automobil sector

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07.01.2010

PREPARE S

ÖZGE ÖZGÜR GÜVERCİN

NAZMİCAN BODUR

GÖZDE AKPINAR

SELÇUK ÇELİK

NUR KELEŞOĞLU

1

I. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF OTOMOBILE

II. PRODUCT AND MARKET SHARE

III. SIZE AND OWNERSHIP

IV. FOREIGHN TRADE

V. FDI POSSIBILITIES .

SEMINERCOURSE

AUTOMOTIVE

SECTOR



HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OFAUTOMOBILE

WHAT IS THE AUTOMOBILE ?

Automobile occurs auto and mobile is composed of

words. Auto means “spontaneous” in Greek and mobilemeans “moving” in Latin. Automobile is moving a vehiclethat moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by aseperate animal or another vehicle.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOBILE in

WORLD

1680- The first internal combustion engine built by dutch

guy Christian Huggens, but the engine was not avaliable for use after the powder burned that was first piston engine.

1698 - Thomas JAVERY built the first steam-roller



1769- James Watt built steam roller but in long time it could have working

1769- The motile car built by Fardier . He was one of thefirst to employ successfully a device for converting thereciprocating motion of a steam piston into rotary motion. Asmall version of his three-wheeled ran in 1769. The vehiclewhich weighed 2.5tonnes tare, had two wheels at the rear and one in the front where the horses normally have been ,this front wheel supported the steam boiler and driving

mechanism.



1785- Richard Threvithick got 150km by using gearwheel transmission.

1796- Murdock got air gas from solid fuel. Air gasespecially acquired by coal, the airgas used in internal combustion engine as fuel. It had a big role in improvement of this engine.

1830- Steam- powered buses were pioneered in UK by walter. The buses were carrying passengers and going 15-20miles speed

1867- Nicholaus August Otto and Eugen Langen was practiced of rochas’ principles and they made four strokeengine.



1876- Nikolaus August Otto built the first four stroke pistoncycle internal combustion engine. This engine was the prototype of the combustion engine that have since beenbuilt.

1880- George Brayton built gasolina-powered engine in America



1886- Karl BENZ built three-wheels car which wasspeeding up 14.5km and that car aimed to sell.

1897- Rudolf Diesel designed many heat engines,including a solar-powered air engine. He dubbed the diesel engine . He was almost killed by his engine when it exploded. However his engine was the first that proved that fuel could be ignited without a spark.

1903- Gustave LIEBAU built the first seatbelt and granted patent.

1905- Turbo is a gas compressor that is used for forced-induction of an internal combustion engine. It was invented

by Alfred Büchi.

1908- Henry Ford built T model cars and that wasduplicate production.

1912- Two-stroke engine and 12000hp diesel engine wasbuilt.

1919- The first mass-prduction auotomobile offered tomarket by type a citroen.

1920- Voisn firm worked on ABS which was working ashydrolic.

1924- Citroen manufactured the first automobile that hassteel carrosserie.

1934- Citroen started to produce front wheel drive

1954- Rotary Wankel Engine improved by Felix

1957- The first cruise control used in Imperial

1958- Nils granted patent of 3 point seatbelt in Swedenat the volvo co.

1962- The first mass production turbo engineautomobile



Chevrolet corvair introduced and then Oldsmobile F85 followup that.

1978- The first modern abs system applied in Bmw7 and Mercedes s series

1987- Bosch launched to the market ASR system.

1995- Bosch started to produce FDR system. It preventsto dash.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF

AUTOMOBILE in TURKEY

The world today has reached the economic development point of view, particularly in industrialized countries,including the automotive industry, other sectors of theeconomy also trail the strategic and priority of importance tothe state sector has come. Our country's economy in production, employment and exports in terms of important automotive industry, food and Textile after 3 promising as alarge industry has taken its place among the branches. Meet Turkish people in the car, to the late Ottoman period, aremet. According to some sources, during the Ottoman period to the first car belonged to Mahmut Sevket Pasha, but thefirst official records to the military in 1909 received indicates automobiles. II. The Constitution and I. World War

II between the number of cars entering the country did not exceed 100-150 units. I. The end of World War II with the car and spare parts trading company a lot about the negativeeconomic conditions, due to be operational although much progress on this issue failed. Then, a law issued in 1927 with25 years of Ford Motor Company, particularly the Soviet Union be granted be targeting cars, tractors and trucksbegan to be assembled, but in 1929 production was stopped because of the economic crisis shook the world.



As a result, the country later in the automotive needsentirely through imports has been corrected. In 1954, the

first assembly in order to reduce demand for imported carsleave Turkey Willys Overland Limited in partnership with thearmy jeep and the truck has been granted for manufacturingand thus our country through import substitutionindustrialization began. Turkish Automotive Industry in1955, the first commercial truck assembly and then thesecond and third point Otosan and Farmer was followed by the truck assembly factory. In 1963, the first local bus

assembly Caresor Bus Co. by "Magirus" began with theassembly of the bus. Our first passenger car, the"Revolution", then in 1961 in Eskişehir Railway Factory 4 isdesigned as a prototype. This is the first production in 1966after their trial, 53% contribution of local materials and local design with our country "Anadol" branded mass productionof automobiles began. The following within 3 years with theItalian Fiat license "TOFAŞ", with the French Renault license"Oyak" series began assembling automobiles. Main

industries in the automotive sanayiinide these developments



have affected and in the first half of 1960 only the seats,upholstery, rubber and rubber parts and battery produces,towards the end of the 1970s that requires high-tech precision engine parts are produced. In the 1980s the

economy to the outside opening and liberalization policy, aresult of investment, exports and foreign investment promotion, such as applications, like many other sectors of the automotive sector also positively influenced. Our country market European and American automotive giant outside of Japan from the Far East in 1987, MITSUBISHI , in 1994,TOYOTA, HONDA, and South Korea in 1997 HYUNDAI Turkey were closely involved with automotive Sunday and havedemonstrated perform investment.

Turkey will be sold the first commercial vehicle 4x4 in2009



Ford Transit Connect has issued the first Turkish productiontools. Ford Otosan, the homeland of the automotive vehicleis exported to the United States became the first Turkishautomotive company. Koç Holding Chairman Mustafa Koç, a50-year dream when specifying they had done, Koç HoldingHonorary Chairman Rahmi Koc also, Ford Otosan expressed his pleasure at ünvanlarına title was added.

Automotive Sector in Turkey, theGeneral Status

Strengths of the Sector’s

& Current installed capacity and potential side of the

industry,

& The power of the foreign partner,

& Very well educated, entrepreneurial and competitive

manpower costs of labor,

& Technological knowledge, the existence of acceptable

quality management system, the

& Export experience,

& All gold production and records with and reliable



commercial activities tax - is a source,

& Seated, deep-rooted distribution system / marketing,

organizational structure.

Side of the Sector 's weak & Technical regulations and lack of appropriate

infrastructure,

& Industry, insufficient integration between the sub-industry

and marketing organization,

& Unstable domestic market,

& Low capacity utilization rates caused by high production

costs.

Opportunities

Demand potential,

Export potential,

Superior geoekonomik location and international

production center in the country for candidates to be

the only attribute,

Bilateral relations: the EU, the ECO, CIS, Keibler, G-8

countries and the Caucasus,

Export-oriented strategic studies launch configuration,

T hreats

Used vehicle free imports,

Manufacturer between global restructuring and

overcapacity in the world, the

Plan and the lack of strategies,

Economic and political uncertainty, government

agencies, between the lack of coordination,



Existing foreign investment before the lack of

credibility,

Technical regulations be established infrastructure

Product and Maket Share

TURKISH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY AUTOMOTIVE

INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS in EFFECTS

Turkish automotive industry has in recent years,significant progress of the sector in 1996 with 276,700 unitsof production volume in 2006 was 987,600 units out. In 2006,a total of 430 thousand to 697 thousand number of carswere exported vehicles. In 2006, actual vehicle exportsincreased by 26% compared to 2005. According to data of the Uludag Exporters' Union in 2006, the sector has

increased by 23% compared to exports in 2005 were $ 14.3billion. Vehicle exports 24%, sub-industry exports increased by 21%. Total exports of the automotive industry, thebeginning of 2006, the sectoral export ranking 1 was ranked.

The Turkish automotive sector, more than thirty yearshas been operating with main and sub-industry businesses.Our country, this business has the potential of informationand qualified workforce, geographic location, Asian, Middle

Eastern and Balkan countries, which because of its proximity to many foreign automotive manufacturers by the"production base" has been preferred as. It’s performance of the automotive industry, foreign automotive OEMmanufacturers as well as foreign companies to invest in our country has become an important factor. This kind of companies operating in the automotive supply industry between Robert Bosch, Delphi Packard, Pirelli, many international companies such as Hayes-Lemmerz countable.However, in recent years, the Middle East European



countries to the European Union as a full member to beaccepted, together with Hungary, the Czech Republic,Slovakia and Poland as countries that they have alsoqualified workforce, industry knowledge and logistical

advantages due to our country with a significant competitiverace superiority was obtained.

These countries in recent years, many WesternEuropeans, Koreans and Japanese car manufacturer by OEMcompanies' production base as "was preferred. East Central European countries, "Middle East Europe" called thesecountries within the EU, a second "Detroit" is on the way tobe. The development of the country's economy and

prosperity, in raising the level of competition in the global automotive industry is essential to increasecompetitiveness. Sustainable growth of enterprises in theworld automotive industry technological, economic and social developments to monitor the other hand, for the purpose of the new products introduced to the market will do depends on innovation activities.

Automotive sector, our country abroad cluster, network,

platform configuration [9] similar to the development of strategic partnerships have been initiated. However, studiesin this field between the parties sufficient trust environment be created in our country is in an early stage. However, thesynergy effect of creating strategic alliances with the participating companies the opportunity to use their knowledge of the R & D and increases its competitiveness by enabling them to decrease costs and creates a healingeffect. Developing strategic partnerships in the automotivesector due to the following conditions are:

Partner of the technological level they have to beequivalent,

Partner of the objectives and strategies of cooperationbetween the lack of significant differences,

Partner with the source of the work area and be

consistent with the business structure,



Strategic co-operation contracts to well-defined legal format.

Table-1: Those born in Turkey of the '50s automotive

industry, has soared in the '60s. This rise continued until today, of course, the development of the automotiveindustry has provided.

Turkey has a particularly dynamic automotive sector,with more than 15 vehicle manufacturers (including Renault,Toyota, Honda and Fiat Tofas), almost 1,000 parts suppliers,and annual output of more than one million vehicles:

RENAULT Renault is a key player with historic presence in the

Turkish automotive sector. The Group, which will celebrate40 years in Turkey in 2009 through its subsidiary Oyak-Renault, is No. 1 on the car market. Its three-box modelssuch as Symbol and Mégane Sedan, are particularly popular with Turkish customers. Oyak-Renault, an industrial subsidiary, is 51% owned by Renault Renault Mais, a

commercial subsidiary, is 49% owned by Renault,



Workforce: 6,209, or 5% of the Group total

Production: 263,659 vehicles, or 10.3% of the Grouptotal

15.4% share of the Turkish market

HYUNDAI

Turkey is a very important location for Hyundai Motor Company, and the strategically positioned Hyundai AssanPlant is the main link between South Korea and Europe.Hyundai Assan Industry and Trade Inc. Plant started production in July 1997, and the official opening ceremony

took place on September 20th, 1997.

The plant, which has 100,000 units of annual productioncapacity, is based in the region of İzmit-Ali Kahya and consists of a 1 million square meter plot of land, a 700,000square meter factory site, and a 108,000 square meter production site. The Hyundai Turkey plant has recorded thelargest increase in exports in the automotive sector—71%—and has generated approximately USD 360 million. In 2006,

Hyundai Assan exported 34,630 cars and light commercial vehicles, but in the first six months of 2007 alone, thisnumber reached as many as 32,158 units. A total of around 70,000 vehicles are expected to be exported from theHyundai Turkey plant in 2007. Hyundai's domestic sales inthe first six months of 2007 equated to 16,965 units. Withaccession talks under way with the European Union, Turkey'simportance to Hyundai Motor Company has increased, and

the Izmit plant will play a key role in Hyundai Motor Company’s achieving its global target of becoming “One of the five Biggest Auto Manufacturers” in the world by 2010.

FORD

Ford Otosan is a joint venture between Ford Motor Company and Koc Group of Companies. Established in 1959as the first automotive company in Turkey, Ford led the way

in the automotive industry by producing the first Turkishautomobile, the Anadol, in 1969, and by establishing the



first engine manufacturing plant in 1983. Current capacity is300,000 vehicles per annum in its Kocaeli and Inonu plants,rated respectively as the "Best Vehicle Assembly Plant" and "Best Powertrain and Engine Plant" within the Ford of

Europe Organization

The main vehicles produced at the plants are theTransit (European Van of the Year - 2007), the Transit Connect (European Van of the Year - 2003), and Cargotrucks. As of December 2006, more than 258,000 vehicleshad been produced by a workforce of 8,000 employees. Ford has been the market leader in Turkey for five consecutiveyears, and also exports products to Europe—more than

183,000 vehicles in 2006 alone.

Ford Motor Company recognizes the great potential both for the automotive market in Turkey and for Turkey as amanufacturing and engineering base.

HONDA

Honda, which has a supply deficit of almost 250,000

units, plans to meet the need for new cars by making Turkey the core of its European operations. New plans and investments might emerge during the upcoming visit of CEOTakeo Fukuki to Istanbul

Following the footsteps of Ford, Fiat, Renault, Tofaş and Hyundai, the Japanese automotive giant Honda, which hasbeen providing small-scale production for internal market,

has plans to make Turkey its base in Europe.

"Despite the fact that is a European Union member, theUnited Kingdom is still not using the euro. Therefore our UK factory looses advantage in production. That factory will continue its production but we will not make any moreinvestments on that facility. We decided to invest on a newfacility in Turkey", said Honda Chairman Takeo Fukuki.

With $100 million investment, Honda Turkey factory will



increase its production capacity from 30,000 to 50,000 unitsby October 2007. Honda has more than 1 million unit supply deficit in total, said Ümit Karaaslan, Honda Turkey Assistant General Manager.

TOFAŞ

The local car and LCV market shrank from 594,753 unitsin 2007 to 494,023 units in 2008. The Tofaş car market share dropped from 13% in 2007 to 12.4% in 2008. Although price controls maintained in the face of stiff competition led to a drop in the car market share of the firm from 10.2% to8.7%; release of the Fiorino’s new versions initiated the

light commercial vehicle market share rise from 17.1% to18.3%; Tofaş maintained third place in the total car+LCV market during this period with an overall market share of 12.4%; while Turkish market sales unit dropped by 12.6%against the previous year, and end of year production unit totals finalised at 68,000.

Tofaş celebrated its 40th year in 2008 with anoutstanding first half-year performance, and minimised the

effects of the crisis through preventive measures in thesecond half of the year; ending the year with record unit production of 268,000 at its Bursa plant. 2008 investmentsraised year-end plant production capacity to 400,000 units.So, in summary, despite the global economic crisis, Tofaşsurpassed forty-year vehicle sales records with local and international sales figures totalling 277,843 units.

PRODUCTİON

The development of automotive industry in Turkey, oneof the biggest factors in the field of production development. At this point, progress is meant not only the amount of production, also is the production quality. With advanced technology to be transferred to Turkey, the Turkishautomotive industry has increased production quality, and

that all sectors of the automotive industry and has enabled the development and growth. Have to put figures to the



increasing production quality, while the increase in production volume can be seen clearly in the statistical data:



Table-2: Motor vehicle in Turkey will host the city's highest by far indicate Istanbul (2,403,549). Also, the number of automobiles in Istanbul (1,711,773), all other provinces is

greater than the total number of motor vehicles. Total number of motor vehicles in Istanbul is followed by Ankara.(1,068,453) in all provinces, the number of cars, the total number of motor vehicles within the largest share seems tohave but a single exception to this situation constitutesSirnak. Total number of trucks in Sirnak (15,961),approximately 5 times the total number of cars and the city is at most the motor vehicle truck. Mardin is the number of cars, trucks, even greater than the number, the difference isvery small can be seen.



Graphic-1: Have the highest share of total production in theamount of product is the car. Especially until the year 2000the share of total production in the automobile is seen as toohigh. But after this year, despite the stable increase in car production, decreased its share in total production has hit our eyes.

CONCLUSION AND GENERALEVALUATION



The automotive industry has created employment, valueadded and export opportunities and quality of leadingsectors in the Turkish economy is moving. Competitivenessof the automotive industry today has developed in the future

and be able to maintain the required order for measures tobe taken are:

Business partnerships between the cluster and network structures should be developed,

*invest in R & D work should be increased, studies relatingto brand image

* intensive,

*Cost reduction measures only the reduction of input pricesshould not be limited to, process improvement studiesshould be given importance,

* Value in the process of creating new trends in the world similar to outsourcing "outsourcing" and virtual engineering"virtual engineering" work intensively,

*The automotive sector in a strong position in the market to

maintain the security, design, product quality and analternate engine development work (hybrid motor), active participation should increase, • In the future, qualitativegrowth will be the driving force envisaged in the newautomotive electronic products and systems development work should be invested.



SIZE AND OWNERSHIP

BORUSAN AUTOMOTIVE

Holding and operating in Germany Holding giwa BORUSAN partnership with Borusan Automotive, since 1984, the best interpretation is that BMW's distributor in Turkey.Best of theLand Rover 4x4 car in 1998 with the participation of innovativesmall car segment, and no class distinction in 1999 and joined theMINI Borusan Automotive's offer brand range has beencompleted. Intense competitive companies in the automotivesector in Turkey today a wide range of products has.

BORUSAN Automotive’s size

Borusan oto Service and Trade Inc.:

As the largest retailer Borusan Automotive serving existingservice points in Istanbul Borusan Auto‘s Hunters and in İstinye,in and Çankaya Ankara Esenboga, Adana-Mersin and Gaziantep is

located.

Supsan Engine Industry and Trade Inc.:

In 1974, began its activities Supsan global market leadingmanufacturer Eaton SrL license for the internal combustionengine produces valves.

Borusan Manheim Tools Marketing and Trading Ltd. :

Turkey's first "multi-branded platform for second hand cars"as Manheim Turkey, Borusan Group's development is part of theautomotive distribution network. Manheim Turkey, in January of 2008 as the world's leading auction company, has partnered withthe American Manheim. The Manheim Center in Tuzla Turkey, inSeptember of 2008 İstoç Cars and Trade Center in an auction alsoat the center of activity spent.

LAND ROVER



Land Rover, a British-terrain vehicle manufacturer. Center Solihull, United Kingdom is located. Rover Group by August 11,1988 British Aerospace purchased. In 2000 a new sales agreement with the BMW Land Rover Ford MotorCompany, has sold. And so

the Land Rover became part of Ford's PAG Group. Land R today,Tata Motors is within the company. 26 March 2008 the Ford Motor Company was sold by the Indian car manufacturer Tata.

LAND ROVER TURKEY

Land Rover brand in Turkey in August 1998 began to be sold in distribution Borusan Automotive. Currently Defender modelsexcept All Land Rover models by Borusan Automotive whether service providers continue to be imported is.

Models:

Range Rover Range Rover sport Dıscovery Freelander 2 Defender

DOĞUŞ AUTOMOTIVE

Dogus Automotive Service and Trade Inc. engages inimporting, marketing, and selling automobiles, commercial vehicles, and spare parts in Turkey. It provides 80 models in thesegments of passenger, light commercial, and heavy transport vehicles. The company offers 13 brands, including Volkswagen

passenger cars, Volkswagen light commercial vehicles, Audi,Porsche, Bentley, Lamborghini, SEAT, Skoda, Scania, Krone,Meiller, Volkswagen Marine, and Scania Marine. In addition,Dogus Automotive operates in related areas, such as automotivefinancing, spare parts,logistics and after sales services, car fleet rental, and car insurance services. The company was founded in1951 and is headquartered in Istanbul, Turkey.

Europe's largest operational FlLO rental (long-term car

rental companies) company, LeasePlan, established a partnershipwith Dogus Automotive. VDF FlLO Leasing Services holds stake in



Volkswagen 51 percent of the Financial Service, all shares weretransferred to LeasePlan. Thus, one in Europe, the world's second largest FlLO of rental company came to Turkey. Called the newcompany LeasePlan, 51 percent of Emergence to LeasePlan, 49

percent belong to the Doğuş Otomotiv.

DOĞUŞ AUTOMOTIVE’s FACTORY in ADAPAZARI

VOLKSWAGEN

In Germany, in 1938 for the production of single-model car folksy by the National Socialist German Workers' Party German

Auto Association (Alman otomotiv birliği) was founded car company. Unique position of the group brands Audi, Škoda, Seat,Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche and Volkswagen

Commercial widgets since February 2008 is Scaina.



Volkswagen vehicles are imported to Turkey by DogusGroup. Volkswagen's production of the classic tortoise in Mexicoand Latin American countries with an agreement on the new inEgypt is continuing.

VOLKSWAGEN DOĞUŞ FINANCE

Shareholders of the company

Volkswagen Doğuş Finance, Volkswagen Financial Services AG 51% and 49% joint venture with Dogus Group has beenestablished. Volkswagen Financial Services AG, in many sectorsfrom construction to tourism, as well as to serve, due to theVolkswagen Group also runs the Turkey distributorship of vehiclesin cooperation with Turkey Dogus Group has stepped into the

market. Doğuş Group, construction, finance, retail, automotive,technology, media, tourism and food sectors and serves morethan 70 companies.

Volkswagen Doğuş Finans's Partners

• VOLKSWAGEN FINANCIAL SERVICES AG • DOĞUŞ AUTOMOTIVE SERVİCE INC. • DOĞUŞ HOLDING INC.• DOĞUŞ TRANSPORT & TRADE INC.• LASAŞ TIRE INDUSTRY AND TRADE INC

VOLKSWAGEN PRODUCTION CONVEYOR

The factory is located directly beside the Dresden,Germany botanical garden, and VW has taken care to make sure thelandscaping compliments the park beside it.

http://www.vwfsag.de/fsag/ucus/vwfsag/de.htx

http://www.dogusotomotiv.com.tr/

http://www.vwfsag.de/fsag/ucus/vwfsag/de.htx

http://www.dogusotomotiv.com.tr/



Volkswagen factory in Germany, the company's sales officeview:



MODELS:

Volkswagen Beetle

Volkswagen Bora

Volkswagen Caddy

Volkswagen Caravelle

Volkswagen Golf

Volkswagen Jetta

Volkswagen Karmann Ghia

Volkswagen Lupo

Volkswagen Passat

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Caddy

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Caravelle

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta


http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Karmann_Ghia

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Lupo

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat



http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora





http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf












Volkswagen Passat Variant

Volkswagen Passat CC

Volkswagen Phaeton

Volkswagen Routan

Volkswagen Polo

Volkswagen Sharan

Volkswagen Touareg

Volkswagen Touran

Volkswagen Transporter

Volkswagen Crafter Volt Volkswagen EOS

Volkswagen Scirocco

OTOKOÇ AUTOMOTIVE

Otokoç Automotive, Turkey's leading automotive retailer and is a vehicle rental company. Koç Holding's first automotive sector investment which is Otokoç Inc. basics "Ford Motor Company" onobtaining agency have been taken in Ankara. In 2001, Koç Holdingcompanies Otokoç Ford, Fiat companies are united under theumbrella of the Birmot.

In 2005 and Birmot‘s management Otokoç merger, then Avisinclusion in 2007 of the Budget in June, the signing of licensing

agreements and Turkey in November of the same year the entirestructure Automotive Trade and Industy Inc. Otokoç single legal entity under the name of the current structure was formed by combining. Otokoç Automotive, As of 2008, 31 branches in Turkey (16 Otokoç, 15 Birmot), 51 Avis and Budget office serves with 17.Ford, Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia brands performs 9% of domestic total vehicle sales.

http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Passat_Variant&action=edit&redlink=1

http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Passat_CC&action=edit&redlink=1

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Phaeton

http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Routan&action=edit&redlink=1

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touran

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Transporter

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Crafter_Volt

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_EOS

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco











http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo












http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_EOS





FORD

Ford Motor Company on 6 continents, 200 production and distribution of vehicles in the market is. Ford Motor Company inthe world with approximately 110 factories in the main and affiliated automotive brands Aston Martin, Ford, Jaguar, Lincoln,Mazda, Mercury and Volvo. In 1955, a public company that Ford,in the following years Canada, Mexico, England, Germany, Brazil,

Argentina, Australia, South Africa and Turkey, mainly in thefactory opened in many countries.

The Ford Motor Company joint venture in Turkey 51%, 49% isOtosan Inc. An agreement signed on October 3, 1997 with equal shares to Ford and Otosan. Thus Otosan Inc. Ford AutomotiveIndustryAS with a new name, so Ford Otosan has appeared.

Ford factory in Kocaeli:

In Kocaeli factory 36 thousand 194 units transit and 29thousand 274 units connect are produced:



Ford factory in İnönü:

A total of 510 trucks at the factory to İnönü 65 thousand 978units vehicles were produced:



FOREIGN TRADE

Export/Import:EXPORT

In 1993, the real appreciation of TL to continue the trend indomestic demand and overall economic vitality due to narrow

parallel exports of automotive exports has also declined. Automotive production up to 1994 more to meet domesticdemand, although it is, in the first half 1994'ün exchange ratesrise rapidly and then starts showing the economic crisisstabilization measures are implemented in domestic demand considerably narrowed as a result of manufacturers have turned



to exports. 1992 - 2000 years and its share in total foreign tradeof automotive exports, on average, at the level of 30% wasrealized. Since 2000, exports of automotive firm 19 With the start of the project, exports began to increase its share in foreign

trade. However, in 2000, imports of automotive market and exchange rates increase with the growth of low watch,automotive exports and its share in total foreign trade at a level as low as 28% of the cause has been performed. However, in 2002on the basis of units increased exports, decreased imports,although the low exchange rates during the year to watch,depending on the year 2002, exports of foreign trade ratio,compared to 2001 and decreased to 52%.In 2002, exports since1992 continued to increase, depending on the basis of both unitsand dollars has increased. As of 2002, were exported 253,978motor vehicles. In 2003 the automotive sector exports increased at a rate of 41% and the industry's total exports was about 6billion U.S. dollars. Year of 2003 compared with 2002, the mainindustry exports increased by 79% in proportion to the level reached about 2.5 billion U.S. dollars.

In 2004 the automotive industry exports about 10 billion U.S.dollars. Since 2006, this figure has passed 1,000,000 threshold.The automotive industry products exported during the largest

share belongs to the cars and trucks. In 2007, the exported carsand light trucks, constituted 95% of total exports. Share in total exports is very small, even if they are exported and the values of trucks and minibuses units in 2007 increased significantly alsobeen observed. In 2007, he issued one of the trucks at a rate of 135%, minibuses increased by 49% in Total. Overall, export of commercial vehicles (trucks, vans, buses, minibuses and midibuses) is 19% increase in units. In 2007, the share of exportsof automotive products is decreasing single tractors (-% 2)Turkey's total vehicle exports in 2008, increasing by 910 thousand was 11 percent.

In 2008, automobile exports increased 4.2 percent to 525thousand, with an increase of 21.8 percent of exports of commercial vehicles rose to 385 thousand, was 10 per cent growth rate in exports of tractors and reached 10.4 thousand units. The share of manufacturing exports in 2007 was 75

percent, this rate reached 79 percent in 2008. Turkey's total vehicle exports in 2009, and decreased by 38 percent of exports

in the year 569 thousand happened.2008 production within 79 percent to 72 percent in 2009, while this rate fell.



IMPORT

The developments in world imports have played a role in

enhancer. The EU and the Far East of the unused capacity of thehigh, with development potential in markets such as Turkey

practices have led to a special price. This intense competition inthis area as well as the automotive industry is caused by anintense technological development. Every year new models of

production and this model should have high standards of customer preferences lead to these models are turning to. Theincrease in imports after 1996 except in 1999, has continued.Besides these developments, imports for domestic sales and its

share in 1992 to 1993 years, respectively, between 19% and 23%have occurred in 1994 and 1995 is the realistic exchange rate policy and the domestic industry, customs union

prepared and modern tools to produce work based on 12%and 10% were in levels. After the customs union in 1996,increasing imports, this rate is in line with the amount of 24% wasincreased.

Starting with the 2001 economic crisis and motor vehicle

imports with authentication of the market shrink, with 763 milliondollars has declined from 1995 to the next lowest level. In 2001,the overvaluation of exchange rates, stock market recession withauthentication to the rising level of imports on the basis of bothunits and dollars have led to decreased. However, since the year 2002, motor vehicle imports, depending on the exchange rate of the low-watching has increased in dollar terms. Automobileimports, the market's best year in 2000, has reached the highest level with 272,110 units. However, the crisis in 2001 and 2002,depending on the market narrowed, to occur at the level of imports in 1995 have caused. In 2002, imports of automobiles in2000 as compared to 78% at a rate of 61,294 units has beenreduced. Light commercial vehicle imports in 2000 decreased by 75% as compared to the 19,658 unit level has been realized.Imports of light commercial vehicles of 2002, compared to 2001increased by 12%.

Total Market-Import Quantity



In Turkey, despite the increase in production units, Turkey vehicles market imports more than half of the table are covered with a review can be seen at in recent years within the total market for imported by showing a stability% 56 -% 58 range haschanged.



By the mid-1990s, there were four FDI companies that had more than 20 years of experience in the Turkish automotiveindustry (Fiat, Ford, Mercedes and Renault).7 In the mid-1990swith the increasing prospects of a Customs Union agreement with

the EU, Japanese and Korean companies (Honda, Hyundai, Isuzuand Toyota) started investing in Turkey in jointventures withTurkish industrialists.8 Perhaps because of the uncertainbusiness environment in Turkey, these companies did not makesubstantial investments initially and built plants with small

production capacity.

Once the Customs Union with the EU went into effect in1996, the domestic market became gradually opened to toughcompetition from EU. Actually, in the first couple of years of the

Customs Union, the sector struggled with wild fluctuations indomestic demand as well as competition from imports. However,there was a lot at stake. There was already a substantial

production capacity coupled with a competitive parts and accessories industry. In addition, domestic businessestablishments with years of experience in the automotiveindustry and low-cost but good quality labour induced FDIcompanies in the automotive sector to increase their investmentsin Turkey and build new capacity to produce motor vehicles for

the European market. None of the aforementioned companiesdecided to close shop in Turkey. Only Opel decided to close itssmall plant near Izmir that used toundertake the assembly of some of its car models.

In the meantime, the auto parts industry has also beenattracting foreign investors. Most of the world leaders of thesector have joint ventures with Turkish partners. Some of themare big suppliers like Robert Bosch, Valeo, Delphi Packard and Mannesmann Sachs. Alltogether,between 1992 and 2000, the

automotive industry realised a total of $3.4 billion worth of investment. Of this amount, $750 million was used for capacity development, $976 million for new model development, $497million for modernisation, $300 million for localisation and $195million for quality improvement. Moreover, due to newinvestment projects towards the production of new models, in the2000-2002 period this investment amount increased further by close to $1 billion.The success of the automotive industry inattracting FDI flows, despite the continuing constraints arising

from macro and governance/institutions factors is largely drivenby the relevance of all the positive aspects of trade and



infrastructure for this industry. That is why automobile-related MNCs decided to invest in Turkey. If other obstacles were not

present, the Turkish auto industry would have likely attracted FDIinflows in multiples of current levels.

CONCLUSION



Goods and capital movements becomes globalized world,especially in developed countries entered the industry representsthe factor prices increasingly closer together in the automotive

industry, gained a competitive advantage in the increased efficiency will lead to the company's internal and inter-company administrative and technical organization and efficient use of resources of the growing importance of increases. In this context,R & D investment, quality management, companies based in theflexible and cooperative relations and joint product development,

product and production process of continuous improvement in the zero-broken and full-time production and delivery, effectivemarketing, flexible manufacturing methods implementation ,

versatile / talented work force and labor force characteristics suchas effective use of national competitive advantage stands out asthe determining factor.

Turkey's automotive industry, strong capital structure, plant the foreign partnerships, strengths, industry presence, skilled workforce and low labor costs, quality management to be

provided, developed and emerging markets in terms of proximity to the sector's strengths, creating excessive capacity, per company low production costs and low capacity utilization rates

due to the disadvantage, inadequate and unstable domesticmarket, quality infrastructure, a lack of documentation,insufficient integration between the main industry-related industry sector constitute weaknesses.

On the other hand, domestic demand and export potential and a manufacturing center in the world automotive industry,able to draw that must be assessed in terms of sector, are theopportunities.

Turkish automotive industry solve problems and improvetheir competitive advantage of the existing potential can beevaluated on the following points are useful to pay attention to:

-Turkish automotive industry companies, very strong position in the world automotive industry, which have established partnerships with companies and these companies are producingunder license. In this regard in recent years, considerable successhas been right, as the company's licensor developed some new

models, only in Turkey are produced and the sales network of foreign partners also benefit from the stable of the world export



market for continued efforts is of great importance. In thiscontext, Turkey's potential as a manufacturing and export center is available.This potential can be evaluated, first increase

productivity and quality of investments / activities should be

given importance. On the other hand, as mentioned above, theexport is being carried out in time and the Turkish automotiveindustry cooperation as well, to compete in price and quality and to some extent even if based on indigenous design and

production of vehicles ensure exports, the sector's long-termgains in terms of are critical. Automotive industry is rather highcost of developing new models of the firms in this regard insupport of R & D activities must be provided.

-In recent years, automotive industry, a steady increase in

exports is carried out. Yan industry companies, has adopted and over time they will also obtain experience in the direction of creating international brand is seen useful to use. The problem of insufficient financing of industry companies as well, taking intoaccount the company supported its activities in this direction isseen to provide useful.

- Import substitution policies as a result of the Turkishautomotive industry, producing each product and a large number of companies are producing out of the economic scale. Thishorizontal mergers with foreign companies and domesticcompanies / partnerships to benefit the forces are to. Also should be noted, however that the industry side, the main companiessupplying firms directly between the proportion of foreign-owned firms is the number not be underestimated. Such companies toother European countries, particularly Germany and the U.S.companies are weighted. To increase exports in order herebetween the vehicle and parts manufacturers to find newcustomers in the efforts overseas. Also, Türkiyede'ki automotive

industry companies, car manufacturers in the world automotiveindustry, its strong position as well as establishing partnershipswith industrialists, manufacturers of these vehicles from enteringthe global supply chain is important.

- Automobile sales tax burden on the budget, taking intoaccount the gradual dengeside is seen as beneficial to download.

- Main and side mutual benefits in the industry and establishthe element of confidence that the relations between the long-

term and ensure that the cooperative, the main and side industry



as a whole is intended to make a more competitive structure of the plant should be run.

- The Turkish automotive and related industry companiesamong the tools needed to produce the parts need a very large

part outside the main factory supply can be provided by being animportant development and, in the form of a level structuring(kerietsu) presence to talk about is possible. In this context, themain industry, and a small number of systems / unit-producingindustry as well with the company long-term contracts, thequality of growth, new product development and full-time

production based on the principle of relations should continue towork beside industry ranks among the emphasis should be.

- Product design firm to produce supply industry also do well in the industry, or the main and encourage joint product development, R & D support for this purpose and effective for useas consulting services should be provided.

- Full-time production / delivery of technical implementation,especially in sub-industries should be given the necessary awareness and support.

- In the nature of the SME sub-industry companies be

managed with an understanding of contemporary issues inbusiness should be given the necessary support.

- Industry associations, the sector's input-output relationship, taking into consideration the inter-sectoral cooperation should contribute.

Automotive Sector in Turkey, the

General Status

Strengths of the Sector’s

& Current installed capacity and potential side of theindustry,

& The power of the foreign partner,& Very well educated, entrepreneurial and competitive



manpower costs of labor,& Technological knowledge, the existence of acceptablequality management system& Export experience,

& All gold production and records with and reliablecommercial activities tax - is a source,& Seated, deep-rooted distribution system / marketing,organizational structure.

Side of the Sector 's weak

& Technical regulations and lack of appropriateinfrastructure,& Industry, insufficient integration between the sub-industry and marketing organization,& Unstable domestic market,& Low capacity utilization rates caused by high productioncosts.

Opportunities

Demand potential,

Export potential,

Superior geoekonomik location and international production center in the country for candidates to bethe only attribute,

Bilateral relations: the EU, the ECO, CIS, Keibler, G-8countries and the Caucasus,

Export-oriented strategic studies launch configuration,

T hreats

Used vehicle free imports,

Manufacturer between global restructuring and

overcapacity in the world, the



Plan and the lack of strategies,

Economic and political uncertainty, government agencies, between the lack of coordination,

Existing foreign investment before the lack of credibility,

Technical regulations be established infrastructure

SOURCES

PRIME MINISTRY TURKISH STATISTICALINSTITUTE

Economic and social research branch

AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERSASSOCIATION

General Statistical Information Bulletin of

Turkish Automotive Industry and InformationBulletin of Monthly Statistical



TSKB, TURKISH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

automobil sector

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