avtar vadavali 2

Jmodm{_-lrnwfmom_-JW_mbm`m MVwW gyZ

AdVmadmXmdbr({Vr`mo ^mJ)

(dmXm : 4-9)

H$meH$ :lrdb^{dmnrR>-lr{d>boda wMaU Am.hmo.Q>Q>.d d H$mo-Amnao{Q>d gmogm`Q>rnwZm-~|Jbmoa amoS>, H$mohmnwa._hmam>.416008.

gnmXH$ : Jmodm_r `m_ _Zmoha

W_gH$aU : {d.g.1976=B.g.1920.

{Vr`gH$aU : {d.g.2060=B.g.2004.

{V : 500

{ZewH${dVaUmW

_wH$: eboe {Q>g,14,MwZmdmbm BS>pQ>Ab EQ>oQ>,H$m|S>r{dQ>m, AYoar(nyd),_w~B400059.

eboe

1 2

&&lrH$Um` Z&&&&lrXmMm`MaUH$bo`mo Z&&

gnmXH$s`

1lrdb^mMm hm wHo$ de| 2lr{d>bZmW wMaU 3lr~mbH$UOr4lrnrVm~aOr 5lr`Xwn{VOr 6lrnrVm~aOr Ama 7lrnwfmomOr, VwVAdVmadmXmdbr JWHo$ H$VmH$m O {d.g.1714 `m lrdb^-dedj(3/2Jh : gyaV.n.15) Ho$ AZwgma {d.g.1724 ^mnXewbm EH$mXerHo$ {XZhdm. OHo$ g` n[adma WwamHo$ {ZH$Q> JmoHw$bJm| {Zdmg H$aVm Wm {H$Vw~mX| 5lr`Xwn{VOrHo$ o> mVm 5lr`mbOrHo$ nw 6lrdOam`OrZo Bh| AnZmYnw ~Zm H$a Xg dfH$s Am w| gwaV ~wbm {b`m. {dH$ gdV 1781 | 67dfH$s d`|, AnZo Xmo nw VWm EH$ nwr Ho$ AnZr {dmZVm| Z ah OmZoHo$H$maU, AnZo gmZZmm MMoao ^mBH$mo AnZm Cmam{YH$mar ~Zm H$a o nwZAnZo OWb JmoHw$b bmQ> Am o.

VwV "AdVmadmXmdbr' JW| "AdVma' {deofU VwV dmXmdbrHo${dMm -{df`Ho$ {ZX}emW Z hmo H$a ^mJdVmoV ^JdXdVmam|H$s 24 g`mHo$AZw$n BZ dmXm|H$s ^r g`m 24 hmoZoH$m moVH$ h.

lr^mMH$m `m`Hw$wXMmoX`, lr{MgwIw{ZH$s VdXr{nH$m,lrAn`Xr{jVH$s dmXZjmbm, lrJXmYa ^>mMm`H$s dmXdm[a{Y,lrO`VrWw{ZH$s dmXmdbr m lrdoXmVXo{eH$H$s eVXyfUr Am{X AZoH$ H$maH$sdmXmd{b`m {d{dYZmZm ^maVr` XeZHo$ {d{^Z gXm`m|| CnbY hmoVr hrh. Bgr Vah hm w lrdb^mMm d{VV ewmVdmXybH$ nw{>^pVgXm`|^r AmMm MaUmO Jmodmr lr{d>bZmW wMaUmam UrV {dS>Z Ho$~mX VwV AdVmadmXmdbr ^r EH$ AVrd hdnyU H${V h.

JmVgy ""mUVH$gmYZmonmb^ {gmVm{d...nj{Vnjn[aJhmo dmX'' (Jm V.`m.gy.2&1) Ho$ AZwgma dmXH$m d$n hr{Vnj{ZamH$aUnydH$ dnjWmnZ {ZpMV hmoVm h. {$a^r {H$ht-{H$htdmXJWm|| {Vnj{ZamH$aUH$mo wI `moOZ ~Zm {b`m OmVm h. Bgr VahdnjWmnZH$mo hr wI `moOZ ~Zm H$a {bIo J o dmXJW ^r CnbY hmoVohr h. VwV AdVmadmXmdbr| Vmo dnjWmnZmna hr A{YH$ ^ma VrVhmoVm h. nydnj{ZagZ ^r AmZwf{JH$V`m gmJh {H$`m J`m h, dh Xygar H$Wmh. {ddmXmnX {dMm -{df`m|H$m gH$bZ JWH$maZo wIV`m dVHo$ XwJH$mogwT> ~ZmZoHo$ hoVw hr {H$`m h. gmW hr gmW {Vn{jAm|Ho$ Amjonm|H$sg^m{dV {XemAm||go hmoZodmbo AmH$UHo$ {VH$maHo$ hoVw Cg {gmVXwJHo$Mmam| Amoa 24 ~wOm]Ho$ Ogo 24 dmXm|H$m {ZmU {H$`m h. AVEd {H$gr ^r EH$VdmXH$mo AnZm wI {Vnjr ~ZmZm `hm JWH$maH$m Co` Zht h. AVBZ Mm~rg {ddmXmnX {df`m|Ho$ gH$bZ| JWH$ma lrnwfmomMaUH$s{gmVXwJH$mo gwT> ~ZmZoH$s hr {> H$m H$aVr gr bJVr h. `m|{H$ Ohm-H$ht ^r hm^wHo$ JWm|| H$R>moV `m AWmn{mbY H$moB ^r {df`nydm}manj{d{Ygo {dMmaUr` bJm {H$ JWH$maZo AVrd gmdYmZrnydH$ Cg{df`Ho$ ~mao| ge` nydnjHo$ gmYH$-~mYH$ VH$-mUm|H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVohdo dnjH$mo pS>V H$aZoH$m EH$ {dbjU AZw>mZ `hm AnZr Bg H${V|gnZ H$aZm Mmhm h.

VwV gnmXH$-boIH$Ho$ nydO MmonmgZr-OmoYnwaHo$ dmV` Jmodmrlr{d>bam`Or, Omo JWH$maHo$ {` AVodmgr Wo, CZH$s {OkmgwVm VWmA``ZerbVm na gZ hmo H$a BZ dmXm||go W dmXna Vmo JWH$maZodmonk `m`m ^r {bIr h. Ogm {H$ JWH$ma CgHo$ Cnghma| H$hVo h""A``Z~moYerbZgVw> Z`pV H$VdmZ EVm hVQ>rH$m{d>bam`moXm`'' Ad{e> {H$Vw Vodrg dmXm|na `m`mboIZ hmo Zhtnm`m. Hw$N> Vmo AIpS>V $n| ^r A~ {bVo Zht h. Eogo hr EH$-Xmo dmXm|H$moZo `Wm{V nyU H$aZoH$m `mg {H$`m h. Omo AmJmr H$meZm|| gH${bV{H$ o Om |Jo. Bg IS>| Vmo Ho$db MVwW dmXgo boH$a Zd dmX n VH$m hr

3 4

H$meZ hmo ahm h. Ama^Ho$ VrZ VWm A` Ad{e> dmXm|H$m ^r H$meZ wH$nm hmoZona ^{d`| hmo hr Om oJm

Bg IS>| H$m{eV hmoZo Om aho dmXJWm|Ho$ {dMm -{df`m|H$m g{jVn[aM` mV H$a boZm ^r `hm CnH$maH$ hmoZogo VmX dmXmVJV {df`-ge`VWm nydm}manjm| H$s gJhH$m[aH$mAm|H$m gmamZwdmX VwV H$a XoZm hm Amg{JH$Zht hmoJm.

VXZwgma-4. oXm oXd$n{ZU dmX : AdVmadmXmdbrHo$ AVJV MVwW oXm oXm oXd$n{ZU dmX| wIV`m

Bg {df`H$s MMm CR>mB JB h {H$ gpMXmZX na~ namm ^JdmZlrH$UHo$ gXeH$m Zm$nH$mH$ {dVma `h gmam Am{Y^m{VH$ ~mh`nM h. AV ~ Ama OJV Ho$ ~rM CnmXmZmonmXo ^mdmH$ VmXm` ahVmh. Bg oXg{hUw-A oX$n VmXm`Ho$ d$nKQ>H$ oXH$mo Z Vmo Am`pVH$oX$n Ama Z A oXH$mo Am`pVH$ A oX$n hr mZm Om gH$Vm h.

Bgr Vah Xoe-H$mb-d$nVmo An[apN>Z ~H$s {MXe$n hmoZogo gmarAUwn[amU OrdmmAm|H$m ^r AnZo AerHo$ gmW Eogm hr VmXm` h, ZAm`pVH$ oX Ama Z Am`pVH$ A oX hr. ~YZnydH$m{bH$, ~YZH$m{bH$;VWm, ~YZ{Zd`wma wpVH$m{bH$ `m| VrZm| hr H$mbm|| OrdmmH$m `h~VmXm` A~m{YV ahVm h. AVEd ~kmZ `m ~gm w` XmoZm|| hrOrdmmH$s AeVm AjwU ^r ah gH$Vr h. gjon| ~me H$^r A~mH$hmo Zht gH$Vm. AerHo$ mam {Z`V A{YH$mamZw$n Cgo AnZr {Z`VH$m}H$sH$VVmHo$ de {bVr AnZo H$m]mam A^r> H$mJu` $bmZw y{V| AWdmkmZmJu` ~`mZw y{V| AWdm ÔZr`d$nHo$ ÔZmZXH$s ^pVmJu`VmXm`mZw y{V| ^r A{e{Z``Vm A~m{YV hr ahVr h. AV ~màhZona ^r ewmVmdbp~Zr {H$`m| AôX ôXg{hUw hr hmoVm h. BgEo`H$mo gXgX{ZdMZr` oXHo$ ~mYm{Y>mZ$n Eo`go {dbjU H$maH$m gPZmMm{h o. `m|{H$ ~H$mo lw{V| ""EH$od A{Vr gV'' H$hm J`m h; AV,H$moB ^r gXdVw AnZo gpMXmZX$n Aer ~go ~{h yV `m Cggo nWH$

doXmV| m` Zht hmo gH$Vr. AVEd OS>-OrdH$m Omo ~Ho$ gmW VmXm`h, CgHo$ KQ>H$ oXH$mo dm^m{dH$ `m Am`pVH$ mZm Zht Om gH$Vm h.AV OS> Ama ~ Ho$ ~rM aho H$m H$maU^mdH$s A{dH$Vn[aUmdmXm{lV{H$`m drH$mar J`r h. Bgr Vah Ordmm Ama namm Ho$ ~rM, A`V yVAem|H$s A`mH$Vm, AerH$s {dYml`VmHo$ AmYmana drH$mar J`r h.

{ZH$fV lw{V {V gy `m nwamUm|| Ohm ^r oXH$s {ZXm `m CgH$sAdmV{dH$Vm {Z${nV hB h, Cgo dm^m{dH$ `m Am`pVH$ oXH$s {ZXmHo$Vm` de H$s JB {ZXmHo$ $n| hr drH$maZm Mm{h o. OS>$nJV Zm-$n-H$m]Ho$ OÒZH$^mdK{Q>V oX VWm OrdmmAm|Ho$ XdmgwagnXm{X$nJV oX^r Cg ~Ho$ gd dZgm VWm A{VhVgH$ngm Ho$ de H$Q> hdoE o pN>H$ ^ oX h , dm^m{dH$ `m Am`pVH$ Zht. gj on | `hroXm oXd$n{ZU dmXH$m {Vnm{df` h.5.g{> oXdmX : Bg nmMd| g{>ôXdmX| Cg EH$od A{Vr` ~H$s ~h^dZoN>mHo$

AZw$n Cg| AZoH${dY Zm $n VWm brbm H$Q> hmoVr h, `h {g H$aZmA^r> h. AnZr gpMXmZXVm|go {H$gr ^r gXe {MXe `m AmZXme Ho${VamoYmZ {H$ o {~Zm H$moB Zm $n `m H$ H$Q> hmoVm h Vmo dh Zm, dh $n;VWm, dh H$ ^r Am{YX{dH$ mZm OmVm h. Bh| AnZo g`gH$n hmoZoHo$gm de O~ Ohm {OgHo$ gj `m {OgHo$ ^rVa dh H$Q> H$aZm MmhVm hVmo H$Q> H$aVm h. A`Wm o AH$Q> hr ahVo h. BZ| XoeH$V H$mbH$V `md$nH$V `mXm `m n[aN>oX Zht hmoVm. O~ AmZXmeH$mo {Vamo{hV H$aHo$Ho$db {MXemZm dh H$Q> hmoVm h V~ Eogo Aem|| H$mbH$V n[aN>oX ZhtahZona ^r XoeH$V n[aN>oX Am OmVm h. AVEd BZ {MXem|H$m gXem||JmnJ g^d hmo OmVm h. Bg JmnJH$mo Cn{m-Zme Zht gPZmMm{hò. g^r OrdmmAm|H$m d$n Eogm hr mZm J`m h. {OZ| naVw{MXeH$m ^r {VamoYmZ hmo OmVm h, CZ| Xoe-H$mb-d$nH$V {{dYn[apN>ZVm H$Q> hmoVr h. BZ Aem|| fS>{dY md{dH$ma OZZ XoeH$mbmdpN>Z{dmZVm CnM` d{ AnM` Ama Zme H$s Omo Vr{V hmoVr h dh ~H$sAm{d^md-{Vamo mdepV`m|Ho$ mam hr gnZ hmoVr h. ~ Hw$N> Zm-$n-

5 6

H$ Eogo ^r {XIbm gH$Vm h {H$ {OZ|, AnZo gV {MV `m AmZX, {H$gr^r Aego dh ApdV Z ^r hmo. Eogo Zm $n `m H$ gX{Y>mZH$ hmoZonagXdV ^m{gV hmoVo h. {MX{Y>mZH$ hmoZona {MXdV ^m{gV hmoVo h. AmaAmZXm{Y>mZH$ hmoZona CZ| AmZXH$m Am^mg H$Q> hmoVm h.

AnZo Bg Zm-$n-H$mZm `mH$aU| Z Vmo gd`m{n ~go ~mhH$moB dVw ~Ho$ ^rVa AmJVwH$V`m H$Q> hmoVr h Ama Z dh BVZm AgWhr h {H$ {H$gr Cnm{Ygo Cn{hV hmo H$a Cgo AnZo d^mdgo {dnarV Hw$N>H$aZoH$mo Cgo ~m{YV hmoZm nS>Vm hmo. AV CnmZ Zm $n m H$m} H$m ~|Z Vm o mJ^md m` hm oVm h Z H$m{bH$ A`Vm^md Ama ZVmXm`g~YmdpN>Z{V`mo{JVmH$ A`mo`m^md hr. AVEd namUw Ogo{H$gr H$maUr yV Vdgo g{>H$s Cn{m mZZona, CZ namUwAm|Ho$ $n| nammH$mohr drH$ma boZm `hm C{MV mZm J`m h. `m|{H$ AgV Vmo CnZ hmo ZhtgH$Vm Ama gVH$m EH$odm{Vr` hmoZm H$hm J`m h. AV {Znm{YH$V`m A-gXmH$ Vmo `hm Hw$N> ^r hmo Zht gH$Vm h, ~monmXmZH$ `m ~me$n hrhmoZogo. {JwUmpH$m H${V ^r Cgr ~H$s gXen[aUm$nm hmoVr h. AVH${VnwfHo$ Am`pVH$ Vna Adbp~V hmoZodmbr mH$Vg{>H$s {H$`m ^r~dmX| m` Zht. AVEd Zm` hmoZogo m OS> hmoZogo OJVH$mo gXgX{dbjUm`monmXmZH$ mZZm ^r `hm gdWm AZ{^oV h. `m|{H$ m`mH$m ApVd`{X g^d h Vmo dh CgH$s d$nmV yV epVHo$ $n| hr. CgHo$ d$ngo~mh {H$gr {`m Cnm{YHo$ $n| Zht. AVEd A{dm `m `mmo{hH$m m`m^r ^JdmZH$s AZoH${dY epVAm|| A`V epV hmoZogo VXd^m{gVZm$nH$m]Ho$ Am^mg| ^r ~m{Y>mZH$Vm Vmo An[ahm hr hmoVr h.

6.Am{d^md{Vamo mddmX : Bg N>>o Am{d^md{Vamo mdmX| `h {VnmXZr` h {H$ Omo ^r Hw$N> CnZ

`m AZw yV hmoVm h dh Cg An[ao ~ VdH$s AZVepVAm|Ho$ AVJVAm{d^mdepVHo$ H$maU e` hmoVm h. Bgr Vah Omo Hw$N> gXmH$ hmoZona ^rCnZ Zht hmo nmVm m Z> hmo OmVm AZw yV hmoVm h; AWdm, Omo AZw y{VJmoMa

hr Zht hmo nmVm hmo, Eogm g^r Hw$N> Cg ~H$s {Vamo mdepVHo$ H$maU e`hmoVm h.

BZ XmoZm|| {H$g epVH$m H$~ H$hm {H$gHo$ gj `m {H$gHo$ ^rVa `moJH$aZm `m Z H$aZm, `h g~ Hw$N> ~H$s BN>mHo$ AmYrZ hr hmoVm h. AVYmYH$s {g{H$m Z hmo `m A`, Omo Hw$N> hmoVm h, dh g^r CgH$sBN>mHo$ AmYrZ hr. AVEd Omo hmo hr Zht, dh Vmo CnZ ^r hmo Zht gH$Vm.`m|{H$ CnZ hmoZm `{X H$moB Y yV {H$`m `m {H$`m hmo Vmo CgH$m AmYma yVnyd{g Yu, Cg EH$odm{Vr` gVHo$ Abmdm Hw$N> hmo Zht gH$Vm. AVEd""KS>m Z> hmo J`m'' Eogo `dhmaH$mo ^r {g H$aZm hmo Vmo Cg Zme{H$`m `mZmeH$s {H$`m H$m AmYma^yV gZmVZ gXYu Ano{jV hmoVm hr h. `m|Cn{m-ZmeH$s {H$`mH$m AmYma yV Yu Cg EH$odm{Vr` ~go A`V{^Z Vmo hmo Zht gH$Vm A`Wm Vmn{m hmoJr. AV Omo CnZ hmo ahm h `mOmo Z> hmo ahm h, dh g^r Hw$N> ~mH$ hr hmoVm h.

`hr ~mV ""`h g^r Hw$N> nwf hr h''-""dhr Vmo `h gmam OJV h''-""`h g^r Hw$N> `h Amm hr h'' Ogo gwn> lw{VdMZm|| CnbY hmoVr h.AVEd ""dhr h Omo nhbo Hw$N> Wm. Ama dhr h Omo Hw$N> ^{d`| hmoJm'' Eogolw{VdMZm|Ho$ AmYmana ^r `hr {g hmoVm h. Omo H$^r hmo Ama H$^r Z hmo,Cgo hmoZo `m Z hmoZogo AVa nS>Vm h. Omo, naVw, gd gdXm Ama gd$n hmo,Cgo H$ht-H$^r-{H$gr $n| hmoZo `m Z hmoZogo H$moB AVa Zht nS>Vm AV OmoHw$N> H$m $n hmoVm h CgHo$ H$maU$nHo$ ^rVa H$m`mZm H$Q> hmoZoH$s epVVmo nyd{g ahVr hr h. AV Cg epVHo$ de Hw$N> ~mha H$Q> hmo OmZm H$moBAg^d ~mV Zht hmoVr. {OgH$m O~ Ohm Ama Ogo Am{d^md `m {Vamo mdhmoVm h, dh g~ AnZo yb H$maU$nHo$ hr ^rVa ahm hmoVm h.

AVEd `mH$aUHo$ AZwgma ^r "OZZ' Zm{H$m {H$`mH$mo mXw mdHo$ AW|VWm "Zme' Zm{H$m {H$`mH$mo AXeZHo$ AW| hr drH$mam J`m h. EVmdVm{g hmoVm h {H$ ""Xoe-H$mb| `m{XV Zm-$n-H$m]H$m OZZ-Zme hmoVmh'' Eogm H$hZo| H$moB An{gmV `m {dgJ{V Zht h. Omo Xoe| n[apN>Z hmonaVw H$mbHo$ n[aN>oXgo `m{XV Z hmo CgH$m JmnJ hmoVm h Cn{m-Zme

7 8

Zht. naVw Xoe-H$mb-d$nHo$ {{dY n[aN>oXgo Omo a{hV hmo, CgH$m VmoH$ht H$^r {H$grHo$ gj `m {H$grHo$ ^rVa mH$Q> `m AmH$Q> hr hmoVmh.

`m| Am{d^md-{Vamo mdHo$ Wyb VrZ H$ma hmoVo h. gy Vmo ~Ho$A{M` gm de Ag` hmo gH$Vo h, {Oh| gmoMm-gPm hr Zht OmgH$Vm.

7.`m{VdmX : Bg gmVd| `m{VdmdmX| {Vnm {df` `h h {H$ {OZ Zm $n `m H$m]

Ho$ ^rVa gpMXmZX ~H$m d$noU Am{eH$ Ad` ^r Z hmo, Ch| CgH$s`mmo{hH$m m`mHo$ mam Ho$db ~w{| Cnm{XV; VWm, ~mh`mWV`m~woH$JmoMa ~Zm`m mZZm Mm{hE. `{n ~w{| Vmo do dVwV CnZ hdo

hr hmoVo h naVw O~ ~mdVwV`m ^mZ Z hmo H$a ~w{go ~mh mWV`m CZH$mOmo ^mZ hmoVm h, Cg $n| dhm ~H$m Z gXe, Z {MXe Ama Z AmZXmehr ApdV hmoVm h. AWmV CZH$s Agmm Amnm{YH$s VWm gmm ~epV^m`mm{`H$s hmoVr h.

Am{Y^m{VH$ bmoH$`dhma| Eogr ^mpH$m ~w{ {Og gXdVwH$mom{Y>mZ ~Zm H$a H$Q> hmoVr h, Cg gXdVwHo$ gmjmH$mago dh mpV

{Zdm hmo nmVr h. Am`mpH$ `m Am{YX{dH$ `dhma|, {H$Vw, Cg naVdOZmXZ$n ~Ho$ `WmWkmZgo hr Eogr ^mpV`m {Zdm hmo nmVr h. Cg`WmWkmZHo$ namoj hmoZona namoj m{^{V {Zdm hmoVr h naVw AnamojVr{VZht. Bgr Vah `WmWkmZHo$ Anamoj hmoZona Z Ho$db namoj m{^{V wVmnamojVr{V ^r {Zdm hmo OmVr h.

AVEd Eogr ^mpH$m Vr{VAm|H$m o ~mh` gXdVw{df{`H$m"A`Wm`m{V' mZZona Vmo A`WmHo$ ~Om` `WmW`m{V H$hZm A{YH$CnnZ hmoJm. Bgr Vah ~mh mWHo$ namoj hmoZona r CgH$s namojVmH$m AZwgYmZ

w{fV hmo J`m mZZona Vmo, AWmV mpVkmZH$mo JhUaUmH$ Xmo nWH$-nWH$ kmZm|H$s EH$am{e mZZona, ^mpV{Zd{mHo$ ~mX A{Y>mZJhU VWmAmamo`aU H$m AZw`dgm` Ad` hmoZm Mm{hE. kmZHo$ Xmo oXm|| EH$kmZhmoZoH$s ~mV ^r {d bJVr h. Bgr Vah Amamo` aOVHo$ gH$madeaOV mpV e` hmoZona `W| gXgX{dbjU aOVH$s Cn{m dhm drH$maZm^r AZmd`H$ hr bJVm h. `m| O~ gXgX{dbjU Amamo` hmo Zht gH$Vm VmogdWm AgXdVwHo$ AmamonH$s H$Wm Vmo XyamnmV hr mZZr nS>oJr. {H$MAgVH$m Am^mg `{X drH$maVo hm| Vmo dh gdXm hr hmoZm Mm{hE H$^r-H$^mH$Zht. AVEd Omo dVwH$m d$n hr gXgXmH$ mZVo hm| CZHo$ V| ^r gdgdXm ^mpV {Z`VV`m hmoZr Mm{hE. AVEd A{^Zdm`Wm`m{V, OmoAg`m{VH$m hr H$ma h Cgo ^r mpVH$s gw{MV `m`mHo$ $n| m`Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm. ~w{ Ama Amm XmoZm| hr nWH$-nWH$ nXmW h AVOmo ~w{K{Q>V hmo Cgo AmK{Q>V H$go mZm Om gH$Vm h?

AV Bp`Jmh gXdVwHo$ gmm`kmZHo$ ~mX ^Jdm`mmam ~w{WgH$ma Am{XHo$ ghH$made JhrV gXdVwgo {^Z ~w{| Cnm{XV m{`H$mH$maH$m~mh mWV`m VrV hmoZm hr mpVHo$ gMo d$nH$m "A``m{V' ZmZm{ZX}e {H$`m OmVm h.

8.{V{~~dmX : Bg AmR>d| {V{~~dmX| A``m{V^m` {V{~~Ho$ dmV{dH$ d$nH$m

{de A{^oV h. {V{~~Ho$ ~mao| wIV`m {dMm `hr h {H$ Cgo XnUm{XCnm{Y| Am{d yV Z hmoZodmbo {~~H$m hr ^mg Ho$db drH$maZm `m {~~go{^Z {H$gr nXmWH$s A``m{V drH$maZr? `h nhbo hr n> H$a {X`m J`mh {H$ AnZo yb$n| Vmo ~ gd gdXm gd$noU ahVm hr h. AV^Jd{V{~~ {`m hmo `m Zhmo naVw A`m` dVwE Vmo Xoe-H$mb-d$nV n[apN>Z$n hmoVr h {OZ $nm|H$mo ~ doN>`m YmaU H$aVm h.Eogr CZ dVwAm|Ho$ {V{~~H$mo `WmWV`m ^mV mZm Zht Om gH$Vm.

AV Omo {MVH$ {V{~~H$mo {~~go {^Z Zht mZVo CZH$s YmaUm h{H$ XnUm{XH$s Cnm{Ygo namdm hmo H$a {H$aU| O~ dwIH$m JhU H$aVr h Vmo

9 10

dh {V{~~ bJZo bJVm h. naVw Bg {df`| AnZm {gmV Vmo `hr h {H${V{~~ EH$ Eogm m{`H$ Am^mg h {H$ {Og| Ho$db {~~ hr JhrV hmoVmh Eogm Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm. `h gP| ^r AmZodmbr ~mV h Ama emm||^r Bgr Vah AWmV m{`H$ Am^mgHo$ $n| hr {Z${nV hB h. AZoH$nmddmbo XnUH$m H$moB {ZmU H$ao Vmo EH$ hr XnU| AZHo$ {V{~~{>JmoMa hmoZo bJ|Jo. namdm hmoZodmbr {H$aUm|Ho$ gwI Vmo O~{H$ EH$ hr{~~wI hmoVm h. AV AZoH$ {V{~~m|H$s Vr{VH$m gmYmZ Eogr {H$`m|CnbY Zht hmo nmVm.

AV {V{~~ EH$ {~~Voa m{`H$ dVwH$m A``m{V$n Am^mg h`h {ZpMV hmoVm h.

9.AYH$madmX : Bg Zm| AYH$madmX| Bgr Vah AYH$maH$mo ^r H$meH$m Ho$db A^md

mZZoHo$ ~Om` ^md$n m{`H$ Am^mgHo$ $n| {Vnm{XV H$aZm A^r> h. Bgm{`H$ Am^mgHo$ de ~mh gXdVw AmdV hmoVr h Omo H$menmVgo hr {Zd hmoVr h A`Wm Zht. Omo {MVH$ Bgo H$meHo$ A^mdHo$ $n| {Vnm{XVH$aZm MmhVo h CZHo$ AZwgma H$mem^md Ohm {XIbm`r XoVm hmo CgHo${deofUV`m {XIbmB XoVm mZZm nS>oJm. `hm >` `hr hmoVm h {OgH$mA^md Ohm VrV hmoVm h dh dVw d `{X {XIbmB Z XoVr hmo Vmo dhmA^mdVr{V H$go CnnZ hmo nm oJr? oH$ A^mdH$s namoj `m AnamojVr{V| A^mdHo$ {V`moJrH$m namojkmZ VWm AZw moJrH$m `Wm`W namoj `mAnamoj kmZ A{Zdm hmoVm hr h. AYH$maHo$ Anamoj mgHo$ ~mao| {V`moJrH$s~mV OmZo X| naVw AZw moJrH$m Anamoj ^mg hmoVm Zht h, Omo hmoZm Amd`H$Wm. AV AYH$maH$mo H$meH$m A^md mZm Zht Om gH$Vm h.

AV ` JwU H$ Am{X {H$gr ^r nXmWHo$ $n| AYH$maH$s gw{MV`m`m e` Z hmoZogo AYH$maH$mo ^r EH$ m{`H$ ^md$n dVw mZ boZmMm{hE. `h ^r, AV, A``m{VH$m A`V H$ma h Eogm {g hmoVm h.

Bg Vah A{V gjon| BZ N>h dmXm|Ho$ {Vnm{df`Ho$ {dhJmdbmoH$ZHo$gmW A~ VwV H$meZHo$ ~mao| Xmo-Mma ~mV| ~Vm XoZm MmhJm. BZ dmXm|Ho$VwbZmH$ nmR>m|Ho$ gemoYZnydH$ Bh| ^br^m{V nwZH$m{eV H$amZoH$s `moOZmoao X`| dgo Vmo gZ 84| Omoago CR> IS>r hB Wr. Ama VXZwgma AnZrh[ama`mm Ama dhm EH$ mgn V {ZdmgH$s Ad{Y| hmao {nVmh JmodmrlrJmoHw$bZmWOr hmamOlrHo$ mam H$m{eV BZ|Ho$ gVah dmX BXWV`m`dpWV AZwN>oX{d^mOZ VWm erfH$`mg mam Z| gnm{XV {H$ o Wo.~mX| BZH$s ogH$mnr oao { lrXZbmb `mgOrgo V ma ^r H$admB. V~BZ Mm~rg dmXm|H$s A{ZUuV H$g`mH$s g`m oao gmZo Am`r. BZ| AmdmX`r Vmo MVwWnMnrR>mYre Jmodmr lrdb^bmbOr hmamO (H$mm)Ho$ {dm{d^mJmam lrdgVam emrHo$ Hw$eb gnmXZ| ^br^m{V H$m{eVWr hr. VWm A` EH$ lrX mJdVd$n{df`H$eLH$m{ZamgdmX r lrOoR>mZXAmgZb `mgmam lrh[aeH$a H$maOrHo$ Hw$eb gnmXZmam H$m{eVVdmWXrn{Z~YHo$ n[a{e>V`m H$m{eV hmo MwH$m Wm. `m| ~rgHo$ AbmdmAd{e> AH$m{eV Mma dmXm|H$mo ImoOo {~Zm dmXm|H$s H$g`mH$mo {ZYm[aVH$aZm XwH$a Wm. Omo H$m{eV hmo MwHo$ Wo CZ| nmR>mew{ ^r CVZr hr PbH$VrWr gmo nmR>^o{ZYmaUmW A`m` {V`m|H$mo ImoOZoH$m `mg MbVm ahm.^JdH$n`m AV| EH$mX dmXH$mo N>moS> m` g^r dmXm|H$s AZoH$ {V`m{d{^Z moVm|go mV hmo nm`r, Bgo oao na gm m`H$m {df` mZVm h.VXZwgma nmR> oX{ZYmaUmW AZoH$ gh`mo{JAm|Ho$ ^r Cgmhde dh H$m ^r`Wmgm `Wm{V gnZ hmo nm`m. BZ nmR>emoYZH$s b~r ~R>H$m|| gh`moJXoZodmbo gdlr Jmo.lr{H$emoaMOr, Jmo.lraKwZmWbmbOr, {MaOrdr Jmo.lreaX,lrA{gV O. emh, lra{gH$ emh, lr^moJrbmb emh, lrY} Pmbm, lrZrf~amB, lrho nbrMm, lrVr-lr ~rZm gVre nbrMm, lrWwamXmg ^m{Q>`m,lrJmo{dX^mB VWm lrnwfmom^mB Am{X g^rHo$ {V H$VkVmmoVZHo$ ^mdH$mgJmonZ H$aZo AnZo-AmnH$mo Aj nmVm h. Bg ~rM d AnZo Ka| hrH$ wQ>a| $sS> H$adm H$a H$m{eV H$adm boZoHo$ ZmoaWHo$ OJ OmZogo ogH$mnrH$moH$ wQ>a| $sS> H$aZodmbr gwlr AnmHo$ ^r h AVrd Am^mar h. {$a^rgJ Mm~rgm| dmXm|H$mo EH$H$m`V`m H$m{eV H$adm XoZoHo$ mohde VWm {H$grZ {H$gr VahHo$ `dYmZ, {OZ| Xmo ~ma H$ wQ>aH$s hmS>{S>H$H$m Z> hmo OmZm

11 12

^r, ^ H$a {db~H$m H$maU ~Zm. Eogo AZoH$ `dYmZ ~rM-~rM| AmVo hraho. `m| Aj` {db~ ^r Bg H$m | hmoVm Mbm J`m. hma H$a A~ {OVZroQ>a V ma hmo CVZr H$m{eV H$aVo Mbo OmZoH$mo ~m{YV hmo H$a, A~ BgIS>| MVwWgo ZddmX H$m{eV H$aZo h Om aho h. BZ g^r dmXm|na `m VmoZo An{VHo$ AZwgma `m`m `m {dfWb{Q>nUr ^r {bIr h.

oao XeZemr` A``ZH$m ew ma^ oao {nVMaU Jmodmr lrXr{jVOrhmamOHo$ wIgo nmVmbmnZ{d{Ymam o aZmUdHo$ A``ZHo$ ~mX H$ar~EH$-So>T> df n V Bht gVah dmXm| VWm ^mVr-{ddaUg{hV A`mg^m`Ho$ A``ZHo$ gmW hdm Wm. dVwV `h oao{bò XeZem| {M VWmemm`mg H$s Zmod{mH$mo OJmZodmbm AX wV JbmMaU oao OrdZ| {gh dm df -S o > T >df H o $ A``ZH o $ ~mX `mH$aUrm gm`m`$nnXdm`mUemm|Ho$ A``ZHo$ {~Zm Eogm hZwXwbdZ wPo ~hmoV Xya VH$Zht bo Om gHo$Jm, Eogr grI wPo nwm{YH$dmg`de A`mnZ H$amZodmbolrYXod OoQ>brOrZo Xr. Ama V~go Zo CZHo$ nmg A``ZmW OmZm ma^{H$`m. H$B JW `mwVmdbr gm`VdH$mwXr AmnmoXodr doXmVn[a^mfmXebmoH$s {gmVboegJh {ddaUo gJh {MgwIr IS>ZIS>Im Am{XH$mnmVmbmnZ{d{Ymam A``Z H$aZoH$m gm m` wPo BZHo$ nmg hr mV hdm.`{n oao {dm{YJmam CZH$mo H$^r ^r gVw> Vmo Zht H$a nm`m {$a^roao {nVMaU, oao wI {dmJw lrYXodOr, gmW hr gmW hmao Ka| oao{nVMaUHo$ ~m`H$mbgo AmWmZnpS>VHo$ WmZH$mo AbH$V H$aZodmbo`mèmHo$ CX Q> {dmZ, {OZgo ^br^m{V `mèm ^r nT> Vmo Zhtnm`m, {$a^r Omo gdXm Zohde wPo Q>moH$Vo ahVo Wo {H$ ""~mdm `m` Zht nT>moJoVmo A`m` hr H$amoJo'' Eogm AH$maU {e`dmg` aIZodmbo AmXaUr`lrH$UmYd Pm npS>VOr VWm nydrmgmH$s ^m>Xr{nH$mHo$ oao A`mnH$lrgw~` emrOr Am{X g^r JwOZm|H$mo oar `h `m`m g{nV H$aVm h.

{XZmH$ : H$m{VH$s H$Um A>r Jmodmr `m Zmoha{dH$gdV : 2060. (w~B-{H$eZJT>)

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(BZ MmIQ>m|| dmb^ XeZH$m WmZ)

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BZ Xme{ZH$ ``m|H|$ nana OÒZH$m{X^md ^r gd nXmWemr` `mkmZemr` H${H$VmH$m AZwgaU H$aVo hr hm| Eogm A{Zdm` Zht hmoVm.kmZrmgH$s` ``m|H$mo nXmWrmgH$s` ``m|Ho$ ~moYH$-hoVwV`m drH$maZmAmd`H$ hmoZm Mm{h o Wm. XeZo{Vhmg, naVw, BgH$s Jdmhr gmd{XH$ V`Ho$$n| Zht XoVm. CXmhaUV`m OJH$Vm BdaH$m `` ^maVr` XeZm|| nhbogo{dmZ `m drH$V ahm hr hmoJm; naVw, `h ghO g^d bJVm h {H$ EogoBdaHo$ eXH$J` hmoZoH$s AWdm AZw{{VJ` ^r hmoZoH$s YmaUm, MmdmH$~m m OZ ge AZrdadmXr XeZm|Ho$ mam H$s JB AmbmoMZmAm|Ho$ `m`mZmWhr H$Q> hB hm|Jr. AV {g hmoVm h {H$ OJH$Vm BdaH$m nXmWrmgH$s``` nyd{g hmo gH$Vm h Ama Bg Eogo ``H$m eXH${g m AZw{{V{ghmoZm ""o mWd mZ{g{'' hmo H$a CmaH$m{bH$ `` ^r hmo gH$Vm h. `m|

13 14

""mZmYrZm o {g{''Ho$ mZXS>H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ AdhobZmmam hr `h e`hdm hmoZm Mm{h o.

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h.

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dmb^ XeZH$m WmZ: {$a^r Bg `moOZmH$s MmIQ>| dmb^ XeZ N>h AmpVH$ XeZmVJV

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wV g`mAm|H$s Cnojm ^r H$a X| Vmo ^r Hw$N> Wyb dJuH$V YmaUmAm|H$moBg Vah gmoMm Om gH$Vm h:-

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CmamZhZdmX

15 16

4.{Zh}VwH$mon{m(=d^mdmon{m)dmX / ghoVwH$mon{mdmX/AeVmo {Zh}VwH$mon{mdmX

5.aUmomagkrdmX / aUmomamgkrdmX / aUmomaZd-gkr-ZmgkrdmX

6.X{hH$mmoN>oXdmX / {dXohwpVdmX / OrdwpVdmX.(4)

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dmb^ XeZH$m WmZ: Bg MmIQ>| dmb^ XeZHo$ {Okm` WmZV`m h W`rHo$ AVJV

XoI gH$Vo h {H$ (1)~Ho$ d$nHo$ {dMmago `h XeZ emdVdmXr hmoZona ^r^JdbrbmHo$ {dMmago OmJ{VH$ Zm$nH$m]H$s AeV AemdVVm AWmVA{e^yV-gpMXmZX-~>m emdVVm VWm gXe^yVZm$nH$>mAemdVVm drH$mar J`r h. (2)`hr {Vr``rHo$ ~mao| ^r n> h. Bgr VahVVr``rHo$ ~mao| ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h {H$ (3)~d$n BX{WV`mCmamZh hmoZona ^r gdWm CmamZh Zht hmoVm. MVwW`rHo$ ~mao| ^r m` dhrV` {>JV hmoVm h {H$ (4)~H$s OS>OrdmV`m{V`m H$Q> hmoZoH$s brbm{Zh}VwH$ hmoZona ^r brbm| Omo Hw$N> H$Q> hmoVm h dh ghoVwH$ hr hmoVm h.nM`rHo$ ~mao| kmV` h {H$ (5)dhm MVwW {dH$nmlÙHo$ ~Om` dmb^XeZ VVr` {dH$nH$mo hr AmlÙr` mZoJm {H$ aUmoma Ordmm AeVgkr Ama AeVmo Agkr hmoVr h. f>`r| dmb^ XeZ (6)X{hH$mmoN>oXH$moXohmgKmVmoN>oXHo$ $n| drH$maZoHo$ ~mdOyX {dXohwpVdmX| ^r VWmOrdwpVdmX| ^r AnZr gh{V XagmVm h hr.

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Bh| `Wm`m`mV $nm|| Z bo H$a EH$ gmm` `moOZmHo$ $n| {ZhmaZonaBZ oXm|| ~moVa dMm[aH$ {>Am|H$m ^r gmdoe `m AV^md ghO g^d~Z OmVm h. `Wm gdmpVddmXHo$ AVJV OZ `m`-deo{eH$ gm`-`moJO{{ZXeZ Ho$ Abmdm ~mXamÙr` WmZm|Ho$ AVJV ^r H$B gmaodoXmVgXm`m| H$m AV^md gmoMm Om gH$Vm h. Bgr Vah ~mh mWey`dmXHo$AVJV `{^kmXeZ VWm emH$a doXmV H$m AV^md ghO hr gP| AmgHo$ Eogm V` bJVm h. ey`dmX dgo ~mm|H$m hr AnZm {MVZ mZm OmVmh naVw ey`dmXHo$ {Z$nU| dV{Z$nU VWm naV{ZamH$aU | H$Q> hmoVoebr oXna b` H$aZona Hw$N> Ama ^r {M CâVm h. `m|{H$ dV{Z$nU|ey`dm{XAm|Ho$ ""Ana`` emV nM AnpMV {Z{dH$nAZmZmW EVV Vd` bjU'' -""Z gZmgZ gXgZMm`Zw `mH$MVwH$mo{Q>{d{ZwV Vd m`{H$m {dXw''(5) Cmam|Ho$ AZwgma ey`H$mOmo d$n gmZo AmVm h VXZw$n hr Ho$dbmVdm{XAm|H$m d H$me Adm`{ZJwU-{ZYH$-{Z{deof V{dd{OV ~H$mo ^r gwIoZ gmoMm Om gH$Vm h.`m|{H$-

17 18

ApV Zm`pVZmVr{V ZmpV-ZmVr{V dm nwZ&MbpWamo `m^mda AmdUmo od ~m{be&&H$moQ>g MV EVmVw Jha `mgm gXmdV&^JdmZm{â An>mo oZ > g gdH$&&

g ^JdmZ Am{^ "ApV'-"ZmVr'`m{XH$m o{Q >{^MV{â{n An>mo "AVr'`m{XH$nZm{dd{OV, B oVX oZw{ZZm >m o kmVmo doXmVofw Amn{ZfX nwf g gdH$namWnpS>V B{V AW.(6)

Bg Vah ey` VWm {Z{deof ~ Ho$ ~rM ~mmJJ` AWdm doXH$J`hmoZoHo$ Abmdm Ama H$moB n> AVa gmZo Zht Am nmVm. AV MVwW {>|Ho$dbmVdmXH$m AV^md gmoMm Om gH$Vm h.

Ohm VH$ naVHo$ {ZamH$aUH$m Z h Vmo XmoZm| hr ey`dmXr VWmHo$dbmVdmXr `mdhm[aH$ ``m|H$s ^r A{ZdMZr`Vmna ^ma Vmo XoVo hr h.Ho$dbmVdmXr doXmV| IS>ZIS>Im Ama VdXr{nH$m {MgwIr Zo Ho$db""gdmgdm`m A{ZdMZr`Vm'' Ho$ g`H$mo {Z^mZoHo$ ~Om` mMrZ`m`m{^V fmoS>e nXmWm]Ho$ ~mao| ""d$nVmo bjUm{ZdMZr`Vm'' n VOmo nmpUJm{hVm(7) H$Q> H$s h dh mg{JH$m|H$m hr AZwgaU h. `m|{H$ BZAma Eogo A` JWm|| ^r `dhmaH$mo A{ZV hr aI H$a {Z^mZoH$m AmJh""AVr{V dXVmo ~ymo ZmpV gd {dMmaVmo, ZmVr{V dXVmo ~ygd`{dMmaVmo, `Wm-`Wm gmamonm Om`Vo Vd`mo{JZ VWm-VWmgmamonm h`Vo Vd`mo{JZm''(8) H$hZodmbo m`{H$m|H$m AZwgaU hr bJVmh. Bg gX | MH$s{VHo$ ""AVmo d`{n AmamonVmo `dhmag o pWdm`dhmamW {dZo OZmZwamoYoZ "ey`' B`{n ~ymo "Aey`' B`{n, "Zdey Zmey`' B`{n ~y''(9) CXJmaH$mo ^JdnmX lreH$amMm Ho$ ""Zey ZM Aey` AVH$dmV H$W gddoXmV{gq ~dr{''(10) dMZm|goVwbZm H$aZona h ~mV Câ H$a gmZo Am hr OmVr h. AV Ho$dbmVdoXmVH$mAV^md ey`dmX| gmoMZona H$moB Amn{mOZH$ ~mV VrV Zht hmoVr. {ZH$fV

Ho$db ~mh mWmZwo dmX Ho$db Eogr YmaUm mZr Om gH$Vr h Omo Ho$db~mm|H$s AnZr hr {g hmo nmVr h. `m|{H$ `jHo$ AVJV {Z{dH$n Amag{dH$n Ho$ oXHo$ ~mdOyX {dH$nm|H$m| `m m $nr `jgo J` hrA`m|Zo drH$mam h. EVmdVm `h {g hmoVm h {H$ nadVu ~m XeZHo$ {d{^ZWmZm|Ho$ {dH$mgH$mo b`JV H$aZona ~moVa XeZm|Ho$ ^r {dH$mgH$s `moOZmm$nV`m Vm{dV hmo ahr Wr.

dmb^ XeZH$m WmZ: dmb^ XeZH$m Bg `moOZm| WmZ H$hm nhMmZZm Mm{h o Z CR>Vm h

Vmo BgHo$ ~mao| kmV` h {H$ Bg moOZm| Mma|go ApV ~mh m`Vaey`VmH$mAZw d `mo{JOZm|H$mo {Z{dH$n gm{Y| dmb^ XeZ e` mZVm hmoZona ^rHo$db Cgr ey`mZw y{VH$mo m VWm A` A`mo{JOZm|H$mo hmoVr ~mh m`VaddZw y{V`m|H$mo Am mZZo H$W{n CV Zht h. AVEd VVr` H$nH$mo ^rAIS>{dkmZH$ag ~H$s {>go drH$m` mZZona ^r bm{H$H$ kmZ>mko mWH$s ~mh Agmm dmb^ XeZH$mo drH$m Zht. {Vr`{>Ho$ AVJV`jmZw^y{VHo$ {Z{dH$n VWm g{dH$nH$ ôXH$mo m` aIZoHo$ H$maU{Z{dH$nH$mZw y{V gm{df{Ùr hmoVr `h drH$maZoHo$ ~mdOyX `-JwU-H$-gmm`-{deof-g~Y-A^md-gkm{XHo$ {dH$n {Z{dH$nmZw y{VJmoMagmdVwgo gdWm {^Z hr hmoVo h `h drH$maZo dmb^ XeZ CV Z hmoZogo{dH$nm|H$mo WmZw^y{V| `jJmh` Z mZZona ^r Ymamdm{hkmZmon{Vr`mZw y{V| `jJmh ^r drH$maVm hr h, `WmWdmXr {MVZ hmoZoHo$H$maU. AV ~mm|Ho$ mam n[a^m{fV $n| gdmpVddmXr Z hmoZona dmb^XeZ gdmpVddmXH$s hr EH$ Ana{dYm mZr Om gH$Vr h.

MVwW{>: d` OZ Xme{ZH$m|Zo Z`-mU-ôX{^Z AZoH$mVdmXH$mo O~

gV {JmAm|Ho$ gmW {S>V {H$`m V~ ey`dmX{ZagZr` BZ MVwH$mo{Q>Am|H$moAWZ`$nm A{J Mma : 1ZJZ` 2gJhZ` 3`dhmaZ` Ama 4F$OwgyZ`H$mo{Q>Am|| AV^m{dV `m gm`mo{OV H$a {b`m. `hm Z m{`H$-deo{fH$m|H$mAV^md W ZJZ`| drH$mam J`m h. doXmVm{^V AV(emH$a)dmXHo$ gmao

19 20

H$mam|H$m AV^md gJhZ`Ho$ rVa gmoMm J`m h. MmdmH$m|H$mo `dhmaZ`mZwJmrmZm J`m h. Ama ~mm|H$mo "F$OwgymHy$Vdm~w{' mZm J`m h(11). eXZ`H$sAd{e> VrZ : 5eXZ` 6g{^$T>Z` Ama 7Ed yVZ` H$mo{Q>`m Ama BZHo$gmW OmoS>r Xr J`r. `mmXOarH$ma lrpbfoUgyar H$hVo h ""H$moB ^r{MVH$ AnZm A{^m` `m Vmo dm` yV AWmam `m dmMH$ eXmamH$Q> H$aVm h. AV mVmAm|Ho$ A{^m`de AW{Z$nU| namÙAWZ`mV yV {MVH$ hmoVo h. eX{dMma| dm hmoZodmbo {MVH$ eXm{XVrZ Z`m|| AV yV hmoVo h.''(12). gwn> h {H$ `h ^r ^maVr` XeZH$mo{H$gr EH$ `moOZm~V`m XoIZoH$s dMm[aH$ ar{V Zht Wr Vmo Ama `m Wr?`hm CboIZr` Ho$db `hr h {H$ Z`m{`H$m|H$m AV^md Omo ZJZ`Ho$AVJV Ama A`dm{XAm|H$m AV^md Omo gJhZ`Ho$ AVJV {H$`m CgHo$Am{M`go g^rH$m ghV hmoZm Amd`H$ Zht bJVm. BgHo$ Abmdm "ey`'nXHo$dm`mWV`m {H$gr VahH$s nMH$moQ>rH$m nXmW Vmo d m`{H$m|H$mo hrA{ôV Z hmoZogo AWZ`Ho$ AVJV Vmo Zht naVw eXZ`Ho$ AVJV nmMdrH$moQ>r| ey`VmH$m ^r H$moB WmZ hmoZm Mm{h o Wm. dh Ad{e> VrZ H$mo{Q>Am||^r gJhrV Zht hmo nm`m h. VWm d AmhVm|Ho$ Abmdm Ad{eQ> VrZH$mo{Q>Am|ogo H$go H$ Xmo YmaUmAm|H$mo drH$maZodmbo H$moB {MVH$ hdo hm| EogmI`mb| AmVm Zht h. AV Ad{eQ> VrZ YmaUmAm|| H$go H$ Xmo Vmo[aVdJ AWmV Ho$db JUZmH$s` g^mdZmAm|na hr Am{lV VrV hmoVr h.`Wm-

1.`mXpV=ApVXeZ2.`mZmpV=ZmpVXeZ3.`mXpV M ZmpV=ApVZmpVXeZ4.`mXdV`=C^`Vmo@{ZdMZr`XeZ5.`mXpV MmdV M=ko dVw-A{ZdMZr`XeZ6.`mZmpV MmdV M=( )7.`mXpV M ZmpV MmdV M=( )

`hm `h CboIZr` hmo OmVm h {H$ BZ gV {JmAm|H$mo ""ApV/ZmpV/ApV-ZmpV/ZmpV-ZZmpV''Ho$ hr Ho$db {dH$nm|| gr{V Z aImOm o Ama EH$ dMm[aH$ mS>br{Q> Ho$ $n| {Zhmam Om o Ama {d{^Z Xme{ZH$YmaUmAm|Ho$ ~rM M{bV A`m` {ddmXm|| Bh| bmJy {H$`m Om o Vmo ghO hrBg `moOZmH$s `mnH$VmH$m nj Câ H$a gmZo Am OmVm h. CXmhaUV`m :Xohm{V[aV AmmpVd, $nm{XJwUYmZw^y`{V[aV MoVZmpVd,H$VH$Zmemoma nw`nmnmpVd, JwUgKm{V[aV `mpVd,`m{V[aV gmm`mpVd, CnmXmZH$maUm{V[aV H$m`mpVd,Ad`dm{V[aV Ad``pVd, {Z{dH$nkmZm{V[aV{dH$nmdJm{hmpVd, dmMH$`mnmam{V[aV dm`ddpVd Am{XAZoH$mZoH$ {ddmXmnX {df`m|Ho$ ~mao| Mmam| `m gmVm| H$maHo$ Z`m|Ho$ gmnojdrH$maH$s AZoH$mV{>H$m AZwmoXZ H$aZona Bg `moOZmH$s `mnH$Vm ghOhr H$Q> hmo OmVr h. `h BX{WV`m d AmhVm|H$mo m` hr hmo EogoA{^m`de {H$`m J`m {dYmZ Zht h. naVw EH$ g^m{dV `moOZmH$s$naoImH$m Ho$db {ZXeZm h.

dmb^ XeZH$m WmZ: Bg `moOZmH$s `moJmpd{VH$s `mnH$VmH$m {dMma H$aVo hdo VWm

{dVma^r{Vde ^r Ho$db {Xem{ZX}eHo$ $n| BVZm gm {Z$nU `hm C{MVbJVm h {H$ dmb^ XeZ nXmWrmgmHo$ Vana `{n gXdmXr {MVZ hnaVw A{Vr` gXdVwHo$ brbmW H$Q> Zm-$n-H$m}Ho$ ~rM nana V/AV/VmV/A(dV`)-VmVHo$ MmVw{d`| MVwWH$moQ>r$n VmXm`H$mnjnmVr ~Z OmVm h.

nM{>: BgHo$ ~mX gdXeZgJhH$maZo {Og Vahgo AnZo JW| maV^d A`m`

Xm{e{ZH$ m`VmAm|H$m| gm`mo{OV {H$`m h Cg| n>V`m Ho$dbmV doXmVH$spQ>go Ch| `moOZm~ H$aZoH$s EH$ {dbjU $naoIm ImoOr Om gH$Vr h.BgH$m, gdXeZgJhH$s AnZr y{H$m| lrdmgwXod emr A H$aZo, gw{deXV`m{Z$nU {H$`m h. `h {VnmXZ ^r gdXeZgJh JWHo$ oH$ A oVmHo$

21 22

{b o Ad` A oV` bJVm h. CgH$m gmame XoZm hr, AV, Bg gJ|CnH$maH$ hmo nm oJm. Chm|Zo Xmo Vahgo Bg H$H$m {VnmXZ H$aZm Mmhm h.`Wm-

1.^maVr` Xme{ZH$ {dMmaYmamAm|Ho$ gdW ZmpVH$ AmpVH$Xmo yb oX hmoVo h-

ZmpVH$ : VXVJV ZmpVH$ {dMmaYmamHo$ Am`{jH$ Ama Vm{H$H$ Eogo Xmo

oX hmoVo h. BZ| (1)MmdmH$ XeZ Am`{jH$ XeZ h. Vm{H$H$-ZmpVH$m|Ho$ nwZ Xmo Ama H$ma hmoVo h : (2)j{UH$dmXr ~m Ama(3)`mXdmXr OZ.

AmpVH$ : AmpVH$ {dMmaYmamHo$ r yb| Xmo oX hmoVo h Wm : gJwUmdmXr

Ama {ZJwUmdmXr. BZ| gJwUmdm{XAm|Ho$ nwZ Vm{H$H$ Ama lmV `m|Xmo Cn oX hmoVo h.

BZ| Vm{H$H$m|Ho$ nwZ Xmo AdmVa ôX N>ZVm{H$H$ AmanQ>Vm{H$H$ hmoVo h. N>ZVm{H$H$m|Ho$ Xmo Cn oX N>ZVdmXr AmanQ>VdmXr hmoVo h.

BZ| (4)ammZwO XeZ gJwUmdmXr Z N>ZVm{H$H$ZN>ZVdmXr h. (5)md XeZ gJwUmdmXr Z N>ZVm{H$H$ZnQ>VdmXr h.

nQ>Vm{H$H$m |Ho$ AdmVa ôX ^moJgmYZmQ>dmXr AmaCn{mgmYZmQ>dmXr hmoVo h. BZ ^moJgmYZmQ>dm{XAm|Ho$ ^r XmoAdmVa oX {dXohwpVdmXr Ama OrdwpVdmXr $nr hmoVo h. BZ|{dXohwpVdm{XAm|Ho$ nwZ Am oXdmXr Ama Am `dmXr Eogo XmoCn oX hmoVo h. Am oXdm{XAm|| ^r nwZ H$mZnoj-BdadmXr AmaH$gmnoj-BdadmXr Eogo Xmo Cn oX hmoVo h.

nQ>Vm{H$H$m | | ^m oJgmYZmQ>dmXr Z {dXohwpVdmXrZAm oXdmXr Z H$mZnoj-BdadmXr (6)ZHw$brenmewnV hmoVo h.

O~{H$ nQ>Vm{H$H$m|| ^moJgmYZmQ>dmXr Z {dXohwpVdmXrZAm oXdmXr Z H$gmnojdmXr (7)ed hmoVo h. ^moJgmYZmQ>dmXrZ {dXohwpVdmXr Z Am``dmXr (8)`{^kmdmXr hmoVo h.^moJgmYZmQ>dmXr Z OrdwpVdmXr Z (9)agodadmXr hmoVo h.

gJ wUmdmXr Z Vm{H $H $ Z nQ >Vm {H $H $ ZCn{mgmYZmQ>dm{XAm|Ho$ nwZ Xmo Cn oX hmoVo h : eXH$mo mUmVaV`mAdrH$ma H$aZodmbo (10)deo{fH$ VWm Cgo mUmVaV`m drH$maZodmbo(11)Z`m{`H$.

AmpVH$ Z gJwUVmdmXr Z lmVm|Ho$ Xmo CnôX dm`mWdoXr(12)rmgH$ hmoVo h Ama (13)nXmWdoXr d mH$aU hmoVo h.

Bgr Vah AmpVH$ Z {ZJwUmdm{XAm|| ^r Vm{H$H$ Ama lmVEogo Xmo Cn oXm|Ho$ AVJV Vm{H$H$m|| nwZ {ZardadmXr (14)gm` hmoVoh. O~{H$ godadmXr (15)nmVOb hmoVo h. AmpVH$ Z lmVZ{ZJwUmdmXr (16)emH$a hmoVo h. Bg Vah Hw$b gmobh Vm|H$s`moOZm~Vm H$Q> hmoVr h(13).

2.^maVr` Xme{ZH$ {dMmaYmamAm|H$mo EH$-Xygao H$mago r dJuH$V{H$`m Om gH$Vm h-

Bg {dH$mgaoImH$m Ama^{~Xw MmdmH$ XeZ h Ama Ma {dH$mgHo$dbmVdmX n V gmoMm Om gH$Vm h. Bg Ma{dH$mgHo$ gmonmZna^JdnmX lreH$amMm Zo jokmmH$m d$n Xohgo {^Z Aj{UH$Hy$Q>W{Z` {Z{dH$ma {d^w `j ~moY$n AOS> eXmVrV"Bdam'{XnXdm` H$Vd-^moVda{hV AgJ {Z{deof drH$mam h.AV XohmdmXr MmdmH$ XeZH$s VwbZm| ~m XeZ Xohm{V[aVA{Z` j{UH$ AmdmXH$s drH${VHo$ de H$ar~ nS>Vm h. AmhVXeZ AmmH$mo n[aUm{{Z` mZZoHo$ H$maU ~mm|H$s VwbZm| AmaH$ar~ AmVm h. ammZwO XeZ AmmH$mo Hy$Q>W {Z` mZVm hmoZoHo$H$maU Ama H$ar~ nS>Vm h. {$a^r ammZwOm|Ho$ V| AmmH$mo earamam{dH$mar ^r mZm J`m O~{H$ md dgm Zht mZVo hmoZoHo$ H$maU Hw$N>Ama H$ar~ AmVo h. md V| AmmH$mo AUwn[amU mZm J`m hAV CZH$s VwbZm| mhoda V, Omo Cgo {d w mZVo h {ZH$Q>Va mZo

23 24

J o h. o mhodadmXr AmmH$mo Jyn Ed {H$`m$n mZVo h AVBZH$s VwbZm| Ho$db JynV`m AmmH$mo drH$maZodmbo deo{fH$ Hw$N>Ama H$ar~ nS>Vo h. naVw deo{fH$ AmmH$mo AZw{ oH$J` mZVo hAV BZH$s VwbZm| Z m{`H$ BVamUJ` ^r mZVo hmoZoHo$ H$maU{ZH$Q>Va hmoVo h. Z m{`H$ AmmH$mo d$noU OS> mZ H$a MV`H$moAmmHo$ JwU$nV`m drH$maZm MmhVo hmoZoHo$ H$maU AmmH$mo ~moY$nV`mdrH$maZodmbo rmgH$m|H$s VwbZm| Hw$N> Xya nS>Vo h. Ae oXdemV{H$Vw AmmH$mo OS>V`m drH$maZoHo$ H$maU BZ rmgH$m|H$s VwbZm|nm{UZr`m|H$m V AmmH$mo gJV`m eXmH$-MV`mH$ drH$maVmhmoZoHo$ H$maU Ho$dbmVdmXHo$ grnVa hmoVm h. BZH$s ^r VwbZm|gm`m|H$m V AmmH$mo Ho$db kmZd$nV`m drH$maZoHo$ H$maU Ama^r A{YH$ {ZH$Q> mZm OmVm h. gm` naVw BdaH$mo Zht drH$maVoAV gm`m|H$s VwbZm| Bdampdd drH$maZodmbo nmVObHo$dbmVdmXHo$ {ZH$Q>Va h(14). Bg Vah h XoI gH$Vo h {H$ gdXeZgJh | Omo EH$ {d{eQ> AmZwnydugo

JWH$maZo {d{^Z Vm|H$mo gH${bV-`mo{OV {H$`m h Cg| JWgnmXH$-y{H$mH$ma lrdmgwXod emrOrZo EH$ `moOZm~Vm XoIZr Mmhr h. CboIZr`

Bg| h Ad` h {H$ ammZwO-mdm|H$mo lmV XeZ Z mZ H$a N>ZVm{H$H$VHo$ $n| VwV H$aZm Ho$db Ho$dbmVdmXr {>H$moU hr bJVm h. `m|{H$lw{VdMZm|| VH${damoYde bmj{UH$/JmU AWm]H$s H$nZm H$aZoHo$ H$maU `{XN>ZVm{H$H$Vm AmVr hmo Vmo ""`Mmo `mo gmo Xmof n[ahmaM ``mogmo Z VH$mo@Zw mo` `mX VmJW{dMmaUo'' `m` AZwgYo hmoVm h.BgHo$ Abmdm gJwUmdm{XAm|Ho$ AVJV ^r lmV dJ Omo ""gJwUmdm{XZmo{{dYm Vm{H$H$m lmVm M'' {dYmZmam d y{H$mH$mamam Cm{dV hCg| ammZwO-mdm|H$m An[aJUZ {dÒZH$ bJVm h BgHo$ Abmdm d ybH$mamam hr Cno{jV hmoZoHo$ H$maU ~ZXr ~Xm VnM m mH$amMm ge A`m` eH$anyd `m gH$m{bH$ doXmVm|H$m WmZ BZ|go {H$g dJ|AV{hV mZZm `h nVm Z MbZoHo$ H$maU CnojmH$m Amamon Vmo Amg{JH$ hrhmoJm.

dmb^ XeZH$m WmZ: Ohm VH$ dmb^ XeZH$m Bg| WmZ H$hm hmo gH$Vm h Eogr {OkmgmH$m

Z h Vmo d `moOZmH$ma lrA H$a emrHo$ AZwgma Vmo O~ ammZwO-mdm|H$m AV^md N>ZVm{H$H$m|| hdm h Vmo dmb^m|H$mo Cggo ~ohVaWmZH$s Anojm aIZr Zht Mm{h o. naVw CpbpIV g^r Vm|| doXmVmVJVammZwO A`Wm H$mra`{^km XeZ ^r dmb^ {MVZH$mo AnZo gmW`mgZVa bJVo h. ~ZXr ~Xm ^VnM ^mH$amMm` AWdmlrn{V^JdnmXmMm Ho$ WmZ `hm H$ht {Z{X> hmoVo Vmo dmb^ XeZH$moAnZm WmZ ImoO boZo| A{YH$ gw{dYm hmoVr.

f>{>: lrYwgyXZ gadVrZo Bda{Vn{mH$me Ama doXmVH$nb{VH$m JWm||

A`m` Vm|H$mo `m`mZmW hr Ho$db gH${bV H$aHo$ VwV {H$`m h. BZXmoZm| JWm|| `{n {H$gr ^r H$maH$m dJuH$aU Vmo eXe {Z$nUmWA{ôV Zht h VWm{n H$e emH$adoXmVm{^V BdampVd AmaemH$adoXmVm{^V moj Ho$ ~mao| gmXm{`H$ Omo pQ>H$moU hmo gH$Vm h EogoV{d^mJ `m `moOZm H$mo Hw$N> Bg Vah H$Q> {H$`m J`m h:

Bda{Vn{mH$me| : doXmon{ZfXm|H$m mUV`m AdrH$maH$aZodmbo Ama drH$maZodmbo `m| ZmpVH$ XeZ Ama AmpVH$ XeZ Ho$$n| Xmo oX {XIbm o h. BZ| ZmpVH$ XeZm|| MmdmH$H$mo AZmdmXrVWm AZrdadmXr mZm J`m h. ~m XeZ| j{UH$ gdk{dkmZgVmZ$nAmm `m Bda mZo hr J o h Eogm {XIbm`m J`m. {XJ~am|Ho$ V|Xohm{X`{V[aV Xohmn[amU A{dZmer Amm$n AhVH$mo hrnaodaV`m drH$mam OmZm {Z${nV hdm h. O~{H$ AmpVH$ XeZmoHo$AVJV Vmo g^r {MVZ doXm|H$mo mUV`m drH$maVo h Ama Xohm{V[aVAmmH$mo {Z`-{d w (g^r dUd Ama H$B ed doXmVr OrdmmH$moAUwn[amU drH$maVo h Bg V`H$s Cnojm {dÒZH$ VrV hmoVrh) naVw, naodaH$mo Hw$N> AmpVH$ drH$maVo h Ama Hw$N> Zht, Eogm{VnmXZ {H$`m J`m h. BZ AmpVH$ XeZm|| nmVObm|H$mo AmdmXrVWm BdadmXr mZm J`m h. Bgr Vah Z m{`H$-deo{fH$m|H$mo ^r.

25 26

Bdadm{XAm|| nmewnV nmMam Ed ha`J H$e {ed {dUw Ama{ha`J H$mo naodaV`m drH$maVo h, Eogm {Z${nV {H$`m J`m h.gm`m|H$mo AmdmXr+AZrdadmXr drH$mam J`m h. (nydrmgH$m|H$mCboI H$aZm `m| yb J o `h nVm Zht MbVm). ~dmXr AWmVdoXmpVAm|Ho$ V| Cn{Zfo gdk gdepV A{^Z{Z{mmonmXZ$nnaodaHo$ gmH$ma/{ZamH$maV`m Xmo oX {XIbm H$a BZ| gmH$maHo$ MmaAdmVa oX nwf ~m {dUw hoda {Vnm{XV {H$ o h. ed VHo$AZwgma BdaHo$ AVJV ~m {dUw hmXod H$mo gmH$ma Ama gXm{edH$mo{ZamH$ma drH$mam J`m h Eogm {VnmXZ {H$`m h. {dYmVaV`mZqghVmnZr`Ho$ AZwgma AmoV AZwkmVm AZwk Ama A{dH$n $nrBdaôXm||, H$e, nMrH$Vhm^yVm{^mZr {damQ>H$m AV`mrnamm "AmoV" `m "A{Z' H$hbmVm h. AnMrH$Vhm yVm{^mZrOrd "{ha`J ' Ama CgH$m AV`mr "AZwkmVm' H$hbmVm h, Bgo hr"wZ' ZmZm r OmZm OmVm h. Bgr Vah gdm{X JwU`rH$s m`m$nCnm{Ygo Cn{hV gd~rO$nH$mo "gH$fU' H$hm OmVm h. Bgr gH$fUH$s{JwUmpH$m m`mHo$ EH$-EH$ JwUm|go AdpN>Z ~m {dUw Ama {edhmoVo h. AV| gdm}nm{Y{d{ZwV A{dH$n dmgwXod namm mojH$mAdb~Z hmoVm h Ama BgrH$s OmJV dZ gwfwpV Ama Vwar` `m| MmaAdWm hmoVr h, Eogm {VnmXZ {H$`m h(15).

doXmVH$nb{VH$m| : mojHo$ H$ma oXm|H$s {ddoMZm| MmdmH${dkmZdmXr m`{H$ AmhV H$mUmX Z m{`H$ m^mH$a ^m> gm`nmVOb {XS>r "Ho${MV'Zmm (^mH$amMm VWm ^VnM) nmewnVdUd VWm ha`J `m| BZ Vm|H$m AZmn{ZfX Vm|Ho$ $n| EH$ dJ{XIbm`m J`m h; Ama, Xygao| d Ho$dbmVdmXr doXmV gXm`H$moAmn{ZfX XeZHo$ $n| VwV {H$`m J`m h(16).

nQ> h {H$ `h {d^mOZ AVrd Wyb Ama Ho$db dgXm`moH$f{VnmXZmW hr h. `m|{H$ Cn{Zfmmn {ddoMZ ^JdXJrVmVmn {ddoMZ Ama~gyVmn {ddoMZ Ho$ ~mdOyX, dgXm`m{ôVmWgo {dnarV hmoZoHo$ H$maU

hr Ho$db dUd Ama ed doXmV AZmn{Zf{XH$ V hmo OmVo hm| Vmo, Ho$dbmVdoXmV ^r ed-dUd doXmVgo {dnarV hmoZoHo$ H$maU AZmn{Zf{XH$ V ~ZOm oJm. BZHo$ Abmdm ^mH$adoXmV Ama jddoXmV Ho$ ~mao| mZYmaUVwV `moOZmH$s AgdJm{hVmH$m hr H$Q> mU h. AVw.

dmb^ XeZH$m WmZ: Bg `moOZm| {Z~mH$-^mH$a-ammZwO-md-lrn{V^JnmXmMm Am{X

AZoH$ doXmV{dMmaYmamAm|H$s Cnojm H$s J`r hmoZogo dmb^ doXmVHo$ {b oH$moB XmZmh WmZ `moOZmH$maHo$ AZwgma hmoZm A{^b{fV Zht bJVm. {$a^rgmH$maodadmXmVVJV naodaH$mo A{^Z{Z{mmonmXmZ dmb^ doXmV drH$maVmhr h. wpVHo$ ~mao| Vmo AZmn{Zf{XH$ dJ| hr AH$maU hr `moOZmH$maHo$AZwgma dmb^ doXmVH$mo gmoMZm nS>oJm

gV{>: O`nwaW {dmdmMn{V lrYwgyXZ emZo AnZo gXgmXmo ~{dkmZ

ZmH$ JW| H$gXdmX IAgXdmX Ama JgXgXdmX m{bH$ $nm|| H$UÒwd}XgmdoX VWm ewbÒwd}X Ho$ {d{^Z dMZm|| hr CnbY hmo OmVo h, Eogm{XIbm H$a 1`` 2H${V 3VmXm` 4A{^H$m 5JwU 6gmO` Ama 7Aja`m| gmV yb dJ Ama BZ gmVm| hr dJm}Ho$ nwZ CpbpIV gX-AgX-gXgX$nr {{dY AdmVa {dH$nm|mam Hw$b BH$sg ôXm|dmbr EH$ `moOZmgPm`r h(17).

BZHo$ AVJV AdmVa ôX Bg Vah VwV {H$ò Jò h : 1/H${Z`{dkmZmVdmXr ~mUV 1/IA{Z`{dkmZmVdmXr lUV 1/JAmZX{dkmZmVdmXr `WV, 2/H$~mVdmXr A{dZm{eV 2/IH$mVdmXrdZm{eH$V #B2/J#AVmVdmXr dZm{eH$dX{dZm{eV, 3/H$Y{mYm`dmXr~mUV 3/IYmYm`dmXr lUV 3/JYY`ôXdmXr `WV, 4/H$gH$m`dmXr gm`V 4/IAgH$m`dmXr deo{fH$ 4/J{`mH$m`dmXrHo$dbmVdoXmVr, 5/H$gybgpQ>dmXr gmdoXr`m {> 5/IAgybgpQ>dmXr

27 28

H$UÒwd}Xr`m pQ> 5/JgXgybgpQ>dmXr ewbÒwd}Xr`m pQ>, 6/H$Cn{mZmeerbH${VH$maUVmdmXr gm` 6/ImJ^mdH$maUVmdmXr Z m{`H$6/J{dm{dmH${VdmXr doXmVr, 7/H$JwU`m`V~rOddmXr gm`V 7/I~b(H$)H$m`V~rOddmXr dZm{eH$V 7/JAjaH$m`V~rOddmXr~mXamÙV (Bh| `Wm{Z{XQ> H$Ho$ AZwgma XoZoHo$ ~Om` VwV boIH$Zogab H${H$VmHo$ AZwgma `hm CV {H$`m h).

dgo `moOZm `h H$m$s amoMH$ VrV hmoVr h naVw BZ| W Ama {Vr`1-2/H$-I-J{d^mJm|| `m|{H$ kmZgVVr `m H$gVVr Ho$ dmh| dmhmVnmVrH$ `m {dkmZ `pVAm|H$m lUV| Vmo AV mZm hr Zht J`m h. AV`h {dMmaUr` dJuH$aU ~Z OmVm h. `m|{H$ ~mm|Ho$ g^r gXm`m||`pVAm|| {ZR> gmm` YH$m AV Vmo mpV{df` hr mZm J`m h. BgrVah dmhH$s `Vm AZ{^V hmoZogo dmhHo$ d$nH$m AV ^r dmV{dH${g Zht hmo nmVm. `moJmMma VWm m`{H$ ~mm|Ho$ Vm|| Ad` hr{dkmZmV Ama ey`mV H$s MMm h {H$Vw dh VmX{V[aV VHo$ {ZagZmWhr h Z{H$ {dkmZH$d `m ey`H$d Ho$ {VnmXZmW. AV lUm|H$mo `mdZm{eH$m|H$mo A{Z`{dkmZmVdmXr `m H$mVdmXr mZZm H$hm VH$ CnnZhmo gH$Vm h h {dMmaUr` bJVm h. ahr ~mV 4/J{d^mJ| Ho$dbmVdm{XAm|H$sVmo, do Vmo H$m H$mo gXgX{dbjU mZVo h AV Eogr pW{V| Ch| "gXgXdmXr'H$hZm H$hm VH$ C{MV mZm Om gH$Vm h? BgHo$ Abmdm Bg `moOZm|ZmpVH$Vm|| MmdmH$-OZm|Ho$ Vm|H$m AZwboI, BdadmXr Vm|| A`mèd dUd XeZm|H$m AZwboI; VWm, doXmV| Ho$db Ho$dbmVdoXmVH$m hrn[aJh Bg `moOZmH$s AgdJm{hVmH$mo H$Q> H$aVm h. AV Bg `moOZmHo${dVV {demW AJga hdo {~Zm Bgo `ht CngV H$a XoZm Cn wV hmoJm. dgoBg gJ| `h n> H$a XoZoHo$ bmo H$m h gdaU Zht H$a nmVo {H$ BZlrYwgyXZ emOrH$m doXmV{MVZ dmb^ doXmVHo$ Wyb$n| gmW A`{YH$gmbj` H$Q> H$aVm h, AZoH$ gy {H$`mAm|| XmoZm| Vm|Ho$ ~rM ahr{d{^ZVmHo$ ~mdOyX.

A>{>:

^maVr` XeZH$s {dH$mgaoIm| PbH$Vr `moOZm~VmH$mo ImoOZoHo$ {OVZo^r `mg hdo CZ| 1925 gmb| H$m{eV lrbrnwa lr{ZdmgmMm UrVo`-mU-`moOZ$n H$mS>`mH$ mZoàh`bmoH$dm{VH$, oarOmZH$mar|, Bg {Xem| gdm{YH$ hdembr VrV hmoVm h. JWHo$o`H$mS>mVJV W n[aN>oXHo$ MVwW "{gmV{dMma' ZmH$ H$aU|JWH$maZo Bg {df`na AnZo {dMma X{eV {H$ o h. JWH$ma H$hVo h-

mm{UH$V`m kmV AWH$mo "{gmV' H$hm OmVm h. `{X H$moBH$ho {H$ g^r {gmV nana {damoYr VWm VmX`pVAm|Ho$ hR>mJhHo$AZw$n VwV `m Vm{dV hmoVo h. AV mm{UH$V`m kmV {H$grnXmWH$m drH$ma hr e` Zht bJVm, Vmo `h ~mV R>rH$ Zht h,`m|{H$ d Bg {dYmZgo {g H$s OmVr YmaUmH$mo m{UH$V`m kmV`m mm{UH$V`m AkmV mZZm? XmoZm| hr pW{V| Hw$N> YmaUmAm|H$m{gmV hmoZm {g hmo OmVm h. Eogo {gmVm|Ho$ {d{dY H$mam||gdW g`H$mVdmX Ama g`mZoH$mVdmXHo$ ôXde Xmo H$magmZo AmVo h. BZ| EH$go boH$a N>mrg `m A{YH$ ^r g H$mVdmX{XIbm`r XoVo h.

CXmhaUV`m : 1.g~ Hw$N> ey` h Eogm ey`mVdmX, g~ Hw$N>{dkmZm h Eogm {dkmZmVdmX, g~ Hw$N> gV h Eogm gXVdmX, g~H w $N > H o $db eX$n hm oVm h E ogm eXm VdmX B`m{XEH$dg`H$mVdmXHo$ CXmhaU mZo Om gH$Vo h. 2.Bgr Vah{dg H$mVdmXHo$ CXmhaU g~ Hw$N> {Z`/A{Z` `m OS>/MoVZ$n hmoVm h, Eogr YmaUm ~ZVr h. 3.g~ Hw$N> kmV-kmZ-ko m`VmZm{{dY hmoVm h, Eogo mZZm {dg`H$mVdmX h. 4.mV-mZ-{{V-o`mZm MVwg`H$mVdmXr ^r hmo gH$Vo h. 5.~mnMH$YH$mVdmXr hmoVo h. 6.OZ ^r fS>`H$mVdmXr hmoVo h.7.deo{fH$-Z m{`H$ gV `m fmoS>e nXmWH$mVdmXr hmoVo h. B`m{X-B`m{X.

29 30

Bgr Vah ddm{^V Vdm|H$s H$moB {ZpMV g`m drH$maZoHo$~mdOyX H$moB {MVH$ {gmVV`m g`mZoH$mVdmXr ^r hmo gH$Vm h,{Ogo AZw y{VJmoMa OJVH$mo {H$gr {ZpMV g`m| BX{WV`m ~mYZmd AZw y{V{d H$Wm bJVr h.

Ho$db g`mH$mo mZXS>V`m drH$maZoHo$ ~Om` A` r mZXS>m|Ho$AmYmana XeZm|H$s grjm H$aZona bmH$m`{VH$ Ogo ~mh mWmgmmdmXrhmoVo h, Eogo hr `moJmMma-~m AmVamgmmdmXr hmoVo h. H$m{nb~mh m`Va C^`gmmdmXr hmoVo h.

Hw$N> {MVH$ earamVpWV nwfm|| A`V nwf BdaH$moearamVpWV nwfm|go nWH$ nXmW mZZodmbo hmoVo h, Vmo Xygao CgonWH$V`m drH$ma Zht H$aVo (AWmV Hw$N> Cgo H$WpMV nWH$ VmoH$WpMX AnWH$ ^r drH$maVo hr h)*.

Hw$N> {MVH$ `nXmWdmXr hmoVo h Vmo Hw$N> {MVH$ hmgmm`$ngXoH$nXmWVm| mZVo h.

Hw$N> dVwmH$mo JwUgKmVV`m mZZodmbo Ho$db JwUH$nXmWdmXrhmoVo h. Vmo A` Hw$N> JwU Ama `m| Ho$ oXH$mo drH$ma H$a JwU-`$n nXmWVdmXr hmoVo h. Vrgao Hw$N> `-JwU-H$$n nXmW`dmXr^r hmoVo h.

Bgr Vah Hw$N> {deofdmXr Vmo Hw$N> gmm`dmXr, Hw$N> BZ XmoZm|Ho$~rM oX drH$maZodmbo Vmo Hw$N> BZHo$ ~rM Eo` drH$maZodmbo hmoVo hVmo Vrgao BZ XmoZm|Ho$ ~rM VmXm` AWmV ôXmôX (Vmo AòXm oXdbj` ^r)* drH$maZodmbo hmoVo h.

Bgr Vah Hw$N> {MVH$ AZmdmXr hmoVo h, Vmo A` Hw$N>AmdmXr, BZ| ^r Hw$N> VdmXr Vmo Hw$N> AVdmXr hmoVo h.

Hw$N> Ord`dmXr hmoVo h Vmo Hw$N> ~`dmXr hmoVo h. Hw$N> ~-OrdHo$ ~rM oXdmXr hmoVo h Vmo A` Hw$N> A oXdmXr Vmo A` Hw$N>VmXm`dmXr ^r hmoVo h.

Bgr Vah ^mdm^md H$m H$maU {Z`m{Z` mZo `m` Ho$~rM oX/A oX/ oXm oX/C^`dbj` Ho$ AmYmana AZoH$ H$ma XeZm|Ho$~ZVo h.

* H$moR>mVJV Ae VwV boIH$s` ggyMZ h. Bgr Vah VmV nXmWm]Ho$ ~mao| gX AgX gXgX gXgXdbj`

|go H$moB EH$ d$n CnnZ hmoVm h `m Zht Bg {dH$nHo$ H$maUgXoH$mV AgXoH$mV gXgXoH$mV Ama C^`dbj` Ho$ MVwYm {dH$n~ZVo h. BZ| Z`-mUHo$ VmaV`drH$maHo$ gmW g^r {dH$nm|H$monjnmVa{hV hmo H$a EH$ gmW drH$maZodmbo AZoH$mVdmXr OZ hmoVo h.g^r njm|| go {H$gr ^r njH$mo Z drH$maZodmbo JmS>nmX Ogo doXmVrHo$Abmdm CZ g^r {dH$nm|H$m `m`mZ H$aZodmbo m`{H$ ~m ^rhmoVo h(18).

oao {hgm~go mZo ah`bmoH$dm{VH$H$maZo CVmZwVXwVHo$ {MVZ$nAnZo CmaXm{`dH$m ^br^m{V {Zdmh H$aVo hdo AVrd `mnH$ VWm m{UH$AZoH${dY `moOZmAm|H$s ImoO Bg Vah H$aZoH$m EH$ `dpWV `mg {H$`m h.`h Ama ~mV h {H$ BVZo gmao H$mam|H$mo Vm{dV H$aZm ""H$V`H$V{d^d{V'' Ogr ~mV bJVr h. Bgo naVw ""pWV` J{V {MVZr`m''H$sZmod{m aI H$a {ZhmaZona CVZr AgOg ~mV Zht bJoJr {OVZr {H$^maVr` Xme{ZH$ {MVZHo$ {dH$mgH$mo gdWm A`moOZm~ hr mZ ~R>Zm.CXmhaUV`m "AM'`hma| "EM'`mhmaHo$ AV yV hmoZoHo$ ~mdOyX JwUgpY

31 32

Ama d{gpY Ho$ gy nm{U{ZH$mo nWH$-nWH$ ~ZmZo nS>o dh ~mobZoH$s{H$`m| gH$V^mfm| H$Q> hmoVr AZoH$$nVmHo$ de H$aZm hr nS>m, Eogr hrHw$N> ~mV `hm ^r drH$ma boZr Mm{h o.

dmb^ XeZH$m WmZ: n> h {H$ mZo ah`dm{VH$H$maHo$ AZwgma : g~ Hw$N> gV h Eogm

gXVdmXr dmb^ doXmV h hr. gmW Cg gn ~Ho$ AV| d CgHo$gd{dY Zm$nH$mZm H$Q> hmoZoHo$ gH$n Ed gm Ho$ H$maU {dH$Q> Vmo hmoVm h naVw h {d EH$mpVH$ Zht hmoVm. AV {dg H$mVdmXHo$CXmhaU g~ Hw$N> {Z`/A{Z` `m OS>/MoVZ $n hmoVm h, Eogr YmaUm ~ZVrh. `hm AeV drH$ma hr {gmVm{^V h. AVEd Bg EopN>H$ VHo${dMmade ^Jdbrbm| g~ Hw$N> mV-mZ-{{V-o mZm MVwg`mH$hmoVm h naVw ~ hr BZ g^r $nm|| H$Q> hdm m` hmoZogo dmb^ XeZMVwg H$mVdmXr Zht h. AVEd `moOZmH$maHo$ Bg {dYmZ ""Bgr Vahddm{^V Vdm|H$s H$moB {ZpMV g`m drH$maZoHo$ ~mdOyX H$moB{MVH$ {gmVV`m g`mZoH$mVdmXr ^r hmo gH$Vm h, {OgoAZw y{VJmoMa OJVH$mo {H$gr {ZpMV g`m| BX{WV`m ~mYZm d AZw^y{V{d H$Wm bJVr h'' Bg gX^| hm^w lrdb^mMm`Ho$VwV CXJma ZZr` bJVo h ""Ana V nydpZ dm{XZmo ~hYm OJwm{`H$ gJwU H$m dV Mo{V ZH$Ym VXodVH$maoU ^dVr{V lwVoV''-""gdaod `Wm {Z$`Vo VWm ^JdmZ ^d{V B{V V Cnn{mAmh "dm`dmMH$eVò' B{V. "dm`mo' AW "dmMH$' eX.C^`m{n eV`mo ``. `Wd AW dVw BN>{V VWd AWm} ^d{V V{V'' ({g.w.4-5, gw~mo.10&13&46). AVEd ~~mh Hw$N> ^r drH$m Z hmoZona ^r bm{H$H$ kmZHo$ gX | ko mW kmZ~mh hmo gH$Vm h. Bgr VahearamVpWV nwfd$nHo$ {Okm` hmoZona dmb^ XeZ òH$ eara|~Ho$ Ajad$nHo$ {MXeV`m OrdmmH$s CnpW{V drH$maVm h dgo hr~mS>y{V ZmamÙHo$ AmZXme$n AV`mrH$s CnpW{V drH$maVm hr h.BZ XmoZm|Ho$ ~rM oXm oX{dbjU VmXm` hr dmb^ XeZ drH$maVm h. Bgr

Vah A` ^r {dYmAm|Ho$ AVJV dmb^ XeZH$m WmZ `hm Bg `moOZm|gabV`m {ZYm[aV hmo nmVm h.

Zd{>: BZ g^r nyd`mgm|H$mo pQ>JV H$aZona VWm nmMm` XeZm|Ho$ ^r Hw$N>

dMm[aH$ CnmXmZm|H$mo b`JV aIZona ^maVr` XeZm|Ho$ {dH$mgH$s aoImHo$ Hw$N>VwbZmH$ nhbw Omo gmZo AmVo h, CZH$s nyd y{H$m Hw$N> Bg Vah ~mYZmMmhVm h :

^maVr` XeZ| {Ogo "{Z{dH$nH$ `j', "g{dH$nH$ `j/{dH$nm`dgm`' Ama namojmnamoj dVw{df`H$ "``/{dH$nZm'H$hm OmVm h, BZHo$ AZw$n {{dY mUbjUm|Ho$ V oX ^r H$Q> hdoh , bjUe, 1.""`WmWm Z w^d mU'',2.""A{dgdm{X$bd{mOZH$ kmZ mU'',3.""AZ{YJVm~m{YVmW{df`H$ kmZ mU''. Bht VôXm|Ho$gmZmVa nmMm` XeZ| ^r sensation, perceptionAma conception `m| kmZHo$ {{dY H$ma drH$mao Jò h.EVXZw$n hr sensedata, percept Ama concept `m|kmZHo$ {df`m|Ho$ ^r VrZ H$ma ~ZVo h. gmW hr gmW mm`rmgm|mm`Ho$ ~mao| ^r {{dY bjUm|Ho$ AZw$n Omo VrZ {gmV `m dmXd m h d o h . d o Zme `m | h : 1.Theory ofCorrespondence, 2.Theory of Utility Ama3.Theory of Coherence. nQ> h {H$ o ^r H$e^maVr` {{dY mUbjUm|Ho$ AZw$n `m gmZmVa hr h.

Bg gX | `h {ZVmV AdYmaUr` h {H$ kmZHo$ BZ VrZm| Vam|H$modVwmU dVw`dhma Ama dVwbjU~moY Ho$ hoVw An[ahm V`m drH$maZm hr

33 34

Mm{h o. A`Wm kmZrmgm AYyar ah OmVr h. gmW hr gmW Bg pQ>go BZVrZm|H$mo {ZhmaZona :

Sensedata H$mo gV (Being) Z mZZona dh gMoVZ `pV|Sensation OZZ$nm AW{H$`mHo$ H$maH$hoVwV`m ^r {g Zht hmo nm oJm.Eogr pW{V| Sensesation H$mo Sensedata H$m kmnH$hoVw ^rmZZm g^d Zht ah Om oJm. Ama nQ> h {H$ `h Vmo dXVmo`mKmV Ama/AWdm `dhaVmo`mKmV Ho$ {~Zm e` hr Zht

Ohm VH$ g{dH$nH$`j `m {dH$nm`dgm` Z h Vmo dhm nydm}VgVHo$ $nV`m AWdm {dH$nV`m Hw$N> JhrV Vmo hmoVm hr h. naVw kmZHo$ BgrXygao VaHo$ AZoH${dY AdmVa H$ma^oX, Zme, {dH$nm`dgm`{dH$nmZ`dgm` {dH$nge` {dH$n mpV Am{X hmoVo h. Ama AVEd do$n `m {dH$n (Percept) Jh mU Xoe-H$mb| ~mh mWV`m {dmZ(Existing) hmoVo h `m Zht, `h {d{^Z XeZm|Ho$ ~rM ^rfU {ddmX y{~Z J`r h. bmoH$`dhma, naVw, gdWm EVybH$ hr hmoVm h Ama Cgomm{UH$ mZZm `m Zht `h Vmo {d{^Z XeZm|Ho$ AnZo-AnZo {gmVm|H$sH$Wm h. AWmV `m ~mh mW gVHo$ Omo {dH$n JhrV hmoVo h do {dH$nm`dgm`Ho$H$maH$hoVw hmoVo h m Zht? AWdm `m {dH$nm`dgm` dJh mU {dH$nm|H$mkmnH$hoVw Z hmo H$a Ho$db {dH$nH$nZm m h?

Bgr Vah kmZHo$ Vrgao Va namojmnamoj dVw{df`H$ ``, Zm `m{dH$nZm AWmV Conception Ama Concept AmVo h. BgoA`m`{dY CnbjU Cnm{Y AmJVwH$ m dm^m{dH$ {deofU $n A`gmYmaUYm]Ho$ gmW-gmW A`mpV-A{V`mpV-Ag^dXmofm|go a{hV bjU$n Ym]Ho$^r JhU AWdm {Z$nU Ho$ $n| ^r drH$maZm Mm{h o. o A{ZVagmYmaUYbmoH$`dhma| AVrd Cn`moJr Zht hmoVo. `m|{H$, CXmhaUV`m, bmoH$`dhma|"njr' nXH$m AW njdmZ mUrHo$ $n| hr gmoMm-{dMmam Om oJm. o nj,naVw, Eogo m{UAm|Ho$ A`m``{V`m`g^d Xmofm|go a{hV Y Zht hmo nmVoeH$-{jH$m Am{X| A{V`mV hmoZoHo$ H$maU. O~{H$ "MMwmm' Eogm Y

hmo gH$Vm h naVw Bgna bmoH$`dhma ghgm {Z a Zht hmo nmVm h. AV Z`hm ^r AnZm gwagmge {dH$amb wh ~m o gmZo IS>m hr ahVm h {H$ `mBZ conception Ama Concept Ho$ ~rM nana kmnH$hoVw AmaH$maH$hoVw hmoZoH$m g~Y ahVm h `m Zht? `m Bg VahHo$ `` dVwV H$htdVwVmXm oZ AWdm dVwgdoVV`m gm{lV (Subsisting) hmoVo h`m Zht? AWdm dVw>mH$s o H$nZmm hmoVo h?

BZ Zm|Ho$ Cma V oXdemV {^Z-{^Z hr {b|Jo. ha pW{V| ~mh mWdVwO{ZV {Z{dH$n `j Ama MoVZmmam Cgo {H$g ``Ho$ $n| AZy{XVdJuH$V gJhrV VWm `m`m{`V {H$`m OmVm h, `m| BZ C^`{dY kmZHo$Vam|Ho$ nman[aH$ gh`moJHo$ {~Zm g{dH$n`j `m {dH$nm`dgm` $nkmZH$m {Vr` Va H$Q> hmo Zht gH$Vm, BVZm Vmo {ZM oZ H$hm Om gH$Vmh.

BZ| {Z{dH$n`j Ama V{f`r yV AWHo$ ~rM mm`Ho$ AdYmaUmW`mWm ; AWmV, AZw y{VH$m AWmZ{Vd{Vd hmoZm AWmV Theory ofCorrespondence H$mo An[ahm mZZm Mm{h o. `m|{H$ ~mh mW{Z{dH$nH$m H$maH$hoVw (ratio ascendie) hmoVm h Ama {Z{dH$nH$`j~mh mWH$m kmnH$hoVw (ratio cogniscendie) hmoVm h. nQ> h {H$Eogr pW{V| mm`H$m {ZH$f `mWm =AWmZ{Vd{Vd hr hmo gH$Vm h.

Ohm VH$ g{dH$nH$`j AWmV {dH$nm`dgm` H$m Z CR>Vm h VmoEogo `j| {X $bm{dgdm{Xd{mOZH$Vm AWmV Theory of Utilitym` Z hmo Vmo Eogo g{dH$n`jH$mo mm{UH$ mZZo ghgm H$moB CV Zhthmo nm oJm.

Bgr Vah kmZHo$ Vrgao Vana AWmV namojmnamoj dVw{df`H$ kmZ `mdVw`` Ho$ ~mao| ""AZ{YJV-A~m{YVmW{df`H$ kmZ mU'' bjUH$moH$maJa mZZm Mm{h o. AWmV VXZw$n nmMm` XeZ| Theory of

35 36

Coherence `hm H$maJa {g hmo nmòJr. `m|{H$ Eogr pW{V| Xmo``m|Ho$ ~rM nana A~m{YVVm/A~m`Vm Ama ``mW dVwH$s A`WmAZ{YJVVm hr ``H$mo mUnXdrna Am$T> hmoZoH$m A{YH$mar ~ZmVr h.

Bg mW{H$ nQ>rH$aUHo$ ~mX A~ `h gwIoZ gPm Om gH$Vm h {H$kmZHo$ BZ VrZm| Vam|Ho$ ~mao| Omo AZoH${dY dH$pnH$ pQ>`m {MVH$m|ZoAnZm`r h CZHo$ nmMm` VH$emr` A E I O Ama U PropositinsH$s Vah nmM H$ma hmo gH$Vo h. `Wm :-

A=g^r pQ>`m mm{UH$ h.E=H$moB ^r pQ> mm{UH$ Zht hmoVr.I=Hw$N> pQ>`m mm{UH$ hmoVr h.O=Hw$N> pQ>`m mm{UH$ Zht hmoVr.U=H$moB EH$ hr pQ> mm{UH$ hmoVr h.

BZ| A {dYmo gdpQ>Am|na AZwJh H$Q> hmoVm h. E {dYm| gdpQ>hmUh. I / O {dYmAm|| H${Vn` pQ>Am|na AZwJh `m H${Vn` pQ>Am|H$mhmU h. ApV U {dYm| {H$gr EH$ pQ>na AZwJh AWdm {H$gr EH$pQ>H$m hmU H$Q> hmo gH$Vm h.

gdW U {dYmHo$ yb| Omo AZwJh `m hmU $n Xmo oX hmoVo h, CZ|hmUHo$ nwZ Xmo AdmVa oX `m| gmoMo Om gH$Vo h {H$ hmU Ho$db dmW `mnamW ^r hmo gH$Vm h. CXmaUV`m JrVmon{XQ> dnaYVdmXHo$ AJrH$ma|naYH$m dmW hmU A{ôV hmoZona ^r namW hmU A{ôV Zht hmoVm.Ho$db AnZo YH$mo gMm mZZodmbm|Ho$ V| O~{H$ naYH$m namW ^r hmUA{ôV hmoVm h. Ogo {H$ {H$gr EH$ {H$Vm~Ho$ Abmdm A` {H$gr ^r{H$Vm~H$m AZwgaU {H$grH$mo H$m{$a ~Zm XoVm hmoZogo namW ^r hmU A{ôVmZm Om gH$Vm h. `hm `h AdYo h {H$ nmMm` VH$emm{^V {dH$nHo$Ogo Xw Ama H$R>m oa Xmo ôX drH$mao Jò h. BZ ôXm|Ho$ ~rM

H$R>moa{dH$nV`m(dpQ> /dròVapQ) $n dròVapQ>hmU A{ôVhmoVm h. `hm dpQ> Ama dr oVapQ> `m| XmoZm| pQ>`m EH$ gmW g` Zhthmo gH$Vr. BgHo$ {dnarV dr oVa pQ>na AZwJhHo$ ^r Bgr Vah Xmo Cn oX hmogH$Vo h. CXmhaUV`m m` EH$Xo{eVH$mo AdV mZ H$a ^r dH$pnH$V`mA{ZagZr` mZ {b`m OmVm h. AWdm H$^r Eogm ^r hmoVm h {H$ A`VH$mAnZo V| AV^md {XIbm {X`m OmVm h. Bg VahHo$ BZ Xmo Cn oXm|H$mo `m|gPm gH$Vm h : 1dH$pnH$VmHo$ AJrH$made AZwJh(dpQ> v dr oVapQ).`hm {Vr` Xw{dH$nV`m dpQ> Ama dr oVapQ> XmoZm| hr dmW-namW oXdeg` hmo gH$Vr h. CXmhaUV`m {edmonmgH$mW {edH$m naXodddmX {dUynmgH$mW{dUwH$m naXodddmX `m| XmoZm| hr mm{UH$ mZo Om gH$Vo h. 2EH$Xo{eVmHo$AJrH$made AZwJhdpQ>=A Z I=dr oVapQ>. `hm dV| naVH$mAV^md Ogo gVnXmWdm{XAm|Zo fmoS>enXmWdm{XAm|Ho$ nXmWm]H$m gV nXmWm]|AV^md {Vnm{XV H$a {X`m. `h bJ^J dgr hr pW{V h OmoJmVgy(1&1&26)| {Vnm{XV V{gmV Ama A{YH$aU{gmV Ho$ ~rMdrH$mar J`r h.

I Ama O propositions Vmo BVaoVa{ZfoYwIV`m BVaoVa-AWmn{m|n d{gV hmoVo hmoZogo, EH$ hr ~mVHo$ Ho$db {d{YwI `m {ZfoYwI H$hZoHo${dYmJV oX hr h. AV Bg H$maH$s {ddoMZmHo$

{dVma| OmZm ~hV Amd`H$ Zht bJVm.

A Ama E {dYmAm|| H$e gdQ>ZwJh Ama gdpQ>hmU {Z${nVhmoVm h. BZ| gdpQ>hmUHo$ Ogo VrZ AdmVa oX hmoVo h dgo hr VrZ hrAdmVa ôX gdQ>ZwJhHo$ ^r hmoVo h. `m| Hw$b N>h ôX hmoVo h :1Vdmk o`Vm JrH $ {V ybH$ hmU 2VdmkmVVm JrH $ {V ybH$ hmU3VdgpXYVmJrH${VybH$ hmU 4namWmnamWôXmJrH${VybH$ AZwJh5mU-Z` oXmJrH${VybH$ AZwJh 6gdmVmJrH${VybH$ AZwJh.

A~ Bh| g{ddaU Bg Vah gPm Om gH$Vm h :

37 38

1dgo Vmo m`{H$m|Ho$ ^r AZoH$ oXmon oX h naVw ey`Vm `m VWVmMVwH$moQ>VrV nMr H$moQ>r h `m Ho$db MVwH$mo{Q>{d{ZmoH$ AWmV Mmam|H$mo{Q>`m|H$m Ho$db AnmohZ `m {ZagZ? Bg {df`| ^JdmZ ~wHo$ A{^m`m|H$mAZwgaU H$aZm hmo Vmo drH$maZm hr nS>oJm {H$ ey`Vm nmMdt H$moB nXmWH$mo{Q>Z hmo H$a Ho$db Mma H$mo{Q>Am|H$m empXH$ {ZfoYm h, AWmV dh gd{dYdm`m|H$m AnmohZ Ho$db h. OZm|Zo Ogo nmMdt N>>r Ama gmVdt H$mo{Q>`m ^rBg {ddmX| Vm{dV H$s CZ|go H$moB EH$ H$moQ>r AmJ{hbV`m ^JdmZ ~wHo$gj VwV H$s Om o Vmo CgH$m ^r {ZagZ hr ^JdmZ ~wH$mo A{ôV hmoJm.Bgo nadVu `moJmMma VWm m`{H$ XmoZm|Ho$ nydm}V VWm A` ^r Hw$N>ey`Vmg~Yr Cmam|Ho$ AdbmoH$Z H$aZona gabV`m gPm Om gH$Vm h""AVr{V dXVmo ~ymo ZmpV gd {dMmaVmo, ZmVr{V dXVmo ~y gdA`{dMmaV. `Wm-`Wm gmamonm Om`Vo Vd`mo{JZ VWm-VWmgmam onm h`Vo Vd`m o{JZm.''(19) ""`md{m gd>rZm H$`H$nZd{OVm''(20) ""èy` ^doV {H$pMV `mNy>`{{V{H$MZ, Z {H$pMXèy M Hw$V ey ^{d`{V? ey`Vm gdQ>rZmmoVm {ZgaU {OZ ofmVw ey`VmpQ> Agm`mZ VmZ ~^m{fao.''(21)

EVmdVm `h {g hmoVm h {H$ {Z~uO AgkmVgm{Y Ogr Jmh -JmhH$-JhU{dd{OV {MmH$s g^r {dH$nm|go ey`mdWm hr {dkmZdmXr VWm m`{H$m|Ho$ V| ^r ey`V`m A{ôV h Z{H$ {MmoVa {H$gr VdH$s {H$gr ^r H$maHo${dH$nHo$ gmW ko Vm. {$a^r XmoZm|Ho$ ~rM Omo V oX h dh Ho$db BVZogoAe| h {H$ {dkmZdmXr {dkmZH$mo namW g` mZVo h O~{H$ m`{H$CgHo$ ~mao| ^r ey`VmH$s hr pQ>H$m CnXoe XoVo h. AV yamon| Bm wEbH$mQ>Zo Thing as it is unknowable Ama Thing as itappeares is knowable H$m Ogm VmaV` {Vnm{XV {H$`m Wm,dgm hr Hw$N> hm r mZ H$a MbZm Mm{hE. AVEd (H$)""o g o gwnm{l`~wmZm YXoeZm bmoHo$ gd{Vg M g`M namWV'' (I)""gd{VnamW M g``{X pWV ~wo AJmoMa Vd ~w{ gd{V`Vo''(J)""Vr`gwnZ dVw$n "gd{V' C`Vo. VXod "bmoH$gd{Vg`'B{V A{^Yr`Vo, bmoH$`d gd`m VV g`{{V H$dm... gd` {hVr`gwnZ` nXmW` {Zd^mdVm nmam{WH$ $n''(22) Cmam|Ho$

AmYmana namWV Ako`Vm Ama `dhmaV $n-{dkmZ-doXZm-gH$ma-gkm$n nMH$Ym|| VrV hmoVr Vr`gwnmXVm $nr ko`VmHo$ $n|"Vdmko VmJrH${VybH$ gdpQ>hmU' Bgo H$hm Om gH$Vm h.

2Bggo {^ZV`m {H$gr ~mh `m Am`Va VdH$mo ko V`m drH$maZoHo$~mdOyX BX{WV`m dmUrHo$ {~Zm Hw$N> ^r {Z${nV Zht hmo nmVm h AmadmUrgo Vmo dhr {Z${nV hmoVm h {H$ ~mobZoH$s H$sS>mHo$ hoVw hZo Ogo/{OZdmL>{Z`m|H$mo KS>m hmoVm h. m| ko V`m Hw$N> drH$ma boZoHo$ ~mdOyX dVwVdH$moAdm`-An[a^m` AWmV bjUmZh drH$maZodmbr {d>JQ>rZHo$ Ogr pQ>AWmV bjUmhdoZ VdmkmVVmJrH${VybH$ ^r EH$ gdpQ>hmU hmo gH$Vmh. Bgo {dkmZdmXr moJmMmaVHo$ gbH$mdVmagy Ho$ ""~wm {ddo`mZmZmd^mdmo ZmdYm Vo VmXZ{^b`mVo {Zd^mdmM Xo{eVm''(23) Bg{g dMZHo$ AmYmana ^br^m{V gPm Om gH$Vm h. Eogr pQ> Vdmonbddm`nXr` IS>ZIS>Im {MgwIr Am{X JWm|| CnbY hmoVr{ZpV{dahVmHo$ {VnmXZgo gwgJV bJVr h. Bgo OZm|Ho$ ""`mX ApV MAdV M'' eXZ`mVJV nmMdr H$moQ>rHo$ gmZ drH$mam Om gH$Vm h.

3gdpQ>hmUmW yamonr` {MVZ| h y Ogm|Ho$ mam gXohdmXr {dMmaYmamH$m{dH$mg Ogm-{OVZm hdm dgr {dMmaYmam naVw `hm ^maV| H$moB H$Q> h rhmo Eogm H$go H$ wPo Vmo kmV Zht h. AV Bgo [aVdJV`m hr Vm{dVH$aZm nS>Vm h.

4MVwW gdpQ>hmUH$mo {ZfoYwIebr| ~mobZoHo$ ~Om` {d{YwIebr|~mob H$a gdQ>ZwJh ^r e` hmo nmVm h. AWmV namWV Hw$N> ^rmm{UH$ Zht hmoZona ^r `dhma| g^r Hw$N> g^d hmoVm h. AV Ho$dbnamW>m gdpQ>Am|H$mo {ZamH$aUr` mZZona ^r `dhmaQ>m Ch| màIZoH$s {MVZUmbr r Ho$dbmVdm{XAm|H$s r {XIbm`r XoVr h. CXmhaUV`m{d{dY XodVmAm|Ho$ naVdVmHo$ {ddmX| AWdm d Ho$dbm{VAm|Ho$ AZoH${dY^mVr {ddaU `m dm{VH$ Am{X WmZm|| `mdhm[aH$ Vana nana {dVôXm|| g^rH$mo m` aIZm, Bg {VnmXZebrH$s {deofVm h. nadVu

39 40

Ho$dbmVr JWH$mam|H$s Eogr {dMmaebr {XIbm`r XoVr h. JmS>nmXH$m[aH$mHo$o Cma ""d{gmV`dWmgw {VZmo {ZpMVm T> nana {dVo Va Z

{dVo''(24) | g^r pQ>Am|Ho$ namWQ>m {ZamH$aUHo$ gmW-gmW dmM{ZH$gdQ>ZwJh ^r H$Q> {H$`m J`m h Eogm drH$mam Om gH$Vm h.

5Ogm {H$ nhbo hr BgH$m {Z$nU H$a MwHo$ VXZwgma OZm|Zo XwZ pQ>Z`pQ> Ama mUpQ> Ho$ VmaV`mam A`m` Vm|H$mo, dVr` AZoH$mVdmXgo~mh`pQ>V`m {`mpQ> hmoZoHo$ H$maU Am` aIZoHo$ ~mdOyX Cht{`mpQ>Am|H$mo nwZ, "`mV'{ZnmVmon`mgnydH$ AZoH$mVdmXmJV`mmm{UH$V`m ^r m` aIm h. A``moJ`dN>oXmq{eH$mH$ma lrhoMH$hVo h ""gXod gV `mgX B{V {YmWm} r oV XwZu{V-Z`-mU.''(25)

AV AZoH$mVdmX=AZI=gV{dYZ` Eogr ^r EH$ ebr gdQ>ZwJhH$shmo hr gH$Vr h.

6Bg Eogo AZoH$mVdmXH$s VwbZm| Cn{ZfXm|| CnbY hmoVr ~m{H$sgdmVmpQ> `m gd$nVmpQ> Ho$ AVaH$m dbj` ^br^m{V gP boZmA`md`H$ h.

(H$)nwfEd BX gd `X yV `V M ^ ...gdm{U $nm{U{d{M` Yra Zmm{Z H$dm A{^dXZ `X AmVo.(I)`V M {H$pMX OJV gd `Vo ly Vo@{n dm AV~{hMVV gd `m` ZmamÙ pWV.(J)`Vw gdm{U ^yVm{Z Amòd AZwn`{V, gd^yVofwMmmZ VVmo Z {dOwJwgVo, `pZ gdm{U ^yVm{Z AmdA yX {dOmZV, V H$mo moh H$ emoH$ EH$d AZwn`V.(K)Ef{h Xod {Xemo@Zwgdm, nydm}{h OmV gC J } AV,g {dOm`mZ g O{Z`mU `L > wIm {V>{V{ddVmowI. `X EH$ A`V AZV$n {ddnwamU...VXod ApZ VX dm w VV gy VXw Mm VXod ewH$AV VX Amn g Omn{V.

(L>)~dm BXJ AmgrV VX AmmZod AdoX Ah ~mpB{V VmV gd A^dV. BX gd `X A` Amm.(M)EH$VWm gd yVmVamm $n-$n {V$nmo ~{hM.(N>)g ` Efmo@{Um EoVXm` BX gd g Amm VV dA{g.(O)nyUX nyU{X nyUmnyUwX`Vo nyU` nyUmXm`nyUodmd{e`Vo.(26)

BZ Amn{ZfX dMZm|Ho$ AmYmana hm w lrdb^mMm MaU Eogm {ZH$f{ZH$mbVo h {H$ ybV Amn{ZfX ~ gOmVr` {dOmVr` dJV oXm|go a{hVEH$odm{Vr` hmoZoHo$ H$maU Ako -Adm` hmoZona ^r gd$nm|| ko mZm Eddm`mZm dV hr H$Q> hdm h(27). AV nyUgo nyUH$m mH$Q> AnZrnyUVmH$mo AIS>V`m {Z^mZodmbm hmoVm hmoZoHo$ H$maU ~ gd{dY dmXm|goAVrV ^r h Ama gd{dY dmXm|Ho$ AZw$n ^r hmoVm h(28). ~Ho$ d$nH$moZmZmdmXmZwamo{Y {XIbmVo hdo hm wH$m H$hZm h {H$ d{XH$pQ>go Omo m`{gmV hmo AWdm d{XH$pQ>go Omo {gmVm^mg hm| AWdm d{XH$pQ>go Omom`Vm nmfpS>VmnyU hm| CZ Eogr g^r YmaUmAm|Ho$ AZwgma ^JdmZ $n YmaUH$a gH$Vo h VWm H$aVo hmoVo h. AV d ^JdmZHo$ dV gd$n hmoZogo g^rHw$N> CnnZ hmo gH$Vm h. AV Omo CgH$m Ogo {Z$nU H$aZm MmhVm h CgHo${V ^JdmZH$m dgm hr d$n dVwV H$Q> hmo OmVm h. `m|{H$ ^JdmZ|gd{dY dm`$nm| Ama dmMH$eXm| Ho$ $nm|| H$Q> hmoZoH$s ghO epV/gm hmoVr h.(29) Bg ""gddmXmZdgado g{V ZmZmdmXmZwamo{YVm''(30)H$s`m`m H$aVo hdo hm wZo `h ^r H$hm h {H$ gpQ>Ho$ Cn{m-pW{V-ZmeHo$AZoH${dY {Z$nUm|mam em r hr gPmZm MmhVo h {H$ ybVd EH$odm{VrÀ`V ^r h Ama AZV$n ^r. dh {dd$n ^r h Ama {ddmVrV ^r.CgHo$ Eogo d$nH$s Cnn{m Xmo Vahgo gmoMr Om gH$Vr h. EH$ Vmo CgHo$gd^dZgm`H$m {dMma H$aHo$-Xygao CgHo$ {dYml` hmoZoH$m {dMmaH$aHo$. `m|{H$ AZoH${dY dmXm|H$mo Vm{dV H$aZodmbo {d{dY {MVH$ ~Ho$Eogo BZ Xmo nhbwAm|H$mo AmYma yV mZ H$a AnZr-AnZr ~mV Zht H$hVo Amado AnZr hr Am{eH$ YmaUmHo$ AZwgma yb$nH$mo n[apN>Z ~ZmZm MmhVo h;

41 42

AV, dm{XAm|H$s Eogr YmaUmHo$ gX | ~H$mo "gddmXmZdga' H$hm OmVmh Z{H$ CZHo$ dmXm|Ho$ gX |. ~Ho$ {H$gr EH$ AgH$b {deof nhbwH$m{Z$nU gH$bVmHo$ XmdoHo$ gmW {H$`m Om` Vmo ~mV {~JS> OmVr h. A`WmdmUr| XmofmdofU AZmd`H$ hmoVm h. Xygao eXm|| Bgo `m| H$hm Om gH$Vmh {H$ OZV| Vmo AZoH$mVdmXmJ yV "`mV'{ZnmVmWdVr mUpQ>go a{hVAVr`m{X EH$mVpQ>`m XwZ pQ>V`m namW ^r hmnZr` ~Z OmVr h. O~{H$hm w lrdb^mMm Ho$ AZwgma gddmXmZdga ~ hr gddmXmZwamo{Y ~ZOmVm h Ama ~Z gH$Vm hmoZogo (OZm|H$s n[a^mfmHo$ AZwgma {dH$bmXoe ^r)Ho$db dmW hr hmnZr` hmoVm h AWmV namW dh hmnZr` Zht hmoVm. OZm|Ho$AZwgma `mmX$nm mUpQ> gH$bmXoe$nm hmoZo dnamo^`mW AZwJmh`hmoVr h. O~{H$ Cggo ~{h^yV XwZ`pQ> dnamo^`mW hmnZr` hmoVr h.dmb^ V| naVw A~m{H$s pQ> dmW hmnZr` hmoZona r namW hmnZr`mZht hmoVr. AVEd OZm|H$s Vah hm wHo$ V| ^r ~dmX gH$bmXoe h AmaA` gmao dmX {dH$bmXoe, d ChtHo$ eXm|| H$hZm hmo Vmo ""EH$H$mo dmXmo~U EH$H$Y{VnmXH$dmèofB{V ^JdmZ VmZ gdmZ odAZwga{V.''(31) AWmV {dH$bmXoeH$m ^r ~Q>m mm` g^d h-~H$s {Vnm{XH$m lw{VAm|Ho$ `m`mZV`m Mmho Z ^r g^d hmo

CXmhaUV`m """Ag`Vm'H$m AW-g`mAm|H$s B`mmH$m A{ZYma h''Bg {dYmZHo$ AZwgma naVw {H$VZr g`mHo$ ~mX g`mH$s B`mmH$s A{ZYm[aVVmdVm-lmoVmHo$ ~w{| Am$T> hmoVr h? Bgo H$h nmZm wpH$b ~mV h. ^maV|JUZmH$s Ad{Y na `m namY n V h r h. A~ trillion g`m Cggo ^rXgJwZr A{YH$ hmo Vmo namYHo$ ``go AVrVVm Ama {Q>{bAZHo$ ``goAVrVVm XmoZm| hr Ag`VmHo$ ``Ho$ CnbjU ~Z|Jo. CnbjUm|Ho$ {^Z-{^Z hmoZona ^r Cnb{jV Ag`VmHo$ XmoZm| hr `` "gH$b-``' H$hoOm |Jo. AV ~mV XmoZm|H$s mm{UH$ hr mZZr nS>oJr. {$a^r namYmVrV-g`m@{ZYmadmXr, naVw, {Q>{bAZmVrVg`m@{ZYmadmXrH$mo Am{UH$ mZVmhmo Vmo Eogr YmaUmHo$ gX^| dh `` g` Zht ah OmòJm. {$a^rdm`mWgX^| Cgo {`m Zht mZm Om gH$Vm. Bgr Vah g^r dmX,YmaUmAm|Ho$ gX^m]| n[apN>Z m {dH$b hmoVo hm| m Z hmoVo hm|, dm`mWgX |

Vmo mm{UH$ hmo gH$Vo h. Bg AW| ~H$mo "ZmZmdmXmZwamo{Y' ^r mZm J`mh. hm wHo$ AZwgma EH$-EH$ dmX ~Ho$ EH$-EH$ YH$m {VnmXH$ hmogH$Vm h. AV ~{dMmade g^r dmX mm{UH$ hmo gH$Vo h. `m|{H$ ~Ho$gd dZgW Ama {dYml` hmoZoHo$ gX | g^r dm` mU$n hmogH$Vo h : ""VmV gdod dm mU V gm gadVr gdVmowIm''(32)

hm w lrdb^mMm Ho$ AZwgma ~H$s Bg dm^m{dH$s gd dZgm H$momU{dMma o {dMma gmYZ{dMma Ama $b{dMma Ho$ nhbwAm|go XoIZonaBgH$m d$n gdWm gwnQ> hmo OmVm h. AV VXW CgH$s MMmHo$ {~Zm Bg{Z$nUH$m Cnghma AZw{MV hmoJm.

mU{dMmade gddm`-gddmMH$$nm epV`m O~ ^JdmZ| ghO-dm^m{dH$s hm| Vmo, dmMH$eXm|go AZZw{d kmZ Vmo mU hmo Zht gH$Vm,AV gd{dY kmZm|| AZwJV eXmZwdoY gd{dY kmZm|H$mo ~m{H$ gX |mm`dmhH$ ~Zm XoVm h.

o`{dMmade ^r ""g gd ^d{V''(33) ""EoVXm`{X gd VVg`''(34)""^moVm mo o[aVma dm gd moV {{dY ~oVV''(35)

Am{X Cn{ZfXdMZm|Ho$ AmYmana O~ g~ Hw$N> dhr ~Zm h Vmo {H$gr ^rXeZm{^V o H$mo gdWm ~m{YVmW mZm Zht Om gH$Vm. `m|{H$ ^mJdV|AmVm h {H$ ""^JdmZ gd yVofw b{jV dmZm h[a ~wm{X{^Q>m bjU AZwmnH$''(36). BgH$s `m`m H$aVo hdo hm w H$hVo h{H$ Z m{`H$m|Zo H$VmHo$ $n|, rmgH$m|Zo {H$`mHo$ $n|, doXmpVAm|Zo AmmHo$$n|, gm`m|Zo H$aU hmoZoHo$ $n|, A`m|Zo kmZ hmoZoHo$ $n|, {H$grZo kmVmHo$$n|, `m| g^rZo ^JdmZHo$ EH$H$XoeH$mo AnZo-AnZo AZw d Ama wpVAm|Ho$AmYmana {g H$aZm Mmhm h. o g^r $n ^JdmZHo$ bjU hmo gH$Vo h AmaBZgo AeVmo ^JdkmZ nm`m hr Om gH$Vm h.(37).

Bgr Vah gmYZ Ama $b Ho$ {dMmaHo$ gX | hm wH$m VwV dMZAZwgYo h : """g d Zd aoo. VmX EH$mH$s Z aVo. g {Vr` EoN>V.g EVmdmZ Amg' BZ lw{VAm|Ho$ AmYmana "Ef C hòd gmYw H$

43 44

H$ma`{V...' Bg lw{VHo$ ^r AmYmana `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h {H$ ^JdmZCZ-CZ gmYZm|H$mo H$am H$a CZ-CZ $bm|H$m| XoVo h Ama `h g~ Hw$N>^JdmZ {ZO H$sS>mW hr OJVHo$ $n| Am{d yV hmo H$a Ho$db H$sS>m hrH$a aho h, Eogm d{XH$m|H$m {ZU` h. `hr ~mV doXHo$ XmoZm| H$mS>m||{Vnm{XV h r h. A`Wm OrdmmHo$ gmYZ$bm|H$m {Z$nU H$aZodmbrlw{VAm|H$mo ~na mZZoHo$ ~Om` Ordna drH$maZm nS>oJm. V~ Vmolw{V{Vnm H$ Ama ~ H$mo ^r OrdeofV`m drH$maZm nS>oJm.''(38)

Bggo `h {g hmoVm h {H$ AZoH$mVdmXr {dYm Ama Bg {dYm| Hw$N>m{bH$ AVa h. dhm AZH$mpVH$ mUpQ>Ho$ AVJV EoH$mpVH$ Z`pQ>Am|H$moAZwJmh` mZm J`m O~{H$ AZH$mpVH$ mU{>go ~{h^yV EoH$mpVH$XwZ`pQ>Am|H$mo hmnZr` {`mpQ> mZm J`m h. Bg {dYm|, O~{H$,~m{H$ pQ> Z hmoZoHo$ AnamYde {H$gr ^r pQ>Ho$ AZwgma {H$`m OmVmVd{Z$nU Amm{UH$ Zht hmo gH$Vm h, AWmV dh d XwZ Zht ~ZOmVm. EVmdVm {g hmoVm h {H$ dr oVa {Z$nUH$mo mUV`m Z drH$maZmhr Ho$db {`mpQ> h. `m|{H$ dh ~H$s gd^dZgm` Ama{dYml`VmH$m AZJrH$ma h. hr gdm$n ~Ho$ nyUVmH$mo drH$maZodmbrnyU ~m{H$s pQ> h. AVEd dmb^ doXmV| nanj{ZamH$aU Ho$dbdoXVmn {df`r yV `m VX{df`r yV nXmWrmgmHo$ $n| AZwR>o hmoVm h.`h hm wHo$ ""doXm lrH$Udm`m{Z `mggym{U Md {h gm{Y^mfm`mg` mU VMVw>`, Cma nydgXohdmaH$ n[aH$s{VV A{dVw`d` mU VM Zm`Wm EV{ `gd Z VmZ H$WMZ, AWdmgd$ndmZmbrbm{d oXV {dmen[a`mJmV mU gdod {h''(39)

Cmam|H$m wI ah` h. AWmV doXH$do ~H$s gdmH$Vm/gd$nVm hr~H$s Vah dmb^ {MVZH$mo ^r {dYml`r ~ZmVr h {H$ H$B gmarpQ>`m doXm{^m`V`m {`m hmoZona r doXH$do ~d$nHo$ gX | mm{UH$hmo gH$Vr h*.

CaUgHo$V 1.fS>XeZgwM` : 2-3.

2.>`:CV fS>XeZgwM`H$s y{H$m| lrXmmoXabmb Jmodmr. 3.gwm{nQ>H$mVJV XrK{ZH$m`Ho$ ~Ombgwm| VVr` H$aU. 4.Vd. 5.`H$em:18&9-A`dOgJh:n>19. 6.mSw>`H$m[aH$memH$a^m` : 4&83-84. 7.Q>` IS>ZIS>Im.1&8 : ""gwXyaYmdZlmVm ~mY~w{nanam{d{Zdmm`mZm nmpUJmh{dOr`Vo''.

8.lrX`dOnmXH$V A`dOgJh : nR>.62. 9.gZnXm : 22&11. 10.XebmoH$s : 10/11?. 11.`mmXOar : 28. 12.Vd. 13.gdXeZgJhmonmomVnR> : 84-85. 14.gdXeZgJhmonmmVnR> : 90-91. 15.Bda{Vn{mH$menR> : 1-10. 16.doXmVH$nb{VH$mnR> : 1-6. 17.gXgmXmo ~{dkmZn> : 0-3. 18.Q>` : mZo ah`bmoH$dm{VH$Ho$ o H$mS>| Wn[aN>o-XmVJV MVwWH$aU.

19.lrX`dOnmXH$V A`dOgJh : nR>.62. 20.gbLH$mdVmagy : 10&483-84. 21.`H$em : 13&7-8. 22.(H$)`H$em : 24&8.(I)~mo{YM`mdVma : 9&2.(J)V dnpOH$m.

23.gbH$mdVmagy : 2&175. 24.mSy>`mon{ZfH$m[aH$m : 3&17. 25.A``moJ`dN>oXmq{eH$m : 28.

45 46

26.(H$)nwfgyV : 1,7. (I)Zmam`UgyV : 1. (J)Bemdm`mo-n{ZfX : 6-7. (K)hmZmamUmonm{ZfX : 1&1&5-7. (L>)~h-Xma`H$mon{ZX : 1&4&10,4&5&7. (M)H$R>mo{ZfX : 2&2&9.(N>)N>mXmo`mon{ZX : 6&8&7. (O)~hXma`H$mon{ZfX : empV- nmR>.

27.nmdb~Z : H$m[a.1. 28.VdmWXrn{Z~Y : 1&70. 29.gw~mo{YZr : 10&13&43. 30.VdmWXrn{Z~Y : 1&70. 31.VdmWXrn{Z~YH$me : 1&70 32.Vd : 2&173. 33.~hXma`H$mon{ZfX : 2&4&6. 34.N>mXmo`mon{ZfX : 6&8&5. 35.doVmdVamon{ZfX : 1&12. 36.^mJdVnwamU : 2&2&35. 37.gw~mo{YZr : 2&2&35. 38.~gymUw m` : 1&1&11. 39.VdmWXrn{Z~Y : 1&8-9.

*VwV {Z~Y| {Vnm {dMma{~Xw, ES>dmg Q>S>r BZ gH$V, nyU|-{dd{dmb`Ho$ gmZZr` lr dr.EZ. PmOrH$s oaUmde CZHo$ Ho$| ""ZoMaES> $eZ Am$ mBS>'' na Am`mo{OV go{Zma| mpIH$ MMmHo$ $n| Z|VwV {H$ o Wo. lrPmOrHo$ AmJhna nMmV nwZ `Wmo{MV gemoYZ-n[adYZHo$gmW CV Ho$H$mo {bpIV ~YHo$ $n| ^r oOm {X`m Wm. gmo ""h wZ mBS>ES> erZ'' JW| lrgXJw nbrHo$eg {Xbrmam gZ 2003 df| H$m{eV^r hdm h. `hm nwZ Cgr ~Y| Hw$N> Ano{jV WmoS>o-~hmoV n[adYZHo$ gmWH$meZmW CZH$s gh{Vna dH$VkVmnydH$ nwZH$m{eV {H$`m Om ahm h.

Jmodmr `m Zmoha.

AmgnmXH$s`(g~megLH$bZ)

lrb^mMm` MaU o` gVt nanam A{Y{ >VmlrnrVm~aJmodm{VZwOZwf lrnwfmomMaUm. gd}@{n Jmodm{MaUmlrb^mMm`mUm d`mEd B{V VbXoer`m dobZm{Q>~mUm H$U`mOwfrAmnV~V{mar`m emIm AYr`mZm AmgZ gpV M B oVo@{n VWm. EVofmmX w^m dg`Vw d H $mX o MVw{d e`wma o gVXeeVHo$ (1724)^mewbH$mXer.

EVpZ{Vmo AUw m`H$me VdXrn{Z~YmdaU^ gw~mo{YZrH$meM B{V `mo JWm YmZVm. AnaoM fmoS>eJWQ>rH$m AdVmadmXmdbrWmZaZmH$a B`mX`mo y mgmo bYm. {ZdmgWmZVw EVofm JwOaXoeo gwaVnwaAmgrV. g{V JdmZ lr~mbH$U nwZm{V {ZOXeZoZ {ZarjHo${j wJbr.`M Jmodm{nXo JwUderH$VbmoH$m Jmo. lrdOaZbmbhmoX`m {VR>pV.

ApZ dmXV~Ho$ M EVpZ{Vm JWmVw EVo-

1 oXm oXd$n{ZU 10 ^ wH$fdmX 2 ^Jd{VH${VnyOZdmX 11 IbmbnZ{ddgdmX 3 gpQ> oXdmX 12 ZmdmX 4 `m{VdmX 13 y{VnyOZdmX 5 AYH$madmX 14 D$dnwS>YmaUdmX 6 ~mUdm{XXodVmdmX 15 eLI$MH$YmaUdmX 7 Ord{V{~~dIS>ZdmX 16 mbmYmaUdmX 8 Am{d^md{Vamo mddmX 17 CnXoe{df`eLH$m- 9 {V{~~dmX {ZamgdmX

47 48

AdVmadmXmdbrVw EVH$Vm Am{^ ^maVmVS>lrJ>bmbnwVH$mb`mXbYm {H$Vw AnyU}{V {VXmm. Z nwZ ``X{â{n A`Vmo bYo{VMVw{de{VJWofw gVXeJWmEd wmnU Ab^V.

EVXw`narjU{df oVw {H$ Am{^ EVXjamdbmoH$Zmj dV`.Ho$db BXod A{^Yr`Vo JdXZmdVmadmH$ d AdVr M EV AmMm dmUrw$Q>mWah`m X{eVbmoH$momaJwUJUm JhZm{n gabm AH$m[a.

gmXm{`H$s n[apW{V emm``Zm`mnZn[aerbZmXm {MamXod gmXm{`H$ {dwVo

gmXm{`H${gmV gdaod m`mo {dV. g{deofVw mU^mJkmZVwCgZm` AmgrV {H$Vw emaXmR>m{Yn{VZm mYdVrW hme oZ geVreVAm{jVo gXm o nwZ Cr{bVBd Xmbgo bmoMZo m` gd}fm. maY VVH$MZ VmH$m{bH$ Agm H$m OmV. VV nydVEd lrmoHw$bZmWMaUVweZ-eZ A`mnZm{XH$m H$m{Vod AmgrV. VVEd M H${Vn dUdEVo m{WVm ^dS>bmX EVXmjonmomaoU Ad ^m` B{V. Am{^Vw""H$m od Cma Z nwZ nofw H$mbmjabonZ dm eVrdmMmo dm Cma'' B{VH$V{gmV ""Xw`d{hV VoOmo ^moVw AWmZ H$nVo'' B`m{XZr{VAZwgaX{^ M Omofod AWm{`. ""`Wm `j VWm ~{b'' B{V `mòZg^mgobZm{^`moJm{XH$m`Vw mVH$mbdmX Z {dVod. Ed em`mH$m` od AmMa{ Am{^ {H${n H$V. gmXm{`H${dXwfmAYr`m`mnZm{XH$ m` gWm Zm gOrH$aU lrgw~mo{YZrWH$Ym{XZgH$VJWmZm AmXeemoYZgnm{XVmZmH$meZ. `N>moYZ BXmZr AnkmZm{n wnmXZ emoYZmXe M A yX^d{V M. ewmVXeZmXrZm A{^Zdga`m A{^ZdJWmZm {ZmnU M.VoZd M `X Ajmo`dXw`H$V` VX AmMm[aV B{V narjmdV gwOZmmU.

dpV bmoHo$ AgV{n gV{d, {H$pM{Xd ~hVa{d M XeZMMbm.VV M V Z gVwQ> A{nVw VX`mOoZ dme`{ddarVwH$m Z gX{n dXw

H$Q>X{^ ""Z EVo da`m H$m Hw$dpV Z M grMrZ, y M ~h ajpVnwVH$mZm, `V Hw$dpV VV gd AoaU d Hw$dpV'' B`m{X ~h OpnVJh m{gH$nofw. Z VVmo{n Am{^ C{Z. Ho$fw Zm CoJ H$V`. VVM V JhrVnadXw`bm^ H$m`{n Z Ano{jV{d maY. nmZnwòZXwoaUboIIo{XV hmamOMaU dH$sÈd h{V ` o g`{n wmnUH$m {Ym {d^V. EH$ Ah nmR>embmVmo AdH$me Xdm {Z`mo{OV. `m MAH$mXod Amkm {ea{g H$dm H$m Vw maY {H$Vw Z AmgrXoH${n nwVH$wmnUemoYZm`. VV M ~bXodpXam`jm lrmaHo$ebmbJmodm{MaUm{V$bn wVH$XmZm` m{W Vm. V AmkmZ wJ h o Xm oVnpS>V^mZweH$a{ wdZgmhm oZ VnwVH$mb`mV gJhrVm{Z ~he nwVH$m{Z.emo`nwVH$m{ZVw AX ~mbH$UnwVH$mbò AmgZ H${VMZ. H${VMZ.lrJ >bmbhm oX`n wVH$mb`mV {^ wdZXmgl o { >damZ wk`mybMJwVhme`gmhmòZ bYm{Z. VV M boIH$` AmWm`dmXmdbrwmnUH$m` ^m`Q>rH$mwmnUH$m` M B{V ` god AmaY.^m`{gyrQ>rH$m` AgwN>r~bênwVH$gJhmX AmZrV Zm^yVV H$Q> Jh od B{V.

H$m {h H$mb AnojVo. ^dVw Zm dam. BV M o lrZmWma`mmA yX, hmamOMaUmZm VXh{n V gh AJ. VV AmJ` M `mb oBbwEOm {VamoJmHw$bo H$m H$Vm A^mdmV gdWd {e{Wb A yX wmnU.H$s {H$`Vm Xdo {V~Yo EH$mgoZ EH$$m m`Vo .

EVmdH$mbn V gK``dWmny{V Z `WmdX OmVo{V hmamOMaUH$m`mb``mb`m{X`` dòd gmoT>. VV gd AZno d Cnmb^npS>VnwZ damH$mobmhb AmaY. VV M pIZ AhmamOMaU A``dWmnH$g{`m EVX mamo Xm. wV MVV H$m H$VEd l H$mb` `` M {dXpV Z nwZ Cnmb^npS>VVm. {H$M dam{Q>H$mm H$mbw{Q>{nM AXdd o em`m H$m H$Vmo AmZ EVmdV IoX`pV qH$ nwZ gK ogJhrVo. VVmo@{n A` Xmm `dWm. Ahmo H$m H$gw gmXm{`H$mZm gmX.BXmZt lrZmWmar` gK M EH$sH$` VX``dWm Ana g{`mXmo{V n`m {H$ B nVo. o {{{XZaod gdgmXm{`H$nwVH$m{Z

49 50

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