XoemVrc «ï>mMmamMo g_wi CÀMmQ>Z hmoUma Zmhr na§Vygm_mÝ` ZmJarH$m§À`m VH«$marMo Am{U AÝ`m`mMo {ZdmaU hmoÊ`mg {ZíMrV _XV hmody eH$Vo. àemgZmVrcXáa{Xa§JmB©, ~ondm©B©, ~oO~m~XmanUm, «ï>mMma, gÎmoMm J¡admna Aem Jmoï>r g§~§Yr Amcoë`m VH«$matMrMm¡H$er hmoD$Z J¡aH$ma^ma gwYmaÊ`mMo H$m © cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ^maVmgmR>rcmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ g§_V Ho$co nm{hOo.

EHy$UM ^maVmMr gÜ`H$mcrZ gm_m{OH$, amO{H$` d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr nmhVm cmoH$nmc dcmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMo _hËd AZÝ` gmYmaU Amho. cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m§Mr {ZdS> hmoVmZm Ë`m§Zm{deofm{YH$ma AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m§À`mda {dYr_§S>imÀ`m H$moUË`mhr emIoMo {Z §ÌU Zgmdo. Ë`m§Zm{ZnjnmVrnUo, {Z^uS>nUo OZVoÀ`m Amamonm§Mr, VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aVm Amcr nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio Iè`mAWm©Zo ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc amï´>mVrc «ï>mMma H$_r hmodyZ ñdÀN>, {ZH$mon d H$ë`mUH$mar emgZAm{U àemgZ {Z_m©U hmoB©c.

8.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

1) Am°å~wS>g_Z : pñdS>Z_Yrc àemgH$s` «ï>mMmamg§~§Yr VH«$ma {ZdmaU H$aUmam A{YH$mar

2) cmoH$nmc: ^maVmVrc H|$Ðr` VH«$ma {ZdmaU emgH$s` A{YH$mè`mcm cmoH$nmc åhUVmV.

3) {dÜ o H$ : g§gXoV {H§$dm amÁ` {dYr_§S>imV _m§S>Ê`mMm H$m`ÚmMm H$ÀMm _gwXm.

4) «ï>mMma : ^«ï> AmMaU qH$dm J¡a dV©Z

5) àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ : àemgZmVrc H$m_mV gwYmaUm KS>dwZ AmUÊ`mgmR>rZo_cocm ^maVmVrc H|$Ðr` Am`moJ.

140

8.4 ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :

A) ñd §:AÜ``Z àíZ H«$. -1

1) ñdrS>Z_Ü o

2) gwYmaUm Am`moJ

3) lr _moamaOr XogmB©

4) 9 _o 1968

5) amï´>nVr

~) ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ H«$. -2

1) _hmamï´>mV gd©àW_ cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

2) KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr {ZdS> amÁ`nmc H$aVmo. `m{ZdS> à{H«$ oV _w»`_§Ìr, KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`mÝ`m`mc`mMo gaÝ`m`mYre Am{U {damoYr nj ZoVm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

3) cmoH$m wŠV nXmMm H$m ©H$mc nmM dfm©Mm AgVmo.

4) cmoH$m wŠVmcm Xa_hm 27 hOma doVZ {_iVo.

5) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠVmcm gdm}À` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`mYrem à_mUo _hm{d`moJmÛmao nX_wŠVHo$co OmVo.

8.5 gmam§e :

cmoH$nmc hr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ "Am°å~wS>g_Z' `m Zm§dmZo 17 ì`m eVH$mV ñdrS>Z_Ü o CX`mgAmcr. ^maVmV 1960 Z§Va Am°å~wS>g_Z gma»`m g§ñWoÀ`m ñWmnZog AZwHy$c Aem {XeoZo OmoaXma dmaodmhÿ cmJco. 1966 gmcr _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr {Z wŠV Ho$coë`m àemg{H$` gwYmaAm`moJmZo "Am°å~wS>g_²Z' nÜXVrMm pñdH$ma H$amdm Ago gwM{dco. `m {e\$maer_Ü`o cmoH$nmc dcmoH$m wŠV `m§Mm g_mdoe Agcocr {ÛñVar` §ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdr Ago gwM{dco. cmoH$nmc hoH|$ÐemgZmÀ`m _§Ìr d g{Md `m§À`m{dê$ÕÀ`m VH«$mar hmViVrc, VgoM amÁ`mMohr _§Ìr d g{MdcmoH$nmcmÀ`m A{YH$ma H$joV oVrc Ago gm§{JVco. cmoH$nmc ho H|$ÐmgmR>r d àË oH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mgmR>rñdV§Ì cmoH$m wŠV AgVrc Am{U AÝ` A{YH$mè`m§À`m VH«$marMr Vo XIc KoVrc Ago ñnï> Ho$co hmoVo. `m{e\$maerà_mUo ^maVmV cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV ho {dÜ o H$ H|$Ð gaH$maZo 1971, 1977, 1985,1988, 1996, 1998 _Ü o g§_V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm nU ho cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ AmOn ªV _§Oya hmodyeH$coco Zmhr. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc amï´>mV cmoH$nmcmMo _hËd AZÝ` gmYmaU Agë`m_wio Vo g§_VhmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. cmoH$m wŠV hr g§ñWm AmVmn ªV ^maVmVrc Xhm KQ>H$ amÁ`mV ñWmnZ Pmcocr Amho.

141

_hmamï´> ho ^maVmVrc n{hco KQ>H$ amÁ`, `m§Zr 1971 amoOr"cmoH$m wŠV' H$m`Xm g§_V H$ê$Z àemgZmVrc«ï>mMma, cmMcwMnV, d{eco~mOr H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. XoemVrc «ï>mMma H$_r H$ê$Z

àemgZmcm ñdÀN>, {ZH$mon, H$ë`mUH$mar emgZ Am{U àemgZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc dcmoH$m wŠV {dÜ o H$ g§_V hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

AZoH$ amÁ` emgZmZr cmoH$m wŠV H$m`Xo g§_V H$ê$Z cmoH$m wŠVm§À`m Zo_UyH$mhr, Amnë`m cmoH$godH$mdadMH$ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`m AmhoV Agm cmoH$m§Mm J¡ag_O Amho. na§Vw AZoH$ àg§Jr amÁ`emgZmcm «ï>cmoH$godH$m§{dê$Õ H$madmB© H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>co Amho. AÝ`Wm Aem «ï> gZXr godH$m§~m~V H$m§hrhr H$aVmAmco ZgVo.cmoH$m wŠV H$m`Xo ZgVo Va _w»`_§Í`m§Zm «ï> cmoH$godH$m§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`m{df`rÀ`m X~mdmcm~ir nS>mdo cmJco AgVo. Amamonr gZXr godH$m§À`m {dê$Õ H$moUË`mhr ^«ï>mMmam{damoYr {d^mJr`Mm¡H$ercm _mÝ`Vm ZmH$maZo qH$dm Aer Mm¡H$er hmVr KoVcr Var Ë`mgmR>r \$m¡OXmar IQ>ë`mcm _mÝ`VmXoÊ`mMo, ewëcH$ H$maUmgmR>r amIyZ R>odUo, CXm. : CncãY nwamdm ZgZo, Vr VH«$ma \$m¡OXmar Ý`m`mc`mVXmIc H$aÊ`m BVH$r à~i Zmhr qH$dm {d^mJr` Mm¡H$er qH$dm \$m¡OXmar IQ>cm gwê$ H$aÊ`m{df`rMm{ZU© ~o_wXV cm§~dUrda Q>mH$Uo Aem àH$mao cmoH$godH$m§Zm g§ajU {_iy eH$Vo. VgoM hm gdm©V gmonmCnm` Amho. Ë`m_wio cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV nX ho AS>Wio Xya H$ê$Z ñdÀN> d «ï>mMma _wŠV àemgZXoemcm Xody eH$Vo. ^maVmZo Amnë`mhr amï´>mVrc J¡aH$ma^mamcm Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc hr g§ñWmËdarV {Z_m©U H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

8.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ :

1) "cmoH$nmc' d "cmoH$m wŠV' `m g§ñWm§Mm CÔoe ñnï> H$am?

2) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo ^maVmVrc à`ËZ gm§Jm?

3) KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc "cmoH$m wŠV' g§ñWoMr aMZm d H$m } ñnï> H$am?

4) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMo _hËd gm§Jm?

5) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m g§ñWoMr ^maVmVrc JaO gm§Jm?

~) {Q>nm {chm :

1) Am°å~wS>g_Z

2) cmoH$m wŠV aMZm

3) cmoH$m wŠVm§Mo A{YH$ma d H$m }

4) cmoH$nmc

142


1) S.R. Maheshwari : Theories and concepts in public Adminstration

2) Sharma & Sadana :Public Administrion-Theory and practice

3) Rumki Basu : Public Administration concepts and Theories

4) Interim Report of the Administrative Reforms commission, october-1966

5) Dr. Saxeena D.r: Ombudsman

6) Zm. am.BZm_Xma : cmoH$àemgZ

7) àm.~r.~r. nmQ>rc : cmoH$àemgZ

8) S>m°. nmag ~moam : cmoH$àemgZ

9) lram_ _mhoœar : ^maVr` àemgZ

10) àm. Ama. Ho$.~§J : {dH$mg àemgZ

ooo

b. a. ii p. s. i.d.s. p. a. marathi title. a. part-ii public... · àñvmdzm {edmor...

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