Electronic supplementary material (ESM): “Organic milk has lower land use impacts on biodiversity than conventional milk”: Carina Mueller, Laura de Baan, Thomas Koellner

Table S1 Applied z-values by biome (source: Kier et al. 2005)z-value

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest 0.26a

Tropical and subtropical grass-/shrublands and savannahs 0.18

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests 0.17a specifically for Asia as for this biome region-specific z-values were given

Table S2 Medians of biodiversity characterization factors of occupation impacts per land use type, farming practice an biome TempBMF broadleaf and mixed forests, TropGL sub-/tropical grass-/shrublands and savannahs and TropMBF sub-/tropical moist broadleaf forests

Biome TempBLF TropGL TropMBFPasture Annual crops Annual crops Permanent

cropsConv Org Conv Org Conv Org Conv

Median 0.28 -0.02 0.60 0.15 0.81 0.42 0.511. quartile -0.28 -0.65 0.38 -0.33 0.75 0.25 0.293. quartile 0.54 0.33 0.78 0.37 0.85 0.52 0.67n 14 x 33 14 x 33 28 x 33 26x 33 15 x 6 2 x 6 12 x 14

1

Table S3 Composition of concentrate feeda by farming practice (modified from Cederberg and Flysjoe 2004)Fodder crop Share in concentrates

(% dry mass)Land use type Country of origin Biome Yield

(kg*ha-1*a-1)ConventionalBarley 35 Arable, intensive Sweden tempBMF 4600Beet pulp, molasse 17 Arable, intensive Sweden, Baltic states tempBMF 10714Rapeseed meal 15 Arable, intensive Germany, Sweden tempBMF 2580Wheat 11 Arable, intensive Sweden tempBMF 6100Soymeal 10 Arable, intensive Brazil tropGL 3125Wheat bran + dried draff 4 Arable, intensive Sweden tempBMF 6100Palm kernel expels 3 Permanent crops, intensive Malaysia tropMBF 25000Fatty acids 2 Arable and Permanent crops, intensive Sweden, Malaysia, Brazil tempBMF,

tropGL,tropMBF2580, 2500, 3125

Grass pellets 2 Pasture/meadow, intensive Denmark tempBMF 8000Triticale 1 Arable, intensive Sweden tempBMF 5000

OrganicBarleyc 47 Arable, organic Sweden tempBMF 2760Wheatc 22 Arable, organic Sweden tempBMF 3215Horse beanc 6 Arable, organic Sweden tempBMF 2600Maize gluten meal 6 Arable, intensive France tempBMF 2500Luzern pelletsc 5 Pasture/meadow, organic Sweden tempBMF 8000Rapeseed mealc 4 Arable, organic Sweden tempBMF 2000Beet pulpc 4 Arable, organic Sweden tempBMF 8571Soybeanc 4 Arable, organic South America tropGL 1800Oatsc 2 Arable, organic Sweden tempBMF 3000Fatty acids 1 Arable and permanent crops, intensive Sweden, Malaysia, Brazil tempBMF,

tropGL,tropMBF2580,2500,3125

Beet pulp, molasse <1 Arable, intensive Sweden tempBMF 10714a sum of purchased concentrates and concentrates produced on-farm (i.e maize and grains)b tropMBF: Sub-/tropical Moist Broadleaf Forest, tropGL: Sub-/tropical grass-/shrublands and Savannahs, tempBMF: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forestc produced organically

2

Table S4 Land use change between land cover types (modified from (FAOSTAT 2012b)Country Land covera Average area

for the period 1985-1989 (1000 ha)

Average area for the period 2005-2009 (1000 ha)

Change over 20-year period (1000 ha)

Change of area per ha covered on average in 2007 (ha × year)

Argentina Arable land 26713 31400 4687 0.149Permanent crops 1017 1000 -17 -0.017Permanent meadows

100144 106450 6306 0.059

Forest 35514 30119 -5395 -0.179Brazil Arable land 49100 61080 11980 0.196

Permanent crops 6161 7460 1299 0.174Permanent meadows

180340 196000 15660 0.080

Forest 583231 526105 -57126 -0.109Malaysia Arable land 1432 1800 368 0.204

Permanent crops 4744 5785 1041 0.180Permanent meadows

271 285 14 0.048

Forest 22770 20716 -2054 -0.099a according to FAO Classification

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Table S5 Plant species richness (S) standardised to area and as mentioned sampling area and species richness in source in the biomes TempBMF broadleaf and mixed forests, TropGL sub-/tropical grass-/shrublands and savannahs and Trop MBF sub-/tropical moist broadleaf forests, land use types permcro permanent crops, ancro annual crops, pas pasture/meadows and ref (semi-)natural reference and farming practice conventional or organic

SourceBiome Land use

type

Farming

practiceS Area

[m²]

SR

Standardised

Ammer et al. 1988 TempBMF ancro org 15 200 14.50Boutin et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro org 17 5 21.88Clough et al. 2007 TempBMF ancro org 23 50 23.79Frieben and Koepke 1996 TempBMF ancro org 20 100 20.00Frieben and Koepke 1996 TempBMF ancro org 19 100 18.50Gabriel et al. 2006 TempBMF ancro org 29 50 30.00Gabriel et al. 2010 TempBMF ancro org 11 3 14.81Gabriel et al. 2010 TempBMF ancro org 10 3 13.75Hald 1999 TempBMF ancro org 30 2 43.88Hawes et al. 2010 TempBMF ancro org 10 11 11.04Hiltbrunner et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro org 16 20 17.10Hiltbrunner et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro org 13 20 14.01Hiltbrunner et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro org 16 20 17.10Hiltbrunner et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro org 17 20 18.20Hotze and van Elsen 2006 TempBMF ancro org 24 100 24.00Kaar and Freier 2008 TempBMF ancro org 28 100 27.50Krauss et al. 2011 TempBMF ancro org 11 5 14.18Kreuter 2005 TempBMF ancro org 17 150 16.42Kreuter 2005 TempBMF ancro org 15 150 14.95Matzdorf and Zerbe 2000 TempBMF ancro org 25 1125 22.17Matzdorf and Zerbe 2000 TempBMF ancro org 23 675 20.67Moreby et al. 1994 TempBMF ancro org 12 3 16.89Moreby et al. 1994 TempBMF ancro org 12 3 17.34Norton 2002 TempBMF ancro org 15 15 16.69Roschewitz et al. 2005 TempBMF ancro org 31 60 31.56Ulber et al. 2009 TempBMF ancro org 23 1600 20.83Ammer et al. 1988 TempBMF ancro conv 7 500 6.51Boutin et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro conv 9 5 11.56Clough et al. 2007 TempBMF ancro conv 10 50 10.08Carey et al. 2007 TempBMF ancro conv 10 200 9.96Frieben and Koepke 1996 TempBMF ancro conv 9 100 8.50Frieben and Koepke 1996 TempBMF ancro conv 5 100 5.00Gabriel et al. 2006 TempBMF ancro conv 14 50 14.41Gabriel et al. 2010 TempBMF ancro conv 2 3 3.17Gabriel et al. 2010 TempBMF ancro conv 3 3 3.40Hald 1999 TempBMF ancro conv 12 2 17.55Hawes et al. 2010 TempBMF ancro conv 15 11 17.66Hiltbrunner et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro conv 7 20 7.17Hiltbrunner et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro conv 2 20 2.54Hiltbrunner et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro conv 9 20 10.29Hiltbrunner et al. 2008 TempBMF ancro conv 5 20 5.18Hotze and van Elsen 2006 TempBMF ancro conv 8 100 8.00Kaar and Freier 2008 TempBMF ancro conv 16 100 16.20Krauss et al. 2011 TempBMF ancro conv 3 5 3.26Kreuter 2005 TempBMF ancro conv 3 150 2.79Kreuter 2005 TempBMF ancro conv 4 150 3.72Manhoudt et al. 2005 TempBMF ancro conv 10 100 10.00Matzdorf and Zerbe 2000 TempBMF ancro conv 15 630 13.45Matzdorf and Zerbe 2000 TempBMF ancro conv 14 675 12.59

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Moreby et al. 1994 TempBMF ancro conv 4 3 6.06Moreby et al. 1994 TempBMF ancro conv 4 3 6.26Norton 2002 TempBMF ancro conv 8 15 9.02Roschewitz et al. 2005 TempBMF ancro conv 15 60 15.62Ulber et al. 2009 TempBMF ancro conv 13 1600 11.21Carey et al. 2007 TempBMF pas org 20 200 19.73Frieben and Koepke 1996 TempBMF pas org 13 4 16.66Gabriel et al. 2010 TempBMF pas org 7 9 7.97Gabriel et al. 2010 TempBMF pas org 6 9 7.57Knop (2005) TempBMF pas org 30 50 30.85Knop (2005) TempBMF pas org 40 50 41.11Knop (2005) TempBMF pas org 49 50 50.90Lips et al. 1997 TempBMF pas org 30 5000 25.63Schreiber and Lehman 1996 TempBMF pas org 23 50 23.89Schreiber and Lehman 1996 TempBMF pas org 21 50 21.82Wachendorf and Taube 2001 TempBMF pas org 25 22400 20.19Wachendorf and Taube 2001 TempBMF pas org 21 13200 17.57Wachendorf and Taube 2001 TempBMF pas org 24 5200 20.46Weibull et al. 2003 TempBMF pas org 39 2500 33.75Carey et al. 2007 TempBMF pas conv 14 200 13.83Frieben and Koepke 1996 TempBMF pas conv 11 4 14.34Gabriel et al. 2010 TempBMF pas conv 5 9 6.30Gabriel et al. 2010 TempBMF pas conv 4 9 4.30Knop (2005) TempBMF pas conv 18 50 19.00Knop (2005) TempBMF pas conv 31 50 32.35Knop (2005) TempBMF pas conv 31 50 31.76Lips et al. 1997 TempBMF pas conv 10 5000 8.81Schreiber and Lehman 1996 TempBMF pas conv 21 50 21.82Schreiber and Lehman 1996 TempBMF pas conv 20 50 20.78Wachendorf and Taube 2001 TempBMF pas conv 19 20400 15.88Wachendorf and Taube 2001 TempBMF pas conv 17 16400 14.40Wachendorf and Taube 2001 TempBMF pas conv 16 6000 13.55Weibull et al. 2003 TempBMF pas conv 36 2500 31.91Badea et al. 2011 TempBMF ref 32 2500 28.05Badea et al. 2011 TempBMF ref 46 2500 40.32Badea et al. 2011 TempBMF ref 37 2500 32.43Badea et al. 2011 TempBMF ref 45 2500 39.44Badea et al. 2011 TempBMF ref 54 2500 47.33Badea et al. 2011 TempBMF ref 12 2500 10.81BDM (2004) TempBMF ref 9 1 34.69BDM (2004) TempBMF ref 17 10 19.84BDM (2004) TempBMF ref 21 10 24.59BDM (2004) TempBMF ref 17 10 20.11BDM (2004) TempBMF ref 19 10 21.87BDM (2004) TempBMF ref 17 10 19.84Brunet et al. 1996 TempBMF ref 8 50 8.62Brunet 2007 TempBMF ref 25 21800 20.37Carey et al. 2007 TempBMF ref 21 200 20.21De Keersmaeker et al. 2004 TempBMF ref 10 100 10.00De Keersmaeker et al. 2004 TempBMF ref 15 100 15.00De Keersmaeker et al., 2004 TempBMF ref 13 100 13.00Dumortier et al. 2002 TempBMF ref 36 8300 30.39Fahy and Gormally 1998 TempBMF ref 17 4 21.96Gazol and Ibanez 2010 TempBMF ref 13 400 12.20Goetmark et al. 2005 TempBMF ref 20 10000 16.96Hofmeister et al. 2009 TempBMF ref 34 38 36.25

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Oheimb et al. 2007 TempBMF ref 7 100 6.60Schmidt 2005 TempBMF ref 23 314 22.08Schmidt 2005 TempBMF ref 13 314 12.32Schmidt 2005 TempBMF ref 31 314 29.57Schmidt 2005 TempBMF ref 26 314 24.64Schmidt 2005 TempBMF ref 23 314 21.70Szymura and Szymura 2011 TempBMF ref 31 250 29.67Thorell and Goetmark 2005 TempBMF ref 23 3316 19.71Vockenhuber 2011 TempBMF ref 15 2 21.94Wohlgemuth 1998 TempBMF ref 23 100 23.00Tamiozzo and Jacobi 2004 TropGL ancro org 24 4 31.00Tamiozzo and Jacobi 2004 TropGL ancro org 18 4 23.25Poggio 2005 TropGL ancro conv 10 12 11.83Poggio 2005 TropGL ancro conv 18 12 20.56Poggio 2005 TropGL ancro conv 8 1045 7.50Poggio et al. 2012 TropGL ancro conv 9 600000 6.82Poggio et al. 2012 TropGL ancro conv 10 600000 7.58Poggio et al. 2012 TropGL ancro conv 7 600000 5.31de la Fuente et al. 2006 TropGL ancro conv 15 500000 11.40de la Fuente et al. 2006 TropGL ancro conv 12 500000 9.13de la Fuente et al. 2006 TropGL ancro conv 8 500000 6.13de la Fuente et al. 2010 TropGL ancro conv 8 760000 6.26de la Fuente et al. 2010 TropGL ancro conv 11 760000 8.15Vitta et al. 2004 TropGL ancro conv 11 300 10.45Vitta et al. 2004 TropGL ancro conv 10 300 9.50Tuesca and Puricelli 2007 TropGL ancro conv 7 5 8.73Tuesca and Puricelli 2007 TropGL ancro conv 7 5 8.73Batalha et al. 2001 TropGL ref 39 400 36.40Batalha et al. 2001 TropGL ref 44 400 41.28Batalha et al. 2001 TropGL ref 33 400 31.33Amorim and Batalha 2007 TropGL ref 55 10 64.18Amorim and Batalha 2008 TropGL ref 14 1 53.26Cianciaruso and Batalho 2009 TropGL ref 16 1 59.68Ambinakudige and Sathish 2009 TropMBF permcro conv 38 1250 34.12Ambinakudige and Sathish 2009 TropMBF permcro conv 39 1250 35.01Ambinakudige and Sathish 2009 TropMBF permcro conv 38 1250 34.12Gillison et al. 2004 TropMBF permcro conv 26 200 25.14Murdiyarso et al. 2002 TropMBF permcro conv 25 200 24.17Murdiyarso et al. 2002 TropMBF permcro conv 25 200 24.17Ramadhanil et al. 2008 TropMBF permcro conv 48 40 50.33Schulze and Fiedler 2004 TropMBF permcro conv 10 10 12.59Siebert 2002 TropMBF permcro conv 21 10000 17.63Siebert 2002 TropMBF permcro conv 17 10000 14.27Tyynela et al. 2003 TropMBF permcro conv 5 1 17.43Tyynela et al. 2003 TropMBF permcro conv 7 1 22.03Bos et al. 2008 TropMBF ref 56 2500 48.91Brearley et al. 2004 TropMBF ref 85 7500 71.97Gillison et al. 2003 TropMBF ref 102 458 95.16Gillison et al. 2004 TropMBF ref 40 200 38.68Gradstein et al. 2007 TropMBF ref 56 2500 48.91Kessler et al. 2005 TropMBF ref 76 2500 66.62Murdiyarso et al. 2002 TropMBF ref 120 200 116.03Ramadhanil et al. 2008 TropMBF ref 46 40 48.75Schulze and Fiedler 2004 TropMBF ref 22 10 44.13

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Siebert 2002 TropMBF ref 45 900000 33.82Slik et al. 2002 TropMBF ref 76 3000 66.13Turner et al. 1997 TropMBF ref 53 2000 46.90Tyynela et al. 2003 TropMBF ref 9 1 27.95Tyynela et al. 2003 TropMBF ref 8 1 26.31

Table S6 Results of normalisations (*) of species richness (S), endemic species richness (EndS) and Conservation Risk Index (CRI) and their product, the Biodiversity Weighting factor (BWF) for all ecoregionBiom

e Code Ecoregion S EndS* CRI* BWF

1 AA0101 Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests 1.9 2.2 1.7 7.31 AA0102 Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests 3.1 2.6 5.4 42.71 AA0103 Biak-Numfoor rain forests 2.4 2.8 1.1 7.51 AA0104 Buru rain forests 2.7 1.8 2.6 12.61 AA0105 Central Range montane rain forests 2.7 1.8 1.1 5.41 AA0106 Halmahera rain forests 2.6 2.4 1.5 9.11 AA0107 Huon Peninsula montane rain forests 4.1 1.1 3.0 14.11 AA0108 Yapen rain forests 3.0 1.0 1.0 3.11 AA0109 Lord Howe Island subtropical forests 2.2 1.6 1.0 3.61 AA0110 Louisiade Archipelago rain forests 2.5 1.4 1.6 5.61 AA0111 New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests 2.3 1.8 1.8 7.41 AA0112 New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests 2.1 1.3 2.1 5.51 AA0113 New Caledonia rain forests 1.7 1.6 1.1 2.91 AA0114 Norfolk Island subtropical forests 2.3 1.5 1.1 3.8

1 AA0115Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests 2.8 1.4 1.1 4.2

1 AA0116 Northern New Guinea montane rain forests 3.0 1.3 1.1 4.41 AA0117 Queensland tropical rain forests 5.1 4.1 1.1 22.71 AA0118 Seram rain forests 2.7 2.4 1.1 7.11 AA0119 Solomon Islands rain forests 2.4 5.5 1.2 16.31 AA0120 Southeastern Papuan rain forests 4.1 1.3 2.9 16.01 AA0121 Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests 2.8 1.0 1.4 3.81 AA0122 Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests 2.8 1.0 1.4 4.01 AA0123 Sulawesi lowland rain forests 2.9 3.2 1.5 14.21 AA0124 Sulawesi montane rain forests 2.3 2.7 1.1 7.11 AA0125 Trobriand Islands rain forests 2.7 1.3 2.3 8.21 AA0126 Vanuatu rain forests 1.7 2.8 1.5 6.81 AA0127 Vogelkop montane rain forests 3.6 1.4 1.1 5.61 AA0128 Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests 3.0 1.1 1.2 3.81 AT0101 Albertine Rift montane forests 6.3 4.6 1.2 35.51 AT0102 Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests 4.4 1.4 1.1 7.01 AT0103 Cameroonian Highlands forests 5.9 2.6 1.1 15.91 AT0104 Central Congolian lowland forests 2.9 1.0 1.1 3.11 AT0105 Comoros forests 2.2 3.6 3.6 28.71 AT0106 Cross-Niger transition forests 4.9 1.0 6.5 32.01 AT0107 Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests 5.8 1.3 1.1 7.81 AT0108 East African montane forests 5.5 1.8 1.5 14.41 AT0109 Eastern Arc forests 6.6 4.4 1.3 36.61 AT0110 Eastern Congolian swamp forests 3.7 1.1 1.6 6.51 AT0111 Eastern Guinean forests 4.3 1.7 7.0 50.71 AT0112 Ethiopian montane forests 3.6 1.7 1.7 10.71 AT0113 Granitic Seychelles forests 2.7 4.1 1.0 11.21 AT0114 Guinean montane forests 4.7 1.9 2.1 18.81 AT0115 Knysna-Amatole montane forests 5.1 1.9 1.0 10.11 AT0116 KwaZulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic 5.0 1.1 2.4 13.61 AT0117 Madagascar lowland forests 3.2 7.3 2.4 55.81 AT0118 Madagascar subhumid forests 3.0 2.7 1.3 10.41 AT0119 Maputaland coastal forest mosaic 5.0 1.2 1.1 6.6

7

7

1 AT0120 Mascarene forests 1.8 3.1 1.0 5.5

1 AT0121 Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests10.

0 1.2 1.0 12.71 AT0122 Niger Delta swamp forests 4.7 1.0 4.1 19.01 AT0123 Nigerian lowland forests 4.3 1.2 4.1 20.81 AT0124 Northeastern Congolian lowland forests 3.9 1.4 1.2 6.41 AT0125 Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic 5.3 3.0 1.2 19.01 AT0126 Northwestern Congolian lowland forests 3.9 1.2 1.1 4.81 AT0127 Sao Tome, Principe and Annobon moist lowland forests 3.0 4.9 1.1 15.81 AT0128 Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic 4.1 1.5 1.4 8.31 AT0129 Western Congolian swamp forests 3.4 1.0 1.1 3.71 AT0130 Western Guinean lowland forests 4.0 2.0 2.9 22.71 IM0101 Andaman Islands rain forests 2.4 2.6 1.4 9.21 IM0102 Borneo lowland rain forests 3.0 1.4 1.8 7.51 IM0103 Borneo montane rain forests 2.8 1.0 1.0 2.81 IM0104 Borneo peat swamp forests 3.7 1.0 2.2 8.31 IM0105 Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests 3.7 1.0 3.3 12.01 IM0106 Cardamom Mountains rain forests 3.8 1.6 1.1 6.61 IM0107 Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests 3.8 1.2 9.8 45.31 IM0108 Chao Phraya lowland moist deciduous forests 4.4 1.0 1.8 8.21 IM0109 Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma montane forests 4.2 1.0 7.0 29.51 IM0110 Christmas and Cocos Islands tropical forests 1.6 1.9 1.0 3.01 IM0111 Eastern highlands moist deciduous forests 2.4 1.1 1.8 4.91 IM0112 Eastern Java-Bali montane rain forests 3.3 1.0 1.4 4.51 IM0113 Eastern Java-Bali rain forests 3.4 1.0 2.9 9.61 IM0114 Greater Negros-Panay rain forests 3.6 3.6 2.2 29.01 IM0115 Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests 3.6 1.0 1.5 5.31 IM0116 Irrawaddy freshwater swamp forests 3.4 1.0 9.8 33.71 IM0117 Irrawaddy moist deciduous forests 3.2 1.0 6.4 20.41 IM0118 Jian Nan subtropical evergreen forests 3.8 1.3 1.4 7.01 IM0119 Kayah-Karen montane rain forests 4.8 1.8 1.3 11.01 IM0120 Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests 3.0 1.1 5.3 16.71 IM0121 Luang Prabang montane rain forests 4.3 1.0 1.4 6.21 IM0122 Luzon montane rain forests 3.1 1.0 1.1 3.31 IM0123 Luzon rain forests 3.6 2.3 1.8 14.71 IM0124 Malabar Coast moist forests 3.5 1.5 5.1 27.0

1 IM0125Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests 2.2 1.0 1.6 3.5

1 IM0126 Meghalaya subtropical forests 4.6 1.5 6.1 41.71 IM0127 Mentawai Islands rain forests 3.4 2.3 1.0 7.81 IM0128 Mindanao montane rain forests 3.0 2.1 1.3 8.11 IM0129 Mindanao-Eastern Visayas rain forests 3.4 1.7 2.8 16.21 IM0130 Mindoro rain forests 3.7 1.3 1.6 7.51 IM0131 Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin rain forests 4.3 1.3 5.1 28.41 IM0132 Myanmar coastal rain forests 3.7 1.3 8.1 38.11 IM0133 Nicobar Islands rain forests 2.3 1.2 1.1 3.01 IM0134 North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests 3.5 1.1 2.0 7.91 IM0135 North Western Ghats montane rain forests 3.9 2.3 1.2 10.61 IM0136 Northern Annamites rain forests 4.5 1.5 1.1 7.51 IM0137 Northern Indochina subtropical forests 4.7 1.8 2.0 17.41 IM0138 Northern Khorat Plateau moist deciduous forests 4.5 1.0 6.4 29.21 IM0139 Northern Thailand-Laos moist deciduous forests 3.9 1.0 1.8 7.11 IM0140 Northern Triangle subtropical forests 4.0 1.7 3.2 22.01 IM0141 Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests 3.9 1.1 3.0 13.01 IM0142 Orissa semi-evergreen forests 3.1 1.0 8.7 26.91 IM0143 Palawan rain forests 3.9 3.7 1.0 14.91 IM0144 Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests 5.0 2.1 1.0 10.91 IM0145 Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests 7.1 1.0 4.1 29.21 IM0146 Peninsular Malaysian rain forests 4.6 1.5 2.6 18.11 IM0147 Red River freshwater swamp forests 4.1 1.0 10.0 40.51 IM0148 South China Sea Islands 1.1 1.0 3.3 3.6

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8

1 IM0149 South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests 4.9 1.4 1.9 12.91 IM0150 South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests 4.1 1.1 1.1 5.21 IM0151 South Western Ghats montane rain forests 4.6 5.7 1.0 27.61 IM0152 Southern Annamites montane rain forests 3.9 1.5 1.2 7.01 IM0153 Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests 3.8 1.0 2.1 8.11 IM0154 Sri Lanka lowland rain forests 3.7 1.9 2.4 17.41 IM0155 Sri Lanka montane rain forests 4.7 5.6 1.3 35.11 IM0156 Sulu Archipelago rain forests 4.2 2.0 4.8 40.51 IM0157 Sumatran freshwater swamp forests 4.7 1.0 3.0 14.11 IM0158 Sumatran lowland rain forests 2.6 1.2 2.2 6.81 IM0159 Sumatran montane rain forests 3.7 1.5 1.1 5.91 IM0160 Sumatran peat swamp forests 3.8 1.1 2.1 8.81 IM0161 Sundaland heath forests 3.2 1.0 2.1 6.81 IM0162 Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests 3.0 1.0 9.9 29.81 IM0163 Tenasserim-South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests 5.2 1.7 1.4 12.71 IM0164 Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forests 3.7 1.1 1.6 6.41 IM0165 Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests 3.4 1.0 9.5 32.81 IM0166 Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests 2.4 1.0 9.2 22.31 IM0167 Western Java montane rain forests 2.9 1.7 1.8 8.81 IM0168 Western Java rain forests 3.6 1.0 3.2 11.51 IM0169 Hainan Island monsoon rain forests 5.2 1.0 1.0 5.41 IM0170 Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests 3.5 6.9 1.1 27.21 IM0171 South Taiwan monsoon rain forests 6.5 1.0 1.1 7.11 IM0172 Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests 4.0 1.6 1.2 7.61 NT0101 Araucaria moist forests 3.6 1.1 5.4 21.71 NT0102 Atlantic Coast restingas 4.8 1.5 1.9 14.21 NT0103 Bahia coastal forests 3.6 1.5 6.3 33.11 NT0104 Bahia interior forests 3.4 1.2 7.2 28.81 NT0105 Bolivian Yungas 4.7 2.3 1.0 11.11 NT0106 Caatinga Enclaves moist forests 1.0 1.0 2.5 2.51 NT0107 Caqueta moist forests 4.2 1.1 1.0 4.91 NT0108 Catatumbo moist forests 5.7 1.4 1.2 9.51 NT0109 Cauca Valley montane forests 6.2 2.6 2.6 41.4

1 NT0110Cayos Miskitos-San AndrΘs and Providencia moist forests 2.8 2.4 1.0 6.9

1 NT0111 Central American Atlantic moist forests 4.6 1.3 1.3 7.71 NT0112 Central American montane forests 6.7 1.1 1.1 8.71 NT0113 Chiapas montane forests 7.7 1.2 1.7 15.81 NT0114 Chimalapas montane forests 8.6 2.1 1.5 26.71 NT0115 Choc≤-DariΘn moist forests 6.8 4.3 1.2 34.41 NT0116 Cocos Island moist forests 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.61 NT0117 Cordillera La Costa montane forests 8.1 5.0 1.0 42.11 NT0118 Cordillera Oriental montane forests 6.4 3.7 1.2 27.61 NT0119 Costa Rican seasonal moist forests 7.4 1.0 1.7 12.91 NT0120 Cuban moist forests 3.1 1.1 1.2 4.41 NT0121 Eastern Cordillera real montane forests 5.9 6.3 1.2 43.51 NT0122 Eastern Panamanian montane forests 9.9 2.4 1.0 24.11 NT0123 Fernando de Noronha-Atol das Rocas moist forests 1.6 2.2 1.0 3.61 NT0124 Guianan Highlands moist forests 4.6 1.9 1.0 8.71 NT0125 Guianan moist forests 4.4 2.0 1.0 9.01 NT0126 Gurupa varzeß 7.7 1.0 2.1 15.81 NT0127 Hispaniolan moist forests 2.4 1.5 3.5 12.61 NT0128 Iquitos varzeß 5.7 1.2 1.0 7.21 NT0129 Isthmian-Atlantic moist forests 6.3 1.6 1.2 12.81 NT0130 Isthmian-Pacific moist forests 6.6 2.0 1.8 24.71 NT0131 Jamaican moist forests 3.3 1.3 1.4 6.41 NT0132 Japurß-Solimoes-Negro moist forests 3.5 1.1 1.0 4.01 NT0133 Juruß-Purus moist forests 3.5 1.0 1.1 3.81 NT0134 Leeward Islands moist forests 4.0 1.3 1.3 7.21 NT0135 Madeira-Tapaj≤s moist forests 2.9 1.1 1.2 3.91 NT0136 Magdalena Valley montane forests 4.8 3.1 3.5 53.8

9

9

1 NT0137 Magdalena-Urabß moist forests 5.2 1.2 6.3 38.61 NT0138 Maraj≤ varzeß 4.1 1.1 1.1 4.71 NT0139 Maranhπo Babaτu forests 2.5 1.0 6.1 15.51 NT0140 Mato Grosso seasonal forests 2.8 1.1 2.9 8.71 NT0141 Monte Alegre varzeß 5.5 1.2 1.4 9.01 NT0142 Napo moist forests 5.3 2.6 1.1 15.31 NT0143 Negro-Branco moist forests 4.1 1.6 1.0 6.61 NT0144 Northeastern Brazil restingas 4.6 1.0 1.5 6.81 NT0145 Northwestern Andean montane forests 6.3 9.0 1.3 76.01 NT0146 Oaxacan montane forests 7.0 1.9 3.8 49.91 NT0147 Orinoco Delta swamp forests 5.2 1.2 1.0 6.41 NT0148 Pantanos de Centla 5.3 1.0 1.2 6.31 NT0149 Guianan freshwater swamp forests 8.9 1.0 1.2 10.51 NT0150 Alto Paranß Atlantic forests 3.5 1.0 6.9 23.81 NT0151 Pernambuco coastal forests 5.0 1.7 9.0 76.61 NT0152 Pernambuco interior forests 4.3 1.0 8.9 38.01 NT0153 Peruvian Yungas 4.6 5.7 1.1 29.71 NT0154 PetΘn-Veracruz moist forests 5.1 2.2 1.2 12.71 NT0155 Puerto Rican moist forests 3.1 1.4 4.1 17.21 NT0156 Purus varzeß 4.9 1.0 1.0 5.01 NT0157 Purus-Madeira moist forests 3.8 1.0 1.1 4.31 NT0158 Rio Negro campinarana 3.4 1.0 1.0 3.41 NT0159 Santa Marta montane forests 9.0 4.7 1.1 45.11 NT0160 Serra do Mar coastal forests 4.5 1.7 3.5 26.41 NT0161 Sierra de los Tuxtlas 9.6 3.0 1.1 32.81 NT0162 Sierra Madre de Chiapas moist forests 6.8 1.8 1.3 15.71 NT0163 Solim⌡es-Japurß moist forests 5.0 1.1 1.0 5.71 NT0164 South Florida rocklands 5.2 1.3 1.1 7.21 NT0165 Southern Andean Yungas 3.7 2.1 1.1 8.71 NT0166 Southwest Amazon moist forests 4.3 2.8 1.0 12.61 NT0167 Talamancan montane forests 8.4 10.0 1.0 86.51 NT0168 Tapaj≤s-Xingu moist forests 3.2 1.1 1.3 4.51 NT0169 Pantepui 5.9 4.5 1.0 26.41 NT0170 Tocantins/Pindare moist forests 3.4 1.1 4.0 14.41 NT0171 Trinidad and Tobago moist forests 5.7 1.2 3.3 22.51 NT0172 Trindade-Martin Vaz Islands tropical forests 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.11 NT0173 Uatuma-Trombetas moist forests 3.3 1.0 1.1 3.41 NT0174 Ucayali moist forests 5.4 1.7 1.3 12.11 NT0175 Venezuelan Andes montane forests 6.1 4.4 1.1 28.41 NT0176 Veracruz moist forests 4.4 1.6 3.7 26.21 NT0177 Veracruz montane forests 6.9 1.4 1.9 18.31 NT0178 Western Ecuador moist forests 6.6 2.8 2.4 43.31 NT0179 Windward Islands moist forests 3.7 3.2 1.0 11.71 NT0180 Xingu-Tocantins-Araguaia moist forests 3.2 1.1 2.8 9.51 NT0181 Yucatßn moist forests 4.3 1.3 1.0 6.01 NT0182 Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.01 OC0101 Carolines tropical moist forests 2.1 2.8 1.1 6.31 OC0102 Central Polynesian tropical moist forests 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.81 OC0103 Cook Islands tropical moist forests 1.5 2.5 1.1 4.21 OC0104 Eastern Micronesia tropical moist forests 1.6 1.3 1.1 2.21 OC0105 Fiji tropical moist forests 1.6 2.4 1.1 4.21 OC0106 Hawaii tropical moist forests 1.7 1.8 1.2 3.51 OC0107 Kermadec Islands subtropical moist forests 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.71 OC0108 Marquesas tropical moist forests 1.3 3.0 1.1 4.41 OC0109 Ogasawara subtropical moist forests 1.1 1.9 1.1 2.31 OC0110 Palau tropical moist forests 2.5 2.3 4.5 25.11 OC0111 Rapa Nui subtropical broadleaf forests 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.11 OC0112 Samoan tropical moist forests 1.6 2.1 1.1 3.61 OC0113 Society Islands tropical moist forests 1.3 1.5 1.1 2.11 OC0114 Tongan tropical moist forests 1.6 1.3 1.1 2.11 OC0115 Tuamotu tropical moist forests 1.4 2.6 1.1 3.9

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10

1 OC0116 Tubuai tropical moist forests 1.3 1.4 1.1 2.01 OC0117 Western Polynesian tropical moist forests 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.81 PA0101 Guizhou Plateau broadleaf and mixed forests 3.9 1.1 1.4 5.91 PA0102 Yunnan Plateau subtropical evergreen forests 4.9 1.1 1.3 7.42 AA0201 Lesser Sundas deciduous forests 2.8 2.1 1.6 9.62 AA0202 New Caledonia dry forests 1.8 1.0 1.8 3.22 AA0203 Sumba deciduous forests 2.4 1.4 3.1 10.32 AA0204 Timor and Wetar deciduous forests 2.5 1.7 3.4 14.52 AT0201 Cape Verde Islands dry forests 1.8 2.8 1.1 5.42 AT0202 Madagascar dry deciduous forests 2.5 2.8 1.6 11.22 AT0203 Zambezian Cryptosepalum dry forests 3.9 1.0 1.0 3.92 IM0201 Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests 2.5 1.1 4.0 10.82 IM0202 Central Indochina dry forests 3.6 1.2 1.9 8.02 IM0203 Chhota-Nagpur dry deciduous forests 2.6 1.0 2.1 5.52 IM0204 East Deccan dry-evergreen forests 3.0 1.0 5.5 16.72 IM0205 Irrawaddy dry forests 3.5 1.1 9.3 36.02 IM0206 Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests 2.5 1.0 3.0 7.52 IM0207 Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests 2.5 1.0 2.1 5.22 IM0208 Northern dry deciduous forests 2.7 1.0 2.8 7.72 IM0209 South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests 2.7 1.0 5.7 15.32 IM0210 Southeastern Indochina dry evergreen forests 3.5 1.0 1.3 4.62 IM0211 Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests 3.6 1.1 2.4 9.52 IM0212 Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests 3.2 1.9 1.3 7.82 NA0201 Sonoran-Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest 2.1 1.0 2.2 4.72 NT0201 Apure-Villavicencio dry forests 4.6 1.2 1.5 8.02 NT0202 Atlantic dry forests 2.8 1.2 6.6 21.42 NT0204 Bajφo dry forests 3.8 1.0 4.2 15.82 NT0205 Balsas dry forests 3.9 1.6 1.8 11.42 NT0206 Bolivian montane dry forests 2.9 1.6 1.2 5.52 NT0207 Cauca Valley dry forests 4.6 1.0 6.6 30.52 NT0209 Central American dry forests 4.2 1.1 3.0 13.72 NT0211 Chiapas Depression dry forests 4.3 1.4 5.2 29.92 NT0212 Chiquitano dry forests 3.5 1.0 1.4 4.72 NT0213 Cuban dry forests 2.4 1.0 2.0 4.82 NT0214 Ecuadorian dry forests 3.9 1.0 4.1 15.82 NT0215 Hispaniolan dry forests 2.6 1.0 1.4 3.82 NT0216 Islas Revillagigedo dry forests 1.6 1.8 1.0 3.02 NT0217 Jalisco dry forests 4.7 1.2 2.0 11.32 NT0218 Jamaican dry forests 3.3 1.0 1.1 3.72 NT0219 Lara-Falc≤n dry forests 4.2 1.1 1.3 6.32 NT0220 Lesser Antillean dry forests 2.8 1.0 1.1 3.02 NT0221 Magdalena Valley dry forests 4.4 1.0 7.2 31.62 NT0222 Maracaibo dry forests 4.3 1.2 1.3 6.92 NT0223 Mara±≤n dry forests 3.0 1.7 2.4 12.52 NT0224 Panamanian dry forests 5.2 1.0 9.4 48.72 NT0225 Patφa Valley dry forests 3.4 1.0 6.5 22.32 NT0226 Puerto Rican dry forests 3.3 1.2 1.5 5.72 NT0227 Sierra de la Laguna dry forests 3.5 1.2 1.0 4.12 NT0228 Sinaloan dry forests 4.0 1.6 2.1 12.82 NT0229 Sin· Valley dry forests 5.4 1.6 3.9 33.62 NT0230 Southern Pacific dry forests 5.0 1.8 3.1 28.62 NT0232 Tumbes-Piura dry forests 3.4 1.7 1.8 9.82 NT0233 Veracruz dry forests 4.9 1.3 7.2 44.92 NT0235 Yucatßn dry forests 3.6 1.4 2.2 11.42 OC0201 Fiji tropical dry forests 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.12 OC0202 Hawaii tropical dry forests 1.6 1.0 1.3 2.02 OC0203 Marianas tropical dry forests 1.7 1.6 8.4 23.12 OC0204 Yap tropical dry forests 2.0 1.7 5.4 17.93 IM0301 Himalayan subtropical pine forests 3.8 1.0 2.1 8.13 IM0302 Luzon tropical pine forests 2.6 1.5 1.2 4.83 IM0303 Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests 3.5 1.0 7.1 24.8

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3 IM0304 Sumatran tropical pine forests 3.4 1.0 1.0 3.53 NA0301 Bermuda subtropical conifer forests 4.9 1.0 1.0 5.13 NA0302 Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests 1.7 1.2 1.1 2.23 NA0303 Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests 4.8 1.6 1.1 8.43 NT0301 Bahamian pine mosaic 2.7 1.4 1.1 4.03 NT0302 Belizian pine forests 5.1 1.0 1.0 5.23 NT0303 Central American pine-oak forests 4.9 1.6 2.9 22.73 NT0304 Cuban pine forests 3.1 1.0 1.5 4.73 NT0305 Hispaniolan pine forests 2.6 1.0 1.3 3.33 NT0306 Miskito pine forests 3.3 1.0 1.3 4.13 NT0307 Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests 3.4 1.2 1.0 4.03 NT0308 Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests 7.0 1.7 1.4 16.53 NT0309 Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests 4.5 2.9 2.1 26.73 NT0310 Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests 4.5 1.9 1.4 12.14 AA0401 Chatham Island temperate forests 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.14 AA0402 Eastern Australian temperate forests 3.7 3.6 1.6 21.54 AA0403 Fiordland temperate forests 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.54 AA0404 Nelson Coast temperate forests 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.44 AA0405 North Island temperate forests 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.44 AA0406 Northland temperate kauri forests 1.5 1.3 1.3 2.54 AA0407 Rakiura Island temperate forests 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.74 AA0408 Richmond temperate forests 1.5 1.3 1.0 2.04 AA0409 Southeast Australia temperate forests 3.1 1.5 4.8 21.74 AA0410 South Island temperate forests 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.74 AA0411 Tasmanian Central Highland forests 2.3 1.1 1.2 3.04 AA0412 Tasmanian temperate forests 2.5 1.0 1.7 4.24 AA0413 Tasmanian temperate rain forests 2.2 1.2 1.2 3.14 AA0414 Westland temperate forests 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.44 IM0401 Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests 3.9 1.2 1.4 7.04 IM0402 Northern Triangle temperate forests 4.2 1.3 2.9 16.64 IM0403 Western Himalayan broadleaf forests 2.1 1.3 1.7 4.34 NA0401 Allegheny Highlands forests 2.5 1.0 1.3 3.14 NA0402 Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests 2.5 1.1 1.1 3.04 NA0403 Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests 2.6 1.6 1.1 4.44 NA0404 Central U.S. hardwood forests 2.5 1.0 1.6 3.94 NA0405 East Central Texas forests 2.8 1.0 5.8 16.24 NA0406 Eastern forest-boreal transition 2.1 1.0 1.0 2.14 NA0407 Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests 2.4 1.0 4.9 11.94 NA0408 Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests 2.4 1.0 1.9 4.44 NA0409 Mississippi lowland forests 2.6 1.0 5.0 13.24 NA0410 New England-Acadian forests 2.2 1.0 1.1 2.44 NA0411 Northeastern coastal forests 2.7 1.0 3.2 8.74 NA0412 Ozark Mountain forests 2.7 1.3 1.1 3.94 NA0413 Southeastern mixed forests 2.5 1.0 1.6 4.14 NA0414 Southern Great Lakes forests 2.4 1.0 6.0 14.24 NA0415 Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition 2.4 1.0 4.8 11.34 NA0416 Western Great Lakes forests 2.2 1.1 1.0 2.44 NA0417 Willamette Valley forests 2.5 1.2 6.7 20.64 NT0401 Juan Fernßndez Islands temperate forests 1.2 1.9 1.1 2.54 NT0402 Magellanic subpolar forests 1.8 1.2 1.0 2.14 NT0403 San FΘlix-San Ambrosio Islands temperate forests 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.14 NT0404 Valdivian temperate forests 2.0 2.2 1.1 4.64 PA0401 Appenine deciduous montane forests 2.5 1.0 1.1 2.74 PA0402 Atlantic mixed forests 2.4 1.0 7.8 18.64 PA0403 Azores temperate mixed forests 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.64 PA0404 Balkan mixed forests 2.7 1.0 7.5 20.44 PA0405 Baltic mixed forests 2.4 1.0 5.4 12.84 PA0406 Cantabrian mixed forests 2.6 1.1 1.4 4.04 PA0407 Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 3.0 1.1 1.5 4.84 PA0408 Caucasus mixed forests 2.8 1.4 1.4 5.14 PA0409 Celtic broadleaf forests 2.1 1.0 1.3 2.6

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4 PA0410 Central Anatolian steppe and woodlands 2.3 1.0 6.5 15.14 PA0411 Central China loess plateau mixed forests 3.7 1.0 4.6 17.24 PA0412 Central European mixed forests 2.3 1.0 2.9 6.64 PA0413 Central Korean deciduous forests 1.8 1.0 2.6 4.74 PA0414 Changbai Mountains mixed forests 3.3 1.0 1.1 3.74 PA0415 Changjiang Plain evergreen forests 3.9 1.0 2.0 8.04 PA0416 Crimean Submediterranean forest complex 2.7 1.0 1.4 3.94 PA0417 Daba Mountains evergreen forests 4.0 1.0 1.9 7.74 PA0418 Dinaric Mountains mixed forests 2.8 1.0 5.2 14.44 PA0419 East European forest steppe 2.3 1.0 2.8 6.34 PA0420 Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests 2.0 1.0 6.3 12.74 PA0421 English Lowlands beech forests 2.3 1.0 3.6 8.34 PA0422 Euxine-Colchic broadleaf forests 2.7 1.0 4.3 11.74 PA0423 Hokkaido deciduous forests 2.5 1.0 1.4 3.44 PA0424 Huang He Plain mixed forests 3.5 1.0 8.5 29.74 PA0425 Madeira evergreen forests 1.3 1.5 1.1 2.24 PA0426 Manchurian mixed forests 2.4 1.0 1.2 2.94 PA0427 Nihonkai evergreen forests 2.9 1.4 1.2 4.94 PA0428 Nihonkai montane deciduous forests 2.7 1.1 1.1 3.24 PA0429 North Atlantic moist mixed forests 2.1 1.0 1.0 2.24 PA0430 Northeast China Plain deciduous forests 3.3 1.2 6.1 24.14 PA0431 Pannonian mixed forests 2.4 1.0 3.3 8.04 PA0432 Po Basin mixed forests 2.8 1.0 2.8 7.94 PA0433 Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests 2.7 1.2 1.0 3.34 PA0434 Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests 4.6 1.1 1.2 6.44 PA0435 Rodope montane mixed forests 3.1 1.0 3.0 9.34 PA0436 Sarmatic mixed forests 2.1 1.0 1.6 3.44 PA0437 Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests 4.6 1.1 9.4 47.14 PA0438 South Sakhalin-Kurile mixed forests 2.5 1.0 1.1 2.64 PA0439 Southern Korea evergreen forests 1.8 1.1 3.4 6.94 PA0440 Taiheiyo evergreen forests 2.6 1.5 1.3 5.04 PA0441 Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests 2.7 1.0 1.1 3.04 PA0442 Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe 2.1 1.0 2.0 4.24 PA0443 Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests 2.2 1.0 1.0 2.34 PA0444 Western Siberian hemiboreal forests 2.2 1.0 1.4 3.14 PA0445 Western European broadleaf forests 2.3 1.0 3.1 7.24 PA0446 Zagros Mountains forest steppe 2.4 1.1 1.5 3.65 IM0501 Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests 2.6 1.3 1.1 3.65 IM0502 Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests 2.9 1.1 1.7 5.35 NA0501 Alberta Mountain forests 2.3 1.0 1.0 2.35 NA0502 Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests 2.1 1.0 1.5 3.05 NA0503 Arizona Mountains forests 2.5 1.1 1.0 2.75 NA0504 Atlantic coastal pine barrens 2.9 1.1 2.2 6.95 NA0505 Blue Mountains forests 2.4 1.0 1.0 2.45 NA0506 British Columbia mainland coastal forests 2.4 1.0 1.0 2.45 NA0507 Cascade Mountains leeward forests 2.4 1.0 1.0 2.45 NA0508 Central and Southern Cascades forests 2.6 1.2 1.0 3.15 NA0509 Central British Columbia Mountain forests 2.1 1.0 1.0 2.25 NA0510 Central Pacific coastal forests 2.5 1.2 1.0 2.95 NA0511 Colorado Rockies forests 2.3 1.0 1.0 2.35 NA0512 Eastern Cascades forests 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.55 NA0513 Florida sand pine scrub 3.0 1.0 1.1 3.45 NA0514 Fraser Plateau and Basin complex 2.1 1.0 1.0 2.15 NA0515 Great Basin montane forests 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.55 NA0516 Klamath-Siskiyou forests 2.7 1.0 1.0 2.75 NA0517 Middle Atlantic coastal forests 2.7 1.1 1.7 5.25 NA0518 North Central Rockies forests 2.3 1.0 1.0 2.35 NA0519 Northern California coastal forests 3.1 1.2 1.1 3.95 NA0520 Northern Pacific coastal forests 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.95 NA0521 Northern transitional alpine forests 2.1 1.0 1.1 2.25 NA0522 Okanagan dry forests 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.6

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5 NA0523 Piney Woods forests 2.5 1.0 1.2 3.15 NA0524 Puget lowland forests 2.5 1.0 2.7 6.85 NA0525 Queen Charlotte Islands 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.05 NA0526 Sierra Juarez and San Pedro Martir pine-oak forests 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.65 NA0527 Sierra Nevada forests 2.5 1.3 1.0 3.45 NA0528 South Central Rockies forests 2.3 1.0 1.0 2.35 NA0529 Southeastern conifer forests 2.7 1.5 1.5 6.45 NA0530 Wasatch and Uinta montane forests 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.55 PA0501 Alps conifer and mixed forests 2.6 1.2 1.0 3.35 PA0502 Altai montane forest and forest steppe 1.9 1.0 1.6 3.15 PA0503 Caledon conifer forests 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.15 PA0504 Carpathian montane forests 2.5 1.2 1.3 3.75 PA0505 Da Hinggan-Dzhagdy Mountains conifer forests 2.7 1.0 1.1 2.95 PA0506 East Afghan montane conifer forests 2.3 2.4 1.6 8.85 PA0507 Elburz Range forest steppe 2.2 1.0 1.2 2.65 PA0508 Helanshan montane conifer forests 2.6 1.0 1.1 2.95 PA0509 Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests 5.3 1.2 1.1 6.95 PA0510 Hokkaido montane conifer forests 2.4 1.0 1.1 2.75 PA0511 Honshu alpine conifer forests 2.7 1.0 1.1 2.95 PA0512 Khangai Mountains conifer forests 2.2 1.0 1.1 2.35 PA0513 Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests 2.8 1.1 1.7 5.25 PA0514 Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests 2.8 1.0 1.1 3.15 PA0515 Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests 2.2 1.0 7.1 15.65 PA0516 Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests 3.8 1.2 1.0 4.55 PA0517 Qilian Mountains conifer forests 4.3 1.0 1.0 4.45 PA0518 Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests 5.3 1.2 1.1 7.05 PA0519 Sayan montane conifer forests 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.65 PA0520 Scandinavian coastal conifer forests 2.3 1.0 2.1 4.95 PA0521 Tian Shan montane conifer forests 3.5 1.0 1.3 4.46 NA0601 Alaska Peninsula montane taiga 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.76 NA0602 Central Canadian Shield forests 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.96 NA0603 Cook Inlet taiga 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.96 NA0604 Copper Plateau taiga 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.96 NA0605 Eastern Canadian forests 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.96 NA0606 Eastern Canadian Shield taiga 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.56 NA0607 Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.66 NA0608 Mid-Continental Canadian forests 1.9 1.0 1.0 2.06 NA0609 Midwestern Canadian Shield forests 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.96 NA0610 Muskwa-Slave Lake forests 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.96 NA0611 Newfoundland Highland forests 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.86 NA0612 Northern Canadian Shield taiga 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.66 NA0613 Northern Cordillera forests 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.96 NA0614 Northwest Territories taiga 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.76 NA0615 South Avalon-Burin oceanic barrens 2.1 1.0 1.0 2.16 NA0616 Southern Hudson Bay taiga 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.86 NA0617 Yukon Interior dry forests 1.8 1.0 1.1 2.06 PA0601 East Siberian taiga 1.9 1.0 1.1 2.06 PA0602 Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.56 PA0603 Kamchatka-Kurile meadows and sparse forests 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.86 PA0604 Kamchatka-Kurile taiga 1.8 1.0 1.5 2.66 PA0605 Northeast Siberian taiga 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.86 PA0606 Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.16 PA0607 Sakhalin Island taiga 2.0 1.0 1.1 2.16 PA0608 Scandinavian and Russian taiga 2.0 1.0 1.1 2.26 PA0609 Trans-Baikal conifer forests 2.3 1.0 1.1 2.56 PA0610 Ural montane forests and tundra 2.2 1.0 1.0 2.36 PA0611 West Siberian taiga 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.97 AA0701 Arnhem Land tropical savanna 3.1 1.8 1.1 5.97 AA0702 Brigalow tropical savanna 3.5 1.4 1.1 5.67 AA0703 Cape York Peninsula tropical savanna 3.5 2.3 1.0 8.27 AA0704 Carpentaria tropical savanna 3.0 1.2 1.1 4.0

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7 AA0705 Einasleigh upland savanna 3.1 1.3 1.1 4.47 AA0706 Kimberly tropical savanna 3.2 2.9 1.1 10.37 AA0707 Mitchell grass downs 2.5 1.0 1.5 3.77 AA0708 Trans Fly savanna and grasslands 3.0 1.1 1.1 3.87 AA0709 Victoria Plains tropical savanna 2.6 1.0 1.1 2.97 AT0701 Angolan Miombo woodlands 3.8 1.3 1.1 5.17 AT0702 Angolan Mopane woodlands 3.7 1.1 1.2 5.17 AT0703 Ascension scrub and grasslands 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.17 AT0704 Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands 4.5 1.6 1.1 8.27 AT0705 East Sudanian savanna 3.9 1.1 1.2 5.27 AT0706 Eastern Miombo woodlands 3.6 1.0 1.1 3.97 AT0707 Guinean forest-savanna mosaic 3.9 1.3 1.9 9.87 AT0708 Itigi-Sumbu thicket 4.8 1.0 1.1 5.07 AT0709 Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands 3.6 1.1 1.1 4.17 AT0710 Mandara Plateau mosaic 4.2 1.0 9.8 41.17 AT0711 Northern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets 4.7 1.3 1.2 7.37 AT0712 Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic 4.3 1.2 1.0 5.37 AT0713 Sahelian Acacia savanna 3.1 1.4 3.6 15.47 AT0714 Serengeti volcanic grasslands 5.0 1.0 1.1 5.47 AT0715 Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets 3.7 2.4 1.2 10.57 AT0716 Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets 4.5 1.1 1.3 6.07 AT0717 Southern Africa bushveld 4.1 1.3 2.2 11.67 AT0718 Southern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic 4.0 1.3 1.1 5.87 AT0719 Southern Miombo woodlands 4.0 1.1 1.2 5.57 AT0720 St. Helena scrub and woodlands 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.57 AT0721 Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic 5.1 1.4 1.5 10.47 AT0722 West Sudanian savanna 3.4 1.5 1.9 9.87 AT0723 Western Congolian forest-savanna mosaic 4.2 1.2 1.1 5.37 AT0724 Western Zambezian grasslands 4.2 1.0 1.0 4.27 AT0725 Zambezian and Mopane woodlands 4.3 1.2 1.1 5.57 AT0726 Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands 4.1 1.0 1.0 4.27 IM0701 Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands 3.5 1.1 1.7 6.57 NA0701 Western Gulf coastal grasslands 3.5 1.1 2.6 10.07 NT0210 Dry Chaco 3.1 1.5 1.2 5.77 NT0702 Beni savanna 4.1 1.1 1.1 4.87 NT0703 Campos Rupestres montane savanna 3.7 1.1 2.1 8.67 NT0704 Cerrado 3.3 1.8 5.4 31.77 NT0705 Clipperton Island shrub and grasslands 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.17 NT0707 Guianan savanna 4.2 1.2 1.0 4.97 NT0708 Humid Chaco 3.6 1.3 1.3 6.27 NT0709 Llanos 3.6 1.5 1.2 6.47 NT0710 Uruguayan savanna 2.9 1.2 4.3 15.67 OC0701 Hawaii tropical high shrublands 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.77 OC0702 Hawaii tropical low shrublands 1.6 1.0 3.1 4.97 OC0703 Northwestern Hawaii scrub 2.0 2.1 1.0 4.48 AA0801 Cantebury-Otago tussock grasslands 1.3 1.0 2.4 3.18 AA0802 Eastern Australia mulga shrublands 2.5 1.0 1.5 3.88 AA0803 Southeast Australia temperate savanna 3.0 1.1 3.4 11.08 AT0801 Al Hajar montane woodlands 1.5 1.1 6.0 9.98 AT0802 Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.18 AT0803 Tristan Da Cunha-Gough Islands shrub and grasslands 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.38 NA0801 California Central Valley grasslands 2.3 1.1 7.1 17.48 NA0802 Canadian Aspen forests and parklands 2.1 1.0 4.8 10.28 NA0803 Central and Southern mixed grasslands 2.6 1.0 5.5 14.28 NA0804 Central forest-grasslands transition 2.7 1.0 6.9 18.58 NA0805 Central tall grasslands 2.4 1.0 9.5 23.28 NA0806 Edwards Plateau savanna 2.6 1.2 1.5 4.48 NA0807 Flint Hills tall grasslands 2.6 1.0 3.1 8.28 NA0808 Montana Valley and Foothill grasslands 2.4 1.0 1.3 3.28 NA0809 Nebraska Sand Hills mixed grasslands 2.2 1.0 1.3 2.88 NA0810 Northern mixed grasslands 2.4 1.0 7.7 18.4

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8 NA0811 Northern short grasslands 2.3 1.1 1.4 3.48 NA0812 Northern tall grasslands 2.4 1.0 5.2 12.68 NA0813 Palouse grasslands 2.4 1.0 1.6 3.88 NA0814 Texas blackland prairies 2.9 1.0 7.7 22.08 NA0815 Western short grasslands 2.6 1.1 1.9 5.18 NT0801 Espinal 2.6 1.1 4.3 12.28 NT0802 Low Monte 2.4 2.0 1.1 5.28 NT0803 Humid Pampas 2.5 1.3 7.4 23.68 NT0805 Patagonian steppe 2.0 2.4 1.0 5.18 PA0801 Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe 2.6 1.0 3.5 8.98 PA0802 Altai steppe and semi-desert 2.1 1.0 5.5 11.68 PA0803 Central Anatolian steppe 2.1 1.0 5.1 10.58 PA0804 Daurian forest steppe 1.9 1.0 1.9 3.78 PA0805 Eastern Anatolian montane steppe 2.9 1.1 2.7 8.58 PA0806 Emin Valley steppe 2.9 1.0 6.4 18.68 PA0807 Faroe Islands boreal grasslands 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.58 PA0808 Gissaro-Alai open woodlands 2.6 1.0 1.5 3.88 PA0809 Kazakh forest steppe 2.4 1.0 1.9 4.58 PA0810 Kazakh steppe 2.1 1.0 4.7 9.98 PA0811 Kazakh upland 2.1 1.0 5.0 10.48 PA0812 Middle East steppe 2.4 1.0 6.3 15.38 PA0813 Mongolian-Manchurian grassland 3.0 1.0 1.7 5.28 PA0814 Pontic steppe 2.7 1.1 3.2 9.98 PA0815 Sayan Intermontane steppe 2.5 1.0 1.1 2.98 PA0816 Selenge-Orkhon forest steppe 2.3 1.0 1.7 4.18 PA0817 South Siberian forest steppe 2.2 1.0 1.6 3.68 PA0818 Tian Shan foothill arid steppe 3.2 1.0 1.9 5.89 AT0901 East African halophytics 3.2 1.0 3.2 10.19 AT0902 Etosha Pan halophytics 2.9 1.0 1.1 3.19 AT0903 Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna 2.9 1.0 1.9 5.69 AT0904 Lake Chad flooded savanna 3.2 1.0 4.4 14.19 AT0905 Saharan flooded grasslands 3.4 1.1 4.2 15.19 AT0906 Zambezian coastal flooded savanna 3.6 1.1 1.6 6.29 AT0907 Zambezian flooded grasslands 4.3 1.2 1.0 5.49 AT0908 Zambezian halophytics 2.7 1.0 1.1 2.99 IM0901 Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh 2.4 1.0 1.1 2.69 NT0902 Cuban wetlands 2.8 1.0 1.0 2.99 NT0903 Enriquillo wetlands 2.9 1.0 1.0 2.99 NT0904 Everglades 2.7 1.0 1.1 2.99 NT0905 Guayaquil flooded grasslands 2.7 1.0 5.2 14.29 NT0906 Orinoco wetlands 3.9 1.0 1.0 4.09 NT0907 Pantanal 3.6 1.3 1.3 5.89 NT0908 Paranß flooded savanna 3.3 1.1 1.7 6.19 NT0909 Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna 3.6 1.0 1.9 7.09 PA0901 Amur meadow steppe 2.3 1.0 1.4 3.39 PA0902 Bohai Sea saline meadow 3.4 1.0 1.3 4.49 PA0903 Nenjiang River grassland 3.1 1.0 2.0 6.29 PA0904 Nile Delta flooded savanna 2.6 1.0 9.6 24.69 PA0905 Saharan halophytics 2.2 1.0 3.1 6.69 PA0906 Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh 2.4 1.0 3.9 9.39 PA0907 Suiphun-Khanka meadows and forest meadows 2.8 1.0 1.2 3.59 PA0908 Yellow Sea saline meadow 3.3 1.0 1.1 3.8

10 AA1001 Australian Alps montane grasslands 3.2 1.0 1.0 3.310 AA1002 Central Range sub-alpine grasslands 1.6 1.4 1.0 2.310 AA1003 South Island montane grasslands 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.410 AT1001 Angolan montane forest-grassland mosaic 4.2 1.1 1.4 6.610 AT1002 Angolan scarp savanna and woodlands 3.8 1.4 1.0 5.510 AT1003 Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands 3.7 1.2 1.6 7.110 AT1004 Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests 4.1 1.7 1.4 9.910 AT1005 East African montane moorlands 6.0 1.4 1.0 8.810 AT1006 Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland mosaic 5.2 1.6 1.3 10.7

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10 AT1007 Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands 3.9 1.4 1.9 10.610 AT1008 Ethiopian montane moorlands 4.3 1.6 1.2 8.010 AT1009 Highveld grasslands 3.5 1.2 6.9 29.310 AT1010 Jos Plateau forest-grassland mosaic 2.2 1.1 8.9 21.810 AT1011 Madagascar ericoid thickets 2.8 1.0 1.1 3.110 AT1012 Maputaland-Pondoland bushland and thickets 4.3 1.1 3.0 14.210 AT1013 Rwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands 5.4 1.3 1.1 7.610 AT1014 South Malawi montane forest-grassland mosaic 5.2 1.1 1.5 8.710 AT1015 Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic 5.1 1.4 1.2 8.310 IM1001 Kinabalu montane alpine meadows 3.3 1.1 1.1 4.110 NT1001 Central Andean dry puna 1.9 2.2 1.8 7.410 NT1002 Central Andean puna 2.5 2.1 1.2 6.410 NT1003 Central Andean wet puna 2.9 2.3 1.3 8.510 NT1004 Cordillera Central pßramo 2.6 1.7 1.2 5.110 NT1005 Cordillera de Merida pßramo 3.0 1.4 1.0 4.310 NT1006 Northern Andean pßramo 3.8 3.9 1.1 15.510 NT1007 Santa Marta pßramo 2.9 1.2 1.0 3.410 NT1008 Southern Andean steppe 2.1 3.2 1.2 8.410 NT1010 High Monte 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.210 PA1001 Altai alpine meadow and tundra 2.0 1.0 1.2 2.310 PA1002 Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.810 PA1003 Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows 3.1 1.1 1.0 3.710 PA1004 Ghorat-Hazarajat alpine meadow 1.7 1.0 1.9 3.310 PA1005 Hindu Kush alpine meadow 1.9 1.0 1.9 3.710 PA1006 Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.810 PA1007 Khangai Mountains alpine meadow 1.9 1.0 1.1 2.010 PA1008 Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe 2.6 1.0 1.2 3.210 PA1009 Kuh Rud and Eastern Iran montane woodlands 1.7 1.0 7.0 12.110 PA1010 Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe 2.4 1.1 1.2 3.110 PA1011 North Tibetan Plateau-Kunlun Mountains alpine desert 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.610 PA1012 Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows 2.1 1.1 1.1 2.510 PA1013 Ordos Plateau steppe 3.1 1.0 2.3 7.110 PA1014 Pamir alpine desert and tundra 2.0 1.1 1.2 2.710 PA1015 Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows 1.8 1.0 1.1 2.010 PA1016 Sayan Alpine meadows and tundra 2.7 1.0 1.1 2.910 PA1017 Southeast Tibet shrublands and meadows 3.0 1.1 1.0 3.210 PA1018 Sulaiman Range alpine meadows 1.4 1.0 5.1 7.110 PA1019 Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows 3.0 1.1 1.4 4.410 PA1020 Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.010 PA1021 Western Himalayan alpine shrub and Meadows 3.0 1.1 1.1 3.410 PA1022 Yarlung Tsangpo arid steppe 2.2 1.0 1.0 2.311 AA1101 Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra 1.3 1.6 1.1 2.211 AN1101 Marielandia Antarctic tundra 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.111 AN1102 Maudlandia Antarctic desert 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.111 AN1103 Scotia Sea Islands tundra 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.211 AN1104 Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.111 NA1101 Alaska-St. Elias Range tundra 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.911 NA1102 Aleutian Islands tundra 1.6 1.3 1.0 2.111 NA1103 Arctic coastal tundra 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.411 NA1104 Arctic foothills tundra 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.411 NA1105 Baffin coastal tundra 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.311 NA1106 Beringia lowland tundra 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.611 NA1107 Beringia upland tundra 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.711 NA1108 Brooks-British Range tundra 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.411 NA1109 Davis Highlands tundra 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.211 NA1110 High Arctic tundra 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.811 NA1111 Interior Yukon-Alaska alpine tundra 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.711 NA1112 Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.011 NA1113 Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.211 NA1114 Low Arctic tundra 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.411 NA1115 Middle Arctic tundra 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.3

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11 NA1116 Ogilvie-MacKenzie alpine tundra 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.711 NA1117 Pacific Coastal Mountain icefields and tundra 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.011 NA1118 Torngat Mountain tundra 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.311 PA1101 Arctic desert 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.211 PA1102 Bering tundra 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.711 PA1103 Cherskii-Kolyma mountain tundra 1.7 1.0 1.2 2.111 PA1104 Chukchi Peninsula tundra 1.5 1.0 1.7 2.611 PA1105 Kamchatka Mountain tundra and forest tundra 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.711 PA1106 Kola Peninsula tundra 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.811 PA1107 Northeast Siberian coastal tundra 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.411 PA1108 Northwest Russian-Novaya Zemlya tundra 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.811 PA1109 Novosibirsk Islands arctic desert 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.211 PA1110 Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands 2.0 1.0 1.1 2.311 PA1111 Taimyr-Central Siberian tundra 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.711 PA1112 Trans-Baikal Bald Mountain tundra 2.0 1.0 1.1 2.211 PA1113 Wrangel Island arctic desert 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.211 PA1114 Yamal-Gydan tundra 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.512 AA1201 Coolgardie woodlands 2.4 1.0 1.1 2.612 AA1202 Esperance mallee 2.7 1.3 3.7 12.912 AA1203 Eyre and York mallee 3.0 1.2 2.8 9.612 AA1204 Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands 3.0 1.0 1.1 3.212 AA1205 Swan Coastal Plain Scrub and Woodlands 3.4 1.2 5.2 21.612 AA1206 Mount Lofty woodlands 3.4 1.1 7.0 26.312 AA1207 Murray-Darling woodlands and mallee 3.0 1.1 5.5 17.712 AA1208 Naracoorte woodlands 3.2 1.0 6.4 20.712 AA1209 Southwest Australia savanna 2.9 1.3 5.6 21.512 AA1210 Southwest Australia woodlands 2.8 1.1 3.8 11.512 AT1201 Albany thickets 3.8 1.1 1.1 4.612 AT1202 Lowland fynbos and renosterveld 3.7 1.4 1.9 9.512 AT1203 Montane fynbos and renosterveld 3.7 2.1 1.0 7.812 NA1201 California coastal sage and chaparral 3.5 1.5 1.1 5.912 NA1202 California interior chaparral and woodlands 2.7 1.3 1.1 3.812 NA1203 California montane chaparral and woodlands 3.1 1.2 1.0 3.712 NT1201 Chilean matorral 1.9 1.9 3.8 13.9

12 PA1201Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests 2.8 1.4 6.0 22.7

12 PA1202 Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests 2.4 1.0 7.7 18.912 PA1203 Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests 2.0 2.0 1.1 4.412 PA1204 Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests 2.6 1.2 1.1 3.212 PA1205 Crete Mediterranean forests 2.2 1.1 2.4 6.012 PA1206 Cyprus Mediterranean forests 2.3 1.5 5.2 18.1

12 PA1207Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests 2.9 1.2 6.2 21.9

12 PA1208 Iberian conifer forests 2.6 1.1 1.4 4.112 PA1209 Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests 2.2 1.0 3.0 6.712 PA1210 Illyrian deciduous forests 3.1 1.1 6.3 21.212 PA1211 Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests 2.6 1.1 2.9 8.3

12 PA1212Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets 2.7 1.5 5.1 20.4

12 PA1213 Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe 2.5 1.0 5.0 12.412 PA1214 Mediterranean woodlands and forests 2.6 1.2 3.9 11.9

12 PA1215Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests 2.9 1.2 1.8 6.0

12 PA1216 Northwest Iberian montane forests 2.7 1.0 1.7 4.512 PA1217 Pindus Mountains mixed forests 2.9 1.0 2.6 7.512 PA1218 South Appenine mixed montane forests 2.7 1.0 1.1 3.012 PA1219 Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands 3.4 1.0 1.4 4.912 PA1220 Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests 2.5 1.0 6.9 17.4

12 PA1221Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests 2.7 1.0 1.5 4.0

12 PA1222 Tyrrhenian-Adriatic Sclerophyllous and mixed forests 2.6 1.2 3.2 10.3

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13 AA1301 Carnarvon xeric shrublands 2.9 1.5 1.1 4.713 AA1302 Central Ranges xeric scrub 2.6 1.1 1.6 4.713 AA1303 Gibson desert 2.2 1.0 1.1 2.413 AA1304 Great Sandy-Tanami desert 2.4 1.1 1.2 3.313 AA1305 Great Victoria desert 2.4 1.1 1.1 2.713 AA1306 Nullarbor Plains xeric shrublands 2.3 1.1 1.1 2.613 AA1307 Pilbara shrublands 2.7 1.7 1.0 4.613 AA1308 Simpson desert 2.5 1.1 1.5 4.313 AA1309 Tirari-Sturt stony desert 2.8 1.1 3.4 10.913 AA1310 Western Australian Mulga shrublands 2.4 1.2 1.1 3.113 AT1301 Aldabra Island xeric scrub 1.6 1.6 1.0 2.613 AT1302 Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert 2.4 1.0 1.3 3.113 AT1303 East Saharan montane xeric woodlands 2.7 1.0 9.2 24.713 AT1304 Eritrean coastal desert 3.0 1.0 9.1 26.913 AT1305 Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands 3.3 1.1 2.6 10.013 AT1306 Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert 2.4 1.0 7.9 18.913 AT1307 Hobyo grasslands and shrublands 2.3 1.5 4.5 15.113 AT1308 Ile Europa and Bassas da India xeric scrub 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.113 AT1309 Kalahari xeric savanna 3.1 1.1 1.1 3.813 AT1310 Kaokoveld desert 2.8 1.5 1.2 5.113 AT1311 Madagascar spiny thickets 2.5 2.4 1.1 6.713 AT1312 Madagascar succulent woodlands 2.2 1.3 1.3 3.713 AT1313 Masai xeric grasslands and shrublands 3.2 1.2 1.9 7.013 AT1314 Nama Karoo 3.0 1.3 1.5 5.713 AT1315 Namib desert 2.4 1.2 1.1 3.313 AT1316 Namibian savanna woodlands 3.3 1.4 1.2 5.413 AT1318 Socotra Island xeric shrublands 1.7 3.0 4.9 25.113 AT1319 Somali montane xeric woodlands 2.4 1.3 5.9 18.713 AT1320 Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna 2.1 1.0 6.5 13.713 AT1321 Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands 1.8 1.2 6.4 13.913 AT1322 Succulent Karoo 2.9 1.7 1.8 8.713 IM1301 Deccan thorn scrub forests 2.9 1.2 6.6 22.713 IM1302 Indus Valley desert 2.2 1.0 8.3 18.313 IM1303 Northwestern thorn scrub forests 3.1 1.3 3.9 15.513 IM1304 Thar desert 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.713 NA1301 Baja California desert 1.6 1.4 1.0 2.313 NA1302 Central Mexican matorral 2.3 1.0 2.2 5.113 NA1303 Chihuahuan desert 3.7 1.5 1.1 6.013 NA1304 Colorado Plateau shrublands 2.7 1.1 1.0 3.013 NA1305 Great Basin shrub steppe 2.4 1.0 1.1 2.613 NA1306 Gulf of California xeric scrub 1.8 2.6 1.0 4.813 NA1307 Meseta Central matorral 2.0 1.1 1.2 2.613 NA1308 Mojave desert 2.6 1.2 1.0 3.113 NA1309 Snake-Columbia shrub steppe 2.4 1.0 1.4 3.313 NA1310 Sonoran desert 3.3 1.4 1.1 5.113 NA1311 Tamaulipan matorral 1.9 1.1 2.7 5.713 NA1312 Tamaulipan mezquital 3.5 1.2 2.4 10.013 NA1313 Wyoming Basin shrub steppe 2.2 1.0 1.1 2.513 NT1301 Araya and Paria xeric scrub 4.0 1.0 1.9 7.713 NT1303 Atacama desert 1.6 1.1 6.6 11.213 NT1304 Caatinga 2.6 1.3 5.8 19.713 NT1305 Caribbean shrublands 2.1 1.0 1.1 2.213 NT1306 Cuban cactus scrub 2.8 1.0 1.1 3.013 NT1307 Galßpagos Islands scrubland mosaic 1.8 2.8 1.0 5.213 NT1308 Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub 4.1 1.1 3.0 13.313 NT1309 La Costa xeric shrublands 3.7 1.2 1.2 5.313 NT1311 Malpelo Island xeric scrub 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.613 NT1312 Motagua Valley thornscrub 3.4 1.1 1.4 5.413 NT1313 Paraguana xeric scrub 3.6 1.2 1.1 4.513 NT1314 San Lucan xeric scrub 2.9 1.0 1.0 2.913 NT1315 Sechura desert 2.2 2.4 3.6 19.2

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13 NT1316 Tehuacßn Valley matorral 3.1 1.2 1.1 3.913 NT1318 St. Peter and St. Paul rocks 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.113 PA1301 Afghan Mountains semi-desert 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.713 PA1302 Alashan Plateau semi-desert 2.7 1.1 1.5 4.413 PA1303 Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands 2.3 1.0 3.6 8.313 PA1304 Atlantic coastal desert 1.8 1.0 1.7 2.913 PA1305 Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe 2.8 1.0 1.4 3.813 PA1306 Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert 2.4 1.0 2.1 5.013 PA1307 Baluchistan xeric woodlands 2.0 1.1 3.0 6.813 PA1308 Caspian lowland desert 2.5 1.0 1.9 4.913 PA1309 Central Afghan Mountains xeric woodlands 1.9 1.0 4.3 8.313 PA1310 Central Asian northern desert 2.2 1.2 7.2 19.013 PA1311 Central Asian riparian woodlands 2.5 1.1 1.8 4.913 PA1312 Central Asian southern desert 2.0 1.1 2.9 6.113 PA1313 Central Persian desert basins 1.8 1.0 1.7 2.913 PA1314 Eastern Gobi desert steppe 2.2 1.0 3.0 6.613 PA1315 Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe 1.7 1.0 5.8 9.913 PA1316 Great Lakes Basin desert steppe 2.4 1.0 1.5 3.613 PA1317 Junggar Basin semi-desert 2.0 1.0 1.7 3.413 PA1318 Kazakh semi-desert 2.1 1.0 6.4 13.113 PA1319 Kopet Dag semi-desert 2.5 1.0 4.2 10.313 PA1320 Mesopotamian shrub desert 2.4 1.0 7.2 17.313 PA1321 North Saharan steppe and woodlands 2.2 1.0 9.5 21.113 PA1322 Paropamisus xeric woodlands 1.9 1.0 4.6 8.913 PA1323 Persian Gulf desert and semi-desert 2.2 1.0 7.5 16.713 PA1324 Qaidam Basin semi-desert 1.5 1.0 1.8 2.713 PA1325 Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert 2.2 1.0 2.2 4.813 PA1326 Registan-North Pakistan sandy desert 2.3 1.3 5.8 17.713 PA1327 Sahara desert 2.1 1.0 6.5 13.813 PA1328 South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert 2.4 1.0 2.8 6.813 PA1329 South Saharan steppe and woodlands 2.4 1.1 3.5 8.713 PA1330 Taklimakan desert 2.3 1.0 1.9 4.313 PA1331 Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands 1.6 1.0 10.0 16.013 PA1332 West Saharan montane xeric woodlands 1.7 1.1 1.3 2.313 PA1333 Red Sea coastal desert 1.9 1.1 8.1 16.6

Sources: Olson et al. (2001) and own calculations

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Fig. S1 Box and whisker plot of species richness per land use type and biome TempBMF broadleaf and mixed forests, TropGL sub-/tropical grass-/shrublands and savannahs and TropMBF sub-/tropical moist broadleaf forests

Full bibliography for characterization factor calculationIn January and February 2012 combinations of the keywords ["species richness" or "species number*" or biodiversity] and plant* and or ["organic farming" or "organic agriculture" or plantation or "annual crop" or field or arable] were used. We selected all original papers that compare plant species richness in organic and conventional production systems in the regions relevant for this study (i.e. temperate Europe, South-East Asia and sub-tropical grass-/shrublands and savannahs of South America). No study was found that compared the plant species richness of organic and conventional fields in South America. Empirical data for (semi)-natural reference situations were found with the following combinations of keywords: ["species richness" or "species number*" or biodiversity] and plant* and [Cerrado or Malaysia or Indonesia or (Brazil or "South America" and grassland) or tropic* or temperate forest].

Ambinakudige S, Sathish BN (2009) Comparing tree diversity and composition in coffee farms and sacred forests in the Western Ghats of India. Biodivers Conserv 18(4):987–1000.

Ammer U, Utschick H, Anton H (1988) Die Auswirkungen von biologischem und konventionellem Landbau auf Flora und Fauna. Forstwiss Centralbl 107(1):274–291.

Amorim PK, Batalha MA (2008) Soil chemical factors and grassland species density in Emas National Park (central Brazil). Braz J Biol 68(2):279–285

Amorim PK, Batalha MA (2007) Soil-vegetation relationships in hyperseasonal cerrado, seasonal cerrado, and wet grassland in Emas National Park (central Brazil). Acta Oecol 32(3):319–327.

Badea O, Neagu S, Bytnerowicz A, Silaghi D, Barbu I, Iacoban C, Popescu F, Andrei M, Preda E, Iacob C, Dumitru I, Iuncu H, Vezeanu C, Huber V (2011) Long-term monitoring of air pollution effects on selected forest ecosystems in the Bucegi-Piatra Craiului and Retezat Mountains, southern Carpathians (Romania). iForest Biogeosci For 4(2):49–60.

Batalha MA, Mantovani W, De Mesquita Junior H (2001) Vegetation structure in Cerrado physiognomies in south-eastern Brazil. Braz J Biol 61:3475–3483

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BDM (2004) Biodiversity monitoring Switzerland. Indicator Z9: species diversity in habitats. In: de Baan L, Alkemade R, Koellner T (2012) Land use impacts on biodiversity in LCA: a global approach. Int J Life Cycle Assess. Published Online First 24 April 2012

Bos MM, Tylianakis JM, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2008) The invasive Yellow Crazy Ant and the decline of forest ant diversity in Indonesian cacao agroforests. Biol Invasions 10(8):1399–1409.

Boutin C, Baril A, Martin P (2008) Plant diversity in crop fields and woody hedgerows of organic and conventional farms in contrasting landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 123(1-3):185–193.

Brearley FQ, Prajadinata S, Kidd PS, Proctor J, Suriantata (2004) Structure and floristics of an old secondary rain forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, and a comparison with adjacent primary forest. For Ecol Manag 195(3):385–397.

Brunet J, Falkengren-Grerup U, Tyler G (1996) Herb layer vegetation of south Swedish beech and oak forests - effects of management and soil acidity during one decade. For Ecol Manag 88:259–272.

Brunet J (2007) Plant colonization in heterogeneous landscapes: an 80-year perspective on restoration of broadleaved forest vegetation. J Appl Ecol 44(3):563–572.

Cianciarruso M, Batalha MA (2009) Short-term community dynamics in seasonal and hyperseasonal cerrados. Braz J Biol 69(2):631–637

Clough Y, Holzschuh A, Gabriel D, Purtauf T, Kleijn D, Kruess A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2007) Alpha and beta diversity of arthropods and plants in organically and conventionally managed wheat fields. J Appl Ecol 44(4):804–812.

Dumortier M, Butaye J, Jacquemyn H, van Camp N, Lut N, Hermy M (2002) Predicting vascular plant species richness of fragmented forests in agricultural landscapes in central Belgium. For Ecol Manag 158:85–102

Fahy O, Gormally M (1998) A comparison of plant and carabid beetle communities in an Irish oak woodland with nearby conifer plantation and clear felled site. For Ecol Manag 110:263–273

Frieben B, Koepke U (1996) Effects of farming systems on biodiversity. In: Isart J, Llerena JJ (eds) Biodiversity and Land use: The role of Organic farming, Proceedings of the first ENOF-Workshop, Bonn, Dec 8-9, 1995

Gabriel D, Roschewitz I, Tscharntke T, Thies C (2006) Beta diversity at different spatial scales: Plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture. Ecol Appl 16(55):2011–2021

Gabriel D, Sait SM, Hodgson JA, Schmutz U, Kunin WE, Benton TG (2010) Scale matters: the impact of organic farming on biodiversity at different spatial scales. Ecol Lett 13(7):858–869.

Gazol A, Ibáñez R (2010) Variation of plant diversity in a temperate unmanaged forest in northern Spain: behind the environmental and spatial explanation. Plant Ecol 207(1):1–11.

Gillison A (2003) Vegetation indicates diversity of soil macroinvertebrates: a case study with termites along a land-use intensification gradient in lowland Sumatra. Org Divers Evol 3(2):111–126.

Gillison A, Liswanti N, Budidarsono S, van Noordwijk M, Tomich T (2004) Conservation ecology: Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Ecol Soc 9(2):7

Goetmark F, Paltto H, Nordén B, Goetmark E (2005) Evaluating partial cutting in broadleaved temperate forest under strong experimental control: Short-term effects on herbaceous plants. For Ecol Manag 214(1-3):124–141.

Gradstein SR, Kessler M, Pitopang R (2007) Tree species diversity relative to human land uses in tropical rain forest margins in Central Sulawesi. In: Tscharntke T, Leuschner C, Zeller M, Guhardja E, Bidin A (eds) Tree species diversity relative to human land uses in tropical rain forest margins in Central Sulawesi. Springer, Berlin, pp 321-334

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