azotlu elektrolitic mangan
DESCRIPTION
elekrolitic ManganTRANSCRIPT
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
15%C 12M 1 5Ni St i l t l i i15%Cr-12Mn-1.5Ni Stainless steels were in use in Germany in 1940’s
Used in dairy industry, beer industry and house hold appliances
In early 50’s during Korean War US Gov. restriction of 1% Ni max for stainless steel in certain applications
Following grade developed by
A A 201Cr i
Mni
C Ni N Substitute f AISI
Allegheny termed IA 201
min. min max max max for AISI14.5 15 0.15 0.99 0.25 301
P t K W S iPost Korean War Scenario
Softer Alloys Preferredy
Half of Nickel only replaced by Mn & N
AISI Designation in 1955 to 201 & 202
Grade C Cr Mn N Ni201 0.15 max 16.0-18.0 5.5-7.5 0.25max 3.5-5.5202 0.15 max 17.0-19.0 7.5-10.0 0.25max 4.0-6.0
During 50’s and early 60’s , 200 series required expensive
low carbon ferro- manganeseNitrided ferro-chromeorNitrided electrolytic manganese
EAF
With advent of Argon-Oxygen-Decarburisation:
cheaper high carbon ferromanganese and
gaseous nitrogen for alloyinggaseous t oge o a oy g
Lower argon consumption in Cr-Mn
Early 1970’s ~ 40,000 tons/year 200 Series Worldwide
Improvement in drawability of AISI 201 on alloying with copper
By addition of 1.5-2% copper to AISI 201, a stainless y pp ,steel with even superior drawability emerged
Type 211 / JSL – AUS / NIPPON NAR 200
C Mn Cr Ni Cu N SType 211 0.07 5.5-6.5 16-17 5.0-6.0 1.5-2.0 0.05 0.03JSL-AUS 0.08 6.0-8.0 16-18 4.0-6.0 1.5-2.0 0.1 0.005
Nippon NAR 200 0.07 5.5-6.5 16-17 5.5-6.5 1.8-2.3 N.A. 0.03pp
WITH
ARGON OXYGEN DECARBURISATION
LADLE FURNACELADLE FURNACE
CONTINUOUS CASTING
ROLLING TEMP. CONTROL
Leaner Alloys produced successfully: y p y
C Mn Cr Ni Cu N SJ-4 0.1 8.5-10.0 15.0-16.0 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 0.2 0.008
204 Cu 0.1 6.5-9.0 16.0-17.5 1.5-3.5 2.0-4.0 0.1-0.2 0.008
These alloys are endowed with high hese alloys are endowed w th h gh strength, good drawability, weldability and corrosion resistance
D i f th d l t f 200 S iDrivers for the development of 200 Series
WEAR GALLING RESISTANCESTRENGTH
DUCTILITY
FORMABILITY WELDABILITYCORROSION RESISTANCE
TOUGHNESS
OXIDATION
MATERIAL COST
DENSITYRESISTANCEABOVE 8000C
Cost per Kg of Input Materials Cost per Kg of Input Materials (current price)
As a consequence 304 stainless steel price closely follows the nickel price p
37,230
35,000
40,000
24,219 24,118 25,000
30,000
ne
GermarnCR SS (304) $/tonne
Nickel $/tonne
13 83814,748
21,112
14,654
21,917
20,000
,
rice
in $
/ton
5,222
8,642
5,950 6,768
9,632
13,838
10,000
15,000Pr
1,906 1,483 1,625 2,0302,802 2,637
3,5535,222
4,1382,850
3,709 4,187
0
5,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Data: CRU Analysis
YEAR
Global Stainless Steel Production‐Series WiseYear 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Total
120.0%
Total Production (MMT)
19.17 20.67 22.86 24.06 23.76 27.8 27.67 25.91 24.57 30.69
100.0%
23 2% 22 1% 21 8%
5.3% 5.7% 7.4% 9.6% 10.0% 9.6% 11.6% 11.4% 11.6% 12.0%
60.0%
80.0% 23.2% 22.1% 21.8% 23.5% 25.4% 23.5%30.0% 28.1% 27.8% 30.3%
20.0%
40.0%71.5% 72.2% 70.8% 66.9% 64.6% 66.9%
58.4% 60.5% 60.6% 57.7%
0.0%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
11
Year
300 Series 400 Series 200 Series
TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS
GRADEELEMENTS, WEIGHT-PERCENT
C Mn S P Si Cr Ni N CuC Mn S P Si Cr Ni N CuJSL U 0.09 9.5 0.008 0.06 0.35 14.6 0.5 0.12 1.7
J4 0.09 9.3 0.008 0.05 0.35 15.1 1.1 0.13 1.7
204Cu 0.09 8.4 0.008 0.05 0.35 16.2 1.6 0.17 2.1
201 0.07 7.3 0.008 0.05 0.35 16.2 4.1 0.12 -
S A SJSLAUS 0.07 7.3 0.008 0.05 0.35 16.2 4.1 0.08 1.7
304 0.06 0.92 0.008 0.035 0.35 18.1 8.1 0.05 -
CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA
Corrosion tests have been conducted in NaClsolution and organic food mediasolution and organic food media.
S di Chl id l ti l t dSodium Chloride solution was selected as oneof the media as chloride ion is notorious for itsability to penetrate passive films and cause
ittipitting.
S di hl id i l i diSodium chloride is also a common ingredientin food preparations. Brackish water whichcarries 3% NaCl, which is selected fori iimmersion tests.
Contd….
CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA
Acetic Acid is present in vinegar and it iscommon to use vinegar in kitchen. When milkdeteriorates, Lactic Acid is produced. Hence amixture of Lactic Acid and Acetic Acid wasmixture of Lactic Acid and Acetic Acid waschosen as second medium.
Citric Acid is commonly present in Fruit juicesand Tartaric Acid is an ingredient in Tamarindand Tartaric Acid is an ingredient in Tamarindextracts. Hence, the concentration of 10000 ppm(1%) of a mixture of two acids was chosen to getaccelerated results.
CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA
Corrosion rate (mmpy)
Test Media304
(UNS S30400)
301 (UNS
S30100)
J201 (UNS
S20100)
JSL AUS (201
M difi d)
J204Cu (S20430)
J4 (UNS S20430
M difi d)JSL U
S30400) S30100) S20100) Modified) (S20430) Modified)
3% NaCl for 720 hrs at RT (25 Deg. C) A A A A A A A
3% NaCl for 100 hrs at Boiling Temp. A A A A A A A
0.5% Citric + 0.5 % Tartaric for 720 hrs at RT A A A A A A A
0.5% Citric + 0.5 % Tartaric for 100 hrs Boiling A A A A A A A
0 5% Acetic + 0 5% Lactic) for 720 hrs 0.5% Acetic + 0.5% Lactic) for 720 hrs at RT A A A A A A A
0.5% Acetic + 0.5 % Lactic for 100 hrs at Boiling Temp. A A A A A A A
A < 0.1 mmperyr B 0.1 - 1 mmperyr C 1 -3 mmperyr D 3 - 10 mmperyr E > 10 mmperyr
g p
INTERGRANULAR CORROSION TEST AS PERINTERGRANULAR CORROSION TEST AS PER ASTM A262 – PRACTICE E
304 301 J201 JSL AUS J4 (UNS Test Media
304 (UNS
S30400)
301 (UNS
S30100)
J201 (UNS
S20100)
JSL AUS (201
Modified)
J204Cu (S20430)
J4 (UNS S20430
Modified)JSL U
Cu-CuSO4+16% H2SO4 Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed
Performance 304 301(UNS
J201(UNS
JSL AUS(201
J204Cu(UNS
J4(S20430
JSL U(UNS
S30100)(UNS
S20100)(201
Modified)(UNS
S20430)(S20430
Modified)
StrengthStrength
Good Slightly better
Slightly better
Slightly better
Slightly better
Slightly better
Slightly better
Formability Slightly Good Good Slightly Slightly Good Goodbetter Good Good better better Good Good
Weldabilty Slightly better Good Good Slightly
better Good Good Good
Corrosion Crevice Slightly better Good Good Good Good Good Good
Pitting Slightly G d G d G d G d G d G dg ybetter Good Good Good Good Good Good
860 880
700
800
900
665710
860 880
500
600575 545
390460 470
200
300
400
225 225
335
0
100
304 304L JSL AUS 204Cu J4 JSL U
59 58 56 54 52 48
While Cr-Mn stainless steels are thus generally stronger UTS (MPa) YS (MPa) % El
g y gthan 300 series, with suitable composition design they can be equally soft
CATERING & FOOD PROCESSING
Deep Drawn Utensils, Pressure Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells, PROCESSING Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells, Beverage Dispensers, Ice-makers
CONSUMER DURABLES
Spin Driers Of Washing Machines, Dishwashers
ARCHITECTURE BUILDING &
Elevators, Column Claddings, Steel Furniture Structural Members BUILDING &
CONSTRUCTIONFurniture, Structural Members, Thermal Window Spacers, Handrails, Structural Support Framework,
l l d fContd….
Internal Panels And Roofing
TRANSPORT Automotive Trim, Wheel Caps, Wiper Arms Rims Auto Accessories Truck Arms, Rims, Auto Accessories, Truck Parts, Cargo Container, Bus Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail Cars.
INDUSTRY Beer, Wine, Beverage & Dairy Equipment, Food Processing And Packing Equipments Hose Clamps Packing Equipments, Hose Clamps, Piston Rings
Beverage Dispensers
Subways & Trolleys
Toasters Disposals
Industrial WashersWashers
Source: Allegheny Ludlum
Specialty Clamps Hot Food Wells
Trucks / Trailers Ice & Water Dispensers
Source : www.stainless-steel-world.net
SOFTENING EFFECT OF COPPER
N
10%Ni 0 %N
304
+1.6CuCu :Aust. Stabiliser
Ni
N
7.5 0.1304
* less nitrogen: J1impr.drawability
Cr
5 0.2J1202201
* or less nickel: J4cost reductions
--
2 5 0 3
J1
+ % N2.5 0.3
214J4 204
+ % NHigher Strength.
lower Ni/costs
011 13 15 17 19 %Cr
0.4
Influence of Cu aditions on mechanical propertiesInfluence of Cu aditions on mechanical properties
Austenite stabilizer Reduces drawing load
200 series
300 i/c
m3 )
series
Duplex
avity
(g/
ecifi
c gr
aSp
e
Wear in Material HandlingWear in Material Handling
10000000l
8000000
10000000
n co
a
6000000
d cl
ea
2000000
4000000
, Siz
ed
0
2000000
Tons
,
1/4" 304 SS 1/4" Nitronic 30
DRY ABRASIVE WEAR OF ALLOYS MATEDTO TUNGSTEN CARBIDETO TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
12
9.8 9.9
8
10
R cles
)
4.2
6.26W
EA
R
0000
Cyc
0.1
1.92
4
(mm
3 /1
0.10
4340 NITR-ONIC30
NITR-ONIC 32
304 431 17-4PH
C 52 B 93 B 95 B 85 C 42 C 42Hardness
(Ref: A.K.Steel)
METAL TO METAL WEAR UNDER SLIDING 244R
PM)
METAL TO METAL WEAR UNDER SLIDING
CONDITIONS
244cl
es 1
05 R 52.8
30
50
mg/
1000
cy
0.71.2 3.3
7.412.8
10
30
4340Had-field Mn
NITR-ONIC
30
NITR-ONIC
304 17-4PH
410
Wea
r (m 0
Mn 30 32
C 52 B 95 B 93 B 95 B 85 C 43 C 40
HARDNESS
Self mated cylinders unlubricated in air at room temperatureSelf-mated cylinders, unlubricated in air at room temperature
Corrosive Wear in Coal Preparation Plant
41
40
45
ar)
25
30
35
met
er/y
ea
8 10 1013 15
10
15
20
(mic
ron
m
8
0
5
10
Met
al lo
ss
Nitronic
30304 316 410 301 Ni hardM
B 94 B 90 B 85 B 81 C 36Hardness
Alloys
B 94 B 90 B 85 B 81 C 36 C 55
Hardness(Ref: A.K.Steel
CATERING & FOOD PROCESSING
Extra Deep Drawn Utensils, Pressure Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells, Beverage DispensersBeverage Dispensers
CONSUMER DURABLES
Spin Driers Of Washing Machines, DishwashersKit h Si k El t E l t ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION
Kitchen Sinks, Elevators, Escalators, Door And Window Frames, Column Claddings, Telephone Booths, Steel FurnitureFurniture
TRANSPORT Automotive Trim Wheel Caps Wiper TRANSPORT Automotive Trim, Wheel Caps, Wiper Arms, Rims, Auto Accessories, Truck Parts, Cargo Container, Bus Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail Cars
INDUSTRY Beer, Wine, Beverage & Dairy Equipment Food Processing And Equipment, Food Processing And Packing Equipments
CATERING & FOOD Deep Drawn Utensils, Cookware, PROCESSING Industrial Kitchen Equipment, Flasks,
Milk Cans, Ice & Water Dispensers, Water FiltersWater Filters
CONSUMER DURABLES
Toasters, Microwave Ovens, Thermo Wares, Baking Ovens
ARCHITECTURE BUILDING &
Handrails For Staircase, Elevators, Escalators, Internal Panels, Springs, BUILDING &
CONSTRUCTIONEscalators, Internal Panels, Springs, Door Window Frames, Thermal Window Spacers
TRANSPORT Structural Material For VehiclesTRANSPORT Structural Material For Vehicles
INDUSTRY Tobacco Processing Industryg y
CATERING & FOOD Shallow/medium drawn utensils, PROCESSING Tableware, Cutlery, Stands for water
filters, In-house water tanks, Dog pots pots
CONSUMER DURABLES
Steel furniture, Fruit stands, Flower vases, Decorative pipes and tubes, Gas stoves, Gift items
ARCHITECTURE BUILDING &
In-house panels, Handrails and structural support framework BUILDING &
CONSTRUCTIONstructural support framework, Doorknobs, Hinges, Dustbin
TRANSPORT Roll formed sections ConveyorsTRANSPORT Roll formed sections, Conveyors
INDUSTRY Material handling equipments g q p
Since apart from attributes such as strength, formability and
weldability, the corrosion resistance of candidate materials
should be suitable for intended use, PREN (Pitting Resistance
Equivalent Number) has emerged as a measure of resistance to
corrosion in many environments. It has been found that the
following relationship provides a good comparative assessmentfollowing relationship provides a good comparative assessment
PREN= % Cr+ 3.3 x % Mo + 16 x %N
Super Duplex
Resistance to corrosion Super austenitics
3842 20Mo-6
Super Duplex
%N
Super austenitics
2507
3438
446
2205
o+16
X%
2630
Sea Water 20 oC216
6317LN
23043X%
Mo
2226
Industrial Env.
Sea Water Env.
202219
439434
444
304
316 21012304
%C
r+3.
3
1418
Water & Interiors
& Exteriors
J4
J1 201
420430439
301304
PRE
N=%
1014
409410P Dry Applications, Automotive Exhaust System,
Railway Wagons, Cutlery, Razorblade
Item PRENmore than
SubstitutionFrom To
Food & BeveragesShallow/medium drawn utensil J4 430Tableware, Stands for water filter >16 304 J4, 430,
JSL U
Deep drawn utensils CookwareDeep drawn utensils, CookwareMilk cans, Water filters
>16 304 J 204 Cu
Extra deep drawn utensils, p ,Pressure cooker, Hot food wells, Industrial kitchen equipment, Beverage Dispenser
>16 304 JSL AUS
Beverage Dispenser
Item PRENmore than
SubstitutionFrom To
Consumer DurablesSteel Furniture, Fruit Stands,Flower vases, Gas Stoves, Gift Items
>16 304 J4, 430
Toasters, Microwave ovens, Thermoware, Baking Ovens >16 304 J204Cu,
201, 430 Spin driers of washing machines JSL AUSSpin driers of washing machines, Dish washers >16 304 JSL AUS,
430
Item PREN more than
SubstitutionFrom Tomore than From To
Architecture Building & ConstructionIn-house panels J4 JSL UIn house panels
>16 304 J4, JSL U, 430
Handrails and Structural support 304/Handrails and Structural support framework, Door knobs, Hinges >16
304/301
J4, JSL U
Door window frames, Thermal >16 304 J204Cu, ,window Spacers >16 304 ,
201
Kitchen sinks >16 304 JSL AUS
Overhead water tank >17 304, 316
439
Exterior panels signs >18 304 202Exterior panels, signs >18 304 202
Exterior near sea coast >22 316 444,446
Item PRENmore than
SubstitutionFrom To
Transport & Automotive Interior decorative >16 301, 304 J4, 430 Roll formed sections, conveyers
>16 301, 304 J4, JSL U
Structural Material for Vehicles >17 301, 304 J204Cu, 201
Wheel caps wiper arms Bus 201 JSLWheel caps, wiper arms, Bus Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail cars, >17 301, 304 201, JSL
AUS
Thank You for
Your Attention!!