International Conference on Explorations and Innovations in Engineering & Technology (ICEIET – 2016)

ISSN: 2348 – 8379 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 15

AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA INJECTION

USING MICROCONTROLLER

K.VISHNU MURTHY M.E,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EEE DEPARTMENT,

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,

KOVAIPUDUR, COIMBATORE.

J.AJITH KUMAR, K.S.ARVINDH,

M.CAROLINE MARY, V.JANANI

EEE DEPARTMENT,

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,

KOVAIPUDUR, COIMBATORE.

Abstract— when surgery to be done is major anaesthesia

should be given to the patient. If it lasts for a long duration, the

total amount of anaesthesia cannot be given in a single stroke. It

may cause serious effects. If anaesthesia is given below the

normal particular level, the patient may wake up in the middle of

the surgery. In order to avoid all these serious effects, automatic

injection of anaesthesia based on microcontroller is effective. The

medical parameters should be monitored including heart beat in

order to maintain automatic injection. The anaesthesia levels are

controlled and also there is a feedback regulated by

microcontroller considering all medical parameters specially

heart beat. Heart beat sensor is used here which senses the

patient's heart beat. There is an arrangement of syringe pump

for the provision of anaesthesia to the patient which is

mechanically connected to the stepper motor. This has a

microcontroller which consists of a keypad through which the

required level of anaesthesia can be entered by the anaesthetist,

in terms of millilitres per hour. After setting the level of

anaesthesia, the microcontroller sets the system to administer the

prescribed level of anaesthesia. For determining the direction of

rotation of dc motor, various biomedical parameters are

analysed. Infusion pump can be made to rotate either in forward

or backward direction by dc motor. The pump has syringe

attached through which anaesthesia can be injected to patient's

body.

Keywords— automatic injection, microcontroller, syringe

pump.

I. INTRODUCTION

Major operations are done to take away or build the

infected parts in the human body. These operations will cause

loss in blood and resulting in pain .Therefore it is important to

arrest the pain and the blood loss. Anaesthesia plays an

important role in the part of pain killing. AAI can be defined

as “Automatic administration of anaesthesia based on the

patient's medical parameters, eliminating future side effects

and the need for anaesthetist. Anaesthesia is required for

performing painless surgery and so an Automatic

administration of Anaesthesia is needed for a successful

surgery.

Presently manual operation of anaesthetist is employed, which

has difficulties like anaesthesia levels may get changed and

there will be a chance of getting side effects in future.

If the anaesthetist fails to manage the level of anaesthesia

during the specified time period, the patient may get

disturbance during the operation. Other systems developed to

manage the levels of anaesthesia operate by sensing the level

of consciousness of the patient and not by measuring his

overall body conditions.

Nowadays, embedded systems are used in many applications

in medical field for controlling various biomedical parameters.

For designing this, a micro-controller is employed for

controlling the anaesthesia machine automatically, and it

depends upon the various medical parameters such as body

temperature, heart rate, blood pressure.

II. WORKING

This has a microcontroller which consists of a keypad

through which the required level of anaesthesia can be entered

by the anaesthetist, in terms of millilitres per hour. After

setting the level of anaesthesia, the microcontroller sets the

system to administer the prescribed level of anaesthesia. For

determining the direction of rotation of dc motor, various

biomedical parameters are analysed. Infusion pump can be

made to rotate either in forward or backward direction by dc

motor. The pump has syringe attached through which

anaesthesia can be injected to patient.

International Conference on Explorations and Innovations in Engineering & Technology (ICEIET – 2016)

ISSN: 2348 – 8379 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 16

Fig2.1 block diagram of automatic anaesthesia injection using

microcontroller.

III. MEASURING PARAMETERS

All the medical parameters should be measured and it

plays an important role in giving anaesthesia to the patient. It

is very mandatory to measure the parameters because this

determines the level of anaesthesia given to the patient and the

motor will be rotated depending on the parameters. The

sensors usually have transducers and thermistors for

evaluating the medical parameters. There are many forms of

transducers and thermistors which finds application in medical

fields.

IV. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Hardware implementation includes all the information

in detail for designing the system. This section comprises of

selecting the components as per the need and all other

subcomponents that are needed for completing the system

implementation. This also gives the full schematic hardware

PCB design layout. Testing should be done after

implementation as a final process. It includes the selection of

components, details for designing the hardware and its

description.

Components: The automatic injection of anaesthesia includes

the following components:

1. Power supply

2. Heart beat sensor

3. Temperature sensor

4. Microcontroller (Atmega328)

5. Liquid crystal display

6. Buzzer

7. Dc motor drive

A. POWER SOURCE

Without power source we cannot activate any newly found

or developed technology .So we need a source of power which

will be required for a particular device to operate. All the

electronic components starting from the diode to IntelIC’s will

work with a D.C. supply ranging from +5V to +15V. The

source of 230V/50Hz is stepped down, rectified, filtered and

made to regulate the voltage which is the most common and

cheapest source.

B. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:

Transformers are applied in areas where we need to

achieve a voltage level higher or lower. Here, transformer is

used for step down process.230/0-5v ac supply is being step

downed by the transformer to a voltage level of 5v at the

secondary of the transformer side. Reversing the connections

of input changes the polarity of the transformer. The isolation

between power source and supply circuits can also be achieved

by this.

C. RECTIFYING UNIT:

Rectification generally is done by using a diode of solid

state .Using diode a unidirectional flow of current can attained

by proper biasing. Bridge rectifier finds application in giving

large quantity of dc power. For full wave rectification

(IN4007*4) diodes are used. The diodes D1 and D3 will

operate during positive half cycle and in negative half cycle

diodes D2 and D4 operate. The cycle will be repeated. The

output obtained from the rectifying unit will not give pure dc.

So filtering must be done.

D. FILTERING UNIT

Filtering has to be done to take out all the unwanted

signals. This is usually done by capacitors which are followed

after rectifying unit and it also acts as a surge arrestor. It gives

dc frequency to appear at output and is used not only to short

ripple frequency. The ground has the reference through

connecting resistor ®. The capacitor along with resistor acts as

a low pass filter here and thereby allowing only the low

frequency signals.

E. VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

In order to get voltage and current as adjustable

values these fixed voltage regulators can be designed for

maintaining the peak voltage of output within the extend,

limiting of current is done. The output transistor has protection

which is done to keep the power dissipation within the level. If

the internal power dissipation goes high, then shutting down of

thermal circuits occurs to stop the overheating of devices.

V. HEART BEAT SENSOR

The beat from our heart can be sensed by using the

intensity of LED’s and LDR’s which have a high value. The

finger should be kept in between the LDR and LED of the

patient whose beat has to be sensed. Illumination of skin is

ADC

Power

source

Heart beat

sensor

Temperatu

re sensor ADC

Micro

controll

er

Keypad

Stepper

motor

Syringe infusion

mechanism

International Conference on Explorations and Innovations in Engineering & Technology (ICEIET – 2016)

ISSN: 2348 – 8379 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 17

done by using visible red light for detection. The small

deflection in reflection or transmittance is due to the change in

blood of human tissues and is always almost invisible.

Disturbance may be caused by many signals which may have

higher amplitude or even less amplitude. So, calculation of

accurate pulse value is mandatory which is to be done priorly

before processing a signal. Effective processing of new signal

is done by putting both analog and digital signals together by

limiting other disturbance. Here for detection LDR is used and

a LED of red light for showing illumination of transmitted

light.

VI. TEMPERATURE SENSOR

LM35 series temperature sensor is used. These are

very accurate integrated circuits. The output voltage obtained

from this sensor is proportional to temperature (in Celsius) in a

linear manner. This sensor doesn’t need any sorts of rounding

off techniques. Since here the output voltage is proportional to

temperature in Celsius. Conversion process will also be not

required which is an advantage. It has output in a linear

manner, designing a control circuit for this is easy since it has

calibration which is accurate.

VII. LCD DISPLAY

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a module of electronic

display and has its application widely. Devices and many

circuits find a common 16*2 LCD display application.

Programming in this easy and are less in cost. It has 2 lines in

which 16 characters can be displayed per line. This consists of

two registers command and data.

VIII. CONCLUSION:

Automation finds application in every field of technology

and also in biomedical too. This project is also based on

automation and it helps in delivering proper anaesthesia to the

patient. This is one of the efficient protecting systems.

IX. REFERENCE:

[1] Microcontroller and their applications – Kenneth J. Ayalaa –

Penram International.

[2] Bio medical Instrumentation and Application – William John Webster

David A Bell “Electronic Devices & Circuits” (5/e) (Oxford

University Press)

[3] Gayakwad: Op-Amp & Linear IC's, 2nd Ed.

[4] Malvino & Leach: Digital Principles & Applications, 4th Ed.Mc

Graw Hill

[5] Juha K., Shumakrker K., Jani M., Sana K., Giuseppe S., Luca J.

and Sergio D. M.

“Accelerometer-based gesture control for a design environment”, Springer,

Finland, 2005