awake 2012
DESCRIPTION
ukranian magazine, bible, awakeTRANSCRIPT
!"#2�˚�˚˙�ı• ����˝B 85 >86 >>>
˙����&�) <8 �� ���
����ı&� �˚˛�˚���
��"� ı˝�H
7 �S ,*j* ^3* +14]1hZ*H
8 5D �d]dyb1 4 `\4,*3ZTabp
9 6D �T/b`SYdyb1 hSab\bd
: 7D �`*,SWnZ\ -\bdyb1 T 4+1`T-*yb1 ^3d
; 8D �d/nb1 a]\ab1`13WS,TE
V\WS ^ab1 Z1 ,/\Y*
< �14*+*`\Y 4/\`\,* ^3* /Wq ,aTf
5> �\-Wq/ �T+WT�^D
�S Y\3dbn Y1`b,T /\]\Y\-bS 3S,SYH
56 �T+WTq P VZS-* b\hZSf ]`\`\gb,D
�*abSZ* 6
59 �\W\/T Wp/S 4*]SbdpbnD
�S a]`*,/T YS WSj1 /`d4TH �*abSZ* 5
5< ˛*/dY hS ,S]*/\VH
�1`1]*jV* `*,WSV*
5= ) Z*`1jbT ,T/hd, a]`*,3Zp Wp+\,
b* YS`
66 �*bSV P /S,\,S3Z* TZ/\Z14TyanV*
bV*ZSZ*
68 ,`\O6>56 P Tab\`ShZ* ]\/Tq
6: \Y*jVS Z* \+T/D �`\ab\ T aY*hZ\
6< �\,SZS 4 dan\-\ a,Tbd
6= T/ Z*jSf hSb*hT,
7> �+YT`Vdyb1 d `\/SZZ\Yd V\WT
76 \Z* /\]\Y\-W* Y1ZT
]\/\W*bS ]\-*Zd 4,ShVd
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 7
��˛˚��ı ab*bbT 4 b*VSYS 4*-\W\,V*YS 4Gq,SWSaq YSO
ZdW\-\ `\Vd ,]`\/\,3 WSj1 /,\f bS3ZT,D ˛* \gTZO
V*YS ,h1ZSfE k\`\Vd , `\4,SZ1ZSf V`*�^Z*f +WS4nV\
7> ,T/a\bVT, Wp/1y ab`*3/*2 h1`14 f,\`\+SE ,SVWSV*ZT
Z1qVTaZ\p�^31pD
)V Z* ,*a ,]WS,*pbn b*VT ]\,T/\YW1ZZqH �an k\ V*O
31 �\�^E \/SZ h\W\,TV 4 �\ZV\Z-dB w1Z1 g1 /d31 b`S,\O
3SbnE * b\ y -ZT,SbnD ) Y*p /,\f /Tb1yE T Y1ZT Z1 +*y/dO
31E k‹\ ,\ZS
�^/qbnxD
+T/ZSf V`*�^Z*f f,\`\+SE a]`ShSZ1ZT Z1qVTaZ\p
�^31p T ,\/\pE k\`\Vd ,+S,*pbn YTWny\ZS Wp/1yE 4/1O
+TWnj\-\ /Tb1yD w�`\/dVbS Z* Z*jSf `SZV*f Z1 4*fSO
k1ZT ,T/ YdfE /\kdE ,Tb`d y ]SWdEP -\,\`Sbn �\W*
4 �T-1`T�^DP 1Z1 WqV*pbn ]\,T/\YW1ZZq ]`\ f*`h\,T \bO
`d2ZZqD ) f\hd 4*fSabSbS a,\p aTYGpxD
� qV ,S Y\-WS + 4*fSabSbS a,\p aTYGpH *Z*/anO
V1 *-1Zbab,\ 4 TZa]1VgT�^ f*`h\,Sf ]`\/dVbT, 4*4Z*h*2B
w \WS Z1qVTaZ*�^3* \]SZq2bnaq Z* ]`SW*,V*f Y*-*4SO
ZT,E ]`\ b*VT ,S]*/VS ]Sjdbn d -*41b*fD ı g1 a]`*,1/WSO
,\D �/Z*V Z1+14]1V* Y\31 V`SbSaq Z*,Tbn d ,*jTy VdfO
ZTD a1 4*W13Sbn ,T/ b\-\E k\ ,S b*Y `\+Sb1 *+\ h\-\ Z1
`\+Sb1xD
�\3 qV ]\/+*bS ]`\ +14]1hZd�^3d /Wq a,\2
�^ aTYG
�^H �\4O
-WqZnY\ h\bS`S ]`*VbShZT ]\`*/SD
�� ��"��ı˝� �˚˛�˚��H�� ��"��ı˝� �˚˛�˚��H
w� �TY1hhSZT h1`14
VSjV\,d ]*WShVd 4*V`SO
WS jV\Wdx Lı�� ��ı•˚
��˚����� �˚•�˚�E ı ˚�O
���MD
w�]\3S,*ZZq 4*`*31ZSf
a*WnY\Z1W\p ]*`\abVT,
]`S4,1W\ /\ a]*W*fd 4*O
f,\`p,*ZZq d ]GqbS jb*O
b*fx Lw(O˚�O˚• �� ˚•xE �"�MD
w�Gqa\ : V\`T,E V\b`Sf -\O
/d,*WS `*/T\*VbS,Z\p a\W\O
Y\pE ]\b`*]SW\ , = ]`1e1VO
bd`x Lw �•ı�ı ˙˚•�ı &(�xE
)��ı)MD
˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
˙1qVT V*b1-\`T�^ Wp/1y
\a\+WS,\ ,`*4WS,T /\ f,\O
`\+ f*`h\,\-\ ]\f\/31ZO
ZqD �1`1/ ZSfB
˘ /TbS /\ ]GqbS `\VT,C
˘ ,*-TbZT 3TZVSC
˘ Wp/S ,TV\Y]\Z*/ ;> `\VT,C
˘ \a\+S 4 \aW*+W1ZSYTYdZTb1b\YD
)Vk\ ,S L*+\ ,*jT `T/ZTM
Z*W13Sb1 /\ \/ZT2�^ 4 gSf
V*b1-\`TyE ,*Y aWT/ ]`S/TO
WqbS \a\+WS,d d,*-d b\YdE
qV ,S -\bd2b1E ]\/*2b1 b*
a]\3S,*2b1�^3dD
˙31`1W\B �]`*,WTZZq 4 ]Sb*Zn f*`O
h\,Sf ]`\/dVbT, �\,\-\ �T,/1ZZ\-\
�1Wnad L�,ab`*WTqMD
����� ��˛�������� ��˛���
!"#2 �˚•˝���� �˙���&�) /Wq
,aT2�^ `\/SZSD TZ ]\,T/\YWq2 Z\O
,SZSE `\4]\,T/*2 ]`\ Wp/1y 4 `T4ZSf V`*�^ZE ,Sa,TbWp2
`1WT-TyZT T Z*dV\,T ]Sb*ZZqE ]\V*4d2E qV Y\3Z* /\W*bS
an\-\/ZTjZT ]`\+W1YSD �TWnj1 b\-\E d Zn\Yd Z1 bTWnVS
/1b*WnZ\ \+-\,\`ppbnaq ]\b\hZT ]\/T�^E * y `\4V`SO
,*2bnaq�^fZ2 a]`*,3Z2 4Z*h1ZZqD �1y h*a\]Sa 4*,3O
/S 4*WSj*2bnaq ]\WTbShZ\ Z1yb`*WnZSY T Z1 4,1WShd2
3\/Z\�^ `*aS hS Z*gT\Z*WnZ\abTD � Z*y-\W\,ZTj1E ,TZ
,a1Wq2 ,]1,Z1ZTabn d b\YdE k\ �,\`1gn Z14*+*`\Y
a]\,ZSbn a,\p \+TbZSgp P 4ZSkSbn ZSZTjZp aSab1Yd
4W* b* ,ab*Z\,Sbn YS`ZSy Z\,Sy a,TbD
�q ]d+WTV*gTq Z1 /Wq ]`\/*3dD \Z* 2 h*abSZ\p ,a1a,TbZn\�^ ]`\-`*YS
+T+WTyZ\�^ \a,TbSE qV* ]T/b`SYd2bnaq /\+`\,TWnZSYS ]\31`b,*YSD )Vk\ Z1
,V*4*Z\ 3\/Z\-\ /31`1W*E ,`1yanVT �Sa*ZZq L�b*`Sy ˛*,TbM gSbdpbnaq
4 �T+WT�^ d ]1`1VW*/T �-T2ZV* L,S/*ZZq 6>>6 `\VdME * �`SabSqZanVT � 1gnO
VT �Sa*ZZq L�\,Sy ˛*,TbM P 4 w�1`1VW*/d Z\,\-\ a,TbdxD ıZjT /31`1W*
gSb*bB dWDP �,qb1 �SanY\E ]1`1VW*/ dWTj*C �� P w�1`1VW*/ Z\,\O
-\ a,Tbd �,qb\-\ �SanY*x L4 ]`SYTbV*YSE *Z-WDMC �\YDP �,qb1 �SanY\E
]1`1VW*/ �\Y1ZV*D
Awake! (ISSN 0005-237X) is published monthly by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society ofNew York, Inc.; L. Weaver, Jr., President; G. F. Simonis, Secretary-Treasurer; 25 ColumbiaHeights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483. Periodicals Druck und Verlag: Wachtturm Bibel-und Traktat-Gesellschaft der Zeugen Jehovas, e. V., Selters/Taunus. VerantwortlicheRedaktion: Ramon Templeton, Selters/Taunus. � 2012 Watch Tower Bible and TractSociety of Pennsylvania. �aT ]`*,* 4+1`T-*pbnaqD Printed in Germany.
Vol. 93, No. 6 Monthly UKRAINIAN
8
) #� ,S Z1 ,S`\kd2b1
�^3d Z* ,W*aZ\Yd
-\`\/TE b\E Y*+dbnE jdV*2b1�^�^ Z* `SZO
V*f *+\ , Y*-*4SZ*fD )V 31 ,S+`*bS 4/\`\O
,d�^3dH
˘ �`\/dYdyb1 Y*`j`db ]\Vd]\VD
w�]\h*bVd Vd]dyb1�^3dE V\b`* Z1 ]ad2bnO
aqEP 4*4Z*h*2 ıZe\`Y*gTyZ* `*/* 4 ]Sb*Zn
+14]1VS f*`h\,Sf ]`\/dVbT, L�,ab`*WTqMDP
�*\ab*Z\V +1`Tbn 4*Y\`\31ZT b* \f\W\/31ZT
]`\/dVbSxD )Vk\ ,S ]W*Zd2b1 Vd]d,*bS -*O
`qhd�^3dE `\+Tbn g1 ,31 b\/TE V\WS y/1b1 /\O
/\YdD
˘ �T//*,*yb1 ]1`1,*-d a,T3SY
]`\/dVb*YD
)Vk\ Y\3WS,\E Vd]dyb1 a,T3T ]`\/dVbS�D�db 4 �T-1`T
�^E Y*bS /,\f /Tb1yE V*31B w˛*O
4,Sh*y q y/d Z* `SZ\V `*Z\O,`*ZgTE V\WS
]`\/dVbS k1 a,T3TxD ˚WT4*+1b 4 1VaSVS
b13 `\+Sbn ]\Vd]VS Z* `SZVdD w�*Y q Y\3d
]`S/+*bS a,T3T e`dVbS y \,\hTE /\ b\-\ 3
,S+S`*p�^f a*Y*EP -\,\`Sbn ,\Z*DP ) 4*,O
3/S Vd]dp YGqa\ b,*`SZE 4*+SbSf b\-\ 3
� ˙S,Tbnaq ab*bbp w�\`*/* 5D �`*,SWnZ\ f*`hdyb1anxd Z\Y1`T w�`\+d/SanIx 4* +1`141Zn 6>55 `\VdD
/ZqD �1E k\ Z1 ,SV\`Sab\,dp ,T/`*4dE q 4*O
Y\`\3dpxD
˘ �1`1,T`qyb1 qVTabnD
�* k\ ,*`b\ 4,1`ZdbS d,*-dH �1`1,T`b1E
hS Z1 ]\jV\/31Z* jVT`V* \,\hT, b* e`dVO
bT,D �S Z1 Y*2 YGqa\ Z14,ShZ\-\ 4*]*fdH �S
gTW* d]*V\,V*H `T4n djV\/31Zd d]*V\,Vd
,a1`1/SZd Y\3dbn ]`\ZSVZdbS Z1+14]1hZT
+*Vb1`T�^D
�dZ �*y Vd]d2 f*`hT , ad]1`Y*`V1b*f
�\ZV\Z-dD �TZ V*31B w�*3WS,\ ]1`1,T`qbS
b1`YTZ ]`S/*bZ\abTE ,V*4*ZSy Z* d]*V\,gTxD
�\YdH �*fT,gT 4*ab1`T-*pbnE k\�^3*E b1`YTZ
]`S/*bZ\abT qV\�^ 4*VTZhS,aqE Y\31 ,*Y 4*O
jV\/SbSE Z*,Tbn qVk\ ,\Z* ,S-Wq/*2E ]*fZ1
T aY*Vd2 /\aSbn /\+`1D
˘ �*/TyZ\ d]*V\,dyb1D
�*ab\ YSyb1 , -*`qhTy YSWnZTy ,\/T b*`dE
4 qV\p ,S f\/Sb1 4* ]\Vd]V*YSD Gqa\ hS
`S+d Z\aTbn , \V`1YSf ]\ad/SZ*f *+\ adYO
V*fE k\+ gT ]`\/dVbS Z1 b\`V*WSaq TZjSf
f*`hT,D
˚Z`TV\ T �\`1/*Z*E ]\/`d33q 4 ıb*WT�^E VdO
]dpbn ]`\/dVbS Z1]\/*WTV ,T/ /\YdD w�\VS
YS /\Z1a1Y\�^f /\ ]\Y1jV*ZZqE ,\ZS Z1
,abS-Zdbn 4T]ad,*bSaqxEP V*31 ]\/`d33qD
)Vk\ /\`\-* /\/\Yd 4*yY*2 +TWnj1 ZT3 ]T,O
-\/SZSE ]\/+*yb1E k\+ 4*Y\`\31ZT hS \f\W\O
/31ZT ]`\/dVbS Z1 Z*-`T,*WSaqE Z*]`SVW*/
]\VW*/Tbn�^f d adYVdOf\W\/SWnZSVD
˛ Z*abd]Z\�^ ab*bbT ,S /T4Z*2b1anE qV dZSVO
ZdbS 4*`*31ZZq ]`\/dVbT, d a1+1 ,/\Y*D
5D ����•�˚����•�˚˛ ��˛��˝ı��(˛ ��˛��˝ı��(
�����•�˚ ��� ı� ˙ı�˚•B w) ,hd /Tb1yE
k\E ]1`j ZT3 Vd]d,*bS qVTan 4*]*V\,*O
ZT ]`\/dVbSE aV*3TY\ a\W\/\kTE b`1+*
\+\,Gq4V\,\ ]1`1,T`qbS b1`YTZ ^fZn\
^
]`S/*bZ\abTx L�dbE �T-1`TqMD
�ı��� /+*2 ]`\ 4/\`\,Gq a,\
�^f ]*gT2ZbT,
T b\Yd YS2 `dVSE ab1`SWT4d2 TZab`dY1ZO
bS b* ]TVWd2bnaqE k\+ , \]1`*gTyZTy +dW\
hSab\D �*V a*Y\ y ,S 4*`*/S 4/\`\,Gq ,*j\�^
aTYG�^ ]\,SZZT /+*bS ]`\ \a\+Sabd -T-T2ZdE
hSab\bd Z* ,*jTy VdfZTE * b*V\3 YSbS T Z*O
W13Z\ 4+1`T-*bS ]`\/dVbSD
˘ �Syb1 `dVSD
�-1Zbab,\ \f\`\ZS 4/\`\,Gq *Z*/S ]\,TO
/\YWq2E k\ w]`S+WS4Z\ <> ,T/a\bVT, ]\jSO
`1ZSf TZe1VgTyZSf 4*f,\`p,*ZnE qVO\b 4*O
abd/* b* -`S]E ]1`1/*pbnaq h1`14 `dVSxD
�\Yd `1b1WnZ\ YSyb1 `dVS 4 YSW\Y ]1`1/�^/\pE ]TaWq bd*W1bd T V\WS -\bd2b1
�^3dD
˘ �T/b`SYdyb1 hSab\bd Z* VdfZTD
˛* `14dWnb*b*YS \/Z\-\ /\aWT/31ZZqE
Z*yhSabTjSY YTag1Y d /\YT 4*4,Sh*y 2 bd*O
W1bE * \b wZ*y+TWnjd V\Zg1Zb`*gTp e1V*WnO
ZSf +*Vb1`Ty ,Sq,W1Z\ Z* Vdf\ZZSf -d+V*f
b* -*ZhT`V*fxD
�\3 h*ab\ YTZqyb1 Vdf\ZZT -*ZhT`VS
T YSyb1 Vdf\ZZT ]\,1`fZT -*`qh\p ,\/\p
4 YSW\Y *+\ /14TZe1VgTyZSY 4*a\+\YD #\O
]`*,/*E g1 +d,*2 Z1W1-V\D +d/SZVd �\O
WSE Z*]`SVW*/E Z1Y*2 ,\/\]`\,\/dD �\Z* V*O
31B w�\h* /\,\/Sbnaq /\VW*/*bS hSY*W\
4daSWnE YS ZTV\WS Z1 1V\Z\YSY\ Z* YSWT y
,\/TE k\+ ]T/b`SYd,*bS hSab\bd Z* VdfZT b*
, dan\Yd /\YTxD
˘ �Syb1 \,\hT T e`dVbSD
#1 /\ b\-\E qV ,S Vd]Sb1 ]`\/dVbSE ,\O
ZS ,31 Y\3dbn +dbS 4*+`d/Z1ZT TZjSYS
aS`SYS ]`\/dVb*YSE * b*V\3 Z1hSab\p ,\O
/\pE b,*`SZ*YS y e1V*WTqYSD �+S ]\4+dbSO
aq jVT/WS,Sf +*Vb1`TyE `1b1WnZ\ YSyb1 \,\O
hT b* e`dVbSE Z*,Tbn qVk\ 4+S`*2b1an�^f
hSabSbSD ˛,Sh*yZ\E g1 ,SY*-*2 +TWnj1 h*adD
˙*qZE Y*bS 4 �`*4SWT�^E -\,\`SbnB w) Z1 ]\O
a]Tj*p T `1b1WnZ\ YSp 41W1Zn ]1`1/ bSYE qV
]`S-\bd,*bS a*W*bxD
˘ �S`1 YGqa\ 4+1`T-*yb1 \V`1Y\D
#\+ 4*]\+T-bS ]\jS`1ZZp +*Vb1`TyE 4+1O
`T-*yb1 aS`1 YGqa\ T Y\`1]`\/dVbS , -1`Y1O
bShZSf 2YZ\abqf *+\ /\+`1�^f d]*V\,dyb1D
�`SY*yb1 gT ]`\/dVbS \V`1Y\ ,T/ `1jbS�^3TD
�1b1WnZ\ YSyb1 Vdf\ZZd /\jVd b* ZT3 , -*O
`qhTy ,\/T 4 YSW\Y /\ T ]TaWq Z*`T4*ZZq YGqO
a* hS `S+SD � ,bTYE WT]j1 Y*bS \V`1Yd /\jO
Vd b* ZT3 /Wq gSf ]`\/dVbT,D
�V*3TY\E ,S /+*2b1 ]`\ hSab\bd `dVE ]`SO
W*//q b* ]`\/dVbT,D � qV ]`S-\bd,*bS�^3dE
k\+ ,\Z* Z1 4*jV\/SW* ,*j\Yd 4/\`\,GpH
6D �ı˙��� �•�˚�ı˙��� �•�˚��������������
�����•�˚ ��� ı� ˙ı�˚•B w�S ]`S,h*2Y\
/Tb1y YSbS `dVS ]1`1/ ^/\pE * b*V\3
YSbS hS ,SVS/*bS b1E k\ ,]*W\ Z* ]T/O
W\-dx L�\ ^E �\ZV\Z-MD
�˙���&�) ���� �����B *W+*ZanV*E *Yf*`anV*E *Z-WTyanV*��E*`*+anV*E *e`SV*ZaE +1Y+*E +T`Y*ZanV*E +TaW*Y*E +\W-*`anV*E ,G2bZ*YanO
V*E ,T`Y1ZanV*E -TZ/TE -`1gnV*E -`d4SZanV*E -d/3*`*bTE /*banV*�E 1,1E 1aOb\ZanV*E 2,`1yanV* LT,`SbME 4dWdE T+\E TW\V*ZanV*E TZ/\Z14TyanV*E TaW*Z/anV*E
Ta]*ZanV*��E Tb*WTyanV*��E y\`d+*E V*Z*/*E VS`-S4nV*E VSb*yanV*� L*d/T\4*O]Sa bTWnVS Y*Z/*`SZanV\p Y\,\pME VSb*yanV* La]`\k1Z1 ]SanY\ME VTZnqO
`d*Z/*E VT`dZ/TE V\`1yanV*��E V\a*E W*bSanV*E WSb\,anV*E W\4TE Y*V1/\ZanOV*E Y*W*-*aTyanV*E Y*W*qW*YE Y*WnbTyanV*E Z-*W*E ZT/1`W*Z/anV*��EZTY1gnV*��E Z\`,14nV*�E ]1/TE ]1Z/3*+anV*E ]\WnanV*��E ]\`bd-*WnanV*���E`*`\b\Z-*E `\aTyanV*��E `dYdZanV*E a*Y\*E a1+d*ZanV*E a1`+anV*E a1adb\EaSZ-*WnanV*E aW\,*gnV*E aW\,1ZanV*E ad*fTWTE b*-*WnanV*�E b*yanV*E b*YTWnOanV*E b,TE b\VO]TaSZE b\Z-*ZanV*E ba,*Z*E ba\Z-*E bd`1gnV*E d-\`anV*E dV`*O�^ZanV*E d`/dE eT/3TyanV*E eTZanV*�E e`*Zgd4nV*���E fTWT-*yZ\ZE f\`,*banV*Eh1anV*�E hSh1,*E hTb\Z-*E j,1/anV*�E j\Z*E q]\ZanV*��D
� �*V\3 CDD � �*V\3 MP3 CD-ROMD� �d/T\4*]SaS b*V\3 /\abd]ZT Z* www.jw.org.
� � ���ı � ������ �ı&"˚ ı�������ı ı ��� #�� ˛ ��� �����O
˙ �˚˛��"����˚ ˙���"�� ���˚��) �ı�ı ıH �`\aSY\ Z*/TaW*bS a,\2
]`\f*ZZq �,T/V*Y -\,S Z* \/Zd 4 ,T/]\,T/ZSf */`1aE ]\/*ZSf ZS3h1D �\,ZSy
]1`1WTV */`1a /S,Tbnaq Z* a*ybT www.watchtower.org/addressD �`-1ZbSZ*B Casilla 83(Suc 27B), C1427WAB Cdad. Aut. de Buenos Aires. �TW\`danB 66>>7>E �SZaVE *Nq =D 1WSV\+`Sb*ZTqB The Ridgeway, London NW7 1RN. ı4`*
�^WnB PO Box 29345, 61293 Tel Aviv.
ıa]*ZTqB Apartado 132, 28850 Torrej´on de Ardoz (Madrid). ıb*WTqB Via della Bufalotta 1281,
I-00138 Rome RM. *Z*/*B PO Box 4100, Georgetown, ON L7G 4Y4.�\W/\,*E �1a]d+WTOV*B PO Box 472, MD-2005 Chisin
˘au. �TY1hhSZ*B 65617 Selters. �\Wnk*B ul. Warszawska
14, 05-830 Nadarzyn. �\`bd-*WTqB Apartado 91, P-2766-955 Estoril. �\aTqB *Nq 5<6E�*ZVbO�1b1`+d`-E 5=>>>>D �"�B 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483.�V`*
�^Z*B *Na =99E �n,T,O�`pf\,ShTE ;=8=5D �`*ZgTqB BP 625, F-27406 Louviers
Cedex.
: �`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56
) ��& d ab*`\/*,Zn\Yd ı4`*
�^WT \/SZ Z1O
/+*WSy Vdf*` Z*4+S`*, /SVSf ]W\/T,E
f\h* wZ1 4Z*,E k\ b\ +dW\xD �TZ ]\VW*, bSf
]W\/T, d V*4*Z 4 pjV\pD �Vdjbd,*,jS�^�^E
Wp/S 4WqV*WSaqD �\ZS ]\/dY*WSE k\�^f f\O
hdbn \b`d�^bSE T 4*V`Sh*WSB w�Y1`bn d V*4*O
ZTDDIx L6 �*`T, 8B7<P85E �\YDMD
)V ]\V*4d2 g1y ]`SVW*/E /\ Z1/+*W\ ]`SO
-\b\,W1Z\�^�^3T b`1+* ab*,SbSaq 4 \+1`13ZTaO
bpE */31 ,\Z* Y\31 Z*Y 4*jV\/SbS T Z*,Tbn
a]`ShSZSbS aY1`bnD �b31E k\+ dZSVZdbS
f,\`\+ f*`h\,\-\ ]\f\/31ZZqE ,hTbnaq ]`*O
,SWnZ\ -\bd,*bS y 4+1`T-*bS�^3dD �\4-WqZnO
Y\ h\bS`S `1V\Y1Z/*gT�^D
˘ �1 `\4Y\`\3dyb1 YGqa\
]`S VTYZ*bZTy b1Y]1`*bd`T
˙1]*`b*Y1Zb aTWnanV\-\ -\a]\/*`ab,*
�"� `*/Sbn Z1 `\4Y\`\3d,*bS YGqa\ ]`S
VTYZ*bZTy b1Y]1`*bd`TD ,S/*ZZT gT2�^ dab*O
Z\,S ]\qaZp2bnaqB w�\h* ,a1`1/SZT �YGqa\�
4*WSj*2bnaq 4*Y\`\31ZSYE y\-\ 4\,ZTjZq
h*abSZ* \]SZq2bnaq , Y13*f Z1+14]1hZSf
b1Y]1`*bd` P ,T/ 8{C /\ :>{CD ˛* gSf b1YO
]1`*bd` j,S/V\ `\4YZ\3dpbnaq +*Vb1`T�^xD
�\Yd `\4Y\`\3dyb1 ]`\/dVbS , f\W\/SWnO
ZSVd hS YTV`\f,SWn\,Ty ]1hT *+\ \]dabS,jS�^f d ,\/\Z1]`\ZSVZTy d]*V\,gT , f\W\/Zd
,\/dD
˘ �T//*,*yb1 ]`\/dVbS Z*W13ZTy
b1`YThZTy \+`\+gTD
�a1a,TbZq \`-*ZT4*gTq \f\`\ZS 4/\`\,Gq
]\,T/\YWq2E k\ wZ*W13Z* b1`YThZ* \+`\+V*
]`\/dVbT, 4ZSkd2 ,aT Z1+14]1hZT YTV`\\`-*O
ZT4YSxD \WS -\bd2b1�^3dE \a\+WS,\ ad]S y
bdjV\,*ZT ab`*,S 4 YGqa\Y hS `S+\pE Z*-`TO
,*yb1�^�^ /\ b1Y]1`*bd`S k\Z*yY1Zj1 ;>{C�D
�aVTWnVS ,S4Z*hSbS b1Y]1`*bd`d ,a1`1/SZT
/1qVSf ab`*, /\aSbn aVW*/Z\E +*-*b\ Vdf*O
`T, ]\aWd-\,dpbnaq b1`Y\Y1b`\Y /Wq YGqa*D
˘ �\/*,*yb1 ab`*,S qVZ*yj,S/j1D
�\b\,*�^3* Z1 ]\,SZZ* Z*/b\ /\,-\ 4*O
WSj*bSaq ]`S VTYZ*bZTy b1Y]1`*bd`TD �\3
]\/*,*yb1�^�^ Z* abTW qVZ*yj,S/j1E +*3*O
Z\ ,T/`*4d ]TaWq ]`S-\bd,*ZZqE k\+ ,\Z*
Z1 4T]adW*anD �\W\/Zd�^3d b`SY*yb1 , f\O
W\/Z\Yd YTagTE * -*`qhd P , -*`qh\YdD �*O
]`SVW*/E -*`qhT YGqaZT ab`*,S ]\ab*,b1
, /df\,VdE ,ab*Z\,S,jS b1Y]1`*bd`d ]`SO
+WS4Z\ =9{CD
˘ �*W13Z\ 4+1`T-*yb1 4*WSjVS ^3TD
�/Z* Y*bS 4 �\WnkTE Z* TYGq �ZTb*E +TWnO
jTabn ab`*, ]\/*2 Z* abTW k1 -*`qhSYSD �dO
,*2E k\ aTYGq 4G�^/*2 Z1 ,a1D �ZTb* V*31B w�\/T
q 4*Y\`\3dp�^3d qV\Y\-* j,S/j1 Z1,1WSO
VSYS ]\`gTqYSE *+S ]\bTY�^�^ +dW\ W1-j1 `\4O
Y\`\3d,*bSxD )Vk\ 3 ,S ]\VW*WS 4*WSjVS
, f\W\/SWnZSVE ]\ab*`*yb1aq a]\3SbS�^f
]`\bq-\Y b`n\fOh\bS`n\f /ZT,D
� qV +dbSE V\WS ,S�^ab1 Z1 ,/\Y*E aV*3TY\
, `1ab\`*ZTE /1�^3d -\bd2 fb\an TZjSyH )V
b\/T ]\/+*bS ]`\�^�^ +14]1VdH
� ˙1qVT ]`\/dVbSE qVO\b ]bSgpE b`1+* -\bd,*bS 4* ,SOkSf b1Y]1`*bd`D
7D ������&�������&�����•�˚����•�˚ı ˛�˚�ı��•�˚
�ı˝�ı ˛�˚�ı��•�˚�ı˝�
�����•�˚ ��� ı� ˙ı�˚•B w) 4*,3/S
Z*-*/dp /TbqYE k\E -\bdphS ^3dE b`1+*
]`\hSb*bS TZab`dVgTp Z* d]*V\,gT
b* /\b`SYd,*bSaq ^ ^x L(V TZE �\ZV\Z-MD
��˙�ı• 4*fT/ZTy V`*
�^ZT Wp/S ,Sb`*h*O
pbn d `1ab\`*Z*f Y*y31 ]\W\,SZd -`\O
j1yE qVT ,S/TWqpbn Z*�^3dD �`\b1 , bTy V`*O
�^ZT a]*W*fS f,\`\+ f*`h\,\-\ ]\f\/31ZZq
]`S+WS4Z\ d 9> ,T/a\bV*f ,S]*/VT, ]\,Gq4*O
ZT a*Y1 4 `1ab\`*ZZ\p�^31pD
˛,Sh*yZ\E d `1ab\`*ZT fb\an TZjSy Vd]d2
]`\/dVbSE ab13Sbn 4* hSab\b\p Z* VdfZT b*
-\bd2 /Wq ,*a�^3dD � ,bTYE a*Y1 ,S ,S`Tjd2O
b1E /1�^abSE k\
�^abS T qV ]*Vd,*bS
�^3dE qVd
f\h1b1 ,4qbS 4 a\+\pD
˘ �\4/S,Tbnaq /\,V\W*D
˙*qZE V\b`* 3S,1 , �`*4SWT�^E `\4]\,T/*2B
w \WS YS y/1Y\ , qVSyan `1ab\`*Z d]1`j1E
q `\4/S,Wqpaq /\,V\W*E k\+ ]1`1,T`SbSE hS
ab\WSE aV*b1`bSZS b* ]`SW*//q hSabTE * \eTO
gT*ZbS \f*yZTD )Vk\ ZTE YS y/1Y\ 4 gn\O
-\ `1ab\`*Zd T jdV*2Y\ TZjSyxD /1qVSf
V`*�^Z*f ]`1/ab*,ZSVS a*ZTb*`Z\-\ Z*-Wq/d
`1-dWq`Z\ ]1`1,T`qpbn b* \gTZppbn `1ab\O
`*ZS 4* `T,Z1Y hSab\bSD �\bTY `14dWnb*bS
]1`1,T`VS \]`SWp/ZppbnD
˘ �d/nb1 \+1`13ZT T4 4*WSjV*YS ^3TD
]`*,WTZZq 4 V\Zb`\Wp f*`h\,Sf ]`\/dVO
bT, b* WTV*`anVSf 4*a\+T, L�"�M `*/SbnB
w)Vk\ ]TaWq ,T/,T/d,*ZZq `1ab\`*Zd ,S
Z1 ]W*Zd2b1 ]\,1`b*bSan /\/\Yd ]`\bq-\Y
/,\f -\/SZE b\ Z1 4*+S`*yb1 4 `1ab\`*Zd 4*O
WSjVS�^3TxD �W1 qVk\ ,S +1`1b1
�^3d 4 a\O
+\pE ,*`b\ ,T/`*4d ]TbS /\/\Yd T ]\VW*abS�^�^
, f\W\/SWnZSVE \a\+WS,\ V\WS b1Y]1`*bd`*
]\,Tb`q Z* ,dWSgT aq-*2 ]\Z*/ 7>{CD
�b31E ,S Y\31b1 ]\/+*bS ]`\ +14]1Vd ,*O
j\�^�^3TE 4*ab\a\,dphS h\bS`S ]\`*/S 4 gT2
�^
a1`T�^ ab*b1yD
8D �� &�˚ �����˚�˚˝���ıE�� &�˚ �����˚�˚˝���ıE����
�ı��˚ ˚ �˙� ������ı��˚ ˚ �˙� �
˙31eeE 4/\`\,Sy b* 1Z1`-TyZSy 7<O`ThO
ZSy h\W\,TVE ]Tj\, `*4\Y T4 aTYG2p , `1aO
b\`*Z Z1]\/*WTV YTab* �Tbba+d`- Ljb*b
�1ZaSWn,*ZTqE �"�MD �1`14 YTaqgn ]TaWq
b\-\ ,TZ ]\Y1` ,T/ -\ab`\�^ ]1hTZV\,\
�^ Z1O
/\ab*bZ\abTD #\ ab*W\ ]`ShSZ\p y\-\
aY1`bTH ˛1W1Z* gS+dWqE qVd ,TZ�^, d `1aO
b\`*ZTD \Z* +dW* 4*`*31Z* -1]*bSb\Y �D
�����•�˚ ��� ı� ˙ı�˚•B w�S ,hSY\
Z*jSf /Tb1y Z1 ^abS
^3TE qV* Y\31
4*jV\/SbSx L�\1YTE �TWT]]TZSMD
< �`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56
�� ��"�
�^3* +d/1 +14]1hZ\pE ]1,Z\p
YT`\p 4*W13Sbn ,T/ ,*aD �/Z*V 2 hSZO
ZSVSE Z* qVT ,S Z1 Y*2b1 ,]WS,dD �*]`SO
VW*/E ,*Y Z1 ]T/ aSWd ]1`1,T`SbS qVTabn
daTf ]`\/dVbT,E V\b`T ,S Vd]d2b1 *+\ -\bd2O
b1D ıZ\/T /\,\/Sbnaq Vd]d,*bS b\,*`E qVSy
]`\yj\, ]\]1`1/Zp \+`\+Vd /*W1V\ ,T/ ,*O
j\-\ /\Yd T qVSy /\,-\ b`*Za]\`bd,*WSD
� /1qVT ]`\/dVbS Y\3dbn +dbS 4*`*31ZT
Z1+14]1hZSYS fTYThZSYS `1h\,SZ*YSE k\ 2
d ]\,Tb`TE ,\/T y š`dZbTD
4,TbT ���˛ 4* Z*4,\p w \Zb`\Wn Z*/
f,\`\+*YS f*`h\,\-\ ]\f\/31ZZqB b`*ZaO
Z*gT\Z*WnZ* ]`\+W1Y*x -\,\`SbnaqE k\ /1O
qVT ]Sb*ZZqE ]\,Gq4*ZT 4 +14]1V\p�^3TE
wZ1Y\3WS,\ ,S`TjSbS 4daSWWqYS \V`1YSf
d`q/T,E g1 ,SY*-*2 YT3Z*`\/Z\�^ a]T,]`*O
gTxD �`\+W1Y* f,\`\+E a]`ShSZ1ZSf Z1qVTaO
Z\p�^31pE 2 -W\+*WnZ\pD
˛`\4dYTW\E +*-*bn\Y ,*3V\ ]\,T`SbSE k\
Z14*+*`\Y Z*ab*Z1 h*aE V\WS V\31Z Y*bSY1
4/\`\,d�^3dD �/Z*V g1 \+Tgq2 w�\a]\/nE �W*O
/SV* ,aT2�^ 41YWTx Lıada* �*,SZ* 7B57MD �aO
VTWnVS an\-\/ZT b*V +*-*b\ Z1qVTaZ\�^�^3TE /1O
fb\ ,SZd,*bSbn d gn\Yd �\-* T Z1 /\,T`q2
y\-\ \+TgqZgTD �W1 ]\YT`Vdyb1B hS ]`*,SWnZ\
4,SZd,*hd,*bS Vdf*`qE qVk\ /\+`d ab`*,d
4T]ad,*, Z1/+*WSy \eTgT*ZbH �1,Z\E k\ ZTI
)Vk\ -\,\`SbS ]`\ /\+`d�^3dE qVd /*2
Z*Y 41YWqE b\�^�^ ]adpbn Wp/SE * Z1 �,\O
˚˛����� ˚˛����� ˛˙�����
�ı˝�˛˙������ı˝�
˙�) ��ı�˙�) ��ı�
w�������E #� ����)�� ˙���� � ˛˙����G(xw�������E #� ����)�� ˙���� � ˛˙����G(x
WS4nV\ 79>> `\VT, b\Yd T4`*�^WnanVSy Z*O
`\/ \b`SY*, �\ya1�^, 4*V\ZD �1y 4*V\Z 4*fSO
k*, 2,`1�^, ,T/ +*-*bn\f f,\`\+E V\b`T Y\-W*
a]`ShSZSbS�^3*D an VTWnV* ]`*VbShZSf ]\O
`*/E qVT /\aT *Vbd*WnZTD
˘ �1 V\`Sabdyb1an ]\ad/\Y b* TZjSY ]`SO
W*//qYE V\b`T b\`V*WSaq Y1`b,Sf b,*`SZD
w�\3Z* `ThE k\ ,3S,*2bnaq /\ ]`*gTEP , ,\O
/d b`1+* ]\VW*abS�^fE T +d/dbn Z1hSabT *3 /\
,1h\`*E * ]\b\Yd ab*Zdbn hSabSYSD � ,aqVSy
-WSZqZSy ]\ad/E k\ 4 ZSf d]*/1 k\ /\ y\-\
a1`1/SZSEP da1E k\ , a1`1/SZT y\-\E ab*Z1
Z1hSab1x L�1,Sb 55B75P78MD
˘ �1�^3b1 YGqa* 4/\fWSf b,*`SZD w�1 +d/1O
b1�^abS 3\/Z\-\ ]*/W*x L�\,b\`1ZZq ˛*V\Zd
58B65MD
˘ �1 b`SY*yb1 /\,-\ 4*WSjVS�^3TD w�\4\O
ab*W1 4 Z1�^ y Z*4*,b`* +d/1
�^/31Z1D � ]\O
4\ab*W1 4 YGqa* V`S,*,\�^ 31`b,S , b`1bTY /ZT
+d/1 a]*W1Z1x L�1,Sb ;B5:P5<MD
˙\Vb\` Y1/SgSZS �D �1Z/W "\`b +d,
,`*31ZSyE k\ �\ya1�^, 4*V\Z P ]\`T,ZqZ\
4 4*V\Z*YS Z*`\/T,E V\b`T 3SWS /\,V\W* T4O
`*�^WnbqZ P YTabS, wYd/`T y `\4ad/WS,T Z*O
ab*Z\,SE k\ a]`SqWS /\+`\Yd 4/\`\,GpxD
`1gnD �*Y1 Wp/S ,SZZT , b\YdE k\ an\-\/ZT�^3* 4/1+TWnj\-\ ab*W* Z1qVTaZ\pD �\3 �\-
\+Tgq2 w4ZSkSbS bSfE fb\ ZSkSbn 41YWpx
L�+Gq,W1ZZq 55B5<MD
�*j\Yd �,\`gp Z1 +*y/d31E k‹\ YS
�^Y\D
�TZ /\,T, g1E V\WS ab,\`S, 41YWp T wV\3Z1
/1`1,\x P Z1 WSj1 w]`SZ*/Z1 Z* ,S-Wq/xE
*W1 y wZ*�^3d aY*hZ1x L�dbbq 6B=MD �1`14
]1,ZSy h*a ]TaWq b\-\E qV ]1`j* Wp/anV*
]*`* 4-`TjSW* T ]1`1/*W* a,\�^Y Z*k*/V*Y
Z1/\aV\Z*WTabn b* f,\`\+SE �\- �-\,* /*,
a,\2Yd Z*`\/\,T V\ZV`1bZT ,V*4T,VS k\/\
+14]1VS�^3T y \a\+Sab\
�^ -T-T2ZSD L˙S,Tbnaq
TZe\`Y*gTp , `*YgT w�*ab*Z\,SE k\ a]`SqO
WS /\+`\Yd 4/\`\,GpxMD
� k\ �\- /*, Wp/qY d�^3dH )V aV*4*Z\
, �T+WT�^E �\- wb`*,d /Wq fd/\+S ,S`\kd2E
b* 41W1ZSZd /Wq ]`*gT Wp/SZTE k\+ fWT+ /\O
+d,*bS 4 41YWTE T ,SZ\E k\ a1`g1 Wp/SZT ,\O
Z\ 4,1a1Wq2E k\+ +TWnj ,T/ \WS,S +WSk*W\
\+WShhqE T fWT+E k\ a1`g1 Wp/SZT 4YTgZq2x
L�a*W\Y 5>8B58E 59MD �T+WTq b*V\3 YTabSbn
b*VT �\3T aW\,*B w�a1E k\ `df*2bnaq y 3SO
,1E +d/1 ,*Y Z*�^3dx L�dbbq =B7E �\YDMD
�`\ Z*j1 Y*y+dbZ2 �\31 �W\,\ -\,\O
`SbnB w�TZ ]\jW1 /\k Z* Z*aTZZq b,\2E
qVSY +d/1j \+aTp,*bS 41YWpE b* fWT+ d`\O
3*p 41YWTEP T ]\3S,ZSy b* aSbSy ,TZ +d/1D
�\-\ /Zq Z* jS`\VTY ]*a\,SanVd ]*abSaq
+d/1 b,\q h1`1/*x Lıa*�^ 7>B67MD �1,/\,4T YS
,31 Z1 ]\+*hSY\ b`S,\3ZSf 4*-\W\,VT, Z*
j]*Wnb*f -*41bD �*b\YTabn dap/S WdZ*bSO
Y1 `*/TaZ1 \-\W\j1ZZqB w˛/\`\,*�^3* /Wq
,aTfIx
�,\`1gn \+Tgq2E k\
, Y*y+dbZn\Yd V\31Z
Y*bSY1 ,/\ab*Wn /\+`\�^
�^3T
5> �`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56
5D�1`1]*f*B/Tq:D6D˝*+*B/Tq5D7D5=>>>D8D�D
ı˙� ı˙ı˙ ���������� �ı����7>E75
˛˙���� TaZd2 ,T`d,*ZZq , b1E k\ Y1`bO
,T Y\3dbn /*,*bS ]\`*/S 3S,SYD �\O
Z\ ,T/\+`*31Z1 d ]\1YT ]`\ �/Taa1q Ly\-\
k1 Z*4S,*pbn WTaa\YME qVd Z*]Sa*, /*,O
Zn\-`1gnVSy ]\1b �\Y1`D �1-1Z/*`ZSy -\O
Y1`T,anVSy -1`\y ]\Z*/ da1 f\bT, 4Z*bSE qV
/Tab*bSaq /\/\YdE Z* \ab`T, ıb*V*E T b\Yd
4Tyj\, d ]T/41YZ1 g*`ab,\ Y1`b,SfE k\+
4,1`ZdbSaq 4T a,\�^Y 4*]Sb*ZZqY /\ ]\Y1`O
W\-\ ,TkdZ*D
�*-*b\ Wp/1y a]\/T,*pbnaq \b`SY*bS
,T/ Y1`b,Sf ,T/]\,T/T Z* aVW*/ZT 4*]SO
b*ZZqD ˛*`*/S gn\-\ ,\ZS 4,1`b*pbnaq
/\ Y1/TdYT,E Z\hdpbn d -`\+ZSgqf a,\�^f
]`1/VT, b* ,SV\Zdpbn a]T`SbShZT `Sbd*WSD
�W1 hS a]`*,/T Y1`b,T Y\3dbn /\]\Y*-*bS
3S,SYH
�\jS`1Z1 q,Sk1
�*-*b\ `1WT-Ty ,hSbnE k\ a]TWVd,*ZZq
4 Y1`b,SYS Y\3WS,1D � 1ZgSVW\]1/T�^ 4 `1O
WT-T24Z*,ab,* -\,\`SbnaqE k\ wZ1V`\Y*ZO
bTqE b\+b\ ,SVWSV*ZZq /dj ]\Y1`WSfE 2
]1`1/daTY e\`Y\p ,\`\3TZZqxE T 4*4Z*h*O
2bnaqE k\ ,\Z* /d31 ]\jS`1Z* LwEncyclo-pedia of ReligionxMD �T/b,1`/31ZZq gn\Yd4Z*f\/SY\ b*V\3 d w�\,Ty V*b\WSgnVSy
1ZgSVW\]1/T�^xE , qVTy aV*4*Z\E k\ w`T4O
Z\Y*ZTbZT e\`YS Z1V`\Y*ZbT�^ ]\jS`1ZT
d ,an\Yd a,TbTx LwNew Catholic Encyclope-diaxMD �\3 Z1 /S,Z\E k\ , +*-*bn\f `1WT-Tqf2 Wp/SE qVT Z*Y*-*pbnaq \b`SYd,*bS TZO
e\`Y*gTp 4T a,Tbd /dfT,D
˛-T/Z\ 4 w�\,\p V*b\WSgnV\p 1ZgSVW\O
]1/T2pxE a]TWVd,*ZZq 4 Y1`b,SYS ad,\`\
4*+\`\ZqW\aq g1`V,\pE ]`\b1 ,T/\Y\E k\ d
a1`1/ZT ,TVS T , 1]\fd �T/`\/31ZZq ,S]*/O
VT, b*VSf V\Zb*VbT, +dW\ +*-*b\D � k\ -\O
,\`Sbnaq , �T+WT�^ ]`\ a]TWVd,*ZZq 4 Y1`bO
,SYSH
�S ,*`b\ 4,1`b*bSaq /\ Y1`b,SfH
/*,ZT h*aS �\- �-\,* Z*V*4*, a,\2Yd
Z*`\/\,TB w�1f*y Z1 4Z*y/1bnaq YT3 b\+\p
b*VSyE fb\DDD ]Sb*2 ]\Y1`WSfx L�\,b\`1ZO
Zq ˛*V\Zd 5<B=P57MD �\Yd �-\,* 4*+\`\ZS,
]Sb*bS ]\Y1`WSfH )V+S 3S,T Y\-WS a]TWO
Vd,*bSaq 4 Y1`b,SYSE fT+* 3 /\+`Sy �\-
Z1 /\4,\WS, +S�^Y gn\-\H �W1 Z*a]`*,/T
b*V1 a]TWVd,*ZZq Z1Y\3WS,1D ˛,T/VS g1 ,TO
/\Y\H
�T+WTq Z1\/Z\`*4\,\ ]\qaZp2E k\ ab*Z
Y1`b,Sf ]\/T+ZSy /\ ab*Zd Z1]`Sb\YZ\abTD
�*]`SVW*/E , ˚VVW14Tqab* =B9 hSb*2Y\B w�\
4Z*pbn 3S,TE k\ ]\Y`dbnE * ]\Y1`WT ZTh\-\
Z1 4Z*pbnxD �a*WYT 58:B7E 8 aV*4*Z\B w�1
Z*/Tyb1an Z* VZq4T,E Z* Wp/anV\-\ aSZ*E +\
, Zn\Yd a]*aTZZq Z1Y*B ,Sy/1 /df y\-\ P
T ,TZ /\ a,\2�^ 41YWT ]\,1`b*2bnaqEP b\-\
/Zq y\-\ 4*/dYS -SZdbnIx �`\`\V ıa*q b*O
V\3 ]Sa*, ]`\ ]\Y1`WSfE k\ ,\ZS w+14aSWT
h1`14 aY1`bnx Lıa*�^ 6:B58E ��MD
�/Z*V hSY*W\ Wp/1y d]1,Z1ZTE k\ ]T/
h*a a]T`SbShZSf a1*ZaT, ,\ZS a]TWVd,*WSO
aq 4 ]\Y1`WSYS +WS4nVSYSD �*VT ,S]*/VS
Z1]\\/SZ\VTE b\Yd \h1,S/Z\E k\ +*-*b\ fb\
a]`*,/T `\4Y\,Wq, 4 VSY\an 4T a,Tbd /dfT,D
�W1E qV ]\V*4dpbn Z*,1/1ZT ,Sk1 d`S,O
VS 4 �T+WT�^E gT Wp/S Z1 Y\-WS `\4Y\,WqbS
4 Y1`b,SYSD ˛ VSY 31 b\/T ,\ZS `\4Y\,O
WqWSH
� ��)˙
ı�ı�ı
�S Y\3dbn Y1`b,T
/\]\Y\-bS 3S,SYH
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 55
˛ VSY ,\ZS `\4Y\,WqpbnH
�T+WT�^ `\4]\,T/*2bnaqE k\ /df\,ZT aSO
ZS �\-* 4+dZbd,*WSaq ]`\bS a,\-\ �,\`gq
T ab*WS /1Y\Z*YS L�dbbq :B5P9C (/S :E ;MD
�\ZS ]\jS`ppbn /dYVdE ZT+S Wp/S ]`\O
/\,3dpbn 3SbS ]TaWq aY1`bTD ˙Wq b\-\ k\+
]T/b,1`/SbS�^�^E /1Y\ZS ]`SVS/*pbnaq ]\O
Y1`WSYS Wp/nYSD �*Y1 /1Y\ZS `\4Y\,WqO
pbn 4 3S,SYSD
˛ �T+WT�^ YS /T4Z*2Y\an ]`\ T4`*
�^WnanV\-\
g*`q �*dW*E qV\-\ �-\,* ,T/VSZd, 4* Z1O
]\V\`dD �*` ]Tj\, /\ Y1/TdY* P ,\`\3VSE
k\+ 4,1`ZdbSaq T4 4*]Sb*ZZqY /\ ]\Y1`W\O
-\ ]`\`\V* �*Yd�^W*D ı �*dW \b`SY*, ,T/]\O
,T/n 4T a,Tbd /dfT,E *W1 Z1 ,T/ ]`\`\V*D
�*`b\ 4-*/*bSE k\ �*Yd�^W 4* 3Sbbq ,T/Y\O
,S,aq a]TWVd,*bSaq 4 g*`1Y T ,Sabd]*, ]`\O
bS ,TkdZT, T bSfE fb\ ,SVWSV*, /dfT,D �*O
a]`*,/T �*dW `\4Y\,Wq, 4 /1Y\Z\YE V\b`Sy
WSj1 d/*,*,E k\ 2 �*Yd�^W\Y L5 �*Yd
�^W*
6<B7P6>MD
˙1Y\ZS P �\3T ,\`\-SE T ,abd]*bS 4 ZSO
YS , V\Zb*Vb Z1+14]1hZ\D �\Yd , �T+WT�^ aV*O
4*Z\B w�1 4,1`b*yb1an /\ ,\`\3+SbT, b*
bSfE fb\ ,SVWSV*2 /djT ]\Y1`WSfD �1 /\O
]daV*yb1 a1+1 /\ b\-\E k\+ \]\-*ZSbSaq ZSO
YSx L�1,Sb 5=B75E ˙dWdY*ZMD � �\,b\`1ZZq
˛*V\Zd 5<B55E 56 4*ab1`T-*2E k\ b\yE wfb\
]Sb*2 ]\Y1`WSfxEP w-S/\b* /Wq �\a]\/*xD
˛,1`ZTbn d,*-dE k\ �-\,* ,T//*, Z1,T`Z\-\
g*`q �*dW* Z* aY1`bn 4\V`1Y* h1`14 b1E
k\ ,TZ w]Sb*,aq ,Tk\-\ /df*x L5 �`\ZTV
5>B57E 58MD
aT YS h*a ,T/ h*ad ab\�^Y\ ]1`1/ Z1W1-O
VSY ,S+\`\Y *+\ abSV*2Y\an 4T aVW*/ZSO
YS ]Sb*ZZqYSD �S Y\3Z* ,a1Ob*VS \b`SO
Y*bS ]\`*/d 4 /df\,Z\-\ /31`1W*H �T+WTq
Z*4S,*2 �\-* �-\,d �1WShZSY �hSb1W1YD
)Vk\ ,S b* ,*jT +WS4nVT 4,1`b*bSY1b1an /\
y\-\ �W\,*E �T+WT�^E T +d/1b1 4*ab\a\,d,*bS
, 3SbbT y\-\ Z*ab*Z\,SE b\ g1 +d/1 b*VE Z*O
h1 w,df*DDD �,*jT� ]\hdpbn aW\,*DDD r�an /\O
`\-*E T/Tbn Z1pIsx Lıa*�^ 7>B6>E 65E �\YDMD �\h*
an\-\/ZT f`SabSqZS Z1 a]\/T,*pbnaq , ]`qO
Y\Yd `\4dYTZZT ]\hdbS -\W\a ]`*,/S,\-\
�\-*E ,TZ /*2�^Y a,Ty ]`\,T/ h1`14 �T+WTpD
�-\,* ZT+S V*31B w�\VW*/Tbnaq Z* Y1Z1xD
�� �� � ���& �ı���� H
˘ )V \- ab*,Sbnaq /\ b\-\E k\ Wp/SZ*Y*-*pbnaq a]TWVd,*bSaq 4 Y1`bO
,SYSH L�\,b\`1ZZq ˛*V\Zd 5<B=P57MD
˘ �S Y\3dbn Y1`b,T k\an `*/SbS3S,SYH �\Yd ,S b*V ,,*3*2b1H
L˚VVW14Tqab* =B9MD
˘ �S�^f ]\`*/ YS Y\31Y\ +144*ab1O
`13Z\ aWdf*bSaqH Lıa*�^ 7>B6>E 65E �\YDMD
56
����˚�˚˙�ı• ab*bbT 4 gT2
�^ a1`T
�^ YS
`\4-WqZdWS b`S ]`\`\gb,* 4 �T+WT�^E
V\b`T ab\ad,*WSaq Z*k*/VT, �,`**Y*D
�*VbS a,T/h*bnE k\ �\- ,SV\Z*, gT ]1`1/O
`1h1ZZqE ]\aWd-\,dphSan ab*`\/*,ZTY Z*O
`\/\Y ı4`*�^WnE qVSy ]\f\/S, ,T/ �,`**Y*D
�T+WTq 4-*/d2 ]`\ k1 \/SZ ab*`\/*,O
ZTy Z*`\/ P ,*,SW\ZqZD �\ZS ,T/T-`*,*WS
,*3WS,d `\Wn d +T+WTyZTy Tab\`T�^E \a\+O
WS,\ ]`\bq-\Y VII ab\WTbbq /\ ZD 1D �\4O
-WqZnY\ b`S +T+WTyZT ]`\`\gb,* ab\a\,O
Z\ �*,SW\ZanV\�^ /1`3*,S T ]1`1,T`Y\E hS
YTabqbn ,\ZS /\V*4S �\3\-\ Z*bfZ1ZZqD
�`\`\V \ya1y ]1`1ab1`T- T4`*�^WnanVSy
Z*`\/B w)Vk\ a]`*,/T 4*+d/1j bS �\a]\O
�ı�ı)
���� ����� ��������������
5 6 7 8 9 : ; <
Sf\/nb1 4 *,SW\ZdI
�q a1`Tq 4 ,\anYS ab*b1y ]`Sa,qh1Z* \a\+WSO
,\abTE qV* ,S`T4Zq2 �T+WTp 4O]\YT3 daTf TZjSf
VZS-EP�^�^ ]`\`\gb,*YE *+\ ]1`1/`1h1ZZqYD
�S +T+WTyZT ]`\`\gb,* P WSj1 ,Sb,T` Wp/anO
V\-\ `\4dYdH �S 2 /\V*4S b\-\E k\ ,\ZS +dWS
Z*bfZ1ZT �\-\YH ˛*\f\hd2Y\ ,*a `\4-WqZdbS
ZS3h1]\/*ZT e*VbSE k\+ \b`SY*bS ,T/]\,T/T
Z* gT 4*]Sb*ZZqD
�*fTanVT WSabS
]T/b,1`/3dpbn \]Sa
�`1YT�^ ]`\ 4*,\p,*ZZq
(/S ,*,SW\ZqZ*YS
� � � � � ı � ı • � ı • ı � � � ı�ı
L� �� ˙ �D ˚DM
:8;
:76
:69
:5;
:>;
+WD ;76 `\Vd
/\ ZD 1D ıa*q
]1`1/`TV*2
]*/TZZq
*,SW\Zd�`1YTq
ab*2 ]`\`\V\Y
*,SW\Z
]T/V\`q2
�aaS`Tp
�*,df\/\Z\a\`
]\hSZ*2
]`*,SbS
˙*ZS�^W*
b* �41VT�^Wq
4*+S`*pbn
/\ *,SW\Zd
�*,df\/\Z\a\`
`dyZd2 �`da*WSY
/*E �\-* a,\-\E T ]T/1j 4* TZjSYS +\-*YSE
T +d/1j�^Y aWd3SbSE T +d/1j ,VW\ZqbSaq
�^YE b\DDD ,S V\Zh1 ]\-SZ1b1x L�\,b\`1ZZq
˛*V\Zd <B5=C 55B<E =MD �/Z*V T4`*�^WnbqZS
4Z\,d T 4Z\,d +dZbd,*WSaq ]`\bS �\-* b*
]\VW\ZqWSaq T/\W*Y L5 �*`T, 58B66P68MD
˛ h*a\Y �\3\Yd b1`]TZZp Z*ab*, VTO
Z1gnD �\- ,T//*, a,\�^f Z1]\VT`ZSf aWd3SO
b1WT, d `dVS ,*,SW\ZqZD�ıfZT ,TyanV* Z*
h\WT 4 g*`1Y �*,df\/\Z\a\`\Y ,Sabd]SWS
]`\bS T4`*�^WnbqZ T ,4qWS , \+W\-d �`dO
a*WSYD �SY gq \+W\-* +dW* ,S4Z*hZ\pH
˛,1`ZTY\ d,*-d Z* aW\,* ]`\`\V* �`1YT�^E
4*]Sa*ZT ]`S+WS4Z\ 4* 6> `\VT, /\ gT2�^ ]\O
/T�^ L�`1YT
�^ 69B5MD
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�`\`\gb,\ 5B w˛* b1E k\ ,S �T4`*�^WnbqZS�
Z1 aWdf*WSaq aWT, �\�^f ��\3Sf�E \an ) ]\O
jWpDDD /\ �*,df\/\Z\a\`*E g*`q ,*,SW\ZO
anV\-\DDD T Z*,1/d�^f �,*,SW\ZqZ� Z* `*y
g1yE T Z* Y1jV*ZgT, y\-\ b* Z* ,aTf gSf
Z*`\/T, Z*,V\W\DDD ı ab*Z1 g1y V`*y `d�^Z\pE
a]dab\j1ZZqYE * gT Z*`\/S +d/dbn aWd3SbS
,*,SW\ZanV\Yd g*`1,T aTY/1aqb WTbIx
L`1YT�^ 69B<P55MD
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�]\,Z1ZZqD :>; `\gT /\ ZD 1D ]TaWq
b`S,*W\�^ \+W\-S �*,df\/\Z\a\` a]dab\O
jS, �`da*WSYD �TZ b*V\3 4*,\p,*, TZjT
p/1yanVT YTab*E d b\Yd hSaWT �*fTj T �41O
Vd L�`1YT�^ 78B:E ;MD �TWnjTabn dgTWTWSf
p/1�^, +dWS ]1`1a1W1ZT d �*,SW\ZE /1 ,\ZS
]1`1+d,*WS , Z1,\WT ;> `\VT,D
ıab\`ShZT e*VbSD
˘ )V ]\V*4d2 �T+WTqE ]T/ h*a 4ZSk1ZZq�`da*WSY* �*,df\/\Z\a\` +d, ,*,SW\ZO
anVSY g*`1YD ıab\`ShZTabn y\-\ \a\+S ]T/O
b,1`/3dpbn *`f1\W\-ThZT /*ZTD � \/Z\Yd
4 Yd41�^, YTab* �W\`1ZgTq Lıb*WTqM 4+1`T-*O
2bnaq V*Y1q 4 \ZTVadE qV* YTabSbn Z*]SaB
w˙Wq *`/dV*E a,\-\ -\a]\/*E �*,df\/\O
Z\a\`E g*` �*,SW\ZdE 4* a,\-\ 3Sbbq 4`\O
+S, g1xD �*,df\/\Z\a\` g*`p,*, 4 :68 /\
9<6 `\Vd /\ ZD 1D
˘ ˛-T/Z\ 4 VZS3V\p w�T+WTq b* *`f1\W\O-TqxE `\4V\]VS T /\aWT/31ZZq , �*fTjT
]T/b,1`/3dpbnE k\ wYTab\ ��*fTj� 4ZSO
kSWS 4 daT2p 3\`ab\VTabpD ]\WdYG�^ ]\O
313T ,*]ZqVE 4 qV\-\ +dWS 4`\+W1ZT abTZS
+d/T,1WnE ]1`1b,\`S,aq Z* ,*]Z\x LwTheBible and ArchaeologyxMD��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�`\`\gb,\ 6B w�\ a]\,Z1ZZT a1YS/1aqbS
WTb *,SW\Zd ) �-\,*� /\ ,*a �p/1�^,O,SO
-Z*ZgT,� 4*,Tb*pE T a]`*,/3d �,\2 /\+`1
aW\,\ ]`\ ,*aE k\+ ,1`ZdbS ,*a /\ gn\-\
YTagq �(/SZ\-\ V`*p�x L`1YT�^ 6=B5>MD
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Page
12
,Lach
ish
Lett
er:
Ph
oto
gra
ph
taken
by
cou
rtesy
of
the
Bri
tish
Mu
seu
m;
page
13
,C
yru
sC
ylin
der:
�Th
eTr
uste
es
of
the
Bri
tish
Mu
seu
m
�SWTZ/` �T`* YTabSbn 4-*/Vd ]`\ b1E
k\ g1y ]`*,Sb1Wn Y*, 4,Sh*y
]\,1`b*bS ]\W\Z1ZSf d�^fZT V`*
�^
9<6
97=
97;
�TZ1gn ]`*,WTZZq
�*,df\/\Z\a\`*
�T/qZS b* ]1`aS
4*,\y\,dpbn
*,SW\Z
�\W\Z1ZSY
p/1qY
/\4,\Wqpbn
]\,1`ZdbSaq
, �`da*WSY
;> `\VT, ]\Z1,\W1ZZq p/1�^, d *,SW\ZT
58 �`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56
�]\,Z1ZZqD \WS YSZdW\ ;> `\VT, ]\W\O
Zd p/1�^, L:>;P97; `\VS /\ ZD 1DME ]1`anVSy
g*` T` 4,TWnZS,�^f T /\4,\WS, ]\,1`ZdbSO
aq /\ `T/Z\-\ V`*pE k\+ ,T/+d/d,*bS f`*Y
, �`da*WSYT L˚4/`S 5B6P8MD
ıab\`ShZT e*VbSD
˘ �S a]`*,/T T4`*�^WnbqZS ]1`1+d,*O
WS d ,*,SW\ZanV\Yd ]\W\ZT ]`\bq-\Y
;> `\VT,H ˛,1`ZTbn d,*-dE k\ Z*]Sa*,
]`\,T/ZSy T4`*�^WnanVSy *`f1\W\- ˚e`*
�^Y
"b1`ZB w˛* ]1`T\/ :>8P97< `\VS /\ ZD 1D
]\,ZTabp ,T/adbZT Tab\`ShZT a,T/h1ZZq
]`\ b1E k\ Z* gTy b1`Sb\`T�^ fb\an 3S,D ˛*
h*ad ]*Zd,*ZZq ,*,SW\ZqZ 3\/Z1 4`dyZ\O
,*Z1 ZSYS YTab\ Z1 +dW\ 4Z\,d 4*a1W1Z1xD
˛-*/*ZSy ]1`T\/ 4*]dabTZZq ,T/]\,T/*2
h*adE V\WS T4`*�^WnbqZS +dWS d ,*,SW\ZanO
VTy Z1,\WT P 4 :>; /\ 97; `\Vd /\ ZD 1D
L6 �`\ZTV 7:B6>E 65MD
˘ �b*`\/*,ZT Z*`\/SE V\b`T 3SWS , 1Oa\]\b*YT
�^E ]Sa*WS Z* -WSZqZSf b*+WShO
V*fD �dW\ 4Z*y/1Z\ \/Zd b*Vd b*+WShVdE
,T/\Yd qV gSWTZ/` T`*D �\Z* /*bd2bnaq
97= `\V\Y /\ ZD 1DP a*Y1 gn\-\ `\Vd ]1`anO
VSy g*` T` 4*,\p,*, �*,SW\ZanVd TY]1O
`TpD �* b*+WShgT Z*]Sa*Z\B w) P d`*j
� T`�DDD g*` �*,SW\ZdxD ˙*WT , ZTy -\,\O
`SbnaqB w) ]\,1`Zd, Z* a,\�^ YTagq d gT
�4-*/*ZT , b*+WShgT� a,qk1ZZT YTab* ]\
b\y +TV �S-`dE d a,qbSWSk*E V\b`T ]`\bqO
-\Y /\,-\-\ h*ad W13*WS , `d�^Z*fE +\O
-T,E qVT `*ZTj1 b*Y 3SWSD ) 4T+`*, ,aTf
V\WSjZTf 3Sb1WT, T ]\,1`Zd, d�^fZT /\O
YT,VSxD
�1 a,TbanV1 /31`1W\ d4-\/3d2bnaq
4 +T+WTyZSY ]`\`\gb,\Y ]`\ b1E k\ p/1�^
]\,1`Zdbnaq /\ `T/Z\-\ V`*pEP ]`\`\gbO
,\YE 4*]Sa*ZSY 4* 6>> `\VT, /\ y\-\ ,SV\O
Z*ZZqD
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�`\`\gb,\ 7B w�b*Z1 b\/T *,SW\ZE V`*a*
g*`ab,E ]SjZ\b* f*W/1yanV\�^ -\`/\abSE b*O
VSYE qV �\- 4`dyZd,*, +d, �\/\Y b* �\O
Y\``dI �1 +d/1 Z*4*,3/S 4*a1W1ZSy ,TZx
Lıa*�^ 57B5=E 6>MD
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�]\,Z1ZZqD 97= `\gT /\ ZD 1D ab*W\aq
k\an Z1yY\,T`Z1B Y\-dbZp ,*,SW\ZanO
Vd /1`3*,d 4*,\p,*WS \+G2/Z*ZT ,TyanV*
YT/qZ b* ]1`aT,�D �*Y‹1 YTab\ �*,SW\Z
b*V T Z1 4Y\-W\ ,T/Z\,SbS a,\p V\WSjZp
aW*,dD �\Z\ ]\abd]\,\ 4*Z1]*W\ T ]1`1O
b,\`SW\aq Z* ]dabSk1 w+14 Y1jV*ZgT,x
L�`1YT�^ 95B7;E �\YDMD
ıab\`ShZT e*VbSD
˘ ˛*]dabTZZq YTab* �*,SW\Z* +dW\ Z*OabTWnVS ]\,ZSYE k\E 4* aW\,*YS ,h1Z\-\
�\Y* �\�^E wd XVI—XVIII ab\WTbbqf 4*O
fT/ZT Tab\`SVS b* Y*Z/`T,ZSVSx 4Z*WS
]`\ aSY,\WThZ1 4Z*h1ZZq gn\-\ YTab*E
*W1 Z1 Y\-WS b\hZ\ ,S4Z*hSbS wy\-\ `\4O
b*jd,*ZZqxD
˘ 5=5= `\gT �D �\WWE f\`\ZSb1Wn ,T/O/TWd 2-S]1banVSf T *aaS`TyanVSf ab*`\O
3SbZ\ab1y �`Sb*ZanV\-\ Yd41pE \]Sa*,
�*,SW\Z b*VSYS aW\,*YSB w�1 Z*-`\Y*O
/31ZZq 4`dyZ\,*ZSf abTZDDD ,V`SbSf ]TaO
V\YxD
)V\-\ ,SaZ\,Vd Y\3Z* /TybS ]TaWq
`\4-Wq/d gSf ]1`1/`1h1ZnH �T+WTq ,V\bO
`1 4*a,T/hSW*E k\ 2 VZS-\p b\hZSf ]`\O
`\gb,D �/31 ]1`1/`1h1ZZq ]`\ (/d b*
�*,SW\Z a]\,ZSWSaq /\ Z*yY1ZjSf ]\O
/`\+SgnI
�\- /\]dabS, 4ZSk1ZZq �`da*WSY* h1O
`14 b1E k\ T4`*�^WnbqZS hSZSWS 4W\ b*
Z1 aWdf*WSaq y\-\ ]1`1ab\`\-D �\ZS ]\O
,1`ZdWSaq 4 ,*,SW\ZanV\�^ Z1,\WT , �`dO
a*WSY h1`14 ;> `\VT,D �b*`\/*,ZTy �*O
,SW\Z +d, ]\,ZTabp 4`dyZ\,*ZSy T /\aT
4*WSj*2bnaq Z14*a1W1ZSYD � ,bTYE g1
WSj1 VTWnV* 4 +*-*bn\f +T+WTyZSf ]`\O
`\gb,D
Z*abd]Z\Yd Z\Y1`T \+-\,\`p,*bSO
Ydbnaq ]\/T�^ I ab\WTbbq ZD 1DE ]1`1/`1h1ZT
4*/\,-\ /\ gn\-\D ˙\aWT/S,jSE qV a]\,O
ZSWSaq gT ]`\`\gb,*E Y\3Z* 4YTgZSbS
/\,T`d /\ �T+WT�^D
�#1 4* 6>> `\VT, /\ gn\-\ ]`\`\V ıa*q ]1`1/`TVE k\T/Tq ,T/T-`*,*bSY1 -\W\,Zd `\Wn d 4*,\p,*ZZT �*,SO
W\ZdD L˙S,Tbnaq ıa*�^ 57B5;P5=C 65B6MD
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 59
�\4Z*hE ]`*,SWnZ\ hS Z1]`*,SWnZ\D
) Z1 ]\,SZ1Z 4*,\/SbS /`d3+d 4 \a\O
+*YS ]`\bSW13Z\�^ ab*bTE ]\VS Z1 +d/d
-\b\,Sy /\ a1`y\4ZSf ab\adZVT, T \/`dO
31ZZqD
��� ����&�� ��� �˚����&��
�\YT`VdyD �\h* ıada Z1 ]W*Zd,*, \/`dO
3SbSanE d Zn\-\ +dWS /`d4T a1`1/ 3TZ\V
L*b,Tq 56B8:P9>C �dVS <B5P7MD �h1,S/Z\E
k\ �SY\eTyE Z1\/`d31ZSy h\W\,TVE b*V\3
Z1 gd`*,aq 3TZ\h\-\ b\,*`Sab,*E +\ *]\ab\W
�*,W\ `*/S, y\Yd ab*,SbSan /\ wY\W\/jSf
�3TZ\V� P qV /\ a1ab1`E 4 daT2p hSab\b\px
L5 �SY\eTq 9B5E 6MD
�*,W\ `\4dYT,E k\ �SY\eTyE a]T,]`*gppO
hS 4T 4+\`*YSE +d/1 Y*bS a]`*,d 4 +*-*bnY*
Y\W\/SYS 3TZV*YS L*`V* 5>B6=E 7>MD �S �SO
Y\eT2,T aWT/ +dW\ ab\`\ZSbSaq�^fH ˛\,aTY ZTD
�W1 \aVTWnVS �SY\eTy b\/T k1 Z1 4+S`*,O
aq \/`d3SbSanE ,TZ ]\,SZ1Z +d, b`SY*bSaq
]1,ZSf `*Y\V d b*VSf ab\adZV*fE k\+ d Zn\O
-\ Z1 `\4,SZdWSan `\Y*ZbShZT ]\hdbbq b*
k\+ d 3\/Z\Yd `*4T Z1 eWT`bd,*bS T Z1 4*O
-`*,*bS 4 Y\W\/SYS 3TZV*YSE `*ZqhS�^fZT
]\hdbbq L�dVS :B75MD
� bS -\b\,Sy /\ a1`y\4ZSf ab\adZVT,E k\+
\/`d3SbSaqH
)Vk\ ��� 4*phS a1`1/ /`d4T, \aT+ ]`\O
bSW13Z\�^ ab*bTE bS Y\31j 4Z*ybS a\+T ]*`d
L�`S]\,Tab1y 5<B66C 75B5>MD
)Vk\ �ı 4 daSj ,ab*Z\,SbS ]1,ZT `*YO
VS L�`1YT�^ 5;B=MD �1-j1 aV*4*bSE ZT3 4`\+SO
bSH ˛,Sh*yZ\D ˙T,hSZ*E Z* TYGq �T*�E qVTy 5<E
-\,\`SbnB w�*3V\ 4*WSj*bSaq ]`\ab\ /`dO
4qYSD �1 4*,3/S 4Z*2jE /1 b* Y13*E qVd Z1
Y\3Z* ]1`1f\/SbSxD
� ˙1qVT TY1Z* , ab*bbT 4YTZ1Z\D
� � ˙ı
�(˙�
˛�����(�&
�S a]`*,/T YS WSj1 /`d4TH
������ 5
�E �������" �˚•
˛�������E � ��˙����
��� )���& �����˚���
(˙��H
���
�ı˙��˛� ����O
��• �( �����(D
���� ���˚ ˙)
�˚�˚D
�ı
��˚ �˙�� ������•
�( �����(D � ˙ı˛��O
�"�)E )� ˛�˚�ı���
�����˝�( ˙��˝��
˛ �����( ����˚˝O
�� ı ����ı • ������
����˚�D
�W1 Z*,Tk\ b* Y13*E Z*,Tk\ ,4*-*WT ,ab*Z\,WpO
,*bS `*YVS , ab\adZV*fH )Vk\ gn\-\ Z1 4`\+SbSE bS
4*,/*aS +\Wp *+\ a\+TE *+\ TZjSYD �\4-WqZnY\ h\YdD
#� ����˛� ˝��)H �\WS d b1+1 ,SZSVO
Z1 1Y\gTyZ* ]`S,Gq4*ZTabnE ]1`j ZT3 bS +dO
/1j -\b\,Sy /\ a1`y\4ZSf ab\adZVT,E bS +d/1j
ab`*3/*bSD w Y1Z1 b*V b`*]SW\aq /,ThTEP `\4]\O
,T/*2 5=O`ThZ* 1WWTDP �1`j\-\ `*4d q 4*V\f*W*aq
, fW\]gqE * /`d-\-\ `*4d fW\]1gn 4*V\f*,aq , Y1Z1D
� \+\f ,S]*/V*f fb\an T4 Z*a /d31 ab`*3/*,D ) y
/\aT Z\jd d a,\2Yd a1`gT +\WTaZT a]\-*/S ]`\ g1xD
�\/dY*y
˘ ˙1 T V\WS +dW\ + /\`1hZ\ a]TWVd,*bSaq 4 \a\+*O
YS ]`\bSW13Z\�^ ab*bTH � qVSf aSbd*gTy aWT/ dZSO
V*bSH
˘ �\Yd Z1 ,*`b\ ]\abTyZ\ b`SY*bSaq b\�^ a*Y\
�^ \a\O
+SH#\ ,\Z* Y\31 ]\/dY*bSH �k\ /dY*bSY1jbSH
w) \+Y*Zp,*W* a1+1E /dY*phSE k\ YS WSj1 /`dO
4T T k\ ,TZ Y1ZT qV +`*bD �W1 V\WS ,TZ ]\h*, ]`S/TO
WqbS d,*-d TZjTy /T,hSZTE d Y1Z1 +dW\ ,T/hdbbqE
k\ ,TZ Y1Z1 4`*/S,x L˙1ZT4*MD
� �T+WT�^ -\,\`SbnaqB w�+*hZSy +*hSbn WSf\E y
f\,*2bnaqE * W1-V\,*3ZT y/dbn /*WT P y 4*4Z*pbn
V*`Sx L�`S]\,Tab1y 66B7E �\YDMD
)Vk\ d b1+1 ,SZSVZdbn ]\hdbbq /\ V\-\anE
* bS Z1 +d/1j -\b\,Sy /\ a1`y\4ZSf
ab\adZVT,EP /\+`* Z1 h1V*y
�˚���˙��� ı����ı)
w�Ty /`d- 3S, 4* +TWnj1
ZT3 ]T,b\`S bSaqhT VTW\Y1bO
`T,E T YS Y*y31 k\bS3Zq
\+YTZp,*WSan 1a1Y1aV*YSD
) Z1 +dW* 4*V\f*Z* , Zn\O
-\ T /dY*W*E k\ ,TZ b13
Z1 Y*2 `\Y*ZbShZSf ]\hdbO
bT, /\ Y1Z1D �W1 \/Z\-\ `*O
4d ,TZ ]`SaW*, Y1ZT b*Vd
1a1Y1aVdB r�`S,TbE Wp+*I
) aVdh*p 4* b\+\pD � qV
bSHs �1 +dW\ qV aZT- Z* -\O
W\,dI ) aV*4*W* y\YdE k\
,,*3*p y\-\ /`d-\Y T bTWnO
VS /`d-\YD TZ ,T/]\,T,B
r�dE qV 4Z*2jsD TWnj1 ,TZ
Z1 ]`SaW*, Y1ZT 3\/Z\�^
1a1Y1aVSx L˝*Z1bMD
˘ #\ + bS 4`\+SW* Z*
YTagT ˝*Z1bE qV+S Z1 Y*O
W* Y\3WS,\abT *+\ Z1 f\bTO
W* +TWnj a1`y\4ZSf ab\adZO
VT, 4 fW\]g1YH
˘ ˛*]Sb*ZZq /\ fW\]gT,B
qV bS /dY*2jE hS /\+`1 ]\O
,\/S,aq b\y fW\]1gnE qVSy
,SaSW*, ˝*Z1b 1a1Y1aVSH
�\Yd bS b*V ,T/]\,T/*2jH
˘ )V bS ,,*3*2jE ]\hdbO
bq /\ Wp/SZS j,S/j1 `\4O
-\`qbnaqE qVk\ \+YTZp,*O
bSaq 4 Z1p 1a1Y1aV*YS hS
4dab`Th*bSaq \a\+Sab\H �\O
Yd bS b*V ,T/]\,T/*2jH
� # ˛� �
� ��H
#� ����˛� ˝��)H �\WS d b1+1 ,SZSVZ1
1Y\gTyZ* ]`S,Gq4*ZTabnE ]1`j ZT3 bS +d/1j
-\b\,Sy /\ a1`y\4ZSf ab\adZVT,E bS Y\31j
,b`*bSbS f\`\j\-\ /`d-*D wS \+YTZp,*WSan
1a1Y1aV*YSEP `\4]\,T/*2 5:O`ThZ* *bTEP *W1 Z1,O
/\,4T ,TZ ]\h*, 4*-`*,*bS 4T YZ\pE T YS ]Sa*WS 1a1O
Y1aVS Y*W\ Z1 k\/ZqD �/Z\-\ `*4d ,TZ aV*4*, Y1ZTE
k\ q y\Yd /d31 ]\/\+*pan T k\ YS Y\-WS + +dbS Z1
WSj1 /`d4qYSD �W1 ,TZ Y1ZT 4\,aTY Z1 ]\/\+*,aq qV
fW\]1gnD ) y\Yd b*V T aV*4*W*D �TaWq gn\-\ YS ab*O
WS /d31 `T/V\ `\4Y\,WqbSE Z*j* /`d3+* 4*VTZhSO
W*anxD
�\/dY*y
˘ �b\ 4*4Z*, +\Wp , gTy aSbd*gT�^ T h\YdH �S Y\-O
W* *bT *+\�^�^ /`d- Z1 /\]dabSbS +\WTaZ\-\ `\4`S,d
ab\adZVT,H )V ,\ZS Y\-WS + g1 4`\+SbSH
˘ )V fb\an a,\�^YS 1a1Y1aV*YS Y\31 Z1Z*,YSaZ\
ab,\`SbS ,`*31ZZqE k\ ,TZ L,\Z*M f\h1 Z1 ]`\ab\
/`d3SbSE * Y*bS +TWnj b1]WT ab\adZVSH
wıZ\/T q ]`\ab\ YdaSW* \+Y13d,*bS h*a Z*j\O
-\ a]TWVd,*ZZqD �W\]gT P hd/\,T /`d4TE T q Z1 f\bTO
W* ,b`*bSbS Z*jd /`d3+dE Z1 f\bTW*E k\+ ,\Z*
]1`1`\aW* d k\an +TWnj1x L�*d`*MD
� �T+WT�^ -\,\`SbnaqB w�14-Wd4/Sy ,T`Sbn ,aqV\O
Yd aW\,dC *W1 `\4dYZSy /\+`1 \+/dYd2 /\`\-S a,\�^x
L�`S]\,Tab1y 58B59E ˙1`V*hMD
�T/adY\VD �1Y*2 ZTh\-\ ]\-*Z\-\ , a]TWVd,*ZZT
4 \a\+*YS ]`\bSW13Z\�^ ab*bTD �W1 qVk\ bS Z1 -\b\O
,Sy /\ a1`y\4ZSf ab\adZVT, T \/`d31ZZqE b\ ,ab*Z\O
,S /Wq a1+1 `*YVSD
� ������� �� ������ ������� ������� �� ������ ������
w� � ˙ı �(˙� ˛�����(�&xw� � ˙ı �(˙� ˛�����(�&x
b1+1 `\4,SZdWSan ]\hdbbq /\ V\-\anE * bS k1 Z1
-\b\,Sy /\ a1`y\4ZSf ab\adZVT,D ˙T4Z*yaqE qV g1 Y\O
31 ,]WSZdbS Z* b,\p `1]db*gTpD
� �� �˚ � � ˛� �)��
˛ ��&����H
�\]`\aS +*bnVT, ,T/]\,TabS Z* 4*]Sb*ZZqE
]\YTk1ZT , gTy ab*bbT ]T/ 4*-\W\,V\Y w�\/dO
Y*yxD �S�^fZT ,T/]\,T/T ,T/`T4Zqpbnaq ,T/ b,\O
�^fH )Vk\ b*VE b\ , h\YdH �\Yd
�^fZq /dYV*
Y\31 +dbS V\`SaZ\p /Wq b1+1H L�`S]\,Tab1y
55B58MD
#\+ ]`\hSb*bS TZjT ab*bbT 4 `d+`SVS w�\W\/T Wp/S
4*]SbdpbnxE 4*,*Zb*3 ]\]1`1/ZT ,S]daVS 3d`Z*Wd
w�`\+d/SanIx T4 a*ybd www.jw.orgD
# ��˝��&
˙� �ı���
˙3\jd*B w�SY +TWnO
j1 h*ad bS ]`\,\O
/Sj 4 Wp/SZ\pE
bSY +TWnj1 /\ Z1�^
]`S,Gq4d2jaqxD
�*b*j*B w�\31E ,S
y f\h1b1 +dbS WSj1
/`d4qYSD �W1 qVk\
,S `1-dWq`Z\ ]`\,\O
/Sb1 4 Wp/SZ\p ,TWnO
ZSy h*aE b\ , V\-\an
\/Z\-\ *+\ , \+\f
,SZSVZdbn ]\hdbbqxD
�1WaTB w�`S]dabTY\E
k\ ,S bTWnVS /`d3Sb1D
�W1 ,*j* /`d3+*
Y\31 W1-V\ ]1`1O
`\abS d k\an +TWnj1E
qVk\ ,S +d/1b1 ]`\O
,\/SbS `*4\Y +*-*b\
h*adD ˛,Sh*yZ\E Y\3O
Z* 4*WSj*bSaq ]`\O
ab\ /`d4qYSE *W1
/Wq gn\-\ ]\b`T+Z\
+dbS 4`TWSYS T `\4O
,*3ZSYSxD
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 5;
˘ *-*b\ Y\`anVSf ab,\`TZn 2 +T\WpYTO
Z1ag1ZbZSYS \`-*ZT4Y*YSE b\+b\ 4/*bO
ZT ,S]`\YTZp,*bS a,TbW\D �\`anVSy
`*,WSV Hinea brasiliana ,SV\`Sab\,d2gp 4/*bZTabn , dZTV*WnZSy a]\aT+D �\WS
gn\Yd `*,WSVd 4*-`\3d2 V`*+E ,TZ f\O
,*2bnaq d a,\p h1`1]*jVd T wa]*W*fd2x
Y1`1fbWS,SY a,TbW\YE ,T/WqVdphS V`*O
+*D �W1 qV a,TbW\ ]`\+S,*2bnaq V`T4n
h1`1]*jVdH
�\YT`Vdyb1D �1`1]*jV* gn\-\ `*,O
WSV* Z1 ]\-WSZ*2 a,TbW\E *E Z*,]*VSE
`\4aTp2 y\-\D ˙SYSb`Ty ˙1f1yZ T �1`T/*
TWa\ZE Z*dV\,gT 4 ıZabSbdbd \V1*Z\-`*O
eT�^ TY1ZT �V`T]]a* L�*ZO˙T2-\E jb*b �*O
WTe\`ZTqE �"�ME ,Sq,SWSE k\ a,TbW\
,T/ bTW* `*,WSV* `T,Z\YT`Z\ `\4]\/TWqO
2bnaq ]\ ,aTy h1`1]*jgTE T ,\Z* `\4aTp2
a,TbW\ , /1aqbn `*4T, 1e1VbS,ZTj1E ZT3
]`\YSaW\,T `\4aTp,*hT b*V\�^ 3 b\,kSO
ZS L>E9 YYMD \/Z\h*a YdjWq ]`\]daO
V*2 a,TbW\ , Z*,V\WSjZ2 a1`1/\,Sk1
d ,TaTY `*4T, 1e1VbS,ZTj1E ZT3 `\4aTpO
,*hTE ,S`\+W1ZT Wp/SZ\pD �TV*,\E k\
b*V\�^ 4/*bZ\abT `\4aTp,*bS T ]1`1/*,*O
bS a,TbW\ Z1 Y*pbn +WS4nV\a]\`T/Z1ZT
Z1+T\WpYTZ1ag1ZbZT ,S/S Y\`anVSf
`*,WSVT,D �`TY b\-\E a,TbW\ a*Y1 b*V\-\
V\Wn\`dE qV d Hinea brasilianaE ]\jS`pO2bnaq , Y\`anVTy ,\/T Z* Z*y+TWnjd ,T/O
ab*ZnD
˙O` ˙1f1yZ V*31E k\ 4Z*ZZq ]`\
gn\-\ `*,WSV* w/\]\Y\31 , `\4`\+gT
Y*b1`T*WT, 4 V`*kSYS \]bShZSYS f*O
`*Vb1`SabSV*YSxD �T /\aWT/31ZZq ,*3O
WS,T T /Wq +T\e\b\ZTVSE V\b`* ,SV\`SaO
b\,d2 a,TbW\ , /T*-Z\abSgT y WTVd,*ZZTD
� Z*jd /\+d a,TbW\/T\/T, `\4aTp,*hTE
4/*bZT ]\aSWp,*bS a,TbW\ 4 b*VSf Y*O
W1ZnVSf /31`1WE +14adYZT,Z\E ]\a]`SqO
pbn 1Z1`-\4+1`131ZZpD
)V ,S ,,*3*2b1B h1`1]*jV* `*,O
WSV* Hinea brasiliana ,SZSVW* 4*,/qVS1,\WpgT
�^ hS +dW* ab,\`1Z*H
˛�˙�� �� ���˙ �H
�1`1]*jV*
`*,WSV*
+
˛+TWnj1ZSy
,S-Wq/ YdjWT
]`S 4,Sh*yZ\Yd
a,TbWT
+
˛+TWnj1ZSy
,S-Wq/ YdjWTE
qV* ,S]`\YTZp2
`\4aTqZ1 a,TbW\
Left: www.robastra.com; center and right:Courtesy of Dr. D. Deheyn, Scripps Institutionof Oceanography, UC San Diego
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 5=
)˛G)����) Z* a,Tb 5=;: `\Vd , f*bSZgT
T4 41YWqZ\p ]T/W\-\p d -\`*f �fT/O
Z\-\ �SY\`dD �\/T ,TZ ,f\/S, /\ aVW*/d
ıZ/\Z14T�^D ) +d, ,\anYSY 4 /1aqbS /Tb1yD
\�^ +*bnVS 3SWS d 4WS/Zqf T Z1 Y\-WS
]`\-\/d,*bS ,aTf Z*aD �\3 ,\ZS 4*WSjSO
WS Y\-\ +`*b*O+WS4ZpV* , a1+1E * Y1Z1
,T//*WS Z* ,Sf\,*ZZq Y\2Yd /,\p`T/Z\O
Yd +`*bdD
-`d/ZT 5=;9 `\VdE Z14*/\,-\ /\ Y\-\
Z*`\/31ZZqE TZ/\Z14TyanVT ,TyanV* ,/1`WSO
aq Z* b1`Sb\`Tp �fT/Z\-\ �SY\`dD �\h*W*O
aq ]*`bS4*ZanV* ,TyZ*E qV* b`S,*W* ]\Z*/
/,*/gqbn `\VT,D �1`jT a]\-*/S Y\-\ /SbSZO
ab,* ]`\aqVZdbT Z*aSWWqY b* ab`*3/*ZZqO
YSD ) hTbV\ ]*YGqb*pE qV a\W/*bS Z*]*WS
Z* Z*j1 a1W\ T ,aT +dWS 4Ydj1ZT `qbd,*bSO
aq ,b1h1pD S 4 /,\p`T/ZSY +`*b\Y ,S`dO
jSWS /\ ,T/Wp/Z\-\ -T`anV\-\ afSWdE /1
,31 4Z*yjWS ]`SbdW\V bSaqhT TZjSf bSO
Y\`gT,D
�/Z*V a\W/*bS ,Sq,SWS g1y af\,\V T Z1O
4*+*`\Y ]\h*WS Z*a +\Y+SbSD Y\�^y ]*YGqO
bT ,S`SZ*pbn 3*fWS,T V*`bSZS aY1`bT b*
`dyZd,*ZnD \WS YS 4`1jb\p ]\,1`ZdWSaq
, a1W\E q 3S, d ]\abTyZ\Yd ab`*fdD �SY*W\
Z*jSf adaT/T, 4ZSVWS *+\ 4*-SZdWSE T q +\O
q,aqE k\ Y1Z1 a]TbV*2 b1 a*Y1D
\WS q Y*, /1aqbn `\VT,E YTy /,\p`T/ZSy
+`*b 4*f,\`T, b* ]\Y1`D �\3 +*bnVS ,T/]`*O
,SWS Y1Z1 /\ +*+daTD �\Z* +dW* ,/\,\p T h1O
`14 ,*3V1 3Sbbq Z* ,a1 4WSW*aq b* ,,*3*O
W* Y1Z1 bq-*`1YD �*+gq ab*,SW*an /\ Y1Z1
qV /\ Z*yYSb*D �/Z\-\ /Zq q
4*f,\`T, T Z1 YT- ]`*gp,*O
bSD �\Z* ]\+SW* Y1Z1 y 4*O
WSjSW* ]\YS`*bSD �* k*abqE
TZjSy /,\p`T/ZSy +`*b d4q,
Y1Z1 /\ a1+1D
56 `\VT, q Z*`1jbT ]Tj\,
/\ jV\WSD �14*+*`\Y /`dO
3SZ* Y\-\ /,\p`T/Z\-\ +`*O
b* 4*f,\`TW*E k\ aSWnZ\ y\-\
]`S-ZTbSW\D ) Z1 f\bT,�^f \+O
bq3d,*bS y ]Tj\, 4 /\YdD )
]`Sab*, /\ -`d]S TZ/\Z14TyanO
VSf a\W/*bT,E qVT \b*+\`SWSO
aq , /3dZ-WqfD 1ZT /\4,\WSO
WS ,SV\Zd,*bS `T4Z\Y*ZTbZd
`\+\bdB ]`*bS \/q-E -\bd,*O
bS�^3d b* ]`S+S`*bS , b*+\`TD
�\W/*bS /\+`1 /\ Y1Z1 ab*,SO
WSanE T q ]\hd,*,aq ]\b`T+O
ZSYD �`\b1 h1`14 VTWnV* YTaqO
gT, Y1Z1 `\4jdV*WS `\/ShT b*
4YdaSWS ]\,1`ZdbSan d a1W\D
) Z*`1jbT ,T/hd,
a]`*,3Zp Wp+\,
b* YS`
��˛�� ı ˚˝˙ı ����� �ı)
) ,S`\ab*, 4 ]\hdbbqYE k\ Y1Z1 Z1 Wp+O
Wqbn T q ZTV\Yd Z1 ]\b`T+ZSyD �W1 b1]1`
q ,T/hd,*p Wp+\, TZjSf T Y*p a]`*,3ZTy
/dj1,ZSy YS`D ˙\4,\Wnb1 Y1ZT ]\qaZSbSE
qV ,T/+dW*aq b*V* 4YTZ*D
˚3S/T\ , `\VS
+\`\bn+S 4*
a]`*,1/WS,Tabn
6> �`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56
�\`\bn+* 4* V`*k1 3Sbbq
�TaWq 4*VTZh1ZZq jV\WS q ]1`1�^f*, d ˙TO
WTE ab\WSgp �fT/Z\-\ �SY\`dD �*Y ,abd]S,
/\ dZT,1`aSb1bdE /1 ]\4Z*y\YS,aq 4 Y\W\/O
/pE qV* ,S`\ab*W* , b*VSf a*YSf dY\,*fE
k\ T qD S ,,*3*WSE k\ /Wq /\aq-Z1ZZq
Z14*W13Z\abT V`*�^ZS b* ]\V`*k1ZZq dY\,
3Sbbq Z1\+fT/ZT ]\WTbShZT 4YTZSD �*j*
abd/1ZbanV* -`d]* \`-*ZT4\,d,*W* hSY*W\
/1Y\Zab`*gTyE qVT 4/1+TWnj\-\ ]1`1`\ab*WS
, adbShVS 4 ,W*/\pD �*-*b\ Y\�^f /`d4T, +dO
WS ]\`*Z1ZTE * /1V\-\ Z*,Tbn d+SWSD
˛`1jb\p 6>>6 `\Vd �fT/ZSy �SY\` 4/\+d,
Z14*W13ZTabnD V`*�^ZT +dW* `\4`df*D ˙1O
aqbVS bSaqh Wp/1y ,b`*bSWS 3SbbqE * a\bZT
bSaqh ]\VSZdWS `T/ZT /\YT,VSD ) a]\/T,*,O
aq 4YTZE *W1 ]\,ap/Z1 +14`\+TbbqE +T/ZTabn
T ]\WTbShZ* Z1ab*+TWnZTabn Z*/*WT ,SaZ*O
3d,*WS V`*�^ZdD
�\,\`\bZSy Y\Y1Zb
bT h*aS q Y1jV*, `*4\Y 4 /1qVSYS `\/SO
h*YSD �/Z\-\ 4 ZSf 4,*WS �Z/`1D �TZ +d,
Y\W\/jSy 4* Y1Z1 T ,S,h*, �T+WTp 4T �,T/O
V*YS �-\,SD )V `1,ZSy V*b\WSVE q Z1 f\bT,E
*+S fb\an 4 Y\�^f `\/ShT, Z*W13*, /\ TZj\
�^
`1WT-T�^D �* ,a1 3 Y1ZT +dW\ gTV*,\E k\ -\,\O
`Sbn �\31 �W\,\D �\Yd h*a ,T/ h*ad q hSb*,
�T+WTpE qV* W13*W* , VTYZ*bT �Z/`1D �`\O
hSb*Z1 ,SVWSV‹*W\ k1 +TWnjSy TZb1`1aD
6>>8 `\gT �Z/`1 /*, Y1ZT 4*]`\j1ZZq
Z* ,T/4Z*h1ZZq �]\YSZd ıada\,\�^ aY1`bTD
) ,S`TjS, ]TbSE *W1 ]1`1]Wdb*, h*a b* ]`SO
yj\, Z* /,T -\/SZS `*ZTj1D \WS 4Gq,SWSaq
]1`jT �,T/VSEP a1`1/ ZSf +dWS T YTag1,T
Wp/SE T TZ\41YgTEP ,\ZS a1`/1hZ\ ]`S,Tb*O
WS Y1Z1 b* ]\bSaZdWS Y1ZT `dVdD ) +d, ,`*O
31ZSyD �T/ h*a ]`\Y\,SE qV* ,S-\W\jd,*O
W*an Z* �]\YSZTE q 4*]Sad,*, daT +T+WTyZT
,T`jTD �/\Y* q ]1`1-WqZd,�^f d a,\
�^y V*b\O
WSgnVTy �T+WT�^E k\+ ]1`1V\Z*bSaqE hS ]`\O
Y\,1gn -\,\`S, ]`*,/dD a1 4+T-*W\aqI
�*abd]Z\-\ bS3Zq q ,T/,T/*, V*b\WSgnO
Vd Y1adD �*4\Y 4 VTWnV\Y* TZjSYS \a\+*YS
q 4*]T4ZS,aqE T a,qk1ZSVE `\4-ZT,*,jSanE
,S-Z*, Z*a T4 g1`V,SD S ab\qWS Z* ,dWSgT
T hdWSE qV ,TZ 4*VTZhS, +\-\aWd3TZZq aW\O
,*YSB w�1f*y YS` ıada* +d/1 4 ,*YSxD �\/T
\/Z* aYTWS,* 3TZV* ,S-dVZdW*B w)V ,S Y\O
31b1 -\,\`SbS ]`\ YS`E V\WS k\yZ\ ,S-Z*O
WS bSf Wp/1y 4 g1`V,SHx �,qk1ZSV ZTh\-\
Z1 ,T/]\,T,D �TWnj1 q /\ g1`V,S Z1 ]\,1`O
Zd,aqD
�1,/\,4T q ]\h*, ,S,h*bS �T+WTp b* ]`SO
f\/SbS Z* 4T+`*ZZq �,T/VT, `*4\Y 4 �Z/`1D
�1 4*Z1]\V\�^W\ Z*jSf `\/ShT,E T ,\ZS ]\h*O
WS hSZSbS Z*Y \]T`D �*+daq �Z/`1 ]\]1`1O
/SW*B w) ,S`Sp qYd T ]\f\,*p ,*aE fW\]gTE
qVk\ ,S Z1 ]\`,1b1 4 b\p Z\,\p `1WT-T2pxD�ı�^ ]\-`\4S Z*a Z1 4d]SZSWSD S ]`*-ZdWS y
/*WT `\+SbS /df\,ZSy ]\abd]D
˛YTZ* \a\+Sab\abT
\WS q ]\h*, ,S,h*bS �T+WTpE b\ 4`\4dO
YT,E k\ Y1ZT Z1 4Z*y\Y1 ]\hdbbq Wp+\,TD
) +d, Z1]`S,TbZSY T Z1 /\,T`q, Wp/qYD �/O
Z*V �,T/VS ]`\/\,3d,*WS kS`\ gTV*,SbSO
aq YZ\pD )V\an q 4*f,\`T,E *W1 `\/Sh*Y
+dW\ /\ gn\-\ +*y/d31D �,T/VS 3 ,T/,T/dO
,*WS Y1Z1 b* Z*/*,*WS /\]\Y\-dD �\ZS WpO
+SWS wZ1 aW\,\Y T Z1 q4SV\YE * /TW\Y T ]`*,O
/\px L5 ı,*Z* 7B5<MD
�\]`S YTy ad,\`Sy ,S-Wq/ T ,/*hd �,T/VS
ab*,SWSaq /\ Y1Z1 hdyZ\ b* 4 w+`*b1`anV\p
Wp+\,Gpx L5 �1b`* 7B<MD ]1`j1 , 3SbbT q
,T/hd,E k\ Y1Z1 Wp+WqbnD Ty f*`*Vb1` ]\O
YGqVjS,aqE T q ]\h*, `\4,S,*bS Wp+\, /\
�\-* b* +WS3ZTfD ˛`1jb\p , -`d/ZT 6>>8
`\Vd q \f`1abS,aq d ,\/T Z* 4Z*V a,\-\
]`Sa,qh1ZZq �-\,TD �1,/\,4T \f`1abS,aq y
�Z/`1D
�`d/Z\kT T +W*-\aW\,1ZZq
�TaWq f`1k1ZZq q ]*W*, +*3*ZZqY /\]\O
Y*-*bS Wp/qYE qVT ZTV\WS Z1 4Z*WS a]`*O
,3Zn\�^ Wp+\,T b* a]`*,1/WS,\abTD �\3 q
ab*, ]T\Z1`\Y P b*V �,T/VS �-\,S Z*4S,*O
pbn ]\,Z\h*aZSf f`SabSqZanVSf aWd3Sb1O
WT,D ˛YTgZqphS TZjSf +T+WTyZ\p 4,TabV\pE
q ,T/hd,*, +TWnj1 ,T/a,T31ZZqE ZT3 V\WS
+`*, dh*abn d /1Y\Zab`*gTqf T adbShV*f
4 ,W*/\pD �*`1jbT q ZTa Wp/qY a]`*,3Z2
]\W1-j1ZZqI
6>>: `\gT d �fT/Z\Yd �SY\`T 4Z\,d a]*O
W*fZd, V\ZeWTVbD �\WphT ]\WTbShZT ]Sb*ZO
Zq T ad]1`1hZ\abT ,a1`1/SZT `1-T\Zd ]`S4,1O
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 65
WS /\ V`S4SB `T4ZT d-`d]\,*ZZq ,4qWSaq 4*
4+`\pE * YTab\ ˙TWT ]\b`*]SW\ , \+W\-dD �1O
`14 g1 Wp/qY 4T af\/d V`*�^ZSE qVT 3SWS
, YTabTE /\,1W\an `qbd,*bSaq ,b1h1pD �*O
4\Y 4 TZjSYS �,T/V*YS q ,bTV /\ �*dV*dE
,1WSV\-\ YTab* 4* 56> VTW\Y1b`T, Z* afT/
,T/ ˙TWTD � ,bTYE gT b`d/Z\kT \+1`ZdWSaq Z*
/\+`\D �*dV*d YS 4Y\-WS 4*aZd,*bS Z\O
,Sy 4+T` P ]1`jSy 4* Y13*YS ˙TWTD
�`S `\VS ]\ b\YdE 6>>=O-\E Y1Z1 4*O
]`\aSWS Z* Z*,h*ZZq d a]1gT*WnZTy jV\WT
/Wq ]\,Z\h*aZSf f`SabSqZanVSf aWd3Sb1O
WT,E k\ ]`\f\/SW* , ˙3*V*`bT LıZ/\Z14TqMD
�*Yb1jZT �,T/VS a1`/1hZ\ ]`SyZqWS Y1Z1D
) +d, -WS+\V\ 4,\`dj1ZSy�^fZn\p kSO
`\p Wp+\,GpD ) ,T/hd, a1+1 h*abSZ\p ,a1O
a,TbZn\-\ +`*bab,*E YT3Z*`\/Z\�^ aTYG
�^E qV*
a]`*,/T /+*2 ]`\ Y1Z1 L5 �1b`* 6B5;MD
�*`1jbT a]`*,3ZTy YS`I
�TaWq Z*,h*ZZq q ]\,1`Zd,aq , �*dV*dE
/1 3S,d /\aTD ) 4 `*/Tabp /\]\Y*-*p WpO
/qY /df\,Z\E b*V a*Y\E qV V\WSan /\]\Y\-O
WS Y1ZTD � \/Z\Yd 4 ,T//*W1ZSf ]\a1W1Zn
YS Z*,h*2Y\ �T+WT�^ +WS4nV\ 6> Wp/1yE d b\O
Yd hSaWT +*-*bn\f WTbZTfE V\b`T Z1 ,YTpbn
hSb*bS T ]Sa*bSD �SY*W\ 4 ZSf ,T/,T/d2 k\O
bS3Z1,T 4T+`*ZZqE * b`\2 \aT+ \f`1abSWSaq y
]`S2/Z*WSan /\ Z*j\�^ /df\,Z\
�^ aTYG
�^D
TWnV* `\VT, b\Yd q ]\4Z*y\YS,aq 4 �1O
WT4*`/\pE ]`S,TbZ\p T a1`/1hZ\p /T,hSZ\pD
�\Z* ]`SyZqW* +T+WTyZd ]`*,/dE j,S/V\
4`\aW* /df\,Z\ y \f`1abSW*anD S \/`d3SO
WSaq , 6>55 `\gTD Ty `\/Sh �Z/`1 aWd3Sbn
, \eTaT �,T/VT, �-\,S d �fT/Z\Yd �SY\`TE
T q /d31 gn\Yd `*/TpD �TWnjTabn Y\�^f `T/O
ZSfE d b\Yd hSaWT +*+daq �Z/`1E qV* V\WSan
]\-`\3d,*W* Z*YE b1]1` ]\,*3*pbn Y\p
,T`dD
YSZdW\Yd q +d, \4W\+W1ZSYE ]\hd,*,O
aq ZTVh1YZSY T ZTV\Yd Z1 ]\b`T+ZSYD �W1
4*,/qVS �-\,T q Z*`1jbT ,T/hd, a]`*,3Zp
Wp+\, b* YS`D
˚3S/T\ T �1WT4*`/* `*4\Y
4 TZjSYS hW1Z*YS 4+\`d
, *dV*d L�fT/ZSy �SY\`M
66 �`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56
���� ,S-\b\,Wqpbn d31 ,]`\/\,3 +*O
-*bn\f ab\WTbnE T ,TZ /\aT /d31 ]\]dWq`O
ZSyD �/q- 4 gT2�^ bV*ZSZS Y\3Z* ]\+*hSbS qV
Z* V\`\WT,anVSf \a\+*fE b*V T Z* 4,Sh*yZSf
b\`-\,gqf YTag1,Sf `SZVT,D �*bSV ,`*3*2
`\4Y*�^bbqY V\Wn\`T, b* ,T41`dZVT,D #\ 3 g1
4* bV*ZSZ*H )V�^�^ ,S-\b\,Wqpbn T 4,T/VS ,\O
Z* ]\f\/SbnH #\ 4 Z1�^ `\+Wqbn an\-\/ZTH
�*bSV Y*2 /*,Zp Tab\`TpD ˙Wq ab,\`1ZZq
y\-\ ,T41`dZVT, ,SV\`Sab\,dpbn Z1]`\ZSVO
Zd /Wq e*`+S `1h\,SZdD Sab1gb,\ +*bSV*
ab*W\ Z1,T/G2YZ\p h*abSZ\p TZ/\Z14TyanV\�^
VdWnbd`SD �\/T+Z* b1fZTV* `\4]Sad bV*ZSZ
Z*+dW* ]\jS`1ZZq ]\ gTW\Yd a,TbTD
�\p4 e*`+S T ,\aVd
˛* /\]\Y\-\p Y*W1ZnV\-\ YT/Z\-\ ]`SO
W*//qE Z*]\,Z1Z\-\ `T/VSY ,\aV\YE Y*yab1`
Y*Wp2 Z* bV*ZSZT ,SjdV*ZSy ,T41`dZ\VD \O
WS ,TaV ,SaSf*2E bV*ZSZd e*`+dpbnD �`\,\O
k1ZT YTagq Z1 4*+*`,Wppbnaq T 4+1`T-*pbn
]\h*bV\,Sy V\WT`D �*ab\ g1y ]`\g1a ]\,b\O
`ppbn VTWnV* `*4T,E Z*Z\aqhS `T4ZT +*`,ZSO
VSD �*V \b`SYdpbn qaV`*,T V\Y]\4SgT�^D
a1`1/SZT XIX ab\WTbbq /Wq Z*Z1a1ZO
Zq ,\aVd Y*yab`S ]\h*WS ,SV\`Sab\,d,*bS
YT/ZT jb*Y]SD �*VSy Y1b\/ j,S/jSy 4*
`dhZSy `\4]SaE T 4*,/qVS y\Yd Y\3Z* ab,\O
`p,*bS +*bSV 4 \/Z*V\,SY ,T41`dZV\YD �`\O
bq-\Y XX ab\WTbbq ]`\YSaW\,T ,S`\+ZSVS
ab*WS Z*Z\aSbS Z* bV*ZSZd ,T41`dZ\V 4* /\O
]\Y\-\p b`*e*`1bT,D �\h* +*bSV `dhZ\�^ `\O
+\bS Y\3Z* ]`S/+*bS y /\aTE Z* `SZVd ]1`1O
,*3*2 bV*ZSZ*E ,S-\b\,W1Z* ]`\YSaW\,SY
Y1b\/\YD
˙Wq `\4]Sad +1`dbn +*,\,ZqZ1 *+\ j\,V\O
,1 ]\W\bZ\D �*`,ZSVS `\+Wqbn 4 WSabq YTaO
g1,Sf `\aWSZE * b*V\3 /1`1,SZSE V\`S b*
]`qZ\kT,D �/Z*V Z1 `T/VTabn T aSZb1bShZT
e*`+SD ˙\ b\-\ qV ]\h*WS ,SV\`Sab\,d,*bS
,TaVE ,T41`dZVS Z*Z\aSWS 4* /\]\Y\-\p -WSO
ZSE `\aWSZZ\-\ VW1yab1`* *+\ b,*`SZZ\-\
3S`dD �n\-\/ZT 3 ]\jS`1ZSY 2 aSZb1bShZSy
,TaVE f\h* ]\/1Vd/S 4*ab\a\,dpbn adYTj ]*O
`*eTZd b* +/3\WSZ\-\ ,\aVdD
�SZdW1 T adh*aZTabn
�Tfb\ b\hZ\ Z1 4Z*2E /1 T V\WS 4Gq,S,aq +*O
bSVD Sb*�^ +dW\ 4Z*y/1Z\ VW*]bSVS gT2
�^
bV*ZSZSE /*b\,*ZT VI ab\WTbbqY ZD 1D ˙\aT Z1,T/\Y\E V\WS TZ/\Z14TygT ]\h*WS ,SV\`Sab\O
,d,*bS gp b1fZTVd `\4]SadD �W1 TaZdpbn /\O
V*4SE k\ Z* ]\h*bVd XVII ab\WTbbq ıZ/\Z14TqVd]d,*W* T ]`\/*,*W* +*bSVD
� \ab*ZZT /1aqbSWTbbq +*bSV Z*+d, ,1WSO
V\�^ ]\]dWq`Z\abT T ab*, aSY,\W\Y ıZ/\Z1O
4T�^D �aVTWnVS g1y ,S/ YSab1gb,* Y*2 /*,O
Zp Tab\`Tp b* adbb2,\ ,]WSZd, Z* YTag1,d
VdWnbd`dE 6>>= `\Vd (�˚� � ,Z1aW* y\O
-\ /\ w�]SaVd Z1Y*b1`T*WnZ\�^ VdWnbd`Z\
�^
a]*/kSZS Wp/ab,*xD
�+`*ZZq 4 +*bSV*
˛ +*bSV* ,S-\b\,Wqpbn `T4ZT 1W1Y1ZbS
\/q-dD �* b1E qV�^f Z\aqbn T qVT Z* ZSf ,T41O
`dZVSE ,]WS,*pbn YTag1,T ,T`d,*ZZqE b`*/SO
gT�^ b* 4*+\+\ZSD �*-*bn\Y TZ/\Z14TyanVSY
]`\,TZgTqY ]`Sb*Y*ZZT a,\�^ V\Wn\`S T Y\bSO
,S +*bSV*D �* ]T,ZThZ\Yd +1`14T ),SE qV
]`*,SW\E ,SV\`Sab\,dpbn qaV`*,T V\Wn\`S y
4\+`*31ZZq V,TbT,E ]b*fT, b* TZjSf b,*`SZD
�*bSV˙�����˝��ı�˙��˚˛ı•�&������
� +*bSV 4 g1Zb`*WnZSf `1-T\ZT, ),S Y*2
,d3hd ]*WTb`d T -1\Y1b`ShZT Y\bS,SD ˛*eTVO
a\,*Z\ +WS4nV\ 7>>> ,T41`dZVT, +*bSV*D
�/ZSY 4 b`*/SgTyZSf ,S/T, \/q-d 4 +*bSV*
2 3TZ\h* fdabV* a1W1Z/*Z-D�1`T/V\�^�^ ]1`1VSO
/*pbn h1`14 ]W1h1 b* \+Y\bdpbnaq Z1p b*VE
k\+ Z\aSbS , ZTy Y*WpVT,E * b*V\3 ]`\/dVbS
4 `SZVdD #1 gT2p fdabV\p ]\V`S,*pbn -\W\O
,dE k\+ 4*fSabSbSaq ,T/ ]*Wph\-\ a\ZgqD
�`*/SgTyZSy h\W\,ThSy -\W\,ZSy d+T` P
TV1b V1]*W*D �1 V,*/`*bZSy jY*b\V +*bSO
V*E \+Y\b*ZSy Z*,V\W\ -\W\,SE qV bp`+*ZD
�TZ 2 \+\,Gq4V\,SY 1W1Y1Zb\Y \/q-d ]T/ h*a
`T4ZSf g1`1Y\ZTyD
#1 \/Z1 ]\]dWq`Z1 ,+`*ZZq 4 +*bSV* P
a*`\Z-E ]`qY\VdbZSy jY*b\V bV*ZSZSE
qVSy \+Y\bdpbn Z*,V\W\ bTW*D ıZ\/T /,* +\O
VS ]\W\bZ* 4jS,*pbnE T db,\`p2bnaq k\an
Z* 4`*4\V b`d+SD ˛*4,Sh*y a*`\Z-\Y \+-\`O
b*pbn ab1-Z*E 4*]SZ*phS y\-\ Z* b*WT�^D �\/T
,TZ Z*-*/d2 ,TWnZd a]T/ZSgpD �*`\Z- Z\aqbn
qV h\W\,TVSE b*V T 3TZVSD
˛ +*bSV* ab,\`ppbn \/q- Y*y31 ,aTf abSO
WT, P ,T/ 4,Sh*yZSf jb*ZT, /\ ,SjdV*Z\-\
,+`*ZZqD `TY b\-\E 4 Zn\-\ `\+Wqbn V*`bSZSE
4*,TaSE aV*b1`bSZSE dV`S,*W* b\k\D �* TZ/\O
Z14TyanVSf `SZV*f bd`SabS Y\3dbn `\4jdO
V*bS `T4Z\Y*ZTbZT ,S`\+S 4 +*bSV*B adYVSE
a*Z/*WTE *+*3d`S b* Z*,Tbn h\fWS /Wq Z\dbO
+dVT,D �]\a\+T, y\-\ 4*ab\ad,*ZZq +14WThD
�*bSVP g1 a]`*,/T /S,\,S3Z* bV*ZSZ*I
˛* /\]\Y\-\p Y*W1ZnV\-\ YT/Z\-\ ]`SW*//qE
Z*]\,Z1Z\-\ `T/VSY ,\aV\YE Y*yab1` Y*Wp2
,SjdV*ZSy ,T41`dZ\V
�V*ZSZd 4 ,\aV\,SY ,T41`dZV\Y
VTWnV* `*4T, 4*Zd`ppbn d e*`+d
�/q- 4 +*bSV*5D �1W1Z/*Z-6D ıV1b V1]*W*7D �*`\Z-
�� �� Wp+Sb1 /S,SbSaq edb+\WnZT Y*bO
hTH � Y\31E y a*YT -`*2b1 d edb+\WH
)Vk\ b*VE b\ ,SE Y*+dbnE 4Z*2b1 ]`\ h1YO
]T\Z*b �,`\O6>56E qVSy \`-*ZT4\,d2 ���
L�\p4 2,`\]1yanVSf edb+\WnZSf *a\gT*O
gTyMD �1`jSy Y*bh gn\-\ h1Y]T\Z*bd 4*O
]W*Z\,*Z\ Z* < h1`,Zq d �*`j*,TE * 4*VWpO
hZd -`d P Z* 5 WS]Zq , S2,TD #\ 3 b*V1
�,`\O6>56 T qV /\ Zn\-\ -\bd,*WSaqH#\ `\O
+Sbn g1y h1Y]T\Z*b Tab\`ShZ\p ]\/T2pH
w�,\`SY\ Tab\`Tp `*4\Yx
�1Y]T\Z*bS �,`\]S 4 edb+\Wd ,T/+dO
,*pbnaq V\3ZT h\bS`S `\VSE ]\hSZ*phS
4 5=:>O-\D �*VT h1Y]T\Z*bS ]`\,\/SWSan
4\V`1Y* , �,ab`T�^E �Z-WT
�^E �1Wn-T
�^E ıa]*ZT
�^E
ıb*WT�^E �T/1`W*Z/*fE �TY1hhSZTE �\`bd-*O
WT�^E �`*ZgT
�^E ",1yg*`T
�^E ",1gT
�^ b* (-\O
aW*,T�^D
�n\-\ `\Vd Y*bhT eTZ*WnZ\�^ h*abSZS �,O
`\O6>56 a]TWnZ\ ]`SyY*bSYdbn �\Wnk* b*
V`*�^Z*D �\WnkT T-`S h1Y]T\Z*bd ]`\O
y/dbn d �*`j*,TE �`\gW*,TE �/*ZanVd T �\O
4Z*ZTD � V`*�^ZT Y*bhT +d/dbn 4T-`*ZT , ˙\O
Z1gnVdE S2,TE �n,\,T b* �*`V\,TD
)V ]\,T/\YWq2 ���E w,31 ,b`1b2 eTO
Z*W bd`ZT`d a]TWnZ\ ]`SyY*bSYdbn /,T
V`*�^ZS Ld 6>>> `\gT g1 +dWS �1Wn-Tq b* �TO
/1`W*Z/SE * , 6>><OYd P �,ab`Tq b* ",1yO
����O6>56ı�� ������ ˙ı)
� � &# �
�/*ZanV
�\4Z*Zn ��"� �
`\gW*,
� � � � ı � �
�n,T,
�
�
ı
�*`VT,
˙\Z1gnV
�TZ*WnZSy Y*bh �,`\O6>>< YT3 4+T`ZSYS �TY1hhSZS y ıa]*ZT�^
Lab*/T\Z w˚`Zab �*]]1WnxE �T/1ZnE �,ab`TqM
g*`TqMxD ı ,a1 3 �,`\O6>56 P Tab\`ShZ* ]\O
/TqD �\YdH gn\Yd `\gT eTZ*W bd`ZT`d 2 Z1
WSj1 ]T/adYV\Y Z*]\W1-WS,\�^ a]T,]`*gT
YT3 /,\Y* V`*�^Z*YSO-\a]\/*`qYS b* \`O
-*ZT4*b\`*YS Y*bhT,E *W1 y ]1`jSY ,SO
]*/V\Y ]`\,1/1ZZq gSf 4Y*-*Zn d �1ZbO
`*WnZTy T �fT/ZTy �,`\]TD �1,S]*/V\,\
\eTgTyZ1 -*aW\ �,`\O6>56 4,dhSbn b*VB
w�,\`SY\ Tab\`Tp `*4\YxD
�`S-\bd,*ZZq
˛,TaZ\E Z*y,*3WS,Tj\p h*abSZ\p ]`SO
-\bd,*Zn /\ +d/nOqV\-\ Y*bhd 2 ab,\`1ZZq
,T/]\,T/ZSf dY\,D ˛ gT2p Y1b\p d �\4Z*O
ZT y �*`V\,T +dWS `1V\Zab`dy\,*ZT Z*q,ZT
ab*/T\ZSE d b\y h*a qV , j1abS TZjSf YTaO
b*f ]\+d/d,*WS gTWV\Y Z\,TD �T a]\`d/S
4Y\3dbn ,YTabSbS 79< >>> -Wq/*hT,D
Tab*O-\a]\/*`TE \hTVdphS b*Vd ,1WSVd
VTWnVTabn -Wq/*hT,E ]\,SZZT /\VW*abS +*O
-*b\ 4daSWnE k\+ ]\/+*bS ]`\�^fZp +14]1O
VdD �SaqhT \f\`\ZgT, ]`\yjWS ,T/]\,T/O
Zd ]T/-\b\,Vd d 4,Gq4Vd 4 gT2p ]\/T2pD
)V 4*4Z*h*2bnaq , \/Z\Yd /31`1WTE d ]T/O
-\b\,Vd ,f\/SWS wb`1Zd,*ZZq 4 \f\`\O
ZS -`\Y*/anV\-\ ]\`q/Vd ]T/ h*a 58> TZO
jSf 4*f\/T,D �T b`1Zd,*ZZq ,VWph*WSDDD
Z*-Wq/ 4* Z*b\,]\YE db,\`1ZZq 4\Z +14]1O
VS T a]T,]`*gp 4 TZ\41YZSYS \f\`\ZZSYS
4*-\Z*YSxD
�\Yd Z1\+fT/ZT b*VT /T�^H �\O]1`j1E ]`1/O
ab*,ZSVS ,W*/S da,T/\YWppbnE k\ ,1WSO
VT a]\`bS,ZT ]\/T�^ ]`S,1`b*pbn d,*-d b1O
`\`SabT,D �\O/`d-1E +dyZT -Wq/*hT Y\3dbn
4*,/*bS \/Z1 \/Z\Yd jV\/SE */31 edbO
+\WnZT Y*bhT Z1 `*4 ad]`\,\/3d,*WSaq
3\`ab\VTabp T fdWT-*Zab,\YD
�\4ad/WS,Sy ]\-Wq/
�* 3*WnE +*-*b\ ,+\WT,*WnZSVT, /\f\O
/qbn /\ V`*yZ\kT,D �an k\ V*31 \/SZ
edb+\WnZSy e*Z*bB w)Vk\ Y\q V\Y*Z/*
]`\-`*‹2E b\ Y1ZT 3Sbbq Z1 YSW1DDD ˙dY*pE
Z*,Tbn Z*]1`1/\/ZT q/1`Z\�^ ,TyZS Y1Z1
Z*y+TWnj1 f,SWp,*W\ +E hS ,T/+d/1bnaq
Y*bh Z* Z*abd]ZSf ,SfT/ZSfxD
˛*d,*3Y\E qVSy `\4ad/WS,Sy ]\-Wq/ Z*
`\4,*-S YTabSbnaq , ab*`\/*,ZTy Yd/`Ty
VZS4T P �T+WT�^D ZTy -\,\`SbnaqE k\ 2 wh*a
aYTqbSanDDD T h*a b*Zgp,*bSx L˚VVW14TqaO
b* 7B5P8E �\YDMD �\3 Wp/SZT ]\b`T+ZSy
+W*-\b,\`ZSy ,T/]\hSZ\VD �\/Z\h*a �T+O
WTq 4*\f\hd2 +dbS ]\YT`V\,*ZSYS L5 �SO
Y\eTq 7B6E 55MD �b31E V\WS ,S`Tjd2Y\E Z*
h\Yd 4\a1`1/SbS a,\2 3SbbqE Yd/`\ aWdf*O
bSaq +T+WTyZ\�^ ]\`*/S w,S4Z*h*bSE qVT `1hT
2 ,*3WS,TjSYSx L�SWS]GqZ 5B5>MD
WTY]TyanVSy ab*/T\Z d �S2,T
Pages
24
an
d2
5,b
oth
ph
oto
s:G
ett
yIm
ages
6> 3\,bZq 6>55 `\Vd ���� 4*q,SW*E
k\ wZ*VW*/1 ]\,Zd 4*+\`\Zd Z* ,SV\`SaO
b*ZZqE ]`\/*3 hS `1VW*Yd bpbpZd Z*
,aTf ab*/T\Z*fE 4*Wdh1ZSf /\ ]`\,1/1ZZq
h1Y]T\Z*bd �,`\O6>56xD �\Yd ,,1WS gp
4*+\`\ZdH w�,`\O6>56 +14 bpbpZd P g1
]\,*-* /\ 4/\`\,Gq Z*jSf -Wq/*hT, T ,aTfE
fb\ 4*Wdh1ZSy /\ bd`ZT`dxEP aV*4*, �TO
j1Wn �W*bTZTE ]`14S/1Zb ����D �* 4*+\O
`\Zd af,*WnZ\ ,T/-dVZdW\an +*-*b\ WpO
/1yE a1`1/ ZSf V\YTa*` �� �Z/`dWW*
*aaTWTdD \Z* 4*VW‹SV*W* YTab*O-\a]\/*`T
\-\W\aSbS 4\Z\p +14 bpbpZd b*V\3 `1aO
b\`*ZS b* -`\Y*/anVSy b`*Za]\`bD �*ZT
*aaTWTd V*31B w�db+\W T a]\`b a]`Sqpbn
4/\`\,Gp b* /\aq-Z1ZZqYE * bpbpZ P
4\,aTY ]`\bSW13Z\YdD \ZS Z1adYTaZTxD
����O6>56 �˚˛ �(�(�
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 69
��"ı /`d4TE qVT 3S,dbn d bSf\Yd `*O
y\ZT �*Z-TE ab\WSgT �1Zb`*WnZ\*eO
`SV*ZanV\�^ �1a]d+WTVSE 4*]`\aSWS Y1Z1
4 /`d3SZ\p /\ a1+1 Z* \+T/D
�*a ]`S,TbZ\ 4dab`TWSB w˛*f\/nb1E \+T/
+d/1 aV\`\ -\b\,SyIx ı a]`*,/TE ]\,TbO
`q +dW\ Z*]\,Z1Z1 *]1bSbZSYS 4*]*f*YS
gS+dWTE h*aZSVd y *`\Y*b*YS a]1gTyD S
]\hdWSE qV ,1a1W\ -\Y\Zqbn Z*jT /`d4TD
�\a]\/SZq /\Yd ˚WW* ,4qW*aq `\4]\,T/*bS
Z*Y ]`\ ab`*,dE qV\p ,\Z* 4+S`*W*aq Z*a
]`S-\abSbSD
w �1Zb`*WnZTy �e`SgT�^/qbn V\Y*fE
b\Yd k\ , ZSf YTabSbnaq +*-*b\ +TWV*EP
V*31 ˚WW*DP �W1 YS�^Y\
�^f Z1 4 Zd3/SE
]`\ab\ ,\ZS Z*Y /d31 aY*VdpbnD �n\-\/ZT
Z* \+T/ +d/dbn Y*V\Z-\ P -da1ZSgTxD
S Z1 4/S,d,*WSanD \3WS,\E V\Y*fS
Z1 ,aTY /\ aY*VdE *W1 d +TWnj1 ZT3 ab* V`*O�^Z*f /1qVT 4 ZSf ,,*3*pbnaq /1WTV*b1a\YD
˙*`S *e`SV*ZanV\-\ WTad
�1Zb`*WnZ\*e`SV*ZanVTy �1a]d+WTgT�^/qbn `T4ZSf V\Y*fD �*]`SVW*/E b1`YTbT,E
qVSf Z*4S,*pbn +\+\D a14\Z /\kT, ,\ZS
`\2Y `\qbnaq Z*,V\W\ a,\�^f b1`YTbZSVT,D
� , YTab*f�^f ]`S,*+Wp2 +d/nOqV1 /31`1W\
1W1Vb`ShZ\-\ a,TbW*D �1`T/V\ Y\3Z* +*O
hSbSE qV ]TaWq ,1hT`Zn\�^ -`\4S /TbS +TO
3*bn 4 V\jSV*YSE k\+ Z*4+S`*bS b1`YTO
bT,D ˙TbW*fS Wp+Wqbn VSZdbS a\+T /\ `\b*
VTWnV* V\Y*f T *3 ,1`1k*bn ,T/ 4*/\,\O
W1ZZqD �4*-*WT b1`YTbT, a]\3S,*pbn d `T4O
Z\Yd ,S-Wq/TE ]`SYT`\YE adj1ZSYS Z* a\ZO
gTE aY*31ZSYS T4 aTWWp b* -\ab`SY ]1`g1YE
bdjV\,*ZSYS hS ]`S-\b\,*ZSYS , bTabTD
�]\3S,*pbn b*V\3 41W1ZSf V\ZSVT,
VTZ/*-\4\D �\ZS 4Gq,Wqpbnaq d gSf V`*O
qf ]`\bq-\Y ]\adjWS,\-\ a14\ZdD Tag1,T
3Sb1WT aY*3*bn V\ZSVT, *+\ ,*`qbnE \hSaO
bS,jS ,T/ ZT3\V T V`SW1gnD
�\Y*jVSZ* \+T/
�`\ab\ T aY*hZ\
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 6;
�db�^/qbn T -da1ZSgnD �*]`SVW*/E Z*Y Z*
\+T/ ]\/*WS ab`*,d 4 WShSZ\V Y1b1WSV*
ZThZ1 ]*,SZ1 \V\ LImbrasiaMD �1WSVSy V\O`ShZ1,Sy Y1b1WSV ,T/VW*/*2 a,\
�^ qygq Z*
/1`1,T a*]1W1D \WS 4Gq,Wqpbnaq -da1ZSgTE
a1WqZS 4+S`*pbn�^f T ]`\YS,*pbnD �\bTY
bdjVdpbn 4 ]\YT/\`*YSE gS+dW1p b* TZjSO
YS ]`\/dVb*YS P V\31Z 4* ,W*aZSY `1O
g1]b\YD � k\+ 4*-\b\,SbS -da1ZSgn ]`\
4*]*aE�^f adj*bn *+\ V\]bqbnD b*V\Yd ,SO
-Wq/T ,\ZS 4+1`T-*pbnaq *3 /\ b`n\f YTO
aqgT,D
˛/\`\,* ^3*
�1 ,aTf V\Y*f Y\3Z*�^abSD �W1 V\Y*fS
�^abT,ZSf ,S/T, gTWV\Y V\`SaZTE qVk\
�^f 4TO
+`*bS b*YE /1 Z1 4*ab\a\,dpbnaq ]1abSgSO
/S b* /\+`S,*E T ]`*,SWnZ\ ]`S-\bd,*bSD�ıf Z1 aWT/
�^abS WSj1 bSY Wp/qYE V\b`T Y*O
pbn *W1`-Tp Z* V`*+T, P `\/ShT, V\Y*fE
qVT b13 Z*W13*bn /\ hW1ZSab\Z\-SfD �/O
Z*V gTV*,\E k\ Z* ,T/YTZd ,T/ +TWnj\aO
bT V`*+T,E k\ f*`hdpbnaq ,aqV\p -ZSWWpE
Y*y31 ,aT�^abT,ZT V\Y*fS 3S,Wqbnaq bTWnO
VS hSabSY WSabqY T b*VSYS `\aWSZ*YSE
qVT Wp/anVSy \`-*ZT4Y Z1 4/*bZSy ]1`1O
b`*,SbSD
�\h qV\p Y*W1ZnV\p 2 -da1ZSgqE , ZTy
YTabSbnaq Z1yY\,T`Z* VTWnVTabn ]\3S,O
ZSf `1h\,SZD ˛* /*ZSYS �`\/\,\Wnh\�^
b* aTWnanV\-\a]\/*`anV\�^ \`-*ZT4*gT
�^ ���E
,YTab +TWV* d adj1ZTy -da1ZT ,/,ThT +TWnO
jSyE ZT3 d qW\,ShSZTD ˙T2b\W\-S ,S4Z*O
pbnE k\ , V`*�^Z*fE qVT `\4,S,*pbnaqE V\O
Y*fS 2 gTZZSY f*`h\,SY ]`\/dVb\YD
ab* -`*Y*f -da1ZT Y\31 YTabSbSaq Y*yO
31 /1ZZ* Z\`Y* b*VSf Z1\+fT/ZSf \`-*ZT4O
Yd YTZ1`*WT,E qV 4*WT4\E V*WTyE V*WngTyE
Y*-ZTyE e\ae\` T gSZVE * b*V\3 hSY*W\ ,TO
b*YTZT,D ˛ ]1`1b1`b\�^ Z* +\`\jZ\ -da1ZT
`\+Wqbn V*jVd /Wq /Tb1yE qVT ab`*3/*pbn
,T/ Z1/\�^/*ZZqD
�]\3S,*phS V\Y*fE Wp/S Z1 bTWnVS 4*O
/\,\WnZqpbn ]\b`1+d , V\`SaZTy�^3TE *W1
y a]`Sqpbn 4+1`131ZZp /\,VTWWqE */31
, ]`\g1aT ]`S-\bd,*ZZq Z1 ,SV\`Sab\,dO
2bnaq +*-*b\ ,\/S T Y*y31 Z1 db,\`ppbnaq
]*`ZSV\,T -*4SD `TY b\-\E 4+S`*phS V\O
Y*f /Wq�^/SE Wp/S 4*]\+T-*pbn Z*/YT`Z\O
Yd `\4YZ\31ZZp jVT/ZSVT,D
�*`1jbT -\W\,Z* ab`*,*
�\VS YS h1V*WS Z* \+T/E Z*Y ]`S-*/*O
W\aqE k\ 4* ˛*V\Z\YE qV\-\ /\b`SYd,*O
WSaq ab*`\/*,ZT T4`*�^WnbqZSE a*`*Z* ,,*O
3*W*an hSab\pE�^�^ Y\3Z* +dW\ ,3S,*bS
,�^3dD �V*3TY\E b*VSy aWd3Sb1Wn ]`*,/SO
,\-\ �\-*E qV ı,*Z �`1abSb1WnE�^, a*`*Zd
L�1,Sb 55B66C *b,Tq 7B8C *`V* 5B:MD a1 3
g1 Z14,ShZ*�^3*E b* y Z1 V\31Z \/`*4d Z*O
,*3Sbnaq ]\Vdjbd,*bS V\Y*fD
\WS ˚WW* ]\,1`ZdW*aq 4 VdfZTE Z1adhS
, `dV*f YSaVd 4 -*`qh\p ab`*,\pE ,aq d,*O
-* ]1`1VWphSW*an Z* Z1�^D �TaTY YTag1,Sf
Y1jV*ZgT,E qVT +dWS , Z*jTy V\Y]*ZT�^E aqO
qWS ,T/ 4*/\,\W1ZZqD �1`1/ Z*YS ]\ab*,SO
WS /,T ,1WSVT YSaVS 4 -da1ZSgqYSD �*aE
qV -\ab1yE ]\h*abd,*WS ]1`jSYSE ]`Sh\Yd
Z*aS]*WS Z*Y /d31 k1/`T ]\`gT�^D
)Vk\ ,*Y ,S]*/1 Z*-\/* aVdjbd,*bS
b*Vd Z1/\`\-dE aY*hZd T ]\3S,Zd ab`*,dE
, 3\/Z\Yd `*4T Z1 ,T/Y\,Wqyb1anI �S Z1
]\jV\/d2b1D
˝S,T wY*V\Z-\x P -da1ZSgT
�b`*,* 4 wVTZ/*-\4\x P V\ZSVT,
�VTWnVS 3 ,S/T, 3S,Sf Tab\b Z* ˛1YWTH
wS /\aT Z1 Y\31Y\ b\hZ\ aV*4*bSE aVTWnVS TaZd2
,S/T,E k\ a,T/hSbn ]`\ 4Z*hZd ]`\-*WSZd , Z*O
jSf +*4\,Sf 4Z*ZZqf ]`\ 3Sbbq Z* ˛1YWTxEP V*O
3dbn ,h1ZTE qVT /\aWT/3d,*WS g1 ]Sb*ZZqD �14dWnO
b*bS�^fZTf /\aWT/31Zn +dWS Z*/`dV\,*ZT , 3d`Z*WT
wPLoS BiologyxD ˛* ]`S+WS4Z\p \gTZV\p bSf ,h1ZSfEZ* Z*jTy ]W*Z1bT Z*WThd2bnaq ,T/ ;E9 YTWny\Z* /\
5> YTWny\ZT, ,S/T, 3S,Sf Tab\bD ıZjT ,h1ZT Z*,\O
/qbn gSe`S ,T/ 7 YTWny\ZT, /\ 5>> YTWny\ZT,D �*
an\-\/ZT VW*aSeTV\,*Z\ WSj1 +WS4nV\ 5E6 YTWny\Z*
4 ZSfD )Vk\ Z\,T ,S/S \]Sad,*bSYdbnaq b*V a*Y\
]\,TWnZ\E qV /\aTE b\ /Wq VW*aSeTV*gT�^ `1jbS 4Z*/\O
+Sbnaq ]\Z*/ 5>>> `\VT,D ˙1fb\ 4 /\aWT/ZSVT, ,,*O
3*2E k\ w4* b*VSf b1Y]T, VW*aSeTV*gT�^ /1qVT ,S/S
Y\3dbn 4ZSVZdbS k1 /\ b\-\E qV YS /T4Z*2Y\an ]`\�^fZ2 TaZd,*ZZqxD
�* /\]\Y\-d *`f1\W\-*Y ]`Sf\/qbn
ad]dbZSVS
�1]1` *`f1\W\-S ,SV\`Sab\,dpbn Z\,Sy Y1b\/
]\jdVd \+G2VbT,E k\ ab*Z\,Wqbn /Wq ZSf TZb1`1aD
˛* /\]\Y\-\p V\Y]Gpb1`ZSf ]`\-`*Y ,\ZS *Z*WT4dO
pbn \b`SY*ZT 4 ad]dbZSV* TZe`*h1`,\ZT 4\+`*31ZO
Zq 4 ,Sa\V\p `\4/TWnZ\p 4/*bZTabpD �*]`SVW*/E
4*,/qVS e\b\-`*eTqYE 4`\+W1ZSY 4 ,Sa\bS ;>> VTW\O
Y1b`T,E dh1ZT ,Sq,SWS , �-S]bT 5; Z1,T/\YSf `*ZTj1
]T`*YT/E 5>>> ab*`\/*,ZTf -`\+ZSgn T +WS4nV\ 7>>>
]\a1W1ZnD ıZe`*h1`,\Z* 4y\YV* /\4,\Wq2 ]\+*hSbS
\+`SaS af\,*ZSf ]T/ j*`\Y ]TaVd \+G2VbT, ab*`\O
,SZSD
� ��� ˛ ��& � �ı��
�*a1W1ZZq a,Tbd 4+TWnO
jSW\an 4 w: YTWnq`/T,
d 5=== `\gTx /\ ]\Z*/
; YTWnq`/T, Z*]`SVTZgT
6>55 `\Vd L�����˙�&��
"� �� � � �� ˛˙ � G)E �"�MD
w�3 9<E< ,T/a\bV* 3Sb1WT,
�1WSV\+`Sb*ZT�^� ,,*3*pbnE
k\ hW1Z*Y ^fZTf aTY1y
+dW\ + /\+`1 Z* ]1,ZSy
h*a ,SYSV*bS ,aT 4*a\+S
4,Gq4VdDDD �\31Z b`1bTy
Y1jV*Z1gn V`*�^ZS ,T/hd,*2
a1+1 Z*abTWnVS ,b\YW1ZSY
,T/ 4*a\+T, 4,Gq4VdE k\ f\h1
,T/]\hSbS ,T/ ZSfx L�˚�O
��˙˝�&��• ��ı˚����˚�E ˚��O
� �����ı)MD
w�\hSZ*phS 4 5=;: `\Vd
Z*]1`1/\/ZT V\3ZSf ]`14SO
/1ZbanVSf ,S+\`T, �\Ze1O
`1ZgTq V*b\WSgnVSf 2]SaV\O
]T, �Y1`SVS ]d+WTVd,*W*
4,1`Z1ZZqDDD Y1b\p qVSf +dO
W\ /\]\Y\-bS V*b\WSO
V*Y 4`\+SbS ]\WTbShZSy
,S+T`E V1`dphSan ,TO
`\px L� �˙˚��&��• ��ı˚���O
�˚�E �"�MD
w)Vk\ Z*+1`1bnaq /\O
ab*bZn\ 4W\hSZgT,E qVT
4*f\hdbn a]`ShSZSbS ,dO
WShZT 4*,\`dj1ZZqE b\ ^Y g1 ,/*abnaqDDD �1`1/
+`Sb*ZanV\�^ Y\W\/T 2 ]`\O
j*`\VE ]\4+*,W1ZSy ,T/hdbbq
Y\`*WTD �\h* b*VSf Y\W\/Sf
Wp/1y Z1+*-*b\E ,\ZS d ab*O
ZT b`SY*bS , ab`*fd gTWd V`*O�^Zdx Lw˚� � �ı��xE ˚��� ��O
���ı)MD
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 6=
�\a]TaZ* Y1/SgSZ*D )V* ^ ^ Y1b*H LWS]1Zn 6>55 `\VdMD )V a\O
gT*WnZSy ]`*gT,ZSVE q ]`\f\/SW* Z*,h*ZZq , -\a]TaT T Y\3d ]T/O
b,1`/SbSE k\ aV*4*Z1 ,*YS d w�`\+d/SanIx 4* WS]1Zn 6>55 `\Vd P
]`*,/*D Z*j h*a /d31 ]\b`T+ZT 4*VW*/SE /1 +dWS + ab,\`1ZT ,aT
dY\,SE *+S /+*bS ]`\ ]\b`1+S aY1`b1WnZ\ f,\`Sf Wp/1yD ) 4 Z1O
b1`]TZZqY h1V*p �\3\-\ �*`ab,*E V\WS ZTfb\ Z1 aV*31B w) f,\O
`Syx T V\WS �\- ,Sb`1 V\3Zd aWn\4d 4 Z*jSf \h1y Lıa*�^ 77B68C
�+Gq,W1ZZq 65B7E 8MD
�D �DE ıb*WTq
#\ b`1+* 4Z*bS ]`\ kSb\,S/Zd 4*W\4dH Lb`*,1Zn 6>>= `\VdMD
˙d31 ,/qhZ* ,*Y 4* gp ab*bbpD )VSyan h*a b\Yd q 4*]T/\4`SW*E
k\ Z1 ,a1 -*`*4/ 4 Y\2p kSb\,S/V\pE *W1 ZTh\-\ Z1 `\+SW*D �`\O
hSb*,jS gp ab*bbpE q ,a1Ob*VS 4,1`ZdW*aq /\ a]1gT*WTab*D ˛GqadO
,*W\aqE k\ , Y1Z1 f,\`\+* �`1y,a*D �* k*abqE�^�^ ,Sq,SWS Z* `*ZO
ZTy ab*/T�^D #1 `*4 /d31 ,*Y /qVdpD
�D �DE )]\ZTq
�ZS-*E k\ 4*aWd-\,d2 /\,T`GqD �*abSZS
5P; LWSab\]*/ 6>5> `\Vd P b`*,1Zn 6>55 `\O
VdMD ˙qVdp ,*Y 4* gp a1`Tp 4 a1YS ab*b1yE
V\b`* ab\ad2bnaq a,Tb\,Sf /1`3*,E 4-*/*ZSf
d �T+WT�^D �T ab*bbT P ]`\ab\ j1/1,`D �S/O
Z\E k\ ,\ZS 2 `14dWnb*b\Y š`dZb\,ZSf /\O
aWT/31ZnD ) f\bT, +SE k\+ b*VT hd/\,T ab*bbT
+dWS ,S/*ZT d ,S-Wq/T +`\jd`SD �*VSy 1VaO
Vd`a , Tab\`Tp ,SVWSV*2 -WS+\Vd ]\,*-d /\
�,b\`* gSf +T+WTyZSf ]`\`\gb, P �\-* �-\O
,SD �TZ 4*aWd-\,d2 Z* b*Vd ]\,*-dD
�D �DE �"
�\W\/T Wp/S 4*]SbdpbnD #\ Y1ZT aWT/
4Z*bS ]`\ a\gT*WnZT Y1`13TH LWS]1Zn 6>55
`\VdMD ˙qVdp ,*Y 4* gp ab*bbpD 1ZT 6: `\O
VT,D ) ]W*Zd,*W* ,T/V`SbS \+WTV\,Sy 4*]Sa
�d a\gT*WnZTy Y1`13T�E *W1 Z1 /Wq b\-\E k\+
4Z*ybS +TWnj1 /`d4T,D �`\ab\ +*-*b\ fb\ 4*O
\f\hd,*, Y1Z1 /\ gn\-\D �q ab*bbq /d31 Y1O
ZT /\]\Y\-W*D �]`*,/TE /`d4T, Y\3Z* Z*+dbS
T Z1 `12ab`dphSan d a\gT*WnZTy Y1`13TD
�D DE �TWT]]TZS
) \hTVd,*,E k\ ab*bbq ]`1/ab*,WqbSY1 a\O
gT*WnZT Y1`13T , Z1-*bS,Z\Yd a,TbWTD �W1
, ZTy +d, ]\/*ZSy ]\YT`V\,*ZSy ]\-Wq/D
�\Z* 4,1`b*W* d,*-d Z* ]1`1,*-S b* Z1/\WTO
VS a\gT*WnZSf Y1`13 T YTabSW* ]\`*/S k\/\
b\-\E qV 4*fSabSbS a1+1 ,T/ ]`Sf\,*ZSf Z1O
+14]1VD ) ]\+*hS,E Z*aVTWnVS ,*3WS,\ +dbS
\+*hZSYE V\WS `\4YTkd2j \a\+Sabd TZe\`O
Y*gTp , ıZb1`Z1bTD
�D �DE �"
)V /\aq-bS k*abq , aTYG ^ L3\,b1Zn 6>>= `\O
VdMD �1y a]1gT*WnZSy ,S]daV /d31 /\]\YT-
Z*jTy aTYG�^D �a\+WS,\ Y1ZT a]\/\+*W*an TZO
e\`Y*gTq , `*YgT w�1`1,T`b1 a1+1xE qV* YTaO
bSW*an d V\3ZTy 4 a1YS ,abd]ZSf ab*b1yD S
,31 ]\h*WS 4*ab\a\,d,*bS 4-*/*ZT b*Y ]\O
`*/SD
�D �DE �\`1q
�+YT`Vdyb1 d `\/SZZ\Yd V\WTD ˙d31
,/qhZT ,*Y 4* gp `d+`SVdD �*jTy :O`ThZTy
/\ZngT ]\/\+*2bnaq `\4e*`+\,d,*bS Y*WpZO
VS T ,SV\Zd,*bS 4*,/*ZZq w˛Z*y/S Y*WpO
Z\VxD �T ab*bbT ]\V*4dpbnE Z*aVTWnVS ,*3O
WS,\ +*bnV*Y Z*,h*bS a,\�^f /Tb1y ,T/
a*Y\-\ Y*W1hVdD �*jT 4daSWWq , ]T/-\b\,O
gT Y*b1`T*Wd /Wq Y*W1ZnVSf /Tb\h\V Z1\gTO
Z1ZZTD
�D DE \Wnk*
ı˙ ��"�� �����ı
�ı���•�˚ � � ˙��� �� � �ı
���� ��� ���& ����˙
�/*Y* T �,SH
�� ������� � �� � ��O�˚�˙&
�� ���� ˛)�� �˚E # ��
�˚ ���˚˝��&H
˙ �\4e*`+dyb1 Y*WpZVSD ˙ �`\hSb*yb1 +T+WTyZT ,T`OjTE ]1`1V*3Tbn a,\
�^YS aW\,*YS `\4Y\,d YT3 ]1`a\O
Z*3*YS b* ,]SjTbn d ,T/,1/1ZT YTagq�^fZT `1]WTVSD
˙ ˛Z*y/Tbn Z* Y*WpZV*fB 5M h1`1]*fd T 6M 3*+dD
˘ T/]\,T/T Z* ab\`TZgT 5>D
����) 6B5:
����) 6B5;
����) 7B8
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
����) 7B:
�ı��) �&���
��� ����� E
�� �˚
�
ı�� ���
���˙� ˙˚�˚ �D
����) 7B55
����) 7B56 ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
����) 7B57 ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝ ˝
�˙�� ı � ˛)�� �˚E #� ���˚˝���
�˚
�
ı�E � ����D ���� ��� ����
�
ı�
˛ ˚˙˚��&��� ��˙�D ˛ ����� ���
���˚���D ����) 7B58P68
�\Yd �/*Y T �,* ]\,SZZT +dWS j*O
Zd,*bS \-*E aWdf*phSan y\-\H
�ı˙��˛��D +Gq,W1ZZq 8B55D
˙\ h\-\ ]`S4,1W*�^fZq V`*/T3V*H
�ı˙��˛��D �SYWqZ 9B56D
�\-\ YS ,hSY\aq 4 gT2�^ `\4]\,T/TH
)V ,S /dY*2b1H �b\ -\,\`S, h1`14
4YTqH �ı˙��˛��D +Gq,W1ZZq 56B=D
˙\/*bV\,T ]`SYT`ZSVS ab*b1y 4 gT2�^
`d+`SVS ,S Y\31b1 `\4/`dVd,*bS
4 a*ybd www.jw.org
�`\+d/SanI �1`,1Zn 6>56 75
�TV*,\ T ]\,h*WnZ\ S`T3b1E 4T-ZTbn ]\a1`1/SZT T 4+1`T-*yb1•
��
ı)�
ı��
ı•�
��
�
��
5<
• � � ı )
���� ˛ ˝��)D �\h* +*bnV\ •\aT�^E
�Y\ZE +d, 4W\p Wp/SZ\pE •\aTq w`\O
+S,DDD d-\/Z1 , �\a]\/ZTf \h*fx L6 �`\O
ZTV 78B6MD TZ aWdf*,aq bSfE fb\ Wp+S,
�\-*E T dZSV*, Wp/1yE V\b`T +dWS + /Wq
Zn\-\ ]\-*ZSY b\,*`Sab,\YD •\aTq
4/\+d, �\3d ]`SfSWnZTabnE +\ ,Sq,Wq,
aYS`1ZZq b* gTZd,*, ]`*,/S,1 ]\VW\O
ZTZZq L6 �*`T, 66B5=C 67B68E 69MD
˛������)
�D •\aTq 4*g*`p,*, d ��� `\VT, T ]`*O,S, ��� `TVD
�D )VT /,* ]`\`\VS Y*WS /\+`Sy ,]WS,
Z* •\aTpH
�D#\ 4Z*yj\, a,qk1ZSV �TWVTyq
d w�\a]\/Zn\Yd /\YTxE V\WS •\aTq Z*O
V*4*, 4/TyaZSbS b*Y `1Y\ZbH
�ı˙���ı˙ı
�D <C 75 L6 �`\ZTV 78B5MD
�D `1YTq b* �\e\ZTq L`1YT�^ 5B5E 6C
�\e\ZT�^ 5B5MD
�D wZS-d �\a]\/Zn\-\ ˛*V\ZdxE Z*]SO
a*Zd �\ya12Y L6 �`\ZTV 78B58P5<MD
p/S y V`* ^ZS
7D �*a 4,*bS �*j T �\41bbE T Z*Y = b* < `\VT,D
�S 3S,1Y\ , �d*Z/TD �VTWnVS ]`S+WS4Z\ �,T/VT,
�-\,S 3S,1 , �d*Z/TB 5= >>>E 8; 9>> hS ;; 9>>H
8D +,1/S V`*]VdE qV* ]\V*4d2E /1 Z*j* V`*�^Z*D
�\ab*, V`*]Vd b*YE /1 3S,1j bSE T ]\/S,SanE
hS g1 /*W1V\ ,T/ �d*Z/SD
˛Z*y/S
Y*WpZ\V
�* qVSf ab\`TZV*f ]\YTk1O
Z\ gT TWpab`*gT�^H ]SjS
a,\�^YS aW\,*YSE k\ 4\+`*O
31Z\ Z* V\3ZTy 4 ZSfD
8>6:`TV
/\ZD1D
�b,\`1ZSy
�/*Y
˝S,d
VIIabD
/\ZD1D5`TVZD1D
=<`TVZD1D
�*]Sa*Z*
\ab*ZZq
VZS-*�T+WT� ^
˛ZSkS, +\,,*ZS
d YTab*f gSf ]W1Y1Z
L6 �`\ZTV 78B:E;MD
�1eb*WSY
�*Z*aTq
e`1Y
�SY1\Z
�
�
�
�
www.jw.org g12 06-K
˘ �SZdW\-\ `\Vd +dW* ,S/*Z* VZS3O
V* w˛*]Sb*ZZq Y\W\/Sf Wp/1yD
�`*VbShZT ]\`*/SxE b\Y 5D � ZTy Z*
5<>Oy ab\`TZgT Z*,\/Sbnaq ,T`j T4
�`S]\,Tab1y 68B5:B w�`*,1/ZSy aTY
`*4 ,]*/1 P b* 4,1/1bnaqxD �T aW\,*
/d31 ,]WSZdWS Z* \/Zd /T,hSZdD
\Z* aV*4*W*B wıWpab`*gTq Z* bTy
ab\`TZgT ]\V*4*W* Y1ZTE k\ \- ]\YTO
h*2 Y\�^ da]TfSDDD ˛*,/qVS gTy VZS3gT
q 4`\4dYTW*E k\ ]\b`T+Z\ Y\WSbSaq
V\ZV`1bZTj1 T ]`\aSbS \-* /\]\O
Y\-bS Y1ZT 4,TWnZSbSaq ,T/ ]\hdbbq
ZTVh1YZ\abTD ) 3 d a,\p h1`-d +d/d
Y\WSbSan /\ Zn\-\E V\WS ,SZSV*2
a]\Vda*E T b*V ]1`1+\`p a,\p ]\-*Zd
4,ShVdD
�\h* ,]`\/\,3 `\VT, q r]*/*W*s
+TWnj1 ZT3 ;; `*4T,E q ,]1,Z1Z*E k\
]\/\W*p a,\p ]`\+W1YdD ) +TWnj1
Z1 ]\hd,*pan Z*y+TWnj\p -`TjZSO
g1p Z* 41YWTxD
S Y\31b1 4*Y\,SbS ]`SYT`ZSV
gT2�^ VZS3VSE 4*]\,ZS,jS ZS3h1]\O
/*ZSy Vd]\Z T ,SaW*,jS y\-\ Z* ,T/O
]\,T/Zd */`1adE k\ Z* 9Oy ab\`TZgT
gn\-\ 3d`Z*WdD
\Z* /\]\Y\-W* Y1ZT
]\/\W*bS ]\-*Zd 4,ShVd
Q �1 +1`dhS Z* a1+1
3\/ZSf 4\+\,Gq4*ZnE q f\O
hd 4*Y\,SbS gp VZS3VdD
)V\p Y\,\p
��������������������������������������
Q �`\jd 4,Gq4*bSaq 4T
YZ\p /Wq ]`\,1/1ZZq
+14]W*bZ\-\ /\Y*jZn\-\
,S,h1ZZq �T+WT�^D
\Yd ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
d/S L*/`1a*E TZ/1VaM ����������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
˛*]Sb*ZZq
Y\W\/Sf Wp/1y]`*VbShZT ]\`*/S
�� 5