Autonomous Cars

By:-M.M.Ihzan

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Contents• What is an autonomous cars?

• Features of self-driving cars

• What Does the Car Look Like?

• How does it work?

• Diagram of Self-Driving car• Laser Scanner

• Radar

• Cameras

• Processor

• GPS Antenna

• Range of Scanners, Radars and Cameras

• Traffic Ahead

• Test Drive

• Advantages and Disadvantages

• Conclusion

• References

What is an autonomous cars?

• An autonomous car, also known as a driverless car,driver-free car, robot car or self-driving car.

What Does the Car Look Like?

Features of self-driving cars

• A self-driving cars are capable of

Sensing its environment

Navigating without human input.

Fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a

traditional car.

Making intelligent decisions.

• Maintaining an internal map and using that map to

find an optimal paths.

-Ex. road structures, pedestrians and other vehicles

How does it work?

• The vehicle build a map of its environment and preciselylocalize itself within that map. It uses laser rangefinders and cameras.

• The vehicle uses a probabilistic model to track thepredicted future path of moving objects based on itsshape.

• Intelligence and makes decisions on its own (if mistake is

made it will alert driver)

• It use its GPS to know where it is in relation to otherobjects in the map.

• It use inertial navigation unit, and sensors to preciselylocalize itself.

Diagram of Self-Driving car

Cameras

GPS Antenna

Laser ScannerProcessor

Radar

Radar

Laser Scanner

Laser Scanner

• The laser gives 360

degree understanding.

• Car can sense objects

at the same time.

• The laser helps to

determine its location.

Radar

• Radar detects vehicles

far ahead.

• Radar calculate other

vehicles speed.

So car can speed up or

slow down with other

vehicles.

Cameras

• The cameras detects

traffic lights.

• It helps car’s onboard

computer to recognize

moving objects.

-Ex. Pedestrian, bicycles

Processor

• Processor measures

small movements

made by the car.

• It helps to accurately

locate its positions on

the map.

GPS Antenna

• Its helps to know where it

is in relation to other

objects in the map.

• As the vehicle moves,

new positional

information and sensor

data are used to update

the vehicle’s internal

map.

Range of Scanners, Radars

and Cameras

Short-range radar

Range of 0.2m to 30m

Mid-range scan

Range of 60mLong-range radar

Range of 200mCamera

Visual range of up to 500m

30m60m

200m

Traffic Ahead • Many carmakers developing prototype vehicles that are capable

of driving autonomously in certain situation.

BMW Mercedes-Benz Nissan Google General Motors

Vehicles 5 Series

(modified)

S 500 Intelligent

driver research

vehicle

Leaf EV

(modified)

Prius and

Lexus

(modified)

Cadillac SRX

(modified)

KEYTechnologies

• Video camera

tracks lane

markings and

reads road

signs.

• Read sensors

detect objects

ahead.

• Side laser

scanners.

• Ultrasonic

sensors.

• Differential

GPS.

• Very accurate

map.

• Stereo camera

sees objects

ahead in 3-D

• Additional

cameras reads

road signs and

traffic lights.

• Short and long

range radar.

• Infrared

camera,

• Ultrasonic

sensors.

• Front and

side radar.

• Camera

• Front, side

and rear

laser sensor,

• Fore wide

angle

cameras

shows the

driver the

car’s

surroundings

.

• LIDAR on the

roof detects

objects around

the car in 3-D

• Camera helps

detect objects.

• Front and side

radar.

• Inertial

measuring unit

tracks position,

• Wheel encoder

tracks

movement.

• Very accurate

map.

• Several laser

sensors.

• Radar

• Differential

GPS

• Cameras

• Very accurate

map.

Test Drive

• Already sent out vehicles (over 140,000 miles through

traffic, residential, and highway)

• Nevada-June 2011

• Florida-April 2012

• California-September 2012

• Texas-September 2012

• Trying to find green alternatives.

Advantages

• React faster than humans.

• 360 degree perfection.

• Allows more people to commute.

• Cannot get distracted, sleepy, or intoxicated.

• Actively engage the driver (announcements like “approaching a crosswalk” or “turn ahead”)

Disadvantages

• Expensive.

• Cars reducing more

carbon.

• Costs more gas.

• Some times make wrong

decision.

Conclusion

• “Actually, I think it is a great idea once the

technology is perfected and locked down.

• Sure we can't imagine something like it now, but

think off into the future.”

Questions?

References

• http://robohub.org/how-do-self-driving-cars-work/• http://images.gizmag.com/inline/stanford-audi-tts-autonomous-car-

race-car-drivers-thunderhill-raceway-9.jpeg• http://www.blogcdn.com/www.autoblog.com/media/2012/02/googlea

utonomous-car-628.jpg• http://www.autonomos.inf.fu-

berlin.de/escape/sensors/migsensors/sensors/MIG_labels.jpg• http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/google-

self-driving-car-537x369.jpg• http://www.extremetech.com/wp-

content/uploads/2013/06/MercedesDistronicPlusThruWindshieldIllo-640x381.jpg

• http://images.gizmag.com/gallery_lrg/volvo-autonomous-cars-42.jpg• http://cnet3.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2010/03/26/9fc59e0c-f0fc-11e2-

8c7c-d4ae52e62bcc/thumbnail/170x128/6f07b19564357d3844b8674571f0012c/AudiShelley-2.jpg

• http://www.mobilemag.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/nissan.jpg

Thank you