Quotation, Citation and Sentence Construction

Language Review

2003/4/15Ref. http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/research/documentation.html

Documenting Sources Quotation & Internal/Parenthetical citat

ion Avoid wordiness; Altering the original text.

Work(s) Cited Citing Electronic Sources; Citing Chinese Sources Others

Quotation Purposes: avoid plagiarism, increase

credibility by giving evidence or support, for close analysis.

Kinds: paraphrase and direct quote (further divided into: separated and integrated)

Things to Consider: avoiding wordiness and over-quoting, punctuation; transition, using ellipses and brackets ([]) for alterations of sources.

Use Internal Citation to avoid wordiness Based on the dissertation, “A

Historical Analysis of Coffee Consumption in Taiwan” written by Fan-ting, the development of coffee can be divided into three major periods: first is from 1930 to 1960, second is form 1960 to 1980 and the third is from 1980 to 1990. (41, 82, 122)

Errors fixed Based on the dissertation “A

Historical Analysis of Coffee Consumption in Taiwan,” Fang-ting writes, the development of coffee can be divided into three major periods: the first is from 1930 to 1960, the second is from 1960 to 1980 and the third is from 1980 to 1990 (41, 82, 122).

Internal Citation The development of coffee in Taiwan

can be divided into three major periods: first, from 1930 to 1960, second, from 1960 to 1980, and third, from 1980 to 1990 (Fan 41, 82, 122).

Internal Citation –avoid wordiness In Wang’s paper she says, “one of sur

realists, Max Ernst, a poet Paul Eluard and his wife once visited him(who?) and invited him to be one of “surrealist movement”…, but he refused them as well as he rejected other invitations from Fauvism, Cubism, and Structurism” (qtd. in 78).

Internal Citation –avoid wordiness According to Wang, “one surrealist, Max Erns

t, a poet Paul Eluard and his wife once visited [Chagall] and invited him to join the surrealist movement…, but he refused them, just as he rejected the other invitations from Fauvism, Cubism, and Structurism” (78).

Separated quotation What does “qtd” mean?

Quotation e.g. altering the original texts. First of all, “[t]he news [i]s subjective,

spoken by a person,” strongly affirmed by Margaret Morse, a Professor of Film and Video at UC Santa Cruz.

First of all, the news, as Margaret Morse points out, “[i]s subjective, spoken by a person” (?).

Inevitably, news broadcast is “subjective, spoken by a person” (Morse ?) –integrated quotation.

Citing Electronic Sources –remember the date of access

Walker, Janice & Todd Taylor. “Basic CGOS Style.” The Columbia Guide to Online Style. Columbia UP, 1998. Oct 26, 1999. <

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx_basic.html>. Flannagan, Roy. "Reflections on Milton and Ariosto.“ Early M

odern Literary Studies 2.3 (1996): 12-45. 16 pars. 22 Feb. 1997 <http://unixg.ubc.ca:7001/0/e-sources/emls/02-3/flanmilt.html>.

Citing Chinese Sources –don’t be afraid of troubles!

Tsai, Wen-fang ( 蔡文芳 ). “ 星巴克人的誕生 - 都市咖啡消費空間的解讀 .” 師大地理研究報告 . 2000, 32: 147-169.

(In Tong-Yong system)Cai, Wen-fang 蔡文芳 . “Sing-ba-ke ren de dan-sheng

( 〈星巴克人的誕生 - 都市咖啡消費空間的解讀〉 [The Birth of the Starbuck-ers: An Interpretation of the Spaces of Urban Coffee Consumption]).” Shih-da di-li za-jhih bau-gau ( 《師大地理研究報告》 ) 32(2000): 147-169.

Work Cited

Flash, Grandmaster. “Grand Master Flash’s Definition of Hip Hop.” DaveyD’s Hip Hop Corner. 19 Dec. 2002. <

http://www.daveyd.com/whatisflash.html>. Forman, Murray. The Hood Comes First. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2002. 23-42. Forman, Murray. The Hood Comes First. Middletown, IL: Wesleyan UP, 2002.

Quotation –increase credibility Afrika Bambaataa, one of the founders of Hip

Hop, defines it not in terms of skin colors, “ Hip Hop means the whole culture of the movement…how you act, walk, look, talk are all part of hip-hop culture. And the music is colorless. Hip Hop music is made from Black, brown, yellow, red, white, whatever music that gives you the grunt, that funk, that groove or that beat… It’s all part of Hip Hop.” (cont’d)

over-quotation & internal citation Grandmaster Flash, . . . , also emphasizes the idea of

emancipating all hip-hoppers from racial discrimination, “ For anybody to say ‘this is not hip hop or ‘that is not hip hop’ is wrong. That’s not the way the formula was laid down. It was for the people who were going to continue this to take anything…by all means necessary and string it along.” Both of the hip-hop forefathers are opposed to those who disdain the whites’ talents and dedications, which convinces us that the color is really not a matter, but only for the people “who were going to continue Hip Hop to take anything” deserve the name “real hip-hoppers”(both quote from DaveyD’s Hip Hop Corner).

Quotation –indent the long quote

Afrika Bambaataa, one of the founders of Hip Hop, defines it not in terms of skin colors:

“Hip Hop means the whole culture of the movement…how you act, walk, look, talk are all part of hip-hop culture. And the music is colorless. Hip Hop music is made from Black, brown, yellow, red, white, whatever music that gives you the grunt, that funk, that groove or that beat… It’s all part of Hip Hop” (par 1).

Quotation –do not quote without your own interpretation

Grandmaster Flash, . . . , is also against setting the racial boundaries: the formula of Hip Hop, instead, “was [and should still be] for the people who were going to continue this to take anything” (Flash par 3) Both of the hip-hop forefathers, therefore, are opposed to those who disdain the whites’ talents and dedications. The name “real hip-hoppers,” in other words, go to those who continue its styles and spirit, blacks and whites and the other colors alike.

Sentence Construction Internalize Basic Sentence Construction

Rules; example SC -- Has to do with where the main is,

and how it is related to the other ideas in the same sentence. example

Conjunction – example “that” Avoid Repetition and Run-On Sentence

examples

S: proper verb form They present the sub-culture of Taiwan

and they usually being looked down by people. Why there are such group of people exists in Taiwan? What makes these Tk? How can they reflect Taiwan’s culture?

S: proper English concise, logical and to the point

They represent a form of Taiwanese sub-culture and they are usually looked down upon by people. (gap) Why are there such a group of people in Taiwan? What makes them TK? How do they reflect Taiwan’s culture?

Forming a kind of Taiwanese sub-culture, TK’s are usually regarded as coarse or vulgar. Instead of just criticizing them, however, we should ask why they come into existence as a group, and what aspects of Taiwanese culture are reflected in them.

S: more than one verb or conjunction Moreover, many foreigners also appear

here often is probably because the theater usually plays many international films or the western style that appeals to them.

(straightening out the main idea) Moreover, many foreigners also appear here often probably because the films shown in the theater, either international films or Western films, appeal to them.

S: more than one verb or conjunction The café which can be seen from

outside is just on the left hand, which called 25℃.

(correction with still errors) The cafe' which can be seen from outside is just on the left hand of(what), called 25 ℃.

The café, visible from the outside and on the left side of the hall, is called 25℃.

Conjunction: that & repetition Moreover, 7-11 always creates new and innov

ative products themselves, and those products become fashion that other convenience stores imitate to do so. For example, 7-11 is the first convenience store that sells 關東煮 (Quanton Cookies) and lunch boxes that always change their menu, and then other stores start to imitate them to do that.

Avoiding repetition Moreover, 7-11 always creates new and innov

ative products, which become fashionable so that the other convenience stores have to produce them as well. For example, 7-11 is the first convenience store that sells 關東煮 (Quanton Cookies) and lunch boxes whose contents are changed all the time. The other stores, on the other hand, can only follow them.

Word Form & conjunction those products become fashion that

other convenience stores imitate to do so. those products become so fashionable that.......

Refining your language Moreover, 7-11 has been a trend-setter i

n fast-food production. For example, 7-11 is the first convenience store that sells 關東煮 (Quanton Cookies) and lunch boxes with a variety of contents. The other stores, on the other hand, can only follow suit.

Run-On S All of them prove to the world that White DJs are

winning their respect by releasing generational DJ classics and concurrently they also help transmitting the Hip Hop culture across the ocean to the Great Britain: encouraged by the successes of the white DJs in the States, more and more British DJs appear, such as DJ Shadow and DJ Food; affected by the flourishing hip-hop magazine market, more U.K. hip-hop periodicals are published, Hip Hop Connection and Big Daddy are both representatives; and another surprise brought by the hip-hop invasion of the U.K. directly reflects the total sales of hip-hop albums there, for U.K. is actually the second-big market worldwide.

Run-On S All of them prove to the world that white DJs are

winning their respect by releasing generational DJ classics and concurrently they also help transmit the Hip Hop culture across the ocean to Great Britain. Being encouraged by the successes of the white DJs in the States, more and more British DJs appear, such as DJ Shadow and DJ Food; being affected by the flourishing hip-hop magazine market, more U.K. hip-hop periodicals are published: Hip Hop Connection and Big Daddy are both representatives, and another surprise

brought by the hip-hop invasion of the U.K. directly reflects the total sales of hip-hop albums there, for U.K. is actually the second-big market worldwide.

All of these white DJs are winning their respect by releasing generations of DJ classics. Also, they help transmit the Hip Hop culture across the ocean to the Great Britain: encouraged by the successes of the white DJs in the States, more and more British DJs appear, such as DJ Shadow and DJ Food, which, in turn, encourage hip-hop magazine market to flourish there, of which Hip Hop Connection and Big Daddy are both representatives. As a whole, in making U.K. the second biggest Hip-Hop market worldwide, these white D.J.s have made their significant contributions.

(They are not the only factor, though.)

Run-On S

For instance, 7-11 cooperates with Taipei City Hall, and the thoughtful services are all kinds of bills (like gas bill, water bills, parking tickets, etc) and adding usable fee of easy cards; it also cooperates with ChungHwa telecom, and people can pay all kinds of fees and conduct some telecom services.

Run-On S

One correction to avoid repetition and the thoughtful services are they

are so considerate that they collect all kinds of bills.…(Isn’t this exaggerated?)

It also cooperates with ChungHwa telecom, and people can pay all kinds. . . which allows people to pay.......

For instance, 7-11 cooperates with Taipei City government to allow the customers to pay many kinds of bills (e.g. gas bill, water bills, parking fees, etc), as well as adding value to Easy cards; it also cooperates with ChungHwa telecom so that their clients can both pay their bills in the stores and make use of the company’s telecom services.

Using different conjunctions

Word Choice Excluding, except, besides, Influence/affect Ever (in question and negative S);

once (positive)