avl opacimeter
DESCRIPTION
opacimetruTRANSCRIPT
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08.04.2010
AVL Opacimeter 439
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2Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL Opacimeter Generations
G001 (1998)G001 (1998) G004 (2003)G004 (2003)
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
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3Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Principle of Opacity Measurement
Full Flow Opacimeter
in - line
end - of - line
filled with dynamic
pressure
filled with pumpQ = const.•
Opacimeter
Opacimeter
Partial Flow Opacimeter
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4Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Measurement Principle
Lamp II00Detector II
T, pT, p
LL
I / I0 = Extinction = Absorption + Scattering
NN = 100 ·(1- e – kk · L)
kk = – · ln(1- )NN
100
1
L
= e – kk · L = (1 – )NN
100
I
I0
I0 ...... Light intensity without smoke
I ....... Light intensity with smoke
N ...... Opacity (%)
k ....... Absorption coefficient (m-1)
L ....... Measuring length (m)
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5Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL Opacimeter 439 G004
Partial Flow Opacimeter
� For test cell, chassis dynamometer
and on-board testing
� High sensitivity
� High time response
� Legal test runs according to
ECE-R 24
HD EURO 3/4 ELR test
ISO 8178
SAE J 1667
� Exhaust probe conditioning
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6Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Technical Specification
Measurement value resolution :Measurement value resolution : 0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m--11
ZeroZero--level stability:level stability: 0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m--11 / 30 min/ 30 min
Signal rise time:Signal rise time: 0.1 s (at flow rate 40 0.1 s (at flow rate 40 LpmLpm))
Sampling rate for opacity signal:Sampling rate for opacity signal: 50 Hz50 Hz
Electronic measurement value filterElectronic measurement value filter
Moving averageMoving average 0.02 ... 10 s0.02 ... 10 s
Bessel filter of 2nd orderBessel filter of 2nd order 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 1.0, 1.077, 1.5, 2 s0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 1.0, 1.077, 1.5, 2 s
1st order low pass1st order low pass 0.02 ... 10 s0.02 ... 10 s
Not filteredNot filtered
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7Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Design Features
� Optical Length 430 mm
→ optimised sensitivity
� Diaphragm Sampling Pump
→ constant flow rate
→ constant filling of the measurement chamber
→ high accuracy
� Sample Conditioning
→ standard temperature 100°C
→ adjustable from 70 ... 120°C
→ signal stability
→ temperature protection
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8Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Measurement Chamber
ProbeProbeININ
ProbeProbeOUTOUT
ProbeProbeOUTOUT
ConditioningConditioning100100°°CC
Thermostatically Thermostatically controlled heatercontrolled heater
Orifice
Heated window
element
Light
detector
Light
source
OrificeFrame
Measurement
chamber
Calibration
cartridgeHeated window
element
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9Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Zero-Level Stability
0
-0.02
-0.01
0.01
0.02
0 300 600
-0.86
-0.43
0
0.43
0.86
sigma = 0.001 m-1
k [
m-1
]
N [
%]
Time (s)
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10Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Signal Rise Time
0
50
100
-50 50 150 250
Sig
na
l –
[%]
Time [ms]
90%
10% T10
T90
100 ms
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AVL 439 for Engine Homologation
according to ECE-R24
physical response time ≤ 0.4 selectrical signal rise time 0.9 ... 1.1 s
electronic filter time 1.1 s
resolution N = 1%, k = 0.02 m-1
according to EURO 3 ELR
physical response time ≤ 0.2 s
electrical signal rise time ≤ 0.05 s
electronic filter time 1 s Bessel filter
resolution N = 1%, k = 0.02 m-1
Time – s
C1 C2 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6Ab
so
rpti
on
co
eff
icie
nt
k –
[m
-1]
∆k
XM
Sp
eed
100 %
cycle 1
EURO 3 ELR Test
cycle 2 cycle 3 cycle 4
selectedpoint
C
B
A
Lo
ad
10 %
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12Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Functional Diagram
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13Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
439 Opacimeter High Pressure Option
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14Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 for Engine Homologation
Check with Certified Calibration Filters
according to
ECE-R24
� with 50% calibration filter
� limit of agreement is +/- 1%
EURO 3/4 ELR
ISO 8178-9
ISO 11614
SAE J 1667
� with 10%, 20% and 40% filters
� limit of agreement is +/- 2%
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15Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Test Cell Installation
Exhaust line
Tube 10 x 1
Welding piece
200Exhaust
Probe
Backflow
Engine
Silencer
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AVL 439 Dimensions
650 mm
420 m
m
450 mm
Dimensions
650 × 420 × 450 mm (W × H × D)
Weight
approx. 47 kg
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17Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
European Load Response (ELR) Test
Sp
eed
100 %
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4
Selectedpoint
C
B
A
Lo
ad
10 %
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18Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 for ELR Test Application
Time [s]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
Op
ac
ity
[%]
Sp
ee
d[r
pm
]T
orq
ue
[Nm
]
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19Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 for Transient Engine Development
Time [s]
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
Op
ac
ity
[%]
Sp
ee
d [
rpm
]T
orq
ue
[N
m]
0 200016001200800400
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20Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Load Response
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Lo
ad
[Nm
]
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Alp
ha
[%
]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time [s]
Op
ac
ity
[%]
625 ml/30s594 ml/30s625 ml/30s - 30%Alpha
� Nozzle variation (injection rate/time)
� Heavy-duty 6-cylinder engine, vH=7 l
� n = 1200 rpm
� Limitation of max. opacity N = 30%
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21Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 in NEDC Test: Start Phase
Comparison Opacity , Euro-Super, NEDC -7°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time [s]
Opacity after Catalyst - NEDC
Op
acity [%
]
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1,8 l GDI, EURO 22,0 l MPFI, EURO 3Speed
Spe
ed
[km
/h]
Opacity scale 0-100%
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22Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Comparison Opacity , Euro-Super, NEDC -7°C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time [s]
Opacity after Catalyst - NEDC
Op
acity [
%]
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
1,8 l GDI, EURO 22,0 l MPFI, EURO 3Speed
Sp
ee
d [
km
/h]
AVL 439 in NEDC Test: Running-In Phase
Opacity scale 0-10%
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23Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
AVL 439 Data Handling
Opacity raw value
analogue + RS 232
ECE-R24
cycle aid and display
EURO III ELR
cycle pre-programmed
BESSEL filter
SLIDING AVERAGE
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24Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Opacity / Soot / Particulates
FS
N
Op
acit
y
SO42-
C
HC
AshF
ilte
r G
ravim
etr
y
Black CarbonBlack Carbon
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Carbon particulates [mg/m3]
Op
acit
y [
%]
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Total particulates [mg/m3]
Op
acit
y [
%]
Opacity can often be correlated to:
but:but:
not tonot to
ParticulatesParticulates
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25Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Opacity vs. Black Soot (FSN)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
Filter Smoke Number (FSN)
Op
acity
(%)
2.5 l, TDI, CR
2.4 l, IDI
4l, TDI
12 l, TDI, CR
8 l, TDI
4,2 l, DI
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26Originator, location of data storage, date of creation
Example of Sensitivity and Zero Stability
0.00
0.05
0.10
0 10 20 30
Time – minutes
FSN = 0.20 0.120.37 0.13
Opacity Values at Low Soot Emission
k (
m)
-1