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†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g 207

†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g

Database Management System

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G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv cÖavb kã ¸”Q

†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U Gi Kvh©vewj we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi aviYv e¨vL¨v

Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi êwkó e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †WUv‡eR ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †WUv wmwKDwiwUi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †WUv wmwKDwiwUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †WUv Gbwµckb‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †WUv Gbwµckb‡bi Dcvqmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

†WUv‡eR (Database) g¨v‡bR‡g›U (Management) DBMS RDBMS Kz‡qwi (Query) mwU©s (Sorting) Bb‡Ww·s (Indexing) wi‡jkb (Relation) K‡c©v‡iU (Corporate) wmwKDwiwU (Security) Gbwµckb (Encryption)

†WUv‡eR (Database) †WUv‡eR nj Z_ï mymsMwVZ msKjb| Avgiv wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨‡K Avgv‡ì †evaMg¨ Dcv‡q

msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY I AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ †WUv‡eR eënvi Kwi| ev¯Íe D`vniY wn‡m‡e GKUv ¯‹z‡ji

K_v aiv hvK| Avgiv ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì Z_¨ fwZ©i mgq msMÖn Kwi| GB Z_¨ mvj I †ivj

Abymv‡i msiÿY Kwi| Zvici Zvi ¯‹z‡ji cixÿvi djvdj mn wewfbœ Z_¨ †m Abymv‡i msiÿY

Kwi| cÖ‡qvRb co‡j †h †Kv‡bv mgq Avgiv †h‡Kv‡bv mv‡ji QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì Z_¨ †m Abymv‡i Luy‡R

†ei Ki‡Z cvwi| KvM‡R Kj‡g GB cÖwµqv †hgb kÖg I mgq mva¨ †Zgwb axi MwZ‡Z nq me wKQy|

GB mKj Z_¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Lye `ªæZ msiÿY I cÖwµqvKiY Kiv hvq| cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq

†m‡KÛiI Kg mgq Zv AbymÜvb I Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| Avgiv Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i †hfv‡e GB

Z_¨¸wj msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY, AbymÜvb I Dc¯’vc‡bi KvR Kwi ZvB g~jZ †WUv‡eR|

GKv`k - Øv`k †kªwY †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g 208

wWweGgGm/DBMS Kx? †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g (Database Management System) †WUv‡eR eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j †WUv‡e‡Ri GKwU wWRvBb ev bKkv K‡i †m Abyhvqx ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|

ˆZwii ci †mB †WUv‡e‡R Z_¨ ivL‡Z n‡e Ges gv‡S g‡a¨B Zv nvj bvMv` Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡e|

†WUv‡eR-Gi wba©vwiZ eënviKvix Qvov †KD †WUv‡eRGi Z_¨ †`L‡Z bv cv‡i †mB wbivcËvI

wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv ÿwZ n‡j hv‡Z Zv ïaiv‡bv hvq †mB eë¯’vi ìKvi co‡e| Avevi

cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †WUv‡eR †_‡K Luy‡R †ei Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq eënviKvixi

†evaMg¨ nq Ggb fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| GB mKj KvR †h mdU&Iq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv hv‡e

†m¸wj‡KB †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g(DBMS) ejv nq| A_©vr †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g(DBMS) nj GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi mdU&Iq¨vi hv eënviKvix, Ab¨vb¨ mdU&Iqvi Ges †WUv‡e‡Ri wbR¯ ̂Z_¨ MÖnY I we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM m„wó K‡i| †WUv‡eR bKkv Kiv,

ˆZwi, msiÿY, cwieZ©b, D‡Ëvjb, AbymÜvb I cwiPvjbvi myweav msewjZ mdU&Iq¨vi‡KB Avgviv

mvaviYfv‡e †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g ej‡Z cvwi| GiKg wKQy RbwcÖq †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U

wm‡÷g nj IivKj (Oracle), gvB‡µvmd&U GmwKDGj mvf©vi (Microsoft SQL Server), gvBGmwKGj (MySQL), GmwKDGj-jvBU(SQL-Lite), †cv÷wRAviB-GmwKDGj (PostGRE-SQL), AvBweGg wWwe2 (IBM DB2), gvB‡µvmd&U G‡·m (Microsoft Access)| evRv‡i cvIqv hvq cÖwZwU †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi PviwU AZ¨vek¨K Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q|

cÖ_gZ, cÖwZwU wWweGgGm GKwU g‡Wj ev MvVwbK Av`k© i‡q‡Q hvi Dci wfwË K‡i IB wWweGgGm

Gi †WUv‡eR¸wj ˆZwi I eëüZ nq| GUv Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi †gŠwjK KvVv‡gv| GiKg †ekwKQy MvVwbK

gvb`Ð i‡q‡Q hvi g‡a¨ nvBqviviwKKvj(Hierarchical), †bUIqvK©, wi‡jkbvj Ges Ae‡R± D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GB MvVwbK eë¯’vi gva¨‡gB wba©vwiZ nq wWweGgGm Kxfv‡e †WUv‡e‡Ri Z_ï

msMVb, msiÿY I cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡e|

wØZxqZ, †WUv‡e‡Ri cÖwZwU Dcv‡Ëi KvVv‡gv ev †WUv ÷ªvKPvi wba©viY K‡i wWweGgGm| †WUv‡e‡R

†Kv‡bv Z_¨ _v‡K †jLv, †Kv‡bvUv Qwe Avevi †Kv‡bvUv wfwWI| GB wewfbœ iK‡gi DcvËi weï×Zv

iÿv K‡i Z_¨‡K eënvi Kiv hvq mywba©vwiZ †WUv ÷ªvKPvi Gi Rb¨|

wWweGgGm Z…Zxq Ask nj †WUv Kz‡qwi j¨vs¸‡qR| Gi gva¨‡g eënviKvix †WUv‡eR wbg©vY, Z_¨

msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY, AbymÜvb I wewfbœ cwiPvjbv g~jK KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| g~jZ wWweGgGm Gi

mv‡_ eënviKvixi †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcbKvix fvlvB nj †WUv Kz‡qwi †j½y‡qR| GB fvlvq †WUv‡eR‡K †h

KgvÛ †Ìqv nq Zv‡K Kz‡qwi e‡j| cÖwZwU eënviKvixi Z_¨ †WUv‡e‡R _v‡K| wWweGgGm †m

Abyhvqx eënviKvixi Kz‡qwi cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i Ges wbe©vn K‡i| eënviKvixi AbygwZ bv _vK‡j

msiÿY, cwieZ©b , AbymÜvb I wewfbœ cwiPvjbv g~jK Kv‡R evav †`q| d‡j AbygwZ †bB Ggb

eënviKvix Z_ï †Kv‡bv ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges Z_ï wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv hvq|

me©‡kl, Uªvb‡RKkb nj cÖwZwU wWweGgGm-Gi GKwU †gŠwjK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Gi gva¨‡g GKB

mv‡_ A‡bK eënviKvix GKB mg‡q †WUv‡eR eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKB mgq GKvwaK eënviKvix

GKB Z_¨ wb‡q KvR Ki‡j mgm¨v ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi GKB Z_¨ GKvwaKevi ev Wywcø‡KU Z_¨

msiÿY Kivi m¤¢vebvI _v‡K| Uªvb‡RKkb-Gi gva¨‡g wWweGgGm GB ai‡bi mgm¨v cÖwZ‡iva K‡i

†WUv‡eR‡K ÿwZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i Ges eû eënviKvix‡K GKB mgq †WUv‡eR eënv‡ii myweav K‡i

†`q|


†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi Kvh©vejx:

†WUv wWKkbvwi g¨v‡bR‡g›U

†WUv wWKkbvwi(Dcv‡Ëi Awfavb) Gi †fZi cÖwZwU DcvËi iƒc(msL¨v, mvaviY †jLv, Qwe, wfwWI

BZ¨vw`), Zvi m¤úK© Ges AvqZb msµvšÍ Z_¨ _v‡K| wWweGgGm Z_¨ msiÿY I AbymÜv‡bi mgq

GB †WUv ÷ªvKPvi eënvi K‡i KvR K‡i| mvaviY eënviKvix‡K G wb‡q fve‡Z nq bv| g~jZ

†WUv‡eR †cÖvMÖvgvi I cwiPvjbvKvixiv †WUv ÷ªvKPvi wb‡q KvR K‡ib| eënviKvix nq‡Zv gvby‡li

bvg UvBc K‡i BbcyU K‡i Ges bvg w`‡q †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Luy‡R †ei K‡i| GB bvgwU †WUv ÷ªvKPvi

Abyhvqx GK ai‡bi K¨v‡i±vi(character) †WUv hvi bvg name Ges hvi m‡e©v”P AvqZb 300| wKš‘ eënviKvix †fZ‡ii GB RwUjZv bv †R‡bB GUv‡K bvg wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†WUv †÷v‡iR g¨v‡bR‡g›U

†WUv‡e‡Ri wewfbœ iKg Z_¨ i‡q‡Q †hgb bKkv, Z_¨ BbcyU Kivi B›Uvi‡dm, cÖwZ‡e`b KvVv‡gv,

Z_¨ ï×Zv iÿvi wbqg, wewfbœ iKg Kz‡qwi; AviI Av‡Q †WUv‡e‡R BbcyU Kiv wewfbœ iKg I

AvqZ‡bi †jLv, Qwe, wfwWI| GB me wKQy Z_¨¸wj Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ †hgb, nvW©wW¯‹,

†UcWªvB‡f Z_¨¸wj msiÿY Ki‡Z nq| wWweGgGm-Gi Ab¨Zg KvR GB me wKQy myPviæfv‡e

Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z msiÿY K‡i| d‡j eënviKvixi Z_¨ msiÿY I cwieZ©‡bi RwUj

cÖwµqv Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|

†WUv UªvÝdi‡gkb Ges †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb

Z_¨ †hfv‡e msiÿY nq Ges †hfv‡e eënviKvixi Kv‡Q Dc¯’vwcZ nq Zv GK iKg bv| hv Avgiv

bvg ev Qwe AvKv‡i †`wL Zv A‡bK¸wj 0 Ges 1 A_ev wdwRK¨vwj A‡bK¸wj PvR© Ges wWmPvR©

Ae¯’v| wWweGgGm Z_ï †hŠw³K Ae¯’v †_‡K wdwRK¨vj Ges wdwRK¨vj Ae¯’v †_‡K †hŠw³K

Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍi K‡i|

wbivcËv eë¯’vcbv

wbivcËv nj wWweGgGm Gi me‡P ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvq †WUv‡eR eënv‡ii wewfbœ

wbqš¿Yg~jK wbqg Ges cÖwZwU wbw`©ó eënviKvix †WUv‡e‡Ri KZUzKz Ges Kxfv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z

cvi‡eb Zv wba©viY K‡i †Ìqv nq| eënviKvix‡ì GKUv BDRvi †bg Ges cvmIqvW© _v‡K|

eënviKvixMY GB BDRvi †bg Ges cvmIqvW© eënvi K‡i †WUv‡eR eënvi Ki‡Z nq| Zv‡K

†Ìqv AbygwZi evB‡i †m wKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

gvwëBDRvi GK‡mm K‡›Uªvj

GKvwaK eënviKvixi eënvi wbqš¿‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q Z_ï weï×Zv I msMwZ iÿv Kiv| GKB mgq

GKvwaK eënviKvix bv †R‡bB GKB wRwbm wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi GKB Z_¨

GKvwaKevi msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKvwaK eënviKvix‡ì wbqwš¿Z eënvi GB mgm¨vi nvZ †_‡K

†WUv‡eR‡K iÿv K‡i|


e¨vKAvc Ges wiKfvwi g¨v‡bR‡g›U

¯’vqx ¯§„wZ wn‡m‡e eëüZ nvW©wW¯‹ ev †Uc WªvBf wewfbœ Kvi‡Y bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| wm‡÷‡gi ÎæwUi

Kvi‡Y ev Ab¨‡Kv‡bv `yN©Ubvq †WUv‡eR ÿwZMȪ ’ n‡Z cv‡i| n¨vKv‡ii Avµg‡Y ev fvBiv‡mi Kvi‡Y

†WUv‡eR bó ev ÿwZMȪ ’ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ nvwi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|

GiKg `y‡h©vM †_‡K iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ wWweGgGm G †WUv‡eR e¨vKAvc Ges wiKfvwi(cybiæ×vi)

Kivi eë¯’v _v‡K|

†WUv Bw›UªwMÖwU g¨v‡bR‡g›U

GKB DcvË †hb GKvwaK bv _v‡K, AcÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ hv‡Z bv _v‡K, Z_ï ga¨ m‡e©v”P mvgÄm¨Zv

_v‡K †m Rb¨ K‡Vvi wbqš¿Yg~jK wbqg Av‡ivc K‡i| d‡j GKB AbymÜv‡bi djvdj mg mgq GKB

iKg nq| aiv hvK GKwU K¬v‡mi GKwU mv‡ji 14 bs †iv‡ji QvÎi bvg cÖkœ Kiv nj Zvn‡j `yR‡bi

bvg Avm‡e bv KL‡bv| KviY wWweGgGm 14 bs †iv‡ji GKvwaK Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z †`‡e bv|

†WUv GK‡mm j¨vs¸‡qR Ges A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvwgs B›Uvi‡dm

†WUv‡eR‡K Kx Kx Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi wb‡`©kbvi Rb¨ Kz‡qwi j¨vs¸‡qR eënvi Kiv nq| Kz‡qwi

j¨vs¸‡qR mvaviY †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri gZ avivevwnK wb‡`©kbv _v‡K bv| SQL(structured query language) nj GiKg GKwU eûj eëüZ j¨vs¸‡qR| eZ©gvb cÖvq mKj wWweGmGm GB j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri eënv‡ii myweav Av‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g wWweGgGm‡K eënviKvix Kxfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e bv

†R‡bB Kx Ki‡Z n‡e †mB wb‡`©kbv Lye mn‡RB w`‡Z cv‡i| †WUv‡eR eënvi K‡i GiKg mdU&

Iq¨vi¸wj GB Kz‡qwi j¨vs¸‡qR eënvi K‡i mn‡RB wWweGgGm Gi mv‡_ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ̀ vb Ki‡Z

cv‡i Ges wWweGgGm †K w`‡q wewfbœ iKg †WUv‡eR msµvšÍ KvR Kiv‡Z cv‡i|

†WUv‡eR KwgDwb‡Kkb B›Uvi‡dm

†WUv‡eR ïay GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡i Ges ïay GK Rb eënviKvix eënvi K‡i bv| Gi eënviKvix

Awdm †bUIqv‡K©i wewfbœ Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z cv‡i| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †Kv‡bv `~ieZ©x eënviKvix n‡Z cv‡i|

eënviKvix‡ì Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Ges mdU&Iq¨vi wewfbœ iKg n‡Z cv‡i| GiKg

wewfbœ iKg eënviKvix hv‡Z wWweGgGm Gi mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ we‡kl

ai‡bi ms‡hvMKvix B›Uvi‡dm _v‡K|

Uªvb‡RKkb g¨v‡bR‡g›U

Uªvb‡RKkb ej‡Z Avgiv Ggb GKwU eë¯’v eywS hv Øviv wWweGgGm wbwðZ K‡i GKwU ev GK¸”Qi

Kgv‡Ûi me¸‡jv Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q A_ev GKUvI nqwb| aiv hvK GKwU e¨vs‡Ki †WUv‡e‡R GKRb

K¬vqv›UGi A¨vKvD›U †_‡K 1000 UvKv Aci Av‡iK Rb eënviKvixi A¨vKvD‡›U UvÝdvi Ki‡Z

n‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î GKR‡bi e¨vjvÝ 1000 Kgv‡Z n‡e Ges AciR‡bi e¨vjvÝ 1000 evov‡Z n‡e|

Zv‡ì GB †jb‡`b K‡e KLb Kvi Aby‡iv‡a Ges Aby‡gv`‡b Kiv nj Zvi †iKW© msiÿY Ki‡Z

n‡e| GB †jb‡`b nIqvi mgq hw` cÖ̀ vbKvixi A¨vKvD‡›U UvKv Kgv‡bv n‡jv wKš‘ MÖnYKvixi


wPÎ bs-1: nvqviviwKKvj †WUv‡eR g‡Wj

evov‡bv nj bv Zvn‡j Lye eo GKUv mgm¨v n‡q hv‡e| GLv‡b wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e me¸‡jv wb‡`©k nq

Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q bv nq GKwUI nqwb|

†WUv‡eR g‡Wj

†WUv‡e‡R mvaviYZ wKQy e¨w³ _v‡K †hgb Kv÷gvi, Kg©Pvix, mvcjvBqvi, QvÎ-QvÎx Avevi wewfbœ

Kg©KvÛ _v‡K †hgb AW©vi, †c‡g›U, µq-weµq Ggb A‡bK wKQy| †WUv‡e‡Ri bKkv Ggb n‡e hv‡Z

GB Z_¨¸wj GKwUi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU m¤úK© eRvq _vK‡e| Z‡_¨i GB m¤úK© Kxfv‡e ¯’vwcZ n‡e †mB

welqUv‡KB ejv nq †WUv‡eR g‡Wj|

Avgiv mvaviYZ Pvi ai‡bi †WUv‡eR g‡Wj †`wL|

1. nvqviviwKKvj †WUv‡eR (Hierarchical Model): GB g‡Wj cwiev‡ii wcZv-cy‡Îi

m¤ú‡K©i gZ Dci bxP †mvcv‡b ˆZwi

nq m¤úK©| GK Rb wcZvi A‡bK

mšÍvb _vK‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ †Kv‡bv

mšÍv‡bi GKvwaK wcZv _vK‡Z cvi‡e

bv| †hgb GKRb Kg©xi GKvwaK

g¨v‡bRvi _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| d‡j

GB g‡W‡ji G‡Ki mv‡_ GKvwaK

m¤úK© ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e| †gBb‡d«g

Kw¤úDUv‡i GB g‡Wj Abym„Z

†WUv‡eR †`Lv †hZ|

2. †bUIqvK© g‡Wj (Network Model): †bUIqvK© g‡Wj nvqviviwKKvj g‡W‡ji Dci wfwË

K‡i ˆZwi nq| Z‡e GLv‡b GKwU

mšÍv‡bi GKvwaK wcZv _vK‡Z

cvi‡e| A_©vr GKRb Kg©xi GKvwaK

g¨v‡bRvi _vK‡j Amyweav †bB| d‡j

A‡b‡Ki mv‡_ A‡b‡Ki m¤úK© GB

g‡W‡j ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e| GB g‡Wj

¯í̂ mg‡qi Rb¨ RbwcÖqZv †c‡jI

wecøevZ¥K cwieZ©b Av‡b‡Z cv‡iwb|

eZ©gvb mg‡qi RwUj m¤ú‡K©i

†WUv‡eR ˆZwii Rb¨ GB g‡Wj

Qwei Drmthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model

* Qwei Drm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model

wPÎ bs-2: †bUIqvK© †WUv‡eR g‡Wj


* Qwei Drmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model

Dc‡hvMx bq Ges †Zgb †Kv_vI eënviI nq bv| 3. wi‡jkbvj g‡Wj (Relational Model): GB g‡WjwU me‡P AvaywbK Ges Av‡Mi¸wj †_‡K m¤ú~Y© bZzb ai‡bi| GB g‡W‡j GK ¸”Q †Uwe‡j Z_¨ ivLvi aviYv D™¢vweZ nq| †Uwej¸wj GKB

mv‡_ Z_¨ Ges m¤úK©

wb‡`©k Ki‡e| Av‡Mi

g‡Wj¸wj‡K Z_¨ D‡Ëvjb

Ki‡Z n‡j eënviKvix‡K

Rvb‡Z nZ Z_¨¸wj

Kxfv‡e †Kvb µ‡g mvRv‡bv

Av‡Q wKš‘ wi‡jkbvj g‡W‡j

eënviKvix †h‡Kv‡bv Drm

n‡Z Z_¨ D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z

cv‡i|

4. Ae‡R±-Awi‡q‡›UW g‡Wj

(Object-Oriented Model): †WUv‡eR g‡W‡ji cieZ©x

ms‡hvRb nj Ae‡R±-Awi‡q‡›UW

g‡Wj| Gi Av‡Mi wZbwU g‡W‡ji

Zzjbvq GwU A‡bK †d¬w·ej

(bgbxq) Ges AvaywbK| GB

g‡W‡j Z_¨ Ae‡R± iƒ‡c _v‡K|

Ae‡R±¸wj‡Z GKB mv‡_ Z_¨

Ges Z_ï AvPiY _v‡K| G‡Z

Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi

A‡bK aviYv †WUv‡e‡R AšÍf©y³ ev

eënvi Kiv nq| d‡j ev¯Íe

RMr‡K †WUv‡e‡R aviY Kivi Rb¨

AviI Dc‡hvMx nq| Z‡e g‡WjwU GLbI me©Zfv‡e cwicK¡Zv jvf K‡iwb| ZvQvov g‡W‡ji mv‡_

eënvi m¤¢e GiKg †Kv‡bv SQL(structured query language) ‰Zwi nqwb| GB g‡W‡ji Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ÷vÛ©vB‡Rkb (Av`k© wba©viY) nqwb| A‡bK mdU&Iq¨v‡i GB g‡Wj mdjfv‡e eënvi n‡jI

GiKg RwUj g‡W‡ji Rb¨ †Kv‡bv †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g ˆZwi nqwb|

wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g

(Relational Database Management System) †h wWweGgGm wi‡jkbvj g‡W‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i KvR K‡i Zv‡K wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U

ms‡ÿ‡c AviwWweGgGm ejv hvq| evRv‡i cvIqv hvq Ggb me †WUv‡eR wm‡÷gB Kvh©Z m¤ú~Y©

A_ev AvswkKfv‡e wi‡jkbvj g‡Wj m~‡Îi Dci ˆZwi|

wPÎ bs-3: †bUIqvK© †WUv‡eR g‡Wj

* Qwei Drm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model wPÎ bs-4: Ae‡R±-Awi‡q‡›UW g‡Wj


wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR ˆZwi nq Z_ï cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i Dci wbf©i K‡i| wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡e‡R †iv

Ges Kjvg w`‡q ˆZwi nq †WUv †Uwej| GLv‡b †Uwej ej‡Z GK A‡_© Z_ï m¤úK©‡KB †evSvq|

†Uwe‡ji cÖ‡Z¨KwU †iv nj †iKW©(record) ev †Uvcjm(Tuples) Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kjvg nj A¨vwUªweDU(attribute) ev wdì (Field)| GKwU †Uwej †_‡K GKwU Kjvg Ges GKwU †iv wb‡j †Kej GKwU Z_¨ cvIqv hv‡e Zv‡K e‡j Uzcj(tuple)| cÖ‡Z¨K †Uwe‡ji GKUv wdì _v‡K hv Ab¨ GKwU ev GKvwaK †Uwe‡j Abyiƒc Av‡iKwU wdì _v‡K| GB Abyiƒc wdì w`‡q ˆZwi nq m¤úK© Ges

GB m¤úK© Øviv GKwU †Uwej †_‡K Ab¨ GK ev GKvwaK †Uwe‡ji m¤úK©hy³ Z_¨ GK‡mm Kiv hvq|

welqwU fv‡jvfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ Avgiv GKwU Awd‡mi Kg©x‡ì †WUv‡e‡Ri K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z cvwi|

GKwU Awd‡mi Kg©x‡ì Rxeb e„ËvšÍ‡Z Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Zvi bvg, wcZvi bvg, gvZvi bvg, Rb¥

ZvwiL, wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw` Z_¨ i‡q‡Q| mevi Gme Z_¨ †gvUvgywU GKB iKg nq| wkÿvMZ

†hvM¨Zvi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Rb wewfbœ iKg wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv i‡q‡Q| †KD gv÷vm©, †KD ïay mœvZK Ges

†KD †KD D”P gva¨wgK ch©šÍ †jLvcov K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b Avgiv Zvi mvaviY Z_¨ Ges wkÿvMZ

†hvM¨Zvi Z_ï Rb¨ GKwU †Uwej Ki‡Z cvwi| ỳBwU †Uwe‡j cÖ‡Z¨K Kg©xi Rb¨ GKwU BDwbK

AvBwW w`‡q GKwU m¤úK© ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi|

†Uwej 1: EmployeeTable

Employee_ID FullName FatherName MotherName City BirthDate 01

জামাল আহােমদ

ম আিমনা বগম যেশার ১২-১-১৯৭৪

০২ কামাল উি ন কিফল উি ন রিহমা খা ন মা রা ১৩-২-১৯৭০

০৩ আব স সালাম রহমত আিল সােবরা বগম যেশার ১৯-১২-১৯৭৫

†Uwej 2: EmployeeEducationTable

Stu

dy

ID

Em

plo

ye

eID

Ex

am

Bo

ard

Inst

itu

tio

n

Cla

ssD

ivis

ion

Ye

ar

Stu

dy

Du

rati

o n

01 ০১ এসএসিস যেশার ি তীয় ১৯৯০ ২ 02 ০1 এইসএসিস যেশার থম ১৯৯২ ২ ০৩ ০২ এসএসিস যেশার থম ১৯৮৬ ২ ০৪ ০৩ এসএসিস ঢাকা থম ১৯৯০ ২ ০৫ ০৩ এইচএসিস ঢাকা থম ১৯৯২ ২ 06 03 weKg(Abvm©) XvKv

wek¦we`¨vjq wØZxq 1996 4

attribute/Field

Tuple(second column + third row)

Touples/Record/Row

wPÎ bs-5: wi‡jkbvj †WUv †Uwej I m¤úK©


wPÎ bs-5 G †`Lv hv‡”Q †Uwej 1 G Kg©x‡ì mvaviY Z_¨¸wj ivLv n‡”Q| Z_¨¸wji g‡a¨ ¯v̂fvweK

AvšÍ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q hv mvaviY Ávb †_‡KB Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi, †hgb GKRb Kg©x GKRb e¨w³ hvi

bvg Av‡Q, wcZvi bvg Av‡Q, gvZvi bvg Av‡Q, Zvi Rb¥ ZvwiL i‡q‡Q| GB m¤úK©hy³ †Uwej †_‡K

mn‡RB Avgiv DwÏó Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvie| GB †Uwej †`wL‡q †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K hw` cÖkœ Kiv nq

†h Kg©xi bvg Kvgvj DwÏb Ges wcZvi bvg Kwdj DwÏb Zvi Rb¥ ZvwiL KZ| †h †KD Lye mn‡R

bv‡gi N‡i bvg Ges wcZvi bv‡gi N‡i wcZvi bvg †`‡L m¤úK©hy³ Zvi Rb¥ ZvwiL 13-2-1970

ej‡Z cvi‡e| Zvi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi †iKW© ivLvi Rb¨ Avgiv †Uwej 2 ˆZwi K‡iwQ| †mLv‡b

GKRb e¨w³i hZ¸wj cÖ‡qvRb wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv AšÍf©y³ Kiv m¤¢e| `yBwU †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ Avgiv

m¤úK© ˆZwii Rb¨ Abyiƒc GKwU wdì employeeID eënvi K‡iwQ| †h Kg©xi EmployeeID wdì-G 01 i‡q‡Q Zvi Rb¨ `yBwU wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi †iKW© i‡q‡Q, hvi 02 Zvi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi GKwU

†iKW© i‡q‡Q Ges hvi 03 Zvi wZbwU wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi †iKW© i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b bvg Kvgvj DwÏb

Ges wcZv Kwdj DwÏb †h Kg©x Av‡Q Zvi Kx Kx wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv Av‡Q Ggb cÖkœ Kiv n‡j †`Lv

hv‡e †Uwej 1 Gi wØZxq †iK‡W©i mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| †mLvb †_‡K †h employeeID 02 cvIqv hvq Zvi mv‡_ †Uwej 2 †gjv‡j †`Lv hvq Zvi GKwU wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv Av‡Q| †m 1986 mv‡j h‡kvi

†evW© n‡Z cÖ_g wefv‡M GmGmwm cixÿvq DËxY© n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e m¤úK©hy³ †WUv †Uwej w`‡q ˆZwi

nq wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR|

wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡e‡Ri êwkó¨:

1. †evSvi Rb¨ me‡P mnR, eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î bgbxq Ges wkígvb m¤úbœ| 2. Z_ï g~j wfwË nj m¤úK©| 3. †iv Kjv‡gi wfwË‡Z †Uwej Abymv‡i Z_¨ msiÿY K‡i 4. cÖvBgvwi wK ˆZwii myweav †`q hv w`‡q †h‡Kv‡bv †iv‡K BDwbKwj Luy‡R †ei Kiv hvq 5. Z_¨ †LuvRv, D‡Ëvjb I cÖwµqvKiY `ªæZZvi Rb¨ Bb‡W· ˆZwii myweav †`q| 6. view myweav †`q hvi gva¨‡g GK ev GKvwaK †Uwej †_‡K Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i †`Lv hvq

Ges msiÿY Kiv hvq| cÖ‡qvR‡b mvaviY Kz‡qwi Pvjv‡bv hvq|

7. cÖvBgvwi wK I d‡ib wK AvKv‡i Abyiƒc Kjvg GKvwaK †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ ivLv hvq| Ges Zv‡ì ga¨ m¤úK© ˆZwi Kiv hvq|

8. Kgb wdì Av‡Q Ggb †Uwej¸wji g‡a¨ mgwš̂Z Kz‡qwi Pvjv‡bv hvq| 9. GKvwaK eënviKvix GKB mv‡_ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| eënviKvix‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i

wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|

10. GKvwaK †Uwej †_‡K m¤úK©hy³ Z_¨ wb‡q wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv hvq|


wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡e‡Ri eënvi

mnR eënvi Ges †evaMg¨Zvi Rb¨ c„w_exi me‡P RbwcÖq †WUv‡eR wm‡÷g nj wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR

g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g| ZvB †hLv‡bB †Qv‡Uv-e‡ov †WUv‡e‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb †mLv‡bB AviwWweGgGm

eënvi n‡”Q| mvaviY ¯‹z‡ji Z_¨ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Awd‡m, wegvb e›`‡i, †nv‡U‡j, wkíKviLvbvq,

eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b, M‡elYv †K›`ª, B‡jKkb Awd‡m, e¨vsK, ¯v̂¯’̈ †mev mn cÖvq me †ÿ‡ÎB

AviwWGgGm Gi eënvi n‡”Q eûjfv‡e| B›Uvi‡b‡U WvBbvwgK I‡qe mvBU, †hgb AvgvRb, ¸Mj,

Bqvû, †dmeyK BZ¨vw` ˆZwii RbÏ AviwWGgGm cÖvq me©‡ÿ‡Î eënvi n‡”Q| wewfbœ mdU&Iq¨vi I

I‡qe mvBU Zvi wbR¯ ̂Z_¨ ivLvi RbÏ eënvi K‡i AviwWGgGm| GK K_vq Kw¤úDUvivBR Z_¨

eë¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvRb †hLv‡bB Av‡Q †mLv‡bB AviwWGgGm Gi eënvi i‡q‡Q|

SQL(Structured Query Language) Z_¨ D‡Ëvjb I cÖwµqvKiY Gi Rb¨ cÖwZwU wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡e‡RB GmwKDGj eënvi nq| mKj

wWweGgGm Gi Rb¨B GUv ÷¨vÛvW© j¨vs¸‡qR| Av‡gwiKvb b¨vkbvj ÷vÛvW© Bbw÷wUDU(ANSI) 1986 mv‡j Ges B›Uvib¨vkbvj AM©vbvB‡Rkb di ÷vÛvW©(ISO) 1987 mv‡j GmwKIGj-†K AviwWweGgGm Gi ÷vÛvW© j¨vs¸‡qR wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv nq| GmwKGj GKUv bbcÖwmwWIivj

j¨vs¸‡qR| A_©vr Gi eënvi K‡i eënviKvix wK Pvq ïay ZvB wba©viY Ki‡e Kxfv‡e KvRwU n‡e

†mUv wb‡q eënviKvixi fvevi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| GK K_vq ejv hvq GmwKGj nj AviwWweGgGm Gi

mv‡_ K_v ejvi fvlv|

GmwKDGj j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri wZbwU Ask:

1. Data Definition Language(DDL) †WUv †Wwd‡bkb j¨vs¸‡qR w`‡q g~j †WUv‡eR ˆZwi Ges Gi †fZi wewfbœ Ae‡R± †hgb †Uwej,

wfD, Bb‡W· BZ¨vw` ˆZwi Kiv nq|

2. Data Manipulation Language(DML) †WUv‡e‡R Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv Ges Z_¨‡K cwieZ©b I we‡køl‡Yi KvR Kiv|

3.Data Control Language (DCL) GB As‡k †WUv wbivcËvi Rb¨ BDRvi‡K wewfbœ AwaKvi †Ìqv Ges Le© Kivi KvR Kiv nq|

SQL eënvi Kivi Rb¨ Gi wKQy †gŠwjK wel‡q aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb: †WUv UvBc (Data Type) †WUv‡e‡R †h Z_¨ ivLv nq †hgb †jLv, msL¨v, Qwe, wfwWI BZ¨vw` G¸wji cÖK…wZ wfbœ wfbœ| GB wfbœ

wfbœ cÖK…wZi Z_¨¸wj msiÿY Kivi c×wZI ZvB wfbœ nq| Avevi GB Z_ï cÖK…wZMZ wfbœZvi

Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì wb‡q GKB iKg KvR Kiv hvq bv| aiv hvK GKwU msL¨vi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU msL¨vi

MvwYwZK cÖwµqv †hgb †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ `yBwU †jLv †hgb bv‡gi

mv‡_ GiKg MvwYwZK KvR Kiv hv‡e bv| ZvB †WUv‡e‡R hLb Z_¨ ivLvi Rb¨ †Uwej ˆZwi Kiv nq ZLb


†Kvb Kjv‡g wK ai‡bi Z_¨ ivLv n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i ẁ ‡Z nq| aiv hvK GKwU Kj‡gi †WUv UvBc wn‡m‡e

ZvwiL wba©viY Kiv nj| GB KjvgwU‡Z ZvwiL wfbœ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Z_¨ ivLv hv‡e bv|

ANSI SQL G wbgœiƒc †WUv UvBc Av‡Q: K. character strings(†jLv/Aÿi) char(n)Ín msL¨K Aÿi _vK‡e, Lvwj _vK‡j †¯úm w`‡q c~iY Kiv n‡e| VARCHAR(n)- m‡e©v”P n msL¨K Aÿi _vK‡e| n †_‡K Kg AÿiI n‡Z cv‡i| NCHAR(n)- mywbw`©ó n msL¨K B›Uvib¨vkbvj K¨v‡i±vi †mU †_‡K Aÿi _vK‡e| L. Bit strings(weU Aÿi) BIT(n)- n msL¨K we‡Ui GKwU Array. M. Numbers (msL¨v) Integer- Bw›URvi UvB‡c -2,147,483,648 n‡Z 2,147,483,647 ch©šÍ msL¨v ivLv hv‡e| SMALLINT-¯§j AvBGbwU UvB‡c -32,768 n‡Z 32,767 ch©šÍ msL¨v ivLv hv‡e| FLOAT- d¬U †WUv UvB‡c -1.79E +308 n‡Z 1.79E+308 ch©šÍ msL¨v ivLv hv‡e| DECIMAL(p,s)- †Wwm‡gj UvB‡c -1038+1 n‡Z 1038+1 ch©šÍ msL¨v n‡Z cv‡i| p Øviv †gvU KZwU wWwRU `kwg‡Ki Av‡M I c‡i wgwj‡q n‡e Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| p Gi gvb m‡e©v”P 38 n‡e| s Øviv `kwg‡Ki ci †gvU KZwU wWwRU n‡e Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| s Øviv `kwg‡Ki ci †gvU KZwU wWwRU n‡e Zv wb‡ ©̀k K‡i| s Gi gvb 0 †_‡K m‡e©v”P p Gi gvb ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| N. DATE and time DATE- ‡Kej Zvwi‡Li Z_¨ ivLv hv‡e| TIME- †Kej mg‡qi Z_¨ ivLv hv‡e, †hgb 12:51:30| TIMESTAMP- ZvwiL I mgq GK mv‡_ ivLv hv‡e| †hgb: 02-03-2006 8:45:13| SQL statement SQL Gi cÖwZwU Kgv‡Ûi GKUv MVb Av‡Q| GB MVb Abymv‡i KgvÛ bv w`‡j †WUv‡eR wm‡÷g eyS‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges KgvÛ Kvh©Ki n‡e bv| †hgb mPivPi me‡P †ewk e¨envi nq SELECT KgvÛ Z_¨ D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨| SELECT Kgv‡Ûi GKwU MVb (syntax) Av‡Q| SELECT (Column List) FROM [Table Name] Avgiv wb‡gœi †Uwej †_‡K †WUv D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ KgvÛwU cÖ‡qvM Kie|

ItemsTable ItemId ItemName Qty OrginalPrice SalePrice K-01 wdwjcm evj&e 500 24 25

c-01 gvDb‡Ub wWD 600 16 17


K-02 mvbjvBU evj&e 200 22 24

c-02 †KvKvKjv 500 16 18

c-03 †gwiÛv 20 16 17

†Uwe‡ji me¸‡jv †WUv †`Lvi Rb¨ KgvÛ

SELECT * FROM ItemsTable (GLv‡b * ej‡Z me¸wj Kjvg †evSvq)

GB Kgv‡Ûi d‡j me¸‡jv djvdj †`Lv hv‡e|

ItemId ItemName Qty OrginalPrice SalePrice K-01 wdwjcm evj&e 500 24 25

c-01 gvDb‡Ub wWD 600 16 17

K-02 mvbjvBU evj&e 200 22 24

c-02 †KvKvKjv 500 16 18

c-03 †gwiÛv 20 16 17

¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQy SQL statement nj

SELECT - †WUv‡eR †_‡K †WUv D‡Ëvjb K‡i| UPDATE - †WUv‡e‡Ri †WUv cwieZ©b ev nvj bvMv` K‡i | DELETE - †WUv‡eR †_‡K Z_¨ gy‡Q †d‡j| INSERT INTO - †WUv‡e‡R bZzb Z_¨ †XvKvq| CREATE DATABASE - bZzb †WUv‡eR ˆZwi K‡i| ALTER DATABASE - †WUv‡eR cwieZ©b K‡i| CREATE TABLE - bZzb †WUv †Uwej ˆZwi K‡i| ALTER TABLE - †WUv †Uwej cwieZ©b K‡i| DROP TABLE - †WUv †Uwej gy‡Q †`q| CREATE INDEX - Z_¨ †LuvRvi Rb¨ Bb‡W· ˆZwi K‡i| DROP INDEX - Bb‡W· gy‡Q †d‡j|

CLAUSE CLAUSE nj SQL statement G eëüZ Ask we‡kl| G¸wj cÖvqkB Ackbvj| SELECT Kgv‡Ûi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv †`‡LwQ FROM K¬R Gi eënvi| SQL G ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU CLAUSE nj : FROM-‡Kvb †Uwej †_‡K †WUv D‡Ëvjb I eënvi Kiv n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i| WHERE-Gi gva¨‡g Zzjbvg~jK hvPvB‡qi ci ïaygvÎ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cÖ̀ k©b ev eënvi Kiv hvq| †h †iv-¸wj WHERE clause Abymv‡i mZ¨ bq †m¸wj djvdj †_‡K ev` †Ìqv nq|


GROUP BY-GB K¬RwUi mvnvh¨ GKB iKg Z_¨¸wj‡K GKwÎZ K‡i †Qv‡Uv AvKv‡i cÖ̀ k©b Ges eënvi Kiv hvq| WHERE BY cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv GROUP BY Gi Av‡M eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| ORDER BY-Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb Kjvg Abymv‡i Ges Kx µ‡g h_v, DaŸ©µg I wb¤œµg †_‡K mvRv‡bv n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv nq|

HAVING- GROUP BY †_‡K cÖvß †iRvë‡K wdjUvi Kivi Rb¨ GB K¬RwU eënvi Kiv nq| Acv‡iUim(Operators) GKwU Z_ï mv‡_ Aci GKwU Z_ï Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ Acv‡iUi eënvi Kiv nq|

SQL G eëüZ Acv‡iUimg~n: Acv‡iUi (Operator) eY©bv = mgvb Equal or != Amgvb Not Equal > Gi †_‡K eo Greater Then < Gi †_‡K †Qv‡Uv Less Then >= Gi †_‡K mgvb A_ev eo (Greater than or equal)


L. SQL Scalar functions GKwU gvÎ djvdj †`q BbcyU Kiv gv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i|

mvaviY Kv‡R jv‡M Ggb K‡qKwU dvskvb:

UCASE() – †jLv‡K eo nv‡Zi Aÿ‡i iƒcvšÍi K‡i| LCASE() – †jLv‡K †Qv‡Uv nv‡Zi Aÿ‡i iƒcvšÍi K‡i| MID() – †jLvi †fZi †_‡K Aÿi †ei K‡i Av‡b| LEN() – †jLvi g‡a¨ KZwU Aÿi Av‡Q MYbv K‡i| ROUND() – `kwg‡Ki c‡ii msL¨v ¸wj wbw`©ó wWwRU ch©šÍ ivDÛ K‡i| NOW() – wm‡÷‡gi eZ©gvb mgq †`q| FORMAT() – GKUv wdì Kxfv‡e †`Lv hv‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|

†WUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv

†WUv‡eR ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ GKwU AviwWGgGm Bb÷j Kiv _vK‡Z n‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i| Orcale, Microsof SQL server, Mysql BZ¨vw` AviwWGgGm w`‡q †WUv‡eR ˆZwi I eënvi Kiv hv‡e| cÖwZwU †WUv‡eR wm‡÷‡gB GmwKIGj eënvi K‡i †WUv‡eR ˆZwi I iÿYv‡eÿY Kiv hvq| GB

GmwKIGj KgvÛ †Ìqvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU mvf©v‡ii mv‡_B GKUv KgvÛ B›Uvi‡dm _v‡K| ZvB

GmwKIGj Rvbv _vK‡jB †mB KgvÛ B›Uvi‡dm w`‡q Xy‡K KgvÛ w`‡q me KvR Kiv hv‡e| GLv‡b

gvB‡µvmd&U Gi SQL server express †K D`vniY wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi mv‡_ GKUv g¨v‡bR‡g›U ÷zwWI _v‡K| DB‡Ûv‡Ri †cÖvMÖvgm †_‡K GmwKIGj g¨v‡bR‡g›U ÷zwWI I‡cb Ki‡Z

n‡e| I‡cb nIqvi mgq †Kvb mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e Zv †`wL‡q Kv‡b± w`‡Z n‡e|

mvaviYZ G‡ÿ‡Î †jvKvj mvf©vi Ges A‡_bwU‡Kkb DB‡ÛvR †`wL‡q w`‡jB Pvjy n‡q hv‡e|

Pvjy nIqvi ci New Query †jLv evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j GKUv Kz‡qwi †jLvi DB‡Ûv †ei n‡e| GLv‡b Kz‡qwi wjL‡Z n‡e| Kz‡qwi Gw·wKDU ev wbe©vn Kivi Rb¨ F5 A_ev Execute evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Kz‡qwii djvdj bx‡Pi AvDUcyU As‡k †`Lv hv‡e| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ GmwKIGj Kz‡qwi †Km

†mbwmwUf bq| A_©vr †Qv‡Uv nv‡Zi ev eo nv‡Zi n‡j †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| GB eB‡Z eo nv‡Zi

†jLv n‡q‡Q †evSvi myweav‡_©|

wPÎ bs-6: SQLserver Express GwWkb WvDb‡jvW


Kz‡qwi GwWUi: GLv‡b

Kz‡qwi KgvÛ¸wj wjL‡Z

n‡e|

Ae‡R± G·‡cøvivi:

GLv‡b Wv‡U‡eR I

†WUv‡eR Ae‡R±¸wj

†`Lv hv‡e|

Execute: Kz‡qwi GwWU‡i †jLv KgvÛ¸wj wbe©vn

(execute) Kivi Rb¨ GB evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z

n‡e|

parse: Kz‡qwi GwWU‡i †jLv KgvÛ¸wj wVK Av‡Q wK bv cixÿv

Kivi Rb¨ GB evUb wK¬K K‡iv|

AvDUcyU: GLv‡b

Kz‡qwi KgvÛ¸wj wbe©vn

n‡j djvdj †`Lv

hv‡e|

†jvKvj mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ mshy³

nIqvi Rb¨ Kv‡b± wK¬K K‡iv|

GLv‡b mvf©vi †bg

local\SQLExpress ev localhost\SQLExpress cÖf…wZ

wWdë _vK‡e|

wPÎ bs-7: SQLserver Express Management Studio cwiwPwZ

Kz‡qwi †jLvi Rb¨ New Query evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e

WvDb‡jvW wjsK http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/| http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=7593


†WUv‡eR ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB AviwWGgGm †K KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|

CREATE DATABASE syntax: CREATE DATABASE myshop_db bv‡gi GKwU †`vKv‡bi †WUv‡eR ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv bx‡Pi KgvÛwU w`e| CREATE DATABASE myshop_db djvdj wn‡m‡e GKwU bZzb †WUv‡eR ˆZwi n‡e|

†Uwej ˆZwi:

†WUv ivLvi Rb¨ †WUv‡e‡Ri †fZi †WUv †Uwej ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|

†Uwej ˆZwii KgvÛ syntax:

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column_name1 data_type , column_name2 data_type, column_name3 data_type, ....

) OrderTable bv‡gi GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv bx‡Pi KgvÛwU †`e|

CREATE TABLE OrderTable (

O_Id int not null, OrderDate smalldatetime, OrderPrice Decimal(18,2), CustomerName nvarchar(255)

) GLv‡b not null A_© GB KjvgwU‡Z Z_¨ ivLvi mgq dvKv(null) ivLv hv‡e bv| djvdj wn‡m‡e †WUv‡e‡R OrderTable bv‡gi GKwU bZzb †Uwej ˆZwi n‡e|

O_Id OrderDate OrderPrice CustomerName

†Uwej cwieZ©b Kiv

ˆZwi Kiv †Uwe‡j bZzb Kjvg mshy³ Kivi KgvÛ syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype OrderTable GbZzb City bvgK Kjvg mshy³ Kiv


ALTER TABLE OrderTable ADD City varchar(150)

djvdj

O_Id OrderDate OrderPrice CustomerName City

†Uwej †_‡K Kjvg gy‡Q †djvi KgvÛ syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name OrderTable †_‡KCity bvgK KjvgwU gy‡Q †djv: ALTER TABLE OrderTable DROP COLUMN City djvdj


cÖvBgvwi wK ˆZwi Kiv (SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint) PRIMARY KEY constraint cÖwZwU †iKW© Avjv`vfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖvBgvwi wK Gi gvb¸wj KLb GKB nq bv A_©vr BDwbK (Abb¨) nq| cÖvBgvwi wK Kjv‡g †Kv‡bv

NULL ev Lvwj gvb _v‡K bv| cÖwZwU †Uwe‡ji †Kej GKwU gvÎ cÖvBgvwi wK _vK‡Z cv‡i| †Uwej ˆZwii ci PRIMARY KEY constraint ˆZwi Kivi syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (column_name) GLv‡b †h OrderTable ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi †Kv‡bv cÖvBgvwi wK bvB| GB †Uwe‡j O_Id Kjvg‡K cÖvBgvwi wK Kivi Rb¨ bx‡Pi Kz‡qwiwU Pvjv‡Z n‡e|

ALTER TABLE OrderTable ADD PRIMARY KEY (O_Id) †Uwej ˆZwii Kivi mgq PRIMARY KEY constraint ˆZwi Kivi syntax:

CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,, column_name2 data_type, column_name3 data_type, .... )


Avgiv †`vKv‡bi AW©v‡ii we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ ivLvi Rb¨ Av‡iKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi| Zvi cÖ_g

Kjvg n‡e OrderDetailsID Ges GB KjvgwU n‡e †Uwe‡ji cÖvBgvwi wK| †mRb¨ Avgiv bx‡Pi Kz‡qwi KgvÛwU Pvjve|

CREATE TABLE OrderDetails ( OrderDetailsID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY , O_Id int, PrductName nvarchar(255), Qty int, Price Decimal(18,2), TotalPrice Decimal(18,2) )

d‡ib wK Kbm‡Uª›U (The FOREIGN KEY constraint) Gi gva¨‡g `yBwU †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ev m¤úK© ˆZwi nq| hv Øviv `yB †Uwe‡ji m¤úK© †Q` NUv‡Z

cv‡i Ggb Z_¨ BbcyU n‡Z evav †`q| d‡ib wK Kjv‡g †h †Uwe‡ji Kjv‡gi mv‡_ m¤úK© Zvi gvb

bq Ggb gvb †XvKv‡bv hv‡e bv| d‡j ỳwU †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ Z_¨i ms‡hvM we`¨gvb _vK‡e| GLv‡b

OrderDetails †Uwe‡ji O_Id Kjvg‡K d‡ib wK wn‡m‡e OrderTable Gi O_Id Kjv‡gi mv‡_ m¤úK© ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

†Uwej ˆZwi Kivi ci FOREIGN KEY constraint ˆZwi Kivi syntax ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT foreignkey_name FOREIGN KEY (column_name) REFERENCES referance_table_name(referance_column_name) m¤úK©wU ˆZwii Rb¨ bx‡Pi Kz‡qwiwU Pvjv‡Z n‡e|

ALTER TABLE OrderDetails ADD CONSTRAINT fk_OrderTableId FOREIGN KEY (O_Id) REFERENCES OrderTable(O_Id) djvdj †Uwe‡j OrderTable Gi O_Id †K †idv‡iÝ Kjvg Ges OrderDetails †Uwe‡ji O_Id d‡ib wK Kjvg wn‡m‡e fk_OrderTableId bv‡gi GKwU FOREIGN KEY constraint ˆZwi n‡e| †Uwej ˆZwi Kivi mgq FOREIGN KEY constraint ˆZwi Kivi syntax

CREATE TABLE Orders ( column_name1 data_type NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,


column_name2 data_type FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES referance_table_name(referance_column_name), column_name3 data_type, [...] )

hw` m¤úK©wU Avgiv OrderDetails †Uwej ˆZwii mgq w`‡Z nZ Zvn‡j †Uwej ˆZwii Kz‡qwiwU nZ Ggb:

CREATE TABLE OrderDetails ( OrderDetailsID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY , O_Id int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES OrderTable(O_Id), PrductName nvarchar(255), Qty int, Price Decimal(18,2), TotalPrice Decimal(18,2) )

†Uwe‡j Z_¨ BbcyU/BbmvU© Kiv

†Uwe‡j Z_¨ BbcyU Kivi Rb¨ INSERT statement wU e¨envi nq| INSERT syntax: INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...) INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...) VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...)

OrderTable G Z_¨ BbcyU Kivi Rb¨ KgvÛ †`qv nj| INSERT INTO OrderTable VALUES (1,'2012/02/30', 1000,N'†mv‡jgvb') INSERT INTO OrderTable VALUES (2,'2012/03/12’, 1600,N'†bvgvb ') INSERT INTO OrderTable VALUES (3,'2012/03/14’, 700,N'†mv‡jgvb')

djvdj wn‡m‡e OrderTable bZzb wZbwU †iKW© BbmvU© n‡e:

O_Id OrderDate OrderPrice CustomerName 1 2012/02/30 1000 †mv‡jgvb

2 2012/03/12 1600 †bvgvb

3 2012/03/14 700 †mv‡jgvb


KgvÛ:

INSERT INTO OrderTable (O_Id, OrderDate, OrderPrice, CustomerName) VALUES (4,'2012/04/02',300,N'†mv‡jgvb')

djvdj:


1 2012/02/30 1000 †mv‡jgvb

2 2012/03/12 1600 †bvgvb

3 2012/03/14 700 †mv‡jgvb

4 2012/04/02 300 †mv‡jgvb

Insert KgvÛwU Gfv‡eI †`Iqv hvq-

INSERT INTO OrderTable (O_Id, OrderDate, CustomerName) VALUES (5,'2012/04/04',N'†mv‡jgvb') INSERT INTO OrderTable (O_Id, OrderDate, OrderPrice) VALUES (6,'2012/04/07',300) INSERT INTO OrderTable (O_Id, OrderDate, OrderPrice,CustomerName) VALUES (7,'2012/04/09',900, N’Kvjvg’)

djvdj


1 2012/02/30 1000 †mv‡jgvb

2 2012/03/12 1600 †bvgvb

3 2012/03/14 700 †mv‡jgvb

4 2012/04/02 300 †mv‡jgvb

5 2012/04/04 †mv‡jgvb

6 2012/04/07 500

7 2012/04/09 900 Kvjvg

5 bv¤v̂i AW©v‡i †`Lv hv‡”Q OrderPrice Kjv‡g †Kv‡bv †fjy/gvb bvB| KviY BbcyU Kivi mgq GB gvbwU †`Iqv nqwb| †Kv‡bv gvb bv _vK‡j ev Lvwj _vK‡j Zv‡K NULL value e‡j| GKB fv‡e 6 bs AW©v‡i †`Lv hv‡”Q CustomerName †bB| GLv‡b CustomerName bv _vKvq NULL value i‡q‡Q|


†Uwej Avc‡WU Kiv

UPDATE table_name SET column1=value, column2=value2,... WHERE some_column=some_value

OrderTable Gi NULL value `ywU Avc‡WU Kivi Rb¨ bx‡Pi KgvÛ †`Iqv nj: UPDATE OrderTable SET OrderPrice=1200 WHERE O_Id =5 UPDATE OrderTable SET CustomerName=N’‡Kvievb’ WHERE O_Id =6

djvd‡j 5 bs AW©v‡ii cÖvBm wVK n‡q hv‡e Ges 6 bs AW©v‡ii Kv÷gv‡ii bvg wVK n‡q hv‡e|


2 2012/03/12 1600 †bvgvb

3 2012/03/14 700 †mv‡jgvb

4 2012/04/02 300 †mv‡jgvb

5 2012/04/04 1200 †mv‡jgvb

6 2012/04/07 500 †Kvievb

7 2012/04/09 900 Kvjvg

†WUv †Uwej †_‡K gy‡Q †djv

SQL DELETE Syntax DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value

7 b¤î AW©viwU gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ KgvÛ †`Iqv nj: DELETE FROM OrderTable WHERE O_Id=7

djvd‡j 7 bs AW©v‡ii †iKW©wU †Uwej †_‡K gy‡Q †Mj|

OId OrderDate OrderPrice CustomerName 1 2012/02/30 1000 †mv‡jgvb


2 2012/03/12 1600 †bvgvb

3 2012/03/14 700 †mv‡jgvb

4 2012/04/02 300 †mv‡jgvb

5 2012/04/04 1200 †mv‡jgvb

6 2012/04/07 500 †Kvievb

†WUv D‡Ëvjb/AbymÜvb

†WUv D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨

SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name

Ges

SELECT * FROM table_name OrderTable Gi me¸‡jv †iKW© †`Lvi Rb¨ bx‡Pi Kz‡qwiwU Pvjv‡Z n‡e| SELECT * FROM OrderTable


1 2012/02/30 1000 †mv‡jgvb

2 2012/03/12 1600 †bvgvb

3 2012/03/14 700 †mv‡jgvb

4 2012/04/02 300 †mv‡jgvb

5 2012/04/04 1200 †mv‡jgvb

6 2012/04/07 500 †Kvievb

SELECT Gi mv‡_ WHERE e¨envi K‡i mywbw`©ó Z_¨ †`Lv hvq| SELECT column_name,column_name / * FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value

†hgb Avgiv ïay Kv÷gvi †mv‡jgv‡bi AW©vi¸wj †`Lvi Rb¨ Gfv‡e KgvÛ w`‡Z cvwi:

SELECT * FROM OrderTable WHERE CustomerName=NÕ†mv‡jgvbÕ

djvd‡j †`Lv hv‡e ïay †mv‡jgv‡bi †iKW©̧ wj †`Lv hv‡”Q:


1 2012/02/30 1000 †mv‡jgvb


3 2012/03/14 700 †mv‡jgvb

4 2012/04/02 300 †mv‡jgvb

5 2012/04/04 1200 †mv‡jgvb

†WUv mvRv‡bv/mwU©s

†WUv‡K µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv †WUv‡eR wm‡÷‡gi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR|

SQL ORDER BY syntax: SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name,column_name ASC|DESC

Avgiv ïay †mv‡jgv‡bi AW©vi¸wji g‡a¨ eo †_‡K †Qv‡Uv µ‡g mvRv‡Z bx‡Pi WHERE mn KgvÛwU †`Iqv †h‡Zcv‡i|

SELECT * FROM OrderTable WHERE CustomerName=N’†mv‡jgvb’ ORDER BY OrderPrice DESC

djvdj:


1 2012/02/30 1000 †mv‡jgvb

3 2012/03/14 700 †mv‡jgvb

4 2012/04/02 300 †mv‡jgvb

†WUv MÖæwcs

Z_¨‡K mvi ms‡ÿc AvKv‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ MÖæwcs Kiv nq|

SQL GOUP BY syntax

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name


OrderTable Gi Kv÷gvi‡ì g‡a¨ †K †gvU KZ UvKvi AW©vi w`‡q‡Q †`Lvi Rb¨ bx‡Pi KgvÛwU †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

SELECT CustomerName, SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders GROUP BY Customer

djvdj †`Lv hv‡e †h wZbRb Kv÷gv‡ii bvg †`Lv hv‡”Q Ges Zv‡ì †gvU AW©v‡ii cwigvY †`Lv hv‡”Q|

CustomerName OrderPrice †mv‡jgvb

3200

†bvgvb 1600

†Kvievb 500

†WUv Bb‡Ww·s

†WUv †Uwe‡ji †_‡K Z_¨ `ªæZ I `ÿZvi mv‡_ Luy‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ Bb‡W· ˆZwi Kiv hvq| GB

Bb‡W· †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv Z‡e †WUv‡e‡Ri cvid‡g©Ý evov‡bvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| A‡bK

†WUv _v‡K Ggb †Uwe‡j Bb‡W· ˆZwi Kiv nq| Aí †WUv _vK‡e ev Av‡Q Ggb †Uwe‡j Bb‡W· †Zgb †Kv‡bv

f~wgKv iv‡L bv| Bb‡W· Kiv †Uwe‡j †WUv Avc‡WU I BbmvU© Zzjbvg~jK axi MwZ m¤úbœ| ZvB †h Kjvg¸wj

†LuvRvi Kv‡R †ewk eënvi nq †m¸wj‡ZB †Kej Bb‡W· ˆZwi Kiv DwPZ|

SQL CREATE INDEX syntax CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)

GB Bb‡W‡· Kjv‡g †fjy¸wji g‡a¨ Wywcø‡KU †fjy _vK‡Z cvi‡e|

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name) GB Bb‡W‡· Kjv‡g †fjy¸wji g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Wywcø‡KU †fjy _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|

Order Table G O_Id Kjv‡gi Rb¨ OrderTableIdIndex bv‡gi GKUv BDwbK Bb‡W· ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ bx‡Pi KgvÛwU †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX OrderTableIdIndex ON OrderTable (O_Id)

Bb‡W· gy‡Q †djv

DROP INDEX syntax DROP INDEX table_name.index_name


Order Table Gi OrderTableIdIndex bv‡gi BDwbK Bb‡W·wU †gvQvi Rb¨ bx‡Pi Kz‡qwiwU Pvjv‡Z n‡e|

DROP INDEX OrderTable. OrderTableIdIndex †WUv‡eR †_‡K †Uwej gy‡Q †djv

DROP TABLE syntax DROP TABLE table_name

Order Table bv‡gi †UwejwU †gvQvi Rb¨ bx‡Pi Kz‡qwiwU Pvjv‡Z n‡e| DROP TABLE OrderTable †WUv‡eR gy‡Q †djv

DROP DATABASE syntax DROP DATABASE database_name

myshop_db bv‡g †WUv‡eRwU gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ bx‡Pi Kz‡qwiwU Pvjv‡Z n‡e| DROP DATABASE myshop_db †WUv wmwKDwiwU

A‡bK cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Q Z_¨ A‡bK g~jëvb m¤ú`| miKvwi-†emiKvwi, Avw_©K, eëmvwqK, wkÿv,

¯v̂¯’̈ , M‡elYv wewfbœ iKg cÖwZôvb Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK †WUv‡eR eënvi Ki‡Q| GB Z‡_ï g‡a¨

Kv÷gv‡ii e¨w³MZ Z_¨, eëmvwqK †Mvcb Z_¨, Avw_©K Z_¨, M‡elYvjä Z_¨ mn wewfbœ iKg

¸iæZ¡c~Y© _vK‡Z cv‡i| A‡b‡KB GB Z_¨ †c‡j e¨w³MZfv‡e †Kv‡bv Dcv‡q nq‡Zv jvfevb n‡Z

cv‡i| A‡b‡K ïaygvÎ ivM, †ÿvf ev cÖwZwnsmv PwiZvi_© Kivi Rb¨ GB Z_¨ bó ev Rb mg‡ÿ cÖKvk

K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| GB Z_¨ Pzwi n‡j cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K, eëmvwqK ÿwZ, mybv‡gi ÿwZ GgbwK Avw_©K

RwigvbviI m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ZvB Z_ï wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv AZ¨šÍ Riæwi GKwU KvR| GLv‡b

†WUv‡e‡Ri `kwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbivcËv ûgwK Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

Threat 1 - Excessive Privilege Abuse BDRvi-Gi hw` Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi †_‡K †ewk AbygwZ _v‡K †m †mB AbygwZ eënvi K‡i †WUv‡e‡Ri

ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb GKRb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kg©KZ©v hvi KvR ïay QvÎ‡ì †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wVKvbv

cwieZ©b Kivi AbygwZ Zv‡K AwZwi³ AbygwZ w`‡j †m QvÎ‡ì cÖvß b¤î cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ZvB cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ Kv‡Ri AbygwZ †Ìqv †WUv‡e‡Ri wbivcËvi Rb¨ GKwU ûgwK|

Threat 2 - Legitimate Privilege Abuse †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î êa AbygwZ‡K eënvi K‡iI BDRvi †WUv‡e‡Ri ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY

wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv hvK GK Rb †gwW‡Kj Kg©x †h Kv÷g GKwU I‡qe A¨vwcø‡Kkb w`‡q GKB mg‡q

†Kej GKwU †c‡k‡›Ui Z_¨ †`L‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi †Kv‡bv B‡j±ªwbK Kwc Kiv‡Z cv‡i bv| GB Kg©xwU

Kv÷g A¨vwcø‡Kkb eënvi bv K‡i hw` G‡·‡ji †WUv Kv‡bKkb eënvi K‡i Z‡e †m mKj


†c‡k‡›Ui †gwW‡Kj wn÷wi †c‡q hv‡e| PvB‡j GB Z_¨ wewµ K‡i †m jvfevb nIqvi †Póv Ki‡Z

cv‡i| GB ai‡bi Aceënvi cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ ZvB KLb †Kvb BDRvi †Kv_vq †_‡K Kx eënvi

Kij Ges mywbw`©ó c×wZ Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcv‡q †WUv‡eR eënv‡ii jM ivL‡Z n‡e| hv †_‡K

m‡›`n RbK eënvi I eënviKvix kbv³ Kiv hv‡e|

Threat 3 Privilege Elevation AviwWGgGm mdU&Iq¨v‡ii †Kv‡bv `ye©jZv Kv‡R jvwM‡q AvµgYKvix mvaviY eënviKvix †_‡K

A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi wn‡mwe DÇxb n‡Z cv‡i| GB `ye©jZv weëBb dvskvb, GmwKDGj, †cÖv‡UvKj

wbg©v‡Y ev †÷viW cÖwmwWI‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i| AvµgYKvix GB myweav wb‡q wewfbœ iKg ÿwZ Ki‡Z

cv‡i| cÖ_vMZ B›Uªykb wcÖ‡fbkb wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_ mv‡_ †WUv‡e‡Ri UªvwdK wbqwgZ gwbUi K‡i Rvbv

Av‡Q Ggb `ye©jZvq AvµgY †_‡K evPv hvq| Aek¨B AviwWGgGm-Gi wbivcËv welqK

mdU&Iq¨vi¸wj wbqwgZ Avc‡WU Ki‡Z n‡e|

Threat 4 - Platform Vulnerabilities Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cøvUdi‡gi `ye©jZvi Kvi‡YI †WUv‡eR Avµg‡Yi ûgwK‡Z co‡Z cv‡i| wm‡÷‡g

Bb÷j Kiv †Kv‡bv mdU&Iq¨v‡ii `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡MI †WUv‡eR Avµg‡Yi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i| eøv÷vi

Ig© DB‡ÛvR 2000 Gi `ye©jZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wWbvBj Ie mvwf©m A¨vUv‡K K‡i| GRb¨ Acv‡iwUs

wm‡÷g Avc‡WU Ki‡Z n‡e, Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mn wewfbœ mdU&Iq¨v‡i wmKzwiwU Avc‡WU wbqwgZ

Bb÷j Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖ_vMZ B›Uªykb wcÖ‡fbkb wm‡÷g eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|]

Threat 5 - SQL Injection GmwKIGj Bb‡RKkb A¨vUvK nj GmwKIGj †÷U‡g‡›Ui g‡a¨ AevwÃZ †÷U‡g›U XywK‡q †`qv|

mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq †÷viW cÖwmwWIi ev I‡qe A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi Bbcy‡U GiKg †÷U‡g›U XywK‡q †`q|

hv Ab¨ êa †÷‡g›U¸wji mv‡_ ¯̂vfvweK fv‡eB wbe©vn nq| GmwKDGj Bb‡RKkb eënvi K‡i AvµgYKvix

†WUv‡e‡Ri me©gq KZ©…Z¡ wb‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ Kz‡qwi †j‡fj A v̈K‡mm K‡›Uªvj AZ¨šÍ Riæwi| I‡qe

A v̈wcø‡Kkb Gi †ÿ‡Î BbcyU c v̈ivwgUvi fv‡jvfv‡e cixÿv K‡i †WUv‡e‡R ẁ ‡Z n‡e|

Threat 6 - Weak Audit Trail cÖwZwU ¯úk©KvZi, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_ev A¯v̂fvweK †WUv‡eR Uªvb‡RKk‡bi AwWU †iKW© ivLv †WUv‡eR

wWRvB‡bi Ask nIqv DwPZ| `ye©j AwWU cwjwm †WUv‡eR eënviKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ gvivZ¥K

ûgwK n‡q ùvov‡Z cv‡i| AwWU †iKW© eë¯’v `ye©j n‡j Zv miKv‡ii AvB‡bi cwicš’x n‡Z cv‡i|

GUv wmwm K¨v‡givi gZ AvµgY I AvµgYKvix kbv³ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| wewfbœ iKg Z`šÍ Kivi

Rb¨ GB †iKW© AZ¨šÍ Riæwi|

Threat 7 - Denial of Service wWbvBj Ie mvwf©m A¨vUvK n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi AvµgY †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv †bUIqvK© A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev

†WUv DwÏó êa eënviKvix eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wKsev †WUv‡eR mvf©v‡ii


`ye©jZv eënvi K‡i AvµgYKvix GB AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †bUIqv‡K© I †WUv‡eR wm‡÷‡g

AwZwi³ Z_¨ †evSvB K‡iI Gai‡Yi AvµgY Kiv hvq| GB ai‡bi AvµgY †_‡K evPvi Rb¨

†bUIqvK©, A¨vwcø‡Kkb Ges †WUv‡eR GB wZb RvqMv‡ZB cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| mKj

mdU&Iq¨vi Avc‡WU ivL‡Z n‡e|

Threat 8 - Database Communications Protocol Vulnerabilities †WUv‡e‡Ri †hvMv‡hvM †cÖv‡UvK‡ji `ye©jZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †WUv‡e‡R Avµg‡Yi msL¨v †e‡o hv‡”Q|

Gi gva¨‡g AvµgYKvix A‰ea †WUv‡eR eënvi, †WUv bó Kiv Ges wWbvBj Ae mvwf©‡mi gZ NUbv

NUv‡”Q| SQL Slammer2 Ig©(worm) fvBivmwU gvBµmdU GmwKIGj mvf©v‡ii †hvMv‡hvM †cÖv‡UvK‡ji `ye©jZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wWbvBqvj Ae mvwf©m A¨vUvK K‡i| †cÖv‡UvKj †fwj‡Wkb

†UKb‡jvwR eënvi K‡i GB ai‡bi AvµgY †_‡K iÿv Kiv hvq| GB cÖhyw³‡Z †WUv‡e‡R Avmv me

†WUv‡eR UªvwdK cixÿv K‡i †`‡L Ges A¯v̂fvweK ev AbvKvw•ÿZ †Kv‡bv UªvwdK †c‡j mZK© K‡i

Ges eøK K‡i †`q|

Threat 9 - Weak Authentication `ye©j A‡_bwU‡Kkb ev jMBb eë¯’vi my‡hvM wb‡q AvµgYKvix cÖK…Z eënviKvixi jMBb BDRvi †bg I cvmIqvW© Pzwi A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcv‡q `Lj wb‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ AvµgYKvix eªyU †dvm©

A¨vUvK Ki‡Z cv‡i| eªyU †dvm© A¨vUvK nj m¤¢ve¨ mKj BDRvi †bg cvmIqvW© †Póv Kiv hZÿY

ch©šÍ bv mwVKwU cvIqv hv‡”Q| Avevi †m wb‡Ri cwiPq wfbœ fv‡e eënviKvix‡K w`‡q Zvi BDRvi

†bg cvmIqvW© cÖZviYv K‡i wb‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i eënviKvixi †bvUeyK ev dvBj

†_‡KI BDRvi †bg cvmIqvW© Pzwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB iKg AvµgY †_‡K evPvi Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ `yB

¯Í‡ii A‡_bwU‡Kkb eënvi Kiv| †hgb BDRvi †bg cvmIqvW© Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ wdsMvi wcÖ›U PvIqv|

A¯v̂fvweK e¨_© jMBb A‡Uv‡gwUK eøK Kiv| ÷ªs cvmIqvW© cwjwm ev¯Íevqb Kiv, †hgb cvmIqv‡W©i

wgwbgvg Aÿi msL¨v, msL¨v Aÿi wP‡ýi mgš̂q Ges `y‡e©va¨ Kiv|wbqwgZ cvmIqvW© †PÄ Kiv| bv

†R‡b KvD‡K cvmIqvW© †Ìqv Ges †Kv_vI wj‡L bv ivLv ev AšÍZ †Pvi aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ggb

†Kv_vI wj‡L bv ivLv|

Threat 10 - Backup Data Exposure cÖvqkB †`Lv hvq †WUv‡eR msiÿY Ges e¨vKAvc wgwWqv cÖvq m¤ú~Y© AiwÿZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GB

my‡hv‡M e¨vKAvc †Uc Ges nvW©wW¯‹ Pzwi K‡i †WUv‡eR Pzwii eo eo NUbvI N‡U‡Q| GRb¨ mKj

ai‡bi e¨vKAvc nIqv DwPZ A¨vbwµ‡ÞW| fwel¨‡Z nq‡Zv †Kv‡bv †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U †mw÷gB

A¨vbwµckb Qvov e¨vKAvc ˆZwi Ki‡e bv|

WvUv A¨vbwµckb

†WUv‡e‡Ri wbivcËv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| h‡_‡ó cwigvY wbivcËv eë¯’v †bIqvi ciI †`Lv hvq

†Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv fv‡e †WUv‡e‡Ri wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡”Q| ZvB mvBevi wbivcËv we‡klÁiv


†WUv‡e‡Ri Rb¨ ÒMfxi wbivcËv eë¯’vÓ M‡o †Zvjvi civgk© †`b| ÒMfxi wbivcËv eë¯’vÓ wn‡m‡e

Ab¨vb¨ wbivcËvg~jK eë¯’vi mv‡_ mv‡_ †WUv‡e‡Ri Z_¨ mg~n A¨vbwµÞ K‡i ivLv| A¨vbwµckb

nj Z_¨‡K Ggb fv‡e G‡jv‡g‡jv K‡i ivLv hv‡Z †Mvcb Pvwe Qvov Zv †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq cov bv hvq|

eZ©gv‡b Z_¨‡K eo wWwRUvj msL¨v (Pvwe) w`‡q RwUj MvwYwZK m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Ggb fv‡e G‡jv‡g‡jv

Kiv nq Zv Avi H Pvwe Qvov cvVE×vi m¤¢e nq bv| Z_ï wbivcËvi Rb¨ GB A¨vbwµckb GKwU

¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Ggb Z_¨ i‡q‡Q hv †WUv‡eR A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi ev cwiPvjK‡iI †`LvUv †MvcbxqZv f½

Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Z_ï wbivcËvi Rb¨ A¨vbwµckb‡K AvBbMZ fv‡e eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges

wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK wkígvb wba©viYKvix cÖwZôvb A¨vbwµckb‡K wkígvb wn‡m‡e wba©viY K‡i‡Q|

†WUv A¨vbwµck A‡bK RwUj MvwYwZK wn‡m‡ei gva¨‡g Kiv nq ZvB GB cÖwµqvwU GKUz axiMwZ

m¤úbœ| GRb¨ A‡b‡KB mdU&Iq¨v‡ii Kv‡Ri MwZ‡Z e¨vNvZ NU‡Z cv‡i Avk¼vq GB cÖwµqv Gwo‡q

†h‡Z Pvb| eZ©gv‡b nvW©Iq¨vi I mdU&Iq¨v‡ii DbœwZi d‡j GB mgm¨v A‡bKvs‡kB KvwU‡q IVv

hvq| gv‡µvmdU Gi sql server 2008 I cieZ©x fvm©b mg~n‡Z Ges IivKj Gi oracle 10g I cieZ©x fvm©b mg~‡n transparent data encryption cÖhyw³ ms‡ÿ‡c TDE mshy³ i‡q‡Q| GB cÖhyw³ Kjvg, †Uwej Ges †Uwe‡ji †fZ‡i Z_¨ mg~n A¨vbwµÞ K‡i nvW© wW‡¯‹ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ¯’vqx

¯§„wZ‡Z msiÿY K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z Z_¨ e¨vKAvc †bIqvi mgq GKB iKg A¨vbwµckb K‡i iv‡L|

A¨vbwµck‡bi Pvwe ev wK AviwWweGgGm Gi gv÷vi wK ev Pvwe w`‡q A¨vbwµÞ K‡i msiÿY K‡i|


Abykxjbx-6

eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ: 1. bx‡Pi †KvbwU RwbwcÖq AviwWGgGm bq?

K. IivKj L. GmwKGj mvf©vi

M . gvB‡µvmd&U AvDUjyK N. gvBGmwKDGj

2. bx‡Pi †KbvwU AviwWGgGm Gi KvR bq?

K. †WUv msiÿY Kiv L. †WUvi wbivcËv iÿv Kiv

M. Z_ï weï×Zv iÿv Kiv N. GKB mg‡q GKvwaK eënviKvix cÖwZ‡iva Kiv

3. Ae‡R± wi‡jkbvj g‡W‡ji êwkó¨¸wj nj-

i. ÷vÛ©vB‡Rkb Av‡Qii. Z_ï m¤úK© I AvPiY Dfq _v‡K iii. eënvi Dc‡hvMx GmwKIGj Av‡Q (K) i (L) ii (M) iii (N)ii I iii 4. wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡e‡Ri †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mZ¨?

K. Z_¨ †Uwej AvKv‡i msiÿY Kiv nq L. †iv nj wdì

M. Uzcj nj Kjvg N. †Kv‡bvwU bq

5. A¨vbwµck‡bi Rb¨ †KvbwU mwVK?

K. Z_¨‡K cvV A‡hvM¨ K‡i †d‡j| L. Pvwe QvovI cvV Kiv hvq|

M. Lye MwZ m¤úbœ cÖwµqv N. mvgvb¨ MvwYwZK cÖwµqvq Kiv nq

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t

1. nvmv‡bi GKUv cvBKvwi i‡Wi e¨vemv Av‡Q| †mLv‡b wewfbœ mvBR I eªv‡Ûi iW Av‡Q| Zvi wKQz

mvcøvBqvi Av‡Q hv‡ì KvQ †_‡K †m bM‡` evwK‡Z gvj µq K‡i Ges cvBKvwi †µZv‡ì Kv‡Q

bM‡` evwK‡Z gvj weµq K‡i| †m Zvi Kw¤úDUvi we‡klÁ eÜz Avwid‡K Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi GKUv

†WUv‡eR ˆZwi K‡i w`‡Z ejj|

K) AviwWweGgGm wK?

L) gvBGmwKIGj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bRg¨v›U wm‡÷g eënv‡ii myweav e¨vL¨v Ki|

M) nvmv‡bi †WUv‡e‡R Kx Kx †Uwej I m¤úK© i‡q‡Q †ei Ki|

N) †WUv‡eR eënvi Ki‡j nvmv‡bi Kx Kx myweav n‡e we‡kølY K‡iv|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœt

1. wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡e‡R g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki|

2. cÖavb PviwU †WUv‡eR g‡W‡ji Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki?

3. wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡e‡Ri ‰ewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|

4. GmwKIGj Kz‡qwi j¨vs¸‡q‡R †WUv UvBc wK I wewfbœ cÖKvi †WUv UvB‡ci eY©bv `vI|

5. GmwKIGj †÷U‡g›U wK? Z_¨ DËjb Kivi †÷U‡g›UwU D`vniY mn e¨vL¨v Ki|

†wuv‡er g¨v‡br‡g›u wm‡÷g 6 · †wuv‡er g¨v‡br‡g›u wm‡÷g 207 †wuv‡er...

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