Authorship & Authorship & Publication EthicsPublication Ethics

Dr L. GhalichiDepartment of Epidemiology & BiostatisticsSchool of public healthTehran University of Medical Sciences

AuthorshipAuthorshipAuthors are listed to provide a public record of responsibility and credit for the work

Only those who can take both responsibility and credit for a work should be authors

Authors RolesAuthors Roles

Authorship Policies Try toAuthorship Policies Try to

Ensure that all those who deserve authorship are listed as authors

Ensure that those who do not deserve authorship are not listed as authors

AuthorshipAuthorship1. Substantial contributions to

conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data AND

2. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content AND

3. Final approval of the version to be published

All 3 conditions should be met for assigning authorship

(Consensus Statement, International Council of Medical Journal Editors)

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAll contributors who do not meet

the criteria for authorship should be listed in an acknowledgments section◦who provided purely technical help◦writing assistance◦department chair who provided only

general support◦Financial and material support

How to avoid problems with How to avoid problems with authorship?authorship?

1. Follow the international guidelines.

2. Agree before starting3. Don’t add a senior author to

improve the chances of publication

4. Agree on who will be corresponding author.

Gift AuthorshipGhost Authorship

Types of Authorship Types of Authorship

Gift AuthorshipGift Authorship

Gift authorship: inclusion of authors who made no substantial contributions (heads of departments, superiors, family, colleagues & collaborators).

Some one who has NOT contributed substantially to the work

Often a senior person whose name has cache.

Ghost AuthorshipGhost Authorship

Ghost authorship: exclusion of authors who did contribute significantly (junior staff, "supporting" contributors)

A “nobody” writer (the ghost) writes an article, then a “somebody” agrees to put his or hername on the byline

ترتيب نويسندگانترتيب نويسندگان

به ترتيب الفبابه ترتيب نقش

نويسنده اول: مسئوليت اصلي جمع آوري و ◦آناليز داده ها و نويسنده ويراستار اول مقاله

نويسنده آخر: محقق صاحب نام, مسئول ◦کلي مطالعه

نويسندگان مياني: به ترتيب اهميت نقش◦

What is PlagiarismWhat is Plagiarism??According to Webster's New World Dictionary, to plagiarize is to "take the ideas, writings, etc. from another and pass them off as one's own“

Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression of others as your own.

((PlagiarismPlagiarism)) سرقت علمي سرقت علمي

از ايده و اثر بدون ذکر ماخذاستفاده ,انتشار يافته يا انتشار نيافته ديگران.

.تمام منابع بايد ذکر شوند اگر ميزان قابل توجهي از اثر ديگري قرار

است مورد استفاده قرار گيرد بايد از وي اجازه گرفته شود.

FraudFraud

،يzه نويسzدر مقالFraud هzدترين درجzه بzات مختلفي دارد کzدرج رzا Data اسzت بzه اينz معzنzي کzه دادzه هzا و Fabrificationzآzن

سzنتز کنيzدz.z يعzني دzاده هzايzي را بسzازيد zکzه اzصzال وzجzود خzارجي zنداشzته اند.

رzخفيف ت انzداختن fraud ، Falsificationدرجzه اشzتباه بzه يzا ميz باشzد، يعzني zاينکzهz تعzداديz از zداده هzا را حzذفz کننzد و يzا تعzدادي را

بzه zطzور کلي دسzتکاري دzاده هzا رzا zد وzننzافه کzضzا Falsification ميz گوينzد و يzا zاينکzه تعzدادي zاز دادzه هzاz را کzه جواzب هzاzي آن هzا بzا سzاير

z.zريدzگذاzب zکنار zوz کرده zفzرا حذ zاردzند zانيzهم خوz اzه zداده هzک مطالعzي در را داده هzای عzوارض جzانبي clinical trial اگzر

z عيzوzن zهzب بzاzز zهم ،zدzنيzنک افتzاzده Falsification گzزzارش اتفzاzق است.

How to avoid PlagiarismHow to avoid Plagiarism??

.1Quoting

.2Re-wording or Re-phrasing

Direct QuotesDirect Quotes

If you use someone else’s writing without putting it in quotes, you have blatantly plagiarized.

Even if you add the source in your bibliography, it is still plagiarism !

ParaphrasingParaphrasingBe careful about rewriting

someone else’s words. If your sentences use many of the same words and grammatical structure as the original source, it could be construed as plagiarism. Just put the text in your own words.

When ParaphrasingWhen Paraphrasing……Be sure you are not just

rearranging or replacing words.Rewrite the phrase in your own

words and credit the original source.

Double check what you have wrote by comparing it with the original writing.

Let’s Practice: Are the Let’s Practice: Are the Following Plagiarism or Not?Following Plagiarism or Not?

Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense.

Your paper: ”The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense.” (Smith 2006, p.42)

AnswerAnswer? ?

Not Plagiarism

You’ve used quotation marks and cited the source so that no one believes that these are your own words

Let’s Practice: Are the Let’s Practice: Are the Following Plagiarism or NotFollowing Plagiarism or Not??

Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense.

Your paper: Smith (2006, p.42) argues that providing online courses in information literacy is hard work.

AnswerAnswer? ?

Not Plagiarism

You’ve interpreted without quoting, have cited your source, and have not used a great deal of the original terminology

Let’s Practice: Are the Let’s Practice: Are the Following Plagiarism or NotFollowing Plagiarism or Not??

Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy

instruction is intense .

Your paper: The work needed to provide online information literacy teaching is

intense.

Plagiarism

Your version is a paraphrase of the original with a lot of the original terminology still there as well as the same sentence structure.

AnswerAnswer? ?

Plagiarism Detection Plagiarism Detection SoftwaresSoftwares

There are lots of Plagiarism Detection Softwares which you can find on the web.

Here are some of them:◦ http://www.anticutandpaste.com◦ http://www.plagiarismdetect.com◦ http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker/◦ http://www.millikin.edu/wcenter/

plagiarism3.html◦ http://www.plagiarismfinder.com/en-index.htm

Plagiarism Detection Plagiarism Detection WebsitesWebsites

There are lots of Plagiarism Detection Online Websites which you can find on the web.

Here are some of them:◦ http://www.duplichecker.com/◦ http://invention.swmed.edu/etblast/

etblast.shtml◦ http://www.turnitin.com/http://

www.millikin.edu/wcenter/plagiarism3.html

Guidelines for PublicationGuidelines for Publication

Widely cited guidelines for publication written by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Guidelines can be found at

www.icmje.org

Guidelines for PublicationGuidelines for PublicationAvoid misrepresentation in

publications◦Authors responsible to publish

accurate, complete, clear, and unbiased work

Publish manuscripts that represent new and substantial findings◦Avoid fragmentary publication –

dividing research findings into the smallest publishable units

Guidelines for PublicationGuidelines for PublicationAvoid redundant manuscript

submission & publication◦Submission of a paper provisionally

gives the journal copyright of the work

◦Readers may be misled into thinking the research represents two separate data sets

◦Readers may be led to think that a study has been successfully repeated

Guidelines for PublicationGuidelines for PublicationCriteria for Authorship

◦Authors should: Make a substantial contribution to

conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data

Write draft of the article or revise it critically for important intellectual content

Provide final approval of the version to be published

Agree to be named as author◦Avoid authorship disputes by

discussing plans and criteria for authorship at the outset of collaboration

Guidelines for PublicationGuidelines for PublicationAcknowledge those who

contribute to the research but do not qualify for authorship◦May provide space, financial support,

materials, etc.◦Be sure permission to be

acknowledged is granted

Guidelines for PublicationGuidelines for PublicationState in the manuscript when

research has been approved by institutional review committees

Acknowledge/disclose in the manuscript any real or perceived conflicts of interest to avoid the appearance of any bias

Guidelines for PublicationGuidelines for PublicationAdequately and accurately cite

literature◦Include adequate references to

document ideas◦Verify that referenced works are

consistent with the ideas and information credited to them

◦Cite original sources whenever possible

◦Check the accuracy of citations so readers can locate referenced work

Guidelines for PublicationsGuidelines for PublicationsAdmission of error is generally

perceived as a sign of integrity and concern for high standards; thus:◦Submit letter of erratum to the journal

when minor errors are discovered in a manuscript

◦Submit a letter of correction to the journal if unintentional errors are found that undermine part of the manuscript

◦Submit a letter of retraction to the journal when unintentional errors or errors of misconduct are great enough to invalidate the entire manuscript

Publication EthicsPublication Ethics Redundant Publication تيzوق : بzودن مقالzه) (تکzراري

Data اسzت کzه zدو zيzا چنzدz مقاzلzه بzدوzن اzينکzه ذکzرz کننzد، ازz يzک zو Materialz ه همzه بzبيzت شzيقzو در حقz ندzباشz zردهzه کzتفادzاس

باشند.Duplicate Submission هzه بzک مقالzان يzال همزمzا ارسzي

چند مجله نيز جزء تخلفات به حساب مي آيد.) لzردن متن کامzر کzمنتشFull text هzاله اي کzمق ( Abstract

.zندارد zاشکاليz ،ه گرديدهzآن قبال در گنگره اي ارائدن قبليzچاپ شabstract هzت کzانع از آن نيسzه، مzک مقالzي

مقاله کامل آن را چاپ کنيد. وردzوال در مzاصAbstract ورد آنzتر در مzپي رايت کمzانون کzق ،

يzک مقالzه Abstract رعzايت مي شzود و ارسzال و چzاپ کzردن حتي به صورتz همزماzن دzرچندz کنzگره مختلzف اشکالzي ندارد.

Publication RulesPublication Rules داردzکالي نzر، اشzان ديگzک زبzه يzه بzردن مقالzر کzمنتش

بايzد ذکzر zکنيzدz کzه اzين zمقالzه قبال بzه زبzانz ديگzري وzلي چاپ گرديده است.

ريzه ديگzه مجلzود را بzه خzه مقالzد کzر مي خواهيzه: اگzنکتارسzال کنيzد، در zصzورتيکهz قبال بzه جzاي zديگzري ارسzال هنzوز گذشzت zزمzان zطzوالنzي دليzل ايzد zولي zبzه کzردzه zه اوليzا مجلzبz داzتzبzا جzوzابيz zنگرzفتzه اzيzد، zبzهzترz اسzت zکzه zراzآنz zپسzس zد وzريzبگيz سzپz ود راzه خzقالzمz و zهzردzک zهzکاتبzم

به مجله جديzد ارسzال کنzيد. ايzه مقاله هzود از خالصzه خzه در مقالzد کzعي کنيzه: سzنکت

اصzوال و نکنيzد اسzتفاzده zرانسzرف عنzواzن بzه کنگره هzا، آن هzا را بzه عنوان zرفرانسz قراzر ندهيzد.

Publication Ethics Codes & Publication Ethics Codes & ProtocolsProtocols

You can find more guidelines & protocols of publication ethics in COPE (Committee of Publication

Ethics) Website .http://

www.publicationethics.org.uk/

A tale of two citationsA tale of two citations! !

Errami M. Garner H. A tale of two citations Nature, Volume 451, Issue 7177, 24 January 2008, Pages 397-399