1

Avj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdK&wnq¨vn

(Bmjvgx wdK&n wek¦‡Kvl)

Bmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBb Z…Zxq LÊ

evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›Uvi

Avj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdK&wnq¨vn (Bmjvgx wdK&n wek¦‡Kvl) Bmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBb Z…Zxq LÊ

we AvB Gj Avi Gj G wm-20

ISBN : 978-984-91686-6-9

cÖ_g cÖKvk : A‡±vei, 2017

MÖš’ Z¡ : evsjv‡ k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM vj GBW †m›Uvi

cÖKvkK evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›Uvi-Gi c‡¶ GW‡fv‡KU †gvnv¤§` bRi“j Bmjvg 55/we, cyivbv cëb, †bvqvLvjx UvIqvi my U-13/we, wjd&U-12, XvKv-1000 †dvb : 02-9576762 †gvevBj : 01761-855357 e-mail: islamiclaw_bd@yahoo.com www.ilrcbd.org

K‡¤úvR jÕ wimvP© Kw¤úDUvm©

gy ªY gviRvb wcÖw›Us †cÖm

`vg : 650 UvKv US $ 25

Islamer Bebsay o Banijjo Aeen [vol-3] (Al-Mawsuatul Fiqhiyah), Published by Advocate Muhammad Nazrul Islam, General Secretary on behalf of Bangladesh Islamic Law Research and Legal Aid Centre, 55/B Purana Paltan, Noakhali Tower, Suite-13/B, Lift-12, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Printed at Marzan Printing Press, Maghbazar, Dhaka, Price Tk. 650 US $ 25

2

Dc‡`óv cwil` * kvn Ave`yj nvbœvb * Gg Avhxhyj nK * W. wgqv gynv¤§` AvBDe * †gv: nvweeyi ingvb

c„ô‡cvlK gÊjx * Aviv¯—y Lvb * G †K Gg byi“j dRj eyjeyj * Avjnv¾ Avãym mvgv` jvey

m¤úv`bv cwil`

gy. dix` DÏxb Avngv` mfvcwZ

gvIjvbv gynv¤§` hyev‡qi m`m¨

W. gynv¤§` Avãyi ikx` m`m¨

Devq`yi ingvb Lvb b`fx m`m¨

gynv¤§` kvgmy‡Ïvnv m`m¨

W. gynv¤§` i“ûj Avwgb m`m¨

gydZx gywnDÏxb Kv‡mgx m`m¨

knx`yj Bmjvg m`m¨ mwPe

Bmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBb Z…Zxq LÊ

Abyev` K‡i‡Qb huviv-

gynv¤§` hyev‡qi gynvwÏm, †jLK, Abyev`K

knx`yj Bmjvg M‡elK, m¤úv`K, Abyev`K

gynxDÏxb Kv‡mgx gydZx, M‡elK, MÖš’Kvi

KvRx gynv¤§` nvwbd gydZx, M‡elK, Abyev`K

gynv¤§` nvexeyi ingvb M‡elK, Abyev`K

bvwR` mvjgvb gynvwÏm, Abyev`K

gynv¤§v` mvAv` nvmvb gydZx, Abyev`K

gynv¤§` kidzÏxb †jLK, Abyev`K

Dgi dvi“K gynvwÏm, Abyev`K

Avãyj­vn Bw`ªm gynvwÏm, Abyev`K

Kwei †nvmvBb wk¶K, Abyev`K

3

بسم اهللا الرحمن الرحيم

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بسم اهللا الرحمن الرحيمgyLeÜ

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Bmjvgx AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q, GwU ˆbwZKZv wfwËK AvBb (Law Based on Moral Values)| MYgvby‡li g‡a¨ ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ n‡j Zviv AvBb gvbvi R‡b¨ cÖ ‘Z _v‡K| d‡j AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM mnR nq| ¯cÖe„Ë n‡q gvbyl AvBb cvjb K‡i Ges Ab¨‡KI AvBb gvb‡Z D¾xweZ K‡i| AvBbf‡½i cÖeYZv wbæZg gvÎvq P‡j Av‡m|

4

B`vwbs evsjv‡`‡k c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gZ Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î bZzb bZzb gvÎv †hvM n‡q‡Q| Aciva e„w×i Ab¨Zg KviY ˆbwZK Ae¶q I Gi we¯—vi| ˆbwZK Ae¶‡qi Kvi‡Y bvix I wkï wbh©vZ‡bi fqsKi iƒc cÖwZfvZ n‡”Q| Aciva e„w×i Kvi‡Y evo‡Q gvgjv, evo‡Q wePvicÖv_x©i msL¨v| wePv‡ii `xN©m~ÎZv Ges cÖwZw`b bZzb bZzb gvgjv m„wó nIqvi Kvi‡Y gvgjvi RU µgk †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| Aciw`‡K wePvi m¤ú‡K© †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q bvbv ai‡bi mskq I nZvkv| †RjLvbvq K‡q`x I nvRZx‡`i msL¨v eZ©gv‡b aviY ¶gZvi evB‡i| †mLv‡b Zv‡`i _vKv LvIqvi e¨e¯’v Ach©vß| DcwiD³ hveZxq mgm¨v wbimbK‡í Avgiv g‡b Kwi, Bmjvgx wePvie¨e¯’v Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv wek¦vm Kwi, Avj­vni wKZve Ges ivm~jyj­vn m.-Gi mybœvn-Gi Av‡jv‡K kvmK, wePviK, AvBbRxex, ev`x, weev`x I mv¶xmn me© —‡ii bvMwiK‡`i gvbwmK I ˆbwZKe„wˇK D¾xweZ I kw³kvjx Kivi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g DcwiD³ cvnvomg mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e|

Avj­vni weavb mKj gymwj‡gi Rb¨ Aek¨ cvjbxq| ag©-eY©, RvwZ-†Mvwô wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gvby‡li AwaKvi i¶v Kiv mKj gymwj‡gi KZ©e¨| Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© †`‡ki RbMY‡K AewnZ Kiv Ges Bmjvgx AvBb I wePv‡ii Av‡jv‡K RbM‡Yi b¨vq I mywePvi cvIqvi AwaKvi mnRZi Kivi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ wb‡q 1995 mv‡j Ôevsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›UviÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| ms¯’vi Kg©m~wPi Ab¨Zg Ask n‡”Q, Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvie¨e¯’vi Dc‡hvwMZv I mvgwóK Kj¨vY wb‡q M‡elYv I cÖKvkbv| ms¯’v ÔBmjvgx AvBb I wePviÕ bv‡g GKwU ˆÎgvwmK M‡elYv cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡i Avm‡Q| †mB mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jK AvBbwelqK cy —K cÖKv‡ki KvRI Ki‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ G ms¯’v Bmjvgx AvBb msµvš— cÖvq KzwowU cy —K cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|

45 L‡Ê mgvß ÔAvj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdKwnq¨vnÕ GKwU wekvj Kg©| GwUB m¤¢eZ we‡k¦i me©v‡c¶v mg„× wdKnx cÖKvkbv| Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© GB wekvj mvMi †_‡K ÒBmjv‡gi cvwievwiK AvBbÓ kxl©K 2wU LÊ cÖKvk K‡iwQ| G¸‡jv †ev×v gn‡j e¨vcK mvov RvMv‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| Avj-gvIm~ÔAvZzj wdKwnq¨vn-cÖK‡íi wØZxq c`‡¶c ÒBmjv‡gi e¨emvq I evwYR¨ AvBbÓ 1g I 2q LÊ B‡Zvg‡a¨ e¨vswKs I GKv‡WwgK †m±‡i e¨vcKfv‡e Av`„Z n‡q‡Q| GB wmwi‡Ri Z…Zxq L‡Êi KvR mgvß Ki‡Z

cvivq gnvb Avj­vn ZvAvjvi ïKwiqv Av`vq KiwQ| GwU‡Z 29wU fyw³ Aš—fy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjvfvlvq `vwjwjK cÖgvYmn Bmjvgx AvBb welqK cÖKvkbv AcÖZzj| †h¸‡jv Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi AwaKvskB wdK&‡ni cvV¨ MÖš’vw`i Abyev`| †m¸‡jv mvaviY cvV‡Ki Rb¨ mnR‡eva¨I bq| G cy —KwU‡Z Aš—fy©³ e¨emvq I evwYR¨ m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU wel‡qi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Ges cÖwm× gvhnve¸‡jvi e³e¨ `wjj-cÖgvYmn Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j m¤§vwbZ cvVKMY GLv‡b me gvhnv‡ei fvl¨ GKmv‡_ cv‡eb|

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I †WcywU Gw·wKDwUf wW‡i±i evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK jÕ wimvP© GÛ wjM¨vj GBW †m›Uvi

5

m~wPcÎ

بكس : DcvR©b : Earning

cwiwPwZ...................................................................................................... 37 Kvmvey (الكسب)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.....................................37 mswk­ó cwifvlv............................................................................................37

K. فةالحر : †ckv, e¨ —Ëv, Kg©..............................................................37 L. حبالر : jvf, gybvdv, DcKvwiZv .....................................................37 M. ىالغن : m”QjZv, abvX¨Zv............................................................... 38

kiqx weavb..................................................................................................38 DcvR©‡bi Av`emg~n...................................................................................39 DcvR©b Kiv Ges Bev`‡Z GKvš— wbgMœZvi gv‡S Zzjbv.......................... 40 `vwi`ª I m”QjZvi gv‡S Zzjbv................................................................ 41 wiwhK DcvR©b Kiv Ges ZvIqv°zj Kivi gv‡S mgšq weavb.................. 42 DcvR©‡bi cÖKvi‡f` ..................................................................................43 DcvR©‡bi wewfbœ cš’vi gv‡S Zzjbv ...........................................................44 DcvR©b¶g e¨w³i wf¶v Kiv......................................................................46 DcvR©‡b A¶g wbKUvZ¥x‡qi LiP...............................................................48 †`Dwjqv nIqv e¨w³‡K DcvR©‡b eva¨ Kiv................................................49 AcÖvßeq¯‹‡K DcvR©‡bi `vwqZ¡ †`Iqv.......................................................50 gmwR‡` DcvR©b Kiv...................................................................................51 g›` DcvR©b Ges Gi cwiYvg.................................................................... 53

اباكتس : Avq-†ivRMvi : Income cwiwPwZ...................................................................................................... 57 BKwZmve (اباالكتس)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© ..........................57 mswk­ó cwifvlv ..........................................................................................57

K. بالكس : DcvR©b, †ivRMvi Kiv..................................................... 57 L. افتراالح : †ckvMÖnY ev لمالع : kªg`vb........................................... 57

kiqx weavb ................................................................................................58

Kv‡K DcvR©‡bi `vwqZ¡ †`qv hvq bv.......................................................... 59 DcvR©‡bi wKQy cš’v ....................................................................................59

أجري : kÖwgK, PvKywiRxex : Employee, Worker cwiwPwZ........................................................................................................61 AvRxi (األجري)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.................................... 61

K. أجرياصخ : e¨w³MZ ev wbw`©ó kÖwgK..........................................61 L. كرتشم أجري : †hŠ_ ev Awbw`©ó kÖwgK ...........................................61

AvRxi-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavb ..............................................................61 Av‡jvPbvi ¯’vb .......................................................................................... 62

AvgvbZ : Trust : أمانةcwiwPwZ........................................................................................................63

AvgvbZ (األ◌مانة )-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© .... ..........................63 AvgvbZ m¤úwK©Z msw¶ß weavb ..... ..........................................................64 Av‡jvPbvi †¶Îmg~n.... ............................................................................. 69

wewbgq, cvwikÖwgK : Fee, Charge : أجر

cwiwPwZ....................................................................................................... 71 AvRi (راألج)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©........................................71 AvRi m¤úwK©Z weavb..................................................................................71 Av‡jvPbvi †¶Î...........................................................................................72

gRywi, fvov, †eZb : Rent, Wage, Salary : أجرةcwiwPwZ........................................................................................................73 DRivZ (ةراألج)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©...................................73 DRivZ-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewa weavb.......................................................73 Av‡jvPbvi †¶Î .........................................................................................74

†Z‡iv †PŠÏ

6

جعالة : gRywi, cvwikÖwgK Wage Contract, Commission cwiwPwZ........................................................................................................75 wRAvjv (جعالة ا ل )-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©..................................75 mswk­ó cwifvlv ..........................................................................................75 wRAvjvi weavb Ges Zv ˆea nIqvi cÖgvY................................................ 76 mybœvni `wjj..............................................................................................76 wRAvjvi i“Kb [g~j ¯—¤¢] ............................................................................78 wRAvjvi kãi~c .........................................................................................78 wbw`©ó Kg©xi Pzw³ f½ Kiv ..........................................................................80 KvR mgvß nIqvi c~‡e© wRAvjv-Pzw³ wK Avewk¨K? .................................80 Pzw³ m¤úv`bKvix `yB e¨w³ ev c¶ ...........................................................81 wRAvjv cÖ v‡b A½xKvive× e¨w³i †¶‡Î kZ©vewj ...................................81 Kgx©i †¶‡Î kZ©vewj ..................................................................................81 wRAvjv Pzw³‡Z ’jvwfwl³ wbhy³ Kiv ......................................................82 Pzw³i †¶Î Ges kZ©vewj ...........................................................................83 Kv‡R kªg I Kó _vKv ................................................................................85 KvRwU ˆea n‡jI Zv Kg©xi Rb¨ IqvwRe bv nIqv ...................................85 Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mgq wba©viY Kiv.....................................................................86 Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ A½xKvi`vZvi Kj¨vY wbwnZ _vK‡Z n‡e .............................87 wRAvjvi wewbgq Ges Gi kZ©vewj ...........................................................88 ÁvZ nIqv...................................................................................................88 †hme †¶‡Î wewbgq ÁvZ nIqv kZ© bq ...................................................89 wewbgq nvjvj Ges n¯—vš—i‡hvM¨ nIqv .....................................................90 KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi c~‡e© wewbgq †`Iqv .....................................................90 wRAvjv Pzw³i cÖwZwµqv I djvdj ...........................................................91 KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi ci Pzw³ Avewk¨K n‡q hvq..........................................91 wewbgq`vZvi m¤úwˇZ Kg©xi `L‡ji ˆewkó¨ ...........................................91 Kg©xi `L‡j _vKv Ae ’vq m¤ú‡`i wcQ‡b LiP ........................................92 LiPcÖvwßi Rb¨ A½xKvi`vZvi m¤ú` AvU‡K ivLv ...................................94 wewbg‡qi AwaKvix nIqv Ges Gi kZ©vewj ..............................................94 cvwi‡Zvwl‡Ki wewbg‡q K…Z Kv‡R AbygwZ cÖ vb.......................................94 gRywi e¨ZxZ Kv‡Ri AbygwZ †`Iqv ..........................................................95

Kv‡Ri AbygwZ †kvbv Ges G e¨vcv‡i AeMZ _vKv...................................96 AbygwZ I wewbgq wbw`©ó e¨w³i Rb¨ eivÏ Kiv .......................................97 AbygwZ Ges wewbgq wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi mv‡_ wba©viY Kiv............................... 97 nviv‡bv m¤ú‡`i c_wb‡`©kbv Ges †m m¤ú‡K© msev` †`Iqv................... 99 KvR mgvß Kiv Ges wewbgq`vZvi Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i Kiv............................ 100 A½xKvi`vZvi Kv‡Q n —vš—‡i A¶g n‡j................................................. 102 Kg©xi Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv †bIqv Ges wewbgqcÖvwßi †¶‡Î Gi cÖfve...... 103 dyRyjx Ges cÖwZwbwai mv‡_ Pzw³i †¶‡Î cÖv‡c¨i AwaKvix nIqv.......... 106 †NvlYvKvix KZ…©K gRywi e„w× ev n«vm wKsev............................................ 108 cwieZ©b Kiv Ges G msµvš— welq........................................................ 108 †NvlYvKvixi c¶ †_‡K KvR evwo‡q ev Kwg‡q †`Iqv ..........................109 wba©vwiZ wewbgq bó n‡q †M‡j kÖwgK Kx cv‡e....................................... 109 cÖvc¨/wewbgq Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Pzw³e× wRwbm AvU‡K ivLv........................ 110 kZ© K‡i ev kixq‡Zi „wó‡Z cÖvc¨ wewbg‡qi cwigvY........................... 110 wRAvjv webó n‡j Kg©x Kx cv‡e? ............................................................112 Pzw³ m¤úv`bKvix c¶Ø‡qi gZv‰bK¨ I weev`...................................... 113

K. Kv‡Ri AbygwZ m¤ú‡K© †kvbv ev Rvbv...................................... 113 L. Pzw³‡Z gRywii kZ© Kiv ............................................................. 113 M. kÖwg‡Ki c¶ n‡Z KvR msNwUZ nIqv ...................................... 113 N. gRywii cwigvY, cÖKvi I ¸Yvewj .............................................. 114 O. Pzw³‡Z kZ©K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvY wb‡q gZv‰bK¨........................... 115 P. Kv‡Ri cÖKvi Ges cÖZ¨vewZ©Z e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© gZ‰bK¨................... 115

Kg©x Ges Zvi mn‡hvMxi gZwe‡iva......................................................... 116 wRAvjv-Pzw³ †f‡O hvIqv......................................................................... 116

cÖ_g : evwZj Kiv Ges Gi KviYmg~n............................................. 116 wØZxq : wRAvjv iwnZ nIqv Ges Gi KviYmg~n............................ 117 Z…Zxq : wRAvjv-Pzw³ iwnZ Kivi ci D™¢‚Z djvdj....................... 118

KvR ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© ................................................................................ 118 KvR ïi“ Kivi c‡i................................................................................. 118 cjvZK †Mvjvg AvRv` Kivi gva¨‡g Pzw³ iwnZ Kivi dj ...................120 wRAvjv Pzw³ iwnZ nIqvi cwiYwZ...........................................................120 wRAvjv Pzw³ iwnZ Kivi ci Kg©xi Kv‡Ri weavb ..................................122

c‡b‡iv †lvj

7

حرب : jvf : Profit cwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................123 wieûb (ح ر ب )-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© ....................................123 mswk­ó kãvewj......................................................................................... 123 النماء : cÖe„w× ........................................................................................... 123

الغلة : dmj/km¨ ..................................................................................... 124 wieûb-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z msw¶ß weavb..................................................124 gy vivevi jvf ..........................................................................................127 †Kv¤úvwb ev Askx`vwi e¨emvq jvf........................................................ 128 e¨emvq AwR©Z gybvdvq hvKvZ ................................................................129

gybvdv, Dc‡hvM : Usufruct : منفعةcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................131 gybvdv (ةفعنم )-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©................................... 131 mswk­ó kãvewj..........................................................................................131

K. الغلة (Avj-Mvj­vn) : dj, dmj...................................................131 L. نيالع (Avj-AvBb) : e ‘.................................................................132 M. تفاعاالن (Avj-BbwZdv) : DcK…Z nIqv.........................................132

gybvdv m¤ú` nIqv.................................................................................. 132 gybvdv m¤ú` nIqvi e¨vcv‡i gZ‡f‡`i Kvi‡Y m„ó cÖfvemg~n............. 133

K. gybvdvi ¶wZc~iY........................................................................ 133 L. gybvdv‡K gni wba©viY Kiv ........................................................ 134 M. ïdvi m¤ú‡`i wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î gybvdv Øviv ïdv mve¨¯— nIqv..135 N. gybvdvi DËivwaKvi..................................................................... 136

gybvdvi Ici wfwË K‡i msNwUZ Pzw³mg~n............................................. 137 av‡ii g‡a¨ gybvdv kZ© Kivi weavb.........................................................137 gybvdv eÜK ivLv..................................................................................... 138 gybvdv eÈb ..............................................................................................139 gybvdvi gvwjKvbv..................................................................................... 139 gybvdvi gvwjKvbv iwnZKiY Ges ¶wZc~iY MÖnY.................................. 139

gybvdvi gvwjKvbv †kl nIqv ...................................................................139 gybvdv m¤úwK©Z AwmqZ.......................................................................... 140 gybvdv IqvKd Kiv ..................................................................................140 gybvdv wbw`©ó Kiv .....................................................................................140 Rb¯v_© iwnZ Kiv ....................................................................................141 gvbe-A‡½i gybvdv aŸsm Kiv .................................................................141 gybvdvi g~jbxwZ t Aby‡gv`b ...................................................................142

Rwigvbv : Penalty : غراماتcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................145 MvivgvZ (غرامات)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©..............................145 mswk­ó cwifvlv..........................................................................................145 Avj-MvivgvZ m¤úwK©Z weavb...................................................................146 Rwigvbv Avewk¨K nIqvi KviY...............................................................146 gv‡ji †¶‡Î ¶wZc~i‡Yi KviY mg~n.......................................................146 n¯—‡¶c......................................................................................................146 Awbivc` n¯—‡¶c.....................................................................................146 AvgvbZ wfwËK n¯—‡¶c...........................................................................147 j¾v ’v‡b mxgv j½‡bi weavb..................................................................148 cÖwZeÜKZv m„wói `i“b ¶wZc~iY............................................................148 Rxeb Ges kixi m¤úwKZ© mxgvj½b........................................................148

ررض : ¶wZ, AcKvi : Harm cwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................149 `vivi (رر ا لض )-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©....................................149 mswk­ó cwifvlv........................................................................................ 149

K. الفاإلت (Avj-BZjvd) : aŸsm mvab....................................... 149

L. اءتداالع (Avj-BwZ`v) : mxgvj•Nb.......................................... 150

`vivi رالضر -Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb ..........................................150 ¶wZi (ررالض) weavb msewjZ wdKnx g~jbxwZ .........................................151

m‡Z‡iv AvVv‡iv

8

wZ `~ixf‚Z Kiv n‡e...........................................................151¶ : الضرر يزالGB g~jbxwZi mv‡_ mswk­ó Ab¨vb¨ g~jbxwZ..............................................151 Awmq¨‡Zi gva¨‡g ¶wZ Kiv ...................................................................156 ivRAvZ [Zvjv‡Ki ci ¿x‡K wdwi‡q Avbv]-Gi gva¨‡g ¶wZ Kiv ........157 `ya cvb Kiv‡bvi †¶‡Î ¶wZmvab.......................................................... 158 µqweµ‡qi †¶‡Î ¶wZmvab.................................................................. 158 eva¨Zvg~jK KiYxq cwiZ¨vM K‡i ¶wZ cÖwZnZ Kiv ................................165 ¶wZ `~i Kivi Avek¨KZv.........................................................................165 ¶wZ cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z wewa wb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv .........................................166 fiY‡cvlY bv Kivi ¶wZi `i“b we‡”Q` ................................................167

لفت : webvk, ¶q¶wZ : Damage cwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................169 Zvjvd (لفت)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.....................................169 Zvjvd-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavb ............................................................169 ¶wZi KviYmg~n.......................................................................................169 cÖ_g : Bev`‡Z aŸs‡mi cÖfve .................................................................170

K. hvKv‡Zi gvj webvk nIqv ......................................................170 L. m`Kv‡q wdZi IqvwRe nIqvi ci webvk...............................173 M. Kzievbxi cï webvk ................................................................174 N. nv`xi (يداله) webvk .................................................................175

wØZxq : wewbgqPzw³‡Z webvk ..................................................................178 Kâvi c~‡e© mg¯— weµxZ e¯—yi webvk ......................................................178 Kâvi c~‡e© wKQz c‡Y¨i webvk...................................................................181 we‡µZvi n —‡¶‡c Kâvi c~‡e© wKQz c‡Y¨i webvk ................................183 †µZvi n —‡¶‡c AvswkK cY¨ webvk.......................................................184 wbtm¤úK© (بيناألج) e¨w³i Kv‡Ri Kvi‡Y AvswkK c‡Y¨i webvk..............185 Kâvi ci AvswkK c‡Y¨i webvk..............................................................186 c‡Y¨i AwZwi³ As‡ki webvk..................................................................187 fvov e¯—y‡Z webvk.....................................................................................187 Z…Zxq : Pzw³e× AvgvbZ Ges G RvZxq e¯—yi webvk...............................190

PZz_© : K…wl Drcvw`Z eM©v Ges †mPDrcvw`Z eM©v dm‡ji webvk..........194 cÂg : Rei`Lj ev wQbZvBK…Z e¯—yi webvk...........................................194 weavbMZ webvk.........................................................................................195 lô : Kzwo‡q cvIqv e¯—yi webvk................................................................195 mßg : †gvnivbv webvk............................................................................. 196

K. wba©vwiZ †gvnivbv ¯vgxi n —MZ _vKve ’vq gvivZ¥K ¶wZMÖ — nIqv...196 L. †gvnivbv ¯vgxi nv‡Z Ges Zv‡Z mvgvb¨ ÎywU nIqv ...............197 M. ¿xi nv‡Z †gvnivbvi ¸i“Zi ΓywU.............................................197 N. ¿xi nv‡Z †gvnivbvi mvgvb¨ ΓwU.............................................198

ivóª‡`ªvnxiv wKQy webvk Ki‡j....................................................................200

aŸsm Kiv : To Destroy : إتالفcwiwPwZ ....................................................................................................203

BZjvd (إتالف )-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© .............................. 203 mswk­ó kãmg~n ....................................................................................... 203

K. الكاإله (Avj-BnjvK) : aŸsm Kiv.......................................... 203

L. لفالت (AvZ-Zvjvd) : aŸsm nIqv.............................................204 M. يدعالت (AvZ-ZvAvÏx) : mxgvjsNb.......................................... 204 N. اداإلفس (Avj-Bdmv`) : bó Kiv, aŸsm Kiv, A‡K‡Rv Kiv.... 204 O. ةايالجن (Avj-wRbvqv) : Aciva................................................. 204 P. ارراإلض (Avj-B`ivi) : ¶wZmvab.............................................205 Q. بصالغ (Avj-Mvme) : AcniY, wQbZvB, WvKvwZ.....................205

BZjv‡di mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb ....................................................205 BZjv‡di (aŸs‡mi) cÖKvi‡f` ...............................................................205 ˆea BZjvd Ges A‰ea BZjvd ...........................................................206

cÖ_g : me©m¤§wZµ‡g ˆea BZjvd ..................................................206 wØZxq : †h ea BZjv‡di ¶wZc~iY mve¨ — nIqvi †¶‡Î gZv‰bK Av‡Q......209 Z…Zxq : weZwK©Z BZjvd .................................................................211 PZz_© : A‰ea BZjvd hv Avj­vni AwaKvi¯iƒc ¶wZc~iY Avek¨K K‡i...213

aŸsm¯’j .................................................................................................. 217 BZjv‡di aibmg~n .................................................................................218

Dwbk Kzwo

9

†Kv‡bv gva¨g Aej¤b K‡i aŸsm Kiv ....................................................219 PZz®ú` Rš—y †h me e¯—y aŸsm K‡i †m¸‡jvi weavb ................................220 aŸsmcÖvß e¯—yi ¶wZc~iY Avek¨K nIqvi kZ©mg~n ................................222 BZjv‡di Kvi‡Y Avek¨K Rwigvbv Kivi c×wZ.....................................224 BZjv‡d Rei`w¯— Kiv Ges hvi Ici ¶wZc~iY eZ©v‡e Zvi eY©bv........225 Kâv cÖgvwYZ nIqvi †¶‡Î Ges wewbgq iwnZ nIqvi †¶‡Î BZjv‡di cÖfve....226 BZjv‡di Øviv gvwjKvbv cÖZ¨veZ©b.........................................................227 msµgYRwbZ BZjv‡di weavb ...............................................................228 msNv‡Zi djkÖ“wZ‡Z BZjvd.................................................................. 229 RvnvR †ndvR‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ ’vbvš—i‡hvM¨ wKQy cY¨ bó Kivi weavb......230 gR`yi Ges fvov‡Ui wb‡Ri `L‡j _vKv e¯—y aŸs‡mi weavb....................231 jywÉZ I AcüZ e —y BZjv‡di weavb ....................................................232

AbygwZ : Permission : إذنcwiwPwZ ....................................................................................................235 Bh&b (اإلذن)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© ......................................235 mswk­ó cwifvlv ........................................................................................235

K. ةاحاإلب : ˆeaKiY, ˆeaZv †`Iqv..................................................235 L. ةازاإلج : BRvRZ, AbygwZ.............................................................236 M. راألم : Av‡`k Kiv, wb‡`©k cÖ vb.................................................236

AbygwZi cÖKvi‡f`...................................................................................236 K. Aby‡gv`bcÖvß e¨w³i we‡ePbvq AbygwZ .....................................237 L. KvR, mgq ev ¯’v‡bi we‡ePbvq AbygwZ cÖ vb.............................237

Kvi AbygwZ cÖ v‡bi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q? ....................................................239 kixqZcÖ‡YZvi AbygwZ........................................................................... 239 gvwj‡Ki AbygwZ `vb ..............................................................................242

K. n —‡¶‡ci AbygwZ †`qv .............................................................243 L. A‡b¨i gvwjKvbvq m¤ú` n¯—vš—‡ii AbygwZ ...............................243 M. e¨envi I e¨q K‡i †kl Kivi AbygwZ ......................................243 N. jvfevb nIqv I DcKvi MÖn‡Yi AbygwZ ...................................243

¯Z¡vwaKvix ev gvwj‡Ki AbygwZ `vb .......................................................244

wePvi‡Ki AbygwZ.................................................................................... 246 Awffve‡Ki AbygwZ ................................................................................247 IqvK‡di `vwqZ¡ev‡bi AbygwZ ...............................................................248 AbygwZcÖv‡ßi c¶ †_‡K AbygwZ ............................................................249 AbygwZi †¶‡Î ci¯úi we‡ivwaZv ..........................................................250 Kx Øviv AbygwZ †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K? ......................................................251 AbygwZ wbivc` cwiYwZi mv‡_ kZ©hy³ nIqv ........................................253 cÖ_gZ : †h AbygwZ wbivc` cwiYwZi kZ©hy³ bq .................................254 K. kixq‡Zi Avek¨Kxq nKmg~n...............................................254 L. Pzw³i gva¨‡g Avek¨Kxq wewfbœ nK......................................255 wØZxq : †hme welq wbivc` _vKv kZ© ....................................................256 N‡i cÖ‡e‡ki †¶‡Î AbygwZi cÖfve ........................................................258 Pzw³‡Z AbygwZi cÖfve ............................................................................260 e¨q I LiP Kivi †¶‡Î AbygwZi cÖfve ................................................262 Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î AbygwZi cÖfve .............................................................263 DcKvi MÖn‡Y AbygwZi cÖfve .................................................................264 Aby‡gv`‡bi mgvwß ...................................................................................265

Aby‡gv`b, ev : إجازة —evqb Approval, Authorization, Implementation

cwiwPwZ ....................................................................................................267 BRvhvn (ةازإج)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©..................................267

I إجازة G `y‡Uv‡Z cv_©K¨..................................................................267 إذن

BRvhZ-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavb............................................................267 BRvhZ-Gi wfwË .....................................................................................267 hvi K‡g©i Aby‡gv`b †`Iqv n‡e Aby‡gv`‡bi mg‡q Zvi RxweZ _vKv...268 Aby‡gv`bKvix............................................................................................269 Aby‡gv`‡bi †¶Î .....................................................................................272 evPwbK †¶‡Î Aby‡gv`b...........................................................................272 GKB wRwb‡mi GKvwaK µq weµ‡qi Aby‡gv`b .. .................................273 Kg© †¶‡Îi Aby‡gv`b ..... ........................................................................273

GKzk evBk

10

Aby‡gv`‡bi kã...... .................................................................................276 †gŠwLK c×wZ : †gŠwLK ¯xK…wZ ev Aby‡gv`b..........................................276 wØZxq cÖwµqv : Kg©...................................................................................277 Z…Zxq cÖwµqv.............................................................................................277 PZz_© cÖwµqv .............................................................................................277 cÂg cÖwµqv ............................................................................................278 Aby‡gv`‡bi cÖfve ev Kvh©KvwiZv ... ........................................................279 AbygwZ cÖZ¨vL¨vb........ ........................................................................... 280 AbygwZ cÖZ¨vnvi ..... ................................................................................280

SzuwK, †auvKv : Uncertainty, Ambiguity : غررcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................281 Mvivi (غرر)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© .....................................281 mswk­ó cwifvlv ....... ................................................................................281 نبالغ ¶wZ .................................................................................................282 Mvivi-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z kiqx weavb.....................................................283 SzuwKi cÖKvi .............................................................................................283 cÖwZwµqvkxj SzuwKi kZ© ..........................................................................283

K. SzuwKi cwigvY n‡e †ewk .........................................................283 L. †gŠwjKfv‡e Pzw³e× wel‡q SzuwK †`Lv w`‡Z n‡e................... 284 M. Pzw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv _vK‡e bv...................................................286 N. SzuwKUv †h †Kv‡bv Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi †ejvq n‡Z n‡e ............288

cÖ_g : Pzw³i g‡a¨ SzuwK ...........................................................................288 K. µqweµ‡qi Pzw³i g‡a¨ SzuwK ..................................................288

1. Pzw³i ev‡K¨ SzuwK ..............................................................288 2. Pzw³e× wel‡q SzuwK ...........................................................290

g~‡j¨i †¶‡Î AÁZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i ....................................................292 L. fvovi Pzw³i †¶‡Î SzuwK I †auvKv ...........................................293 M. ev‡qmvjvg-Gi †¶‡Î SzuwK I †auvKv .......................................294 N. †eZb-fvZv I cvwikÖwg‡Ki †¶‡Î SzuwK I †auvKv ...................295

wØZxq : `vb-Aby v‡bi Pzw³‡Z SzuwK I †auvKv......................................... 296 K. †nev Pzw³ .................................................................................296

L. AwmqZ......................................................................................298 Z…Zxq : Askx`vix Pzw³‡Z SzuwK I †auvKv .................................................298 PZz_© : eÜK Pzw³i †¶‡Î SzuwK I †auvKv .................................................299 cÂg : Rvwgb [KvdvjvZ] nIqvi †¶‡Î SzuwK .........................................300 lô : cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i Pzw³i †¶‡Î SzuwK I †auvKv ........................................301 mßg : weevn-kv`xi †¶‡Î SzuwK ..............................................................303 k‡Z©i g‡a¨ SzuwK ......................................................................................305 cÖ_g : Ggb kZ©, hvi Aw¯—‡Z¡ SzuwK we`¨gvb ..........................................305 wØZxq : †h kZ© Pzw³i g‡a¨ SzuwK m„wó K‡i .............................................306 Z…Zxq : †h kZ© Pzw³‡Z SzuwK e„w× K‡i ....................................................306

auvKv : Fraudulence† : غبنcwiwPwZ ....................................................................................................307 Mveby (نغب)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©........................................307 mswk­ó cwifvlv.........................................................................................307

K. ليسدالت (AvZ-Zv`jxm): †Mvcb ivLv....................................307

L. الغش (AvjwMk) : cÖZviYv, VKv‡bv, VKevwR...........................307

M. ررالغ : †auvKv, cÖZviYv, SzuwK, Avk¼v........................................308

Mveb-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavb ..............................................................308 †auvKvi cÖKvi‡f` ....................................................................................309 Pzw³‡Z †auvKvi cÖfve ...............................................................................310 cÖ_g `„wófw½ ...........................................................................................311 wØZxq `„wófw½...........................................................................................312 Z…Zxq `„wófw½...........................................................................................314

رغد : cÖZviYv : Treachery cwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................315 Mv`i“b (رغد)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©....................................315 mswk­ó cwifvlv..........................................................................................315

K. لوالغ (Avj-MvIj) : †bkv, gËZv............................................315

†ZBk PweŸk

11

L. ةعدالخو (Avj-Ly Avn) : †auvKv, cÖZviYv, KcUZv...................315 M. ةانالخي (Avj-wLqvbvn) : †LqvbZ, cÖZviYv................................316

Mv`i-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavb................................................................316 cÖZviK I MvÏvi †bZvi Aax‡b wRnv` Kiv.............................................321

شجن : cÖ‡ivPbv `vb : Provoke cwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................323 bvR&k (شجالن)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©...................................323 mswk­ó cwifvlv........................................................................................ 323

K. موالس : `vgv`vwg Kiv, `vg nuvKv‡bv.......................................323 L. ةدايزالم : g~j¨e„w×i WvK ev wbjvg.............................................324

Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewaweavb......................................................324- النجش†Kbvi B”Qv Qvov wewµ‡Z Ask †bIqvi †cÖw¶‡Z †m wewµi weavb....... 326 †µZvi wewµ cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivi my‡hvM I GLwZqvi...................................327

wLqvbZ, AvZ¥mvr : Embezzlement, Betrayal : خيانةcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................329 wLqvbZ (خيانة)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©..................................329 mswk­ó cwifvlv.........................................................................................329 wLqvbZ m¤úwK©Z wewa weavb....................................................................330 µqweµ‡qi †¶‡Î wLqvbZ.......................................................................331 eM©vPvlx †LqvbZ Ki‡j Kx Ki‡e.............................................................332 wLqvb‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwZZ e¯‘ MÖnY Kivi weavb......................................333 †ckvRxex‡`i wLqvbZ †iva......................................................................333 wLqvbZKvixi nvZ KvUv hv‡e wK? ...........................................................334 avi wb‡q A¯xKviKvixi nvZ KZ©b wb‡q dKxn‡`i gZvgZ...................334 kvwš— Pzw³‡Z Ave× Agymwjg ivóª ev m¤cÖ v‡qi wLqvbZ ev Pzw³ f‡½i weavb...335 gymwjg iv‡óª emevmKvix Agymwjg bvMwiK‡`i †Lqvb‡Zi weavb...........337 Agymwjg iv‡óªi bvMwiK‡`i mv‡_ †Kv‡bv gymjgv‡bi †LqvbZ ..............338 gymwjg †mbvevwnbx n‡Z †LqvbZKvix‡K ewn®‹vi....................................338

AwaKvi `vwe Kiv : Entitlement : االستحقاقcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................339 BmwZnKvK ( ستحقاقاال )-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©.....................339 mswk­ó cwifvlv.........................................................................................340 Bm‡ZnKvK ev `vwe Kivi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavb.....................................340 BmwZnKvK ev `vwe cÖwZôv Kiv...............................................................340 `vwe cÖwZôvKix `wjj...............................................................................341 `vwe Kivi †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜK.......................................................................342 `vwe Abyhvqx dqmvjv cÖ v‡b kZ©vejx......................................................343 µqweµ‡q `vwe.........................................................................................344 c‡Y¨ `vwe`v‡ii `vwe m¤ú‡K© †µZvi AeMwZ.........................................344 m¤ú~Y© c‡Y¨ `vwe Kiv...............................................................................344 g~j¨ †diZ †bIqv.....................................................................................345 AvswkK c‡Y¨ `vwe Kiv.............................................................................346 we‡µZvi wbKU †_‡K g~j¨ †diZ †bIqvi cš’v.......................................348 g~‡j¨ `vwe`vi nIqv..................................................................................349 `vweK…Z c‡Y¨i AwZwi³...........................................................................349 Lwi` Kiv Rwg‡Z `vwe..............................................................................351 mvivd wewµ‡Z `vwe..................................................................................354 eÜK wnmv‡e ivLv e¯‘‡Z `vwe..................................................................355 eÜKMÖnxZvi nv‡Z e܇K ivLv e ‘, hvi vwe Kiv n‡q‡Q aŸsm I jxb nIqv.....356 eÜK ivLv e ‘ wewµi ci `vwe.................................................................358 †`Dwjqv KZ…©K wewµZ c‡Y¨ `vwe.............................................................361 mg‡SvZv I gxgvsmvq cÖ Ë e¯‘‡Z `vwe...................................................361 B”QvK…Z nZ¨vi mg‡SvZvi cÖ Ë e¯‘‡Z `vwe...........................................363 cÖvwß I AR©‡b RvgvbZ I wbðqZv..........................................................364 ïdAv‡Z `vwe............................................................................................364 †mPKv‡R `vwe...........................................................................................366 fvovi Av‡jvPbvq `vwe`v‡ii `vwe............................................................367 fvov †`Iqv Rwg ev e¯‘‡Z `vwe...............................................................367 fvov †`Iqv e¯‘ hv `vwe Kiv n‡q‡Q aŸsm n‡q hvIqv............................369 gRywi ev fvov BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖvß m¤ú‡` `vwe..............................................370

cuwPk QvweŸk

12

fvovwUqvi wbg©vY ev MvQ _vKv Ae¯’vq †m Rwg‡Z `vwe...........................371 aŸsm n‡q hvIqvi ci Dcnvi ev Aby v‡bi `vwe.....................................372 Awmq¨ZK…Z e¯‘‡Z `vwe`v‡ii `vwe..........................................................373 gn‡i `vwe.................................................................................................374 Lyjv Zvjv‡K cÖ Ë m¤ú‡` `vwe................................................................374 Kzievbx‡Z `vwe.........................................................................................375 ew›UZ m¤ú‡`i GKvs‡k `vwe...................................................................376

wjj, Pzw³bvgv, eÛ : Deed, Bond` : صكcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................379 mvK (كص)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©........................................379 mswk­ó kãvewj..........................................................................................379

bw_, †iKW©, ZvwjKv.........................................................379 : السجل

Kvh©weeiYx cy : احملضر —K...............................................................379

Z_¨-cy : الديوان —K........................................................................379

cÖgvY cÎ..........................................................................380 : الوثيقة`wjj Ges bw_cÎ †jLvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavbewj.............................. 380 wePviK KZ…©K `wjj I bw_cÎ †jLvi Avek¨KZv .................................380 `wjj †jLv eve` cvwikªwgK MÖnY............................................................381 Pzw³bvgv G bw_i KvM‡Ri g~j¨................................................................382 wePviK ¯xq iv‡qi †¶‡Î †jLvi Dci wbf©i Kiv ..................................382 ¯v¶xMY KZ…©K bw_i c‡¶ mv¶¨ cÖ vb Kiv †h, GwU wePvi‡Ki ivq......383 `wjj Ges bw_i g‡g©i c‡¶ mv¶¨ cÖ vb................................................384 †Kej `wjj Abyhvqx KvR Kiv................................................................384 `wjj Ges bw_cÎ †jLv...........................................................................384

wbðqZv, wbivcËv : Guarantee : ضمانcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................385 `vgvb (انمض)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©...................................385

kãwUi cvwifvwlK A_© ................................................................. 385 ضمان

mswk­ó kãgvjv........................................................................................ 386 K. امااللتز : `vwqZ¡MÖnY............................................................386

L. قدالع : Pzw³................................................................................387 M. ةدهالع : cÖgvYcÎ...................................................................... 387 N. فرصالت : cwieZ©b Kiv n¯—‡¶c Kiv...................................... 388

Gi ˆeaZv...................................................................................... 388-ضمانRwigvbv mve¨¯— nq †h me Kvi‡Y........................................................... 390

cÖ_g : التعدي : mxgvj•Nb............................................................... 390 wØZxq : الضرر : ¶wZ, AwbóZv .................................................... 391 Z…Zxq : اءاإلفض : †cuŠQv..................................................................... 392

¶wZmvabKvix GKvwaK nIqv................................................................. 392 evovevwoKvix‡`i †KD cÖZ¨¶, †KD c‡iv¶ fv‡e RwoZ...................... 393 ¶wZi avivevwnKZv ................................................................................ 394 nvbvdx dKxnM‡Yi g‡Z Gi Ae ’vmg~n ................................................ 395 ¶wZi KviY cÖgvwYZ Kiv ...................................................................... 395 Rwigvbvi kZ©vewj................................................................................... 396

cÖ_g : cÖvYbv‡ki AcivaRwbZ Rwigvbvi kZve©wj........................ 396 wØZxq : m¤ú` aŸsmRwbZ Aciv‡ai Rwigvbvi kZ©vewj................ 396

Rwigvbvi KviYmg~n................................................................................ 397 Pzw³i Rwigvbv Ges aŸs‡mi Rwigvbvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨...............................397 D³ `yB cÖKvi Rwigvbvi cv_©K¨ wbgœiƒc................................................ 398

K. †hvM¨Zv I Dchy³Zvi w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨ ................................. 398 L. ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨...........................................398 M. ¸Yv¸Y Ges mËvMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨.......................398

Rwigvbvi †¶Î ....................................................................................... 399 K. e ‘mËv................................................................................................ 400 ¯’vei m¤úwË RwigvbvRvZ `ª‡e¨i AvIZvfz³?........................................401 wØZxq : gybvdv......................................................................................... 402 KviY........................................................................................................ 403 Z…ZxqZ : AwZwi³mg~n .......................................................................... 404 PZz_©Z : K‡g hvIqv Askmg~n................................................................ 405

mvZvk AvUvk

13

cÂgZ : ¸Yv¸Y Ges Zvi Rwigvbv....................................................... 408 Rwigvbvi wePv‡i Pzw³i †kªwYweb¨vm ...................................................... 409 cÖ_g : †h mKj Pzw³ Rvgvb‡Zi Rb kixqZm¤§Z n‡q‡Q †mme Pzw³‡Z RvgvbZ... 411 KvdvjZ Pzw³‡Z RvgvbZ ....................................................................... 411 cÖvwßi RvgvbZ I `vq ............................................................................ 412 weµq Pzw³i g‡a¨ RvgvbZ ..................................................................... 414 AwZ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ggb wKQy welq hv wewµPzw³i g‡a¨ Rwigvbv Avek¨K K‡i.....415 weµxZ cY¨ aŸsm nIqv .......................................................................... 415 weµxZ c‡Y¨i e„w× aŸsm nIqv .............................................................. 415 AMÖnY‡hvM¨ I evwZj weµ‡qi g‡a¨ Rwigvbv..................................... 416 Aï× wewµi Rwigvbv ............................................................................. 416 Aï× wewµi c‡Y¨i g~j¨ wba©vi‡Y gZwe‡iva ......................................... 418 `iv`wi Kiv Ae¯’vq n¯—MZ c‡Y¨i Rwigvbv ......................................... 422 eÈb-Pzw³i g‡a¨ Rwigvbv ...................................................................... 423 m¤ú‡`i wewbg‡q mwÜPzw³‡Z Rwigvbv .................................................. 424 ZvLvi“R Pzw³i ¶wZc~iY ....................................................................... 424 FYPzw³‡Z Rwigvbv ................................................................................ 425 weevnPzw³i g‡a¨ ¶wZc~iY...................................................................... 426 Z…Zxq : AvgvbZPzw³‡Z Rwigvbv ........................................................... 427 Mw”QZ m¤ú‡`i RvgvbZ ........................................................................ 427 av‡ii Rwigvbv ....................................................................................... 428 Askx`vix Rwigvbv ................................................................................. 430 gy vivevPzw³‡Z Rwigvbv ......................................................................... 432 Zb¥‡a¨ wKQy nj ...................................................................................... 432 Pzw³msµvš— kZ©j•Nb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †¶‡Î Kg©xi Ici Rwigvbv ............. 433 `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Pzw³‡Z Rwigvbv ................................................................. 434 Awmq¨Z Pzw³‡Z Amxi `vq .................................................................... 437 `vbPzw³‡Z Rwigvbv ................................................................................ 438 PZz_©Z : wØgyLx cÖfveavix Pzw³ .............................................................. 439 fvovq cÖ v‡bi Rwigvbv ......................................................................... 439 eÜKx e ‘i Rwigvbv ............................................................................... 442 b¨vqwbô †Kv‡bv e¨w³i `L‡j _vKv eÜKx e ‘i Rwigvbv ...................... 445

m¤ú‡`i cwie‡Z© gybvdv cÖ v‡bi mw܇Z Rwigvbv ................................ 446 AvgvbZg~jK I RvgvbZg~jK wbqš¿Y..................................................... 446 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© weavb Ges D³ `yB cÖKvi wbqš¿‡Y cv_©K¨mg~n ..................... 447

K. cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y aŸs‡mi cÖfve .................................................. 447 L. `L‡ji ˆewkó¨ cwieZ©b............................................................. 448 M. AÁvZ †i‡L gviv hvIqv............................................................. 449 N. kZ©................................................................................................450

Rwigvbvi †¶‡Î wdK‡ni m~Îmg~n ......................................................... 451 cÖ_g m~Î .......................................................................................... 451 wØZxq m~Î ........................................................................................ 453 Z…Zxq m~Î ........ ............................................................................... 453 PZz_© m~Î .......................................................................................... 454 GB m~ÎwU wb‡gœv³ k‡Z© Ave× ........................................................ 454 cÂg m~Î : Òcïi Aciva `vqnxbÓ ............................................... 454 lô m~Î : kiqx ˆeaZv Rwigvbvi cwicš’x ...................................... 455 D³ m~ÎwU `yB k‡Z© Ave× .............................................................. 455 mßg m~Î : Ò`vq wnmv‡e AvqÓ......................................................... 455 Aóg m~Î : Òjv‡fi Abycv‡Z RwigvbvÓ ......................................... 456 beg m~Î .......................................................................................... 456

Rwigvbvi weavbmg~n .............................................................................. 456 i³cvZ (cÖvYbvk I ¶Z)-Gi Rwigvbv ................................................ 457 Aciv‡ai w`K †_‡K Rwigvbv‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq ...................... 457 B”QvK…Z nZ¨v ......................................................................................... 457 B”QvK…Z nZ¨vi m`„k nZ¨v ..................................................................... 458 fyjµ‡g nZ¨v ......................................................................................... 458 KviYekZ nZ¨v ...................................................................................... 458 wØZxq : A½nvwb ev ¶Zm„wói Rwigvbv .................................................. 459 Z…Zxq : åƒY bó Kivi Rwigvbv .............................................................. 461 m¤ú` ¶wZ Kivi Rwigvbv .................................................................... 462 Rwigvbv avh© Kivi c×wZ ...................................................................... 462 Rwigvbv avh© Kivi mgq ........................................................................ 464 Rwigvbv avh© Kivi AwaKv‡ii †gqv` AwZµg ...................................... 466

DbwÎk wÎk

14

wØZxq : m¤ú‡`i Rb¨ ¶wZKi Kg©Kv‡Êi Rwigvbvi we‡kl weavbmg~n..467 K. e„¶wbab ..................................................................................... 468 L. feb aŸsm .................................................................................. 469 M. AcüZ Rwg‡Z feb wbg©vY ev e„¶ †ivcY ................................ 471 N. cÖvYxi P¶z Dc‡o †djv .............................................................. 472

A‡b¨i Kvi‡Y m„ó ¶wZi Rwigvbv cÖ vb Ges mswk­ó welq .................. 474 cÖ_g : wb‡Ri ZË¡veav‡b AbyMZ e¨w³‡`i Kg©Kv‡Êi Rwigvbv ............ 474 wØZxq : Aaxb‡`i Kg©Kv‡Êi Rwigvbv ................................................... 475 Z…ZxqZ : cïi Kv‡Ri Rwigvbv ............................................................ 476 K. SuzwK I fxwZgy³ wbixn cÖvYx KZ…©K msNwUZ Aciv‡ai Rwigvbv...... 476 cÖvYxi Aciv‡ai Rwigvbvi kZ©vewj ...................................................... 480 cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ ¶wZ mva‡bi AvIZvfy³ Aciva .............................. 484 L. fxwZc` cÖvYxi Aciv‡ai Rwigvbv ................................................... 487 PZz_©Z : feb a‡mi Rwigvbv ................................................................ 489

cÖ_g Ae¯’v : fe‡bi wfwËMZ ΓwU ............................................ 489 wØZxq Ae¯’v : AvKw¯§K ΓwU ..................................................... 491

mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi KviY ......................................................... 491 Av‡e`b ev mveavb Kivi kZ©vewj ........................................................ 492 Rwigvbvi cÖe³v‡`i g‡Z feb a‡mi Kvi‡Y mve¨¯— Rwigvbv wbgœiƒc.. 495 cÂgZ : e ‘i ¶wZi Rwigvbv cÖ vb ..................................................... 496 SzuwKc~Y© bq Ggb mvaviY e¯‘i g‡a¨ msNwUZ ¶q¶wZi Rwigvbv ........ 496 SzuwKc~Y© e¯‘ aŸs‡mi Rwigvbv ................................................................. 498 Zv‡`i c¶ †_‡K Av‡iv wKQy gvmAvjv................................................... 499 msN‡l©i Rwigvbv .................................................................................... 499

cÖ_g : gvby‡li msNl© ...................................................................... 500 wØZxq : e¯‘mg~‡ni msNl© ................................................................ 503

RvnvR Ges Mvwoi msNl© ....................................................................... 503 Rwigvbv mve¨¯— bv nIqv ........................................................................ 504 K. AvµgYKvix‡K cÖwZnZ Kiv ............................................................ 504 AvµgYKvix‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rwigvbv ................................................. 506 L. Ri“wi Ae¯’v ...................................................................................... 506 M. wb‡`©k Kvh©Ki Kivi cwiw¯’wZ .......................................................... 507

N. gvwjK I A‡b¨i Aby‡gv`b Kvh©Ki Kivi Ae¯’v .............................. 508 O. kvm‡Ki wb‡`©k A_ev Aby‡gv`b Kvh©Ki Kivi Ae¯’v ..................... 510 hvKv‡Zi †¶‡Î hvgvb I `vq ................................................................ 512

cÖ_g Ae¯’v ...................................................................................... 512 wØZxq Ae¯’v .................................................................................... 512

e`wj n¾ Kivi Rwigvbv ....................................................................... 513 †Kivb Ges ZvgvËz n‡¾ cï Kzievbx .................................................... 514 Kzievwbi Rwigvbv ................................................................................... 515 nvivg GjvKvq wkKvi Kivi Rwigvbv...................................................... 515 wPwKrmK Ges Abyiƒc e¨w³i Rwigvbv.................................................... 516 `ÊcÖvß e¨w³i Rwigvbv............................................................................ 518 wkóvPvig~jK kvw¯— vZvi Rwigvbv........................................................... 519 WvKvZ‡`i Rwigvbv ................................................................................ 519 ivóª‡`ªvnx‡`i Rwigvbv.............................................................................. 519 †Pv‡ii c¶ n‡Z PzwiK…Z e¯‘i ¶wZc~iY................................................. 520 ev`¨hš¿ aŸs‡mi Rwigvbv I ¶wZc~iY ................................................... 520 KvR †Q‡o †`Iqvi Rwigvbv .................................................................. 522 mv¶¨ cwinvi Ges cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv ........................................................... 522 `wjj-`¯—v‡eR bó Kivi Rwigvbv ......................................................... 522 evZ©vevnK I ZwØiKvix‡`i Ici Rwigvbv ............................................ 523 RvnvR †_‡K gvjvgvj wb‡¶c .................................................................525 gvwjK‡K m¤ú` bó nIqv ch©š— evav †`Iqv...........................................528 gyRZvwn` I gydwZi Rwigvbv...................................................................529

ارخاد : ¸`vgRvZKiY : Storing, Saving cwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................531 BwÏLvi (ادخار )-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© .................................531 mswk­ó cwifvlv.........................................................................................531 ivóª KZ…©K Pvwn`vi AwaK m¤ú` ¸`vgRvZKiY......................................531 bvMwi‡Ki nv‡Z mÂqK…Z m¤ú` .............................................................533 ¸`vgRvZKi‡Yi kiqx weavb................................................................. 539 Kzievbxi †MvkZ msi¶Y .........................................................................540

GKwÎk ewÎk

15

Afve I Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨ ivóª KZ…©K cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx msi¶Y......541 cÖ‡qvR‡bi mg‡q mwÂZ I msiw¶Z Lv`¨km¨ Db¥y³ Kiv......................542 Lv`¨km¨ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mvgMÖx mÂq I msi¶Y Kiv ................................543

تكاراح : gRy KiY : Hoarding cwiwPwZ.................................................................................................... 545 BnwZKvi (ار اال حت )-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©...........................545 mswk­ó cwifvlv ........................................................................................545 gRy Ki‡Yi kiqx weavb .........................................................................546 gRy `vix nvivg †NvlYv Kivi Zvrch© .....................................................549 gRy `vix †Kvb& †Kvb& e¯‘‡Z aZ©e¨?..........................................................549 gRy `vix mve¨¯— nq †hfv‡e ....................................................................551 gRy `vix‡Z aZ©e¨ kZ©vewj .....................................................................552 cÖvmw½K Av‡iv `y‡Uv welq .......................................................................554 Kv‡Ri g~j¨vq‡b GK‡PwUqvKiY ..............................................................554 †kªYx wba©vi‡Y GK‡PwUqvKiY ..................................................................555 gRy `v‡ii RvMwZK kvw¯— .......................................................................555

cÖ‡qvRb : Necessity : ضرورةcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................557 Ri“iZ (ةوررض)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_© ..............................557 mswk­ó cwifvlv.........................................................................................557

K. ةاجالح : Afve, Pvwn`v...................................................................557 L. جرالح : mgm¨v, ¶wZ ....................................................................558 M. ذرالع : IRi, AvcwË, mgm¨v.........................................................558 N. ةائحالج : ZxeªZv, gywmeZ, cÖ‡qvRb...............................................559 O. اهاإلكر : Rei`w¯—, ejcÖ‡qvM.........................................................559

wewaweav‡b RiyiZ we‡ePbvi kiqx `jxj-cÖgvY......................................559 RiyiZ mve¨¯— nIqvi kZ©vewj..................................................................561 Beby Avwe`xb e‡jb, †Mvbvn Ki‡Z eva¨KiY K‡qK cÖKvi................... 563

Ri“i‡Zi wewfbœ Ae¯’v ............................................................................563 cÖ_g Ae¯’v : nvivg Lvevi ev cvbxq MÖn‡Y eva¨ nIqv ...........................564 K. g„Z Rš‘................................................................................................564 g„Z Rš‘ Ges Ab¨ nvivg e ‘ BZ vw †_‡K wbiƒcvq e¨w³i LvIqvi cwigvY....566 L. Amnvq‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y A‡fvR¨ cÖvYx RevB Kiv .....................................568 M. Rš‘ Qvov Ab¨ nvivg e¯‘ MÖnY Kiv ....................................................568 N. wccvmv I Amnvq‡Z¡i ZxeªZvi g` cvb Kiv.....................................568 O. AcviM e¨w³i gvbe‡Mv¯— MÖnY ..........................................................569 nvivg `ªe¨vw`i ¯—iweb¨vm..........................................................................570 g„Z Rš‘ I Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘i ˆea nIqvi †¶‡Î Amnvq‡Z¡i cÖfve................571 †Mvbv‡ni md‡i Amnvq e¨w³i g„Z Rš‘ MÖnY..........................................572 wØZxq Ae¯’v : wPwKrmvi ¯v‡_© †`Lv I ¯úk© Ki‡Z eva¨ nIqv............. 573 bvcvK I nvivg e¯‘ Øviv wPwKrmv Ki‡Z eva¨ nIqv.............................. 573 Z…Zxq Ae¯’v : cÖvY msnvi ev Akvjxb KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nIqv ..............574 AvZ¥i¶v‡_© nZ¨v .....................................................................................574 eva¨ Kivi Kvi‡Y whbv ............................................................................575 PZz_© Ae¯’v : A‡b¨i m¤ú` †bIqv I bó Ki‡Z eva¨ nIqv...................575 RvnvR D×v‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡b¨i m¤ú` bó Kiv ....................................576 Rei`w¯— K‡i A‡b¨i m¤ú` bó Kiv ......................................................577 cÂg Ae¯’v : wbiƒcvq n‡q P~ovš— åvš— K_v ejv.....................................577 wg_¨v ej‡Z eva¨ nIqv.............................................................................577 eva¨ n‡q ZvwKq¨v ev †Nviv‡bv cu vPv‡bv K_v ejv....................................578 Riyi‡Zi weavbvewj msewjZ wdKnx g~jbxwZmg~n .................................578

1. Kó mnRZv Avbqb K‡i...............................................................578 2. †Kv‡bv welq msKxY© n‡j cÖk — nq................................................579

G g~jbxwZi Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ gvmAvjv ....................................................579 3. Zxeª cÖ‡qvRb wbwl× welq ˆea K‡i.............................................579 4. Zxeª cÖ‡qvRb Zvi Pvwn`v cwigvY mxwgZ _v‡K...............................579

G g~jbxwZi wbM©Z kvLv gvmAvjvi Ab¨Zg n‡jv ..................................579 5. IR‡ii Kvi‡Y cÖvß ˆeaZv IR‡ii Abycw ’wZ‡Z evwZj n‡q hvq...580 6. Zxeª cÖ‡qvRb A‡b¨i nK bó K‡i bv...........................................580

†ZwÎk †PŠwÎk

16

avi-KR© cÖ : إعارة vb : Lend cwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................581 BAviv (ةاراإلع)-Gi AvwfavwbK A_© ........................................................581 cvwifvwlK A_© .........................................................................................581 mswk­ó cwifvlv.........................................................................................582

K. ىرمالع : AvRxeb DcK…Z nIqvi AwaKvi cÖ vb......................582

L. ةاراإلج : fvovq cÖ vb, BRviv....................................................582 M. تفاعاالن : DcKvi jvf..................................................................582

BAviv ˆea nIqvi cÖgvY...........................................................................582 BAviv-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavb .............................................................583 avi-KR© Gi g~j welq¸‡jv .....................................................................585

K. avi-KR© cÖ vbKvix......................................................................585 avi-KR© MÖnYKvix ...................................................................................585 aviK…Z e¯‘ ...............................................................................................585 avi cÖ v‡bi kã ......................................................................................586 †Kvb& ai‡bi e¯‘ avi cÖ vb Kiv hv‡e ........................................................586 avi cÖ vb Kivi ci Zv envj ivLv Avek¨K wK bv? ............................587 cÖZ¨vnv‡ii djvdj .....................................................................................590 Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ Rwg avi †`Iqv ..................................................................593 Rš‘-Rv‡bvqvi BZ¨vw` avi cÖ vb Kiv............................................................594 avi cÖ vb‡K Ab¨ wKQzi mv‡_ kZ©hy³ Kiv I m¤ú„³ Kiv.............................596 avi-K‡R©i weavb I djvdj.........................................................................597 avi-K‡R©i RvgvbZ......................................................................................599 Rvwgb bv nIqvi kZ© Kiv ...........................................................................602 Rvgvb‡Zi c×wZ.........................................................................................603 avi cÖ vbKvix I MÖnYKvixi gv‡S gZwe‡iva............................................603 aviK…Z e ‘i e¨qfvi....................................................................................608 aviK…Z e ‘ †diZ †`qvi LiP......................................................................608 aviMÖnxZv wK‡mi gva¨‡g `vqgy³ n‡e...........................................................609 wK‡mi gva¨‡g avi-KR© Pzw³ †kl nq............................................................611 aviK…Z e ‘i nK`vi †ei n‡j myweav †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î Gi Kx cÖfve n‡e? .....613 avi cÖ v‡bi AwmqZ cÖm½........................................................................613

avi-KR© MÖnY : Borrow : استعارةcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................615 Bw¯—Aviv (ةارتعاس) AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©....................................615 Bw¯—Aviv ev avi KR© MÖnY m¤úwK©Z weavb...............................................615 KR© PvIqvi wkóvPvi..................................................................................616

cÖiY, †Q‡o †`qv : Discharge, Dispatch† : إرسالcwiwPwZ.....................................................................................................619 Bimvj (الساإلر)-Gi AvwfavwbK I cvwifvwlK A_©................................619 Bimvj (الساإلر)-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z weavb..............................................619 Avw_©K †jb‡`‡b evnK ev evZ©v †cÖiY .....................................................619 wewbgq-msµvš— †jb‡`‡b evnK ev evZ©v †cÖiY........................................619 †cÖwiZ c‡Y¨i gvwjKvbv............................................................................621 †cÖwiZ e¯‘i Rwigvbv ...............................................................................621 †Q‡o †`Iqv RxeRš‘i Øviv ¶q¶wZi Rwigvbv.......................................627 †Kv‡bv wRwbm MÖnY wKsev KvD‡K c`Pz Z Kivi Rb¨ evZ©vevnK †cÖiY Kiv..633 †cÖwiZ evZ©v cÖZ¨vnvi cÖm½ .....................................................................635

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