aus;Zl;wifv$m trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) taejzifh T “usm;rwef;wla&;tay: oabmxm; &yfwnfcsuf” pmwrf;twGuf okawoeðyjcif;/ tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,lpkaqmif; jcif;/ a0zefoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh pmwrf;a&;om;ðypkjcif;tygt0if t}uHtOm%fESifh tjrif oabmxm;rsm; &,lEkdifa&;twGuf OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;ay;cJh=uaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya' qdkif&m avhvma&;tzGJ@. tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ okawweðyvkyfjcif;ESifh t}uHOm%f&,lonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif yGifhvif;pGm t}uHtOm%fESifh tjrifoabmxm; rsm;ay;oGm;=uaom trsKd;orD;rsm;/ vli,frsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; txl;ojzifh enf;ynmydkif;qkdif&m yhHykd;r_ay;cJhonfh Janet Benshoof, Susan H. Williams, Sarah Schindler- Williams / aemfarOD;ESifh Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf yg0ifulnDolrsm;tm; aus;Zl;Oyum&wif&Sd yga=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?

pmwrf;tusOf;csKyf &nf&G,fcsuf? ?jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udk tumtuG,fay; +yD; usm;rwef;wla&;udk jr‡ifhwifay;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yf ay:aygufvma&; twGuf tajccHvkyfaqmifoifhonfhtcsufrsm;tm; Tpmwrf;jzifhwifjyEdkif&ef trsdK;orD; rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) rS &nf&G,fygonf? aqG;aEG;csuf? ?jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;ESifh trsdK;om;t=um; wef;wlnDr#jcif;r&Sd onfhtcsufudk vufcHtodtrSwfðy,Hkwifru trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;t=um; wef;wl nDr#r_&Sdvmap&ef zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& txl;tpDtpOfrsm; owfrSwfvkyf aqmif&efvdktyfa=umif; Tpmwrf;u aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf? twdtusazmfjy&v#if jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. Xmewkdif;/ tqifhwdkif;wGif trsdK;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifEdkifa&; aocsmap&ef tmrcHonfh udkwmpepfudk tem*wfzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;ay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;ygonf? aqG;aEG;r_e,fy,f? ?Tpmwrf;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) taejzifh atmufazmfjyyg tajccHtcsufrsm;tm; t"duxm;I aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

• trsdK;orD; tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif bma=umifhxnfhoGif;

a&;qGJoifhygoenf;?

• usm;r wef;wlr_&&Sda&;twGuf OD;pm;ay; txl;tpDtpOfrsm; bma=umifhvdktyf

ygoenf;?

• usm;r wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdvmap&ef rnfuJhodk@aom OD;pm;ay; txl;tpDtpOfrsm;

vdktyfygoenf;?

rmwdum 1? ed'gef; 1 2? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; 2 3? wef;wludk,fpm;ðyr_udk tb,fa=umifh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& tmrcH&efvdktyfygoenf; 5 4? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf OD;pm;ay;txl;tpDtpOf vdktyfr_ 7 5? usifhoHk;vdkonfh udkwmpepfyHkpH (Quota System) 10 6? ed*Hk; 18

1

1? ed'gef; EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;. tcGifhta&;udk tmrcH+yD; umuG,faom zuf'&,f 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkpepfwpfckudk tav;xm;onfh jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' wpf&yfudk trsdK;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH)u vdkvm;ygonf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' onf vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wpfck. EdkifiHa&;ESifh Oya'a&;&mpepfrsm; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfwckjzpf+yD; xkdvlr_todkif;t0kdif;. t"duwefzdk;rsm;ESifh ,Hk=unfar#mfvifhcsuf rsm;udkvnf; xif[yfayonf? usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_udk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& tmrcHjcif; r&Sdygu w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwGif vlwkdif;wef;wlnDr#r_&Sd onf[laomtcsufrSm t"dy`g,fjynfh0vdrfhrnfr[kwf[k rdrdwdk@taejzifh ,Hk=unfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDpepf txajrmufatmifjrifa&;twGuf usm;rwef;wl nDr#r_udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf[kvnf; rdrdwdk@taejzifh ,Hk=unfonf? usm;rcGJjcm; qufqHr_onf vlrsdK;a&; odk@r[kwf bmoma&;tay: tajccHI cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;wdk@ESifh tvm;o¾efwlonf[k rdrdwdk@u&_jrifonf? TcGJjcm;qufqHr_yHkpHtm;vHk;onf ab;z,f xm;cH&onfh tkyfpkrsm;udkjzpfaponfhtwGuf xdktkyfpkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcH/ umuG,f/ jr‡ifhwifay;&efvdktyfonf? vlrsdK;a&;ESifh bmoma&;cGJjcm;r_rsm;enf;wl usm;r cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;onfvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh w&m;r#wr_r&SdbJ jrefrmh 'Drdkua&pD ar#mfvifh csufudk rsm;pGmxdcdkufapygonf? bmoma&;ESifh vlrsdK;a&; zdESdyfr_rsm;yaysmufa&;wGif txl;tpDtpOfrsm;vdktyfouJhodk@ trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf trSefwu,f wef;wlnDr#r_&Sd vmap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; xdkuJhodk@aom txl;tpDtpOfrsm; vdktyfayonf? OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfuJhodk@aom txl;pDrHcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;r&Sdygu cGJjcm; qufqHcH&olrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk trSefwu,f&&SdcHpm;Edkifonfh tcGifh tvrf;rsm;r&SdbJ tom;usaeaom cGJjcm;qufqHr_atmufwGif qufvufzdESdyfcHae&+rJ jzpfaernf[k rdrdwkd@rS,Hk=unfonf? tjcm;aom cGJjcm;qufqHcHtkyfpkrsm;ESifh trsdK;orD; rsm;twGuf ‚if;uJhodk@ ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef trsdK;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) rS wdkufwGef;tm;ay;onf? usm;rwef;wla&;twGuf txl;pDrHaqmif&Gufr_rsm; vdktyf+yD; xdktpDtpOfrsm;xJwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm;jzifh udkwmowfrSwfay;onfhpepfonf vnf; txl;pDrHaqmif&Gufcsuf. ,EW&m;wckjzpfa=umif; Tpmwrf;wGif aqG;aEG;xm; ygonf?

2

2? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; (u) ppf0g'oGwfoGif;r_

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHr_. tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;onf tvGefeuf±_dif;I wckESifhwck qufEG,fr_&Sd=uonf? yxrtcsuftaejzifh 1962 ckESpf ppfwyfrS tm%modrf;onfhtcsdefrSpI jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif ppf0g'v$rf;rdk;r_ ydkrdkwdk; yGm;vmcJhonf? trsm;jynfolb0rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;wGif ppfwyfrS v$rf;rdk; csKyfudkifxm;+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; ppfwyfwGif;0ifcGifhðyrxm;onfhtwGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;onf tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mrsm;wGif tvdktavsmuf yg0ifEdkifjcif;r&Sdawmh ay? xdk@tjyif jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif ppfwyf.v$rf;rdk;r_ }uD;rm;vmonfhtwGuf vl@ tcGifh ta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;udkjzpfay:ap+yD; ‚if;wdk@xJrS trsm;tjym;wGif usm;r cGJjcm; qufqHr_onf euf&d_if;pGmyg0ifaeonf? EdkifiHa&;t& +cdrf;ajcmuf&efESifh ,Ofaus;r_t& zsufqD;&ef rk'drf;usifhjcif;tm; ppfwyfrS vufeufozG,ftoHk;ðyaejcif;onf txl;ojzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; xdcdkufepfemapaom vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;jzpfonf? xdk@ a=umifh jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; ppf0g' v$rf;rdk;vmjcif;onf trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;jzpfay:aponfh ta=umif;&if;wpfckjzpfygonf? (c) EdkifiHa&;aemufcHordkif;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppftm%m&SifpepfusqHk;oGm;±Hkr#ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm; qufqHr_rsm; +yD;qHk;oGm;rnfr[kwfay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ,Ofaus;r_t& cGJjcm;quf qHr_rsm;.ta=umif;&if;onf ydkIeuf±d_if;+yD; us,fajymaoma=umifhjzpfonf? jrefrmhvl@ tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh jrefrmhEkdifiH&Sd vlrsKd;pkrsm;. "avhxHk;pHtm;vHk;eD;yg;onf trsKd;om; OD;pm; ay;pepfjzpf+yD; wOD;csif;qufqHa&;wGifjzpfap/ trsm;jynfolqdkif&m qufqHa&;wGifjzpfap/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; wqifhedrfhxm;ayonf? jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vlr_a&;qdkif&m pH csdefpH!$ef;rsm;onf cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk vufcHxm;+yD;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;. tajccHtcGifh ta&;rsm;onfyifv#if t+rJvdkjiif;y,fcHae&onf? yk*~vdub0wGif ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifr_ ESifh tarGqufcHr_rsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;onf cGJjcm;qufqHcH&onf? xdkenf;wl vif a,mufsm;rsm;.vuf0,f t=urf;zufESdyfpufjcif;rS uif;v$wfcGifhvnf;r&&Sd=uay? trsm; jynfolqdkif&mu¾rsm;wGifvnf; xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m udpPrsm;ESifh OD;aqmifr_tcef;u¾Y ab;z,fxm;ayonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;aemufcHordkif;udk t=urf;tm;jzifh avhvm=unfhv#if trsdK;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifEdkifjcif; r&Sdonfudk txift&Sm;azmfjyaeonf? 1948 ckESpf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDvufatmufrS jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&onfh tcsdefrSpI jrefrmEdkifiH wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESpfck&SdcJhonf? yxrwckrSm 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' jzpf+yD; 'kwd,wckrSm 1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzpfonf? udkvdkeDðyjcif;rwdkifcif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usm;r cGJjcm;qufqHr_

3

rsm;udk +Adwdo#Oya'tm; tajccHaom 1947 ckESpf zGJ‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm;jzifh yxrqHk; t}udrf w&m;0ifjzpfapcJhonf? ‚if;zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJ&mwGifvnf; trsdK;orD;rsm; yg0ifcGifhr&&SdcJhay? txufyg zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESpfckvHk;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;. wef;wlnDr# r_tm; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; vufawG@tm;jzifh vlrsdK;pka&;ESifh usm;ra&; wef; wlnDr#r_rsm; jzpfay:vmap&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifoifhonfhtcsufrsm;jzpfaom EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI xnfhoGif;azmfjy xm;jcif;r&Sday?

1988 ckESpfrSpI ,ae‹wdkifjrefrmEdkifiHwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'r&Sday? 'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfxGef;um;a&; vlxktHkºuGawmif;qdkr_}uD;t+yD; ppftm%modrf;r_ESifhtwl jrefrm EdkifiHwGif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ ysufokef;oGm;cJhonf? ppfwyfrS OD;aqmifaom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'topf a&;qGJa&;vkyfief;udk 1993 ckESpfrSpwifcJhonf? EdkifiHawmfat;csrf; om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD (etz) rS usif;yaom xdktrsdK;om;nDvmcHwGif wuf a&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,f 702 OD; teuf trsdK;orD;yg0ifr_onf ig; &mcdkifE_ef;om &SdcJh onf? ‚if;zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 25 &mcdkifE_ef;tm; ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkay;&ef etzu xnfhoGif;owfrSwfxm;onf? Ttcsufu zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm;jzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifcGifhrðya=umif; xif&Sm; aponf? odk@aomfvnf; vuf&Sdusif;yvsuf&Sdaom trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk 2006 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;txd a&$@qdkif;xm;onf?

udkvdkeDacwfrSpI ,ae@tcsdeftxd jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif tvGefxif&Sm;onfh trsdK;orD;rsm;udk awG@Edkifaomfvnf; xdktrsdK;orD;rsm;onf vkyfazmfudkifzuf trsdK;om; rsm;ESifh wef;wl todtrSwfðyjcif;rcH&cJhay? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifaom trsdK;orD; ta&twGufrSm t+rJyiftvGefenf;yg;vSayonf? 1937 ckESpfrSpIom jrefrmtrsdK;orD; rsm; rJay;cGifh&&SdcJh+yD; ‚if;rJay;cGifhonf &Srf;/ ucsifESifh csif;jynfe,frsm;rS trsdK;orD;rsm; twGufryg0ifay? 1990 ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhaom 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJwGifvnf; ygvDreftrwfae&m 485 ckteuf (trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS trsdK;orD; udk,fpm; vS,f 15 OD;jzifh) 3 &mcdkifE_ef;om trsdK;orD;rsm;&&SdcJhonf? xdkta&twGufonf jrefrm EdkifiHtrsdK;orD; tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_. atmifjrifr_wpf&yftjzpf azmfjyaomfvnf; wcsdef xJY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; tom;usaeaom cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; qufvuf &Sdaea=umif; xif&Sm;aponf? (*) ,Ofaus;r_t& cGJjcm;qufqHr_. ta=umif;&if;

EdkifiHa&;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyyg0ifr_onf rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh ododomomenf;yg;&oenf;?

tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm rdrdwdk@.,Ofaus;r_wGif euf±d_if;pGmtjrpfwG,fae ayonf? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m e,fy,frsm;jzpfonfh tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m vkyfief;

4

tqifhqifhwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;. yg0ifr_ESifhywfoufI tuef@towfrsm; &Sdaeayonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;udk tdrfr_udpPrsm; aqmif&Guf&efESifh ‚if;wdk@. tcef;u¾udk rdcif/ orD;/ odk@r[kwf ZeD; r,m;tjzpfomv#if owfrSwfxm;onf? jreffrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif trsdK; om;rsm;. t&nftcsif;rsm;uomv#if acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; jzpfEdkifonf[k tav; teuf ,Hk=unf=uonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;onf trsdK;om;rsm;uJhodk@ t&nftcsif; r&Sdaom a=umifh EdkifiHa&;wGif ryg0ifoifh[k a,bk,stm;jzifh ,lq=uonf? T,Hk=unfr_onf trsm;jynfolqdkif&m e,fy,fwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;udk wef;wlwefzdk;r&Sd[k owfrSwfxm; aom vlr_a&;qdkif&m rr#wr_udk xif[yfaeonf? trsdK;om;rsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf vufcH=uonfrSm arG;&myg bkef;wef;cdk;pGrf;&nfrsm;a=umifhr[kwf bJ acgif;aqmifjzpfvmap&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;&&SdcJhjcif;a=umifhomjzpfonf? tjcm;enf; jzifhqdk&ygrl vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_t& vufcHxm;onfh trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: wzufapmif; eif;jzpfr_rsm;u trsdK;om;rsm;tm; EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;xufydkI tcGifh tvrf;rsm; rr#wpGm ay;xm;onf? TuJhodk@aom rr#wr_rsm;u trsdK;orD;rsm;wGif&Sdaom tawG@t}uHKrsm;. wefzdk;udk ao;odrfap+yD; trsdK;om;rsm;}uD;pdk;aom EdkifiHa&;0ef;usifudk zefwD;ay;ouJhodk@ jzpfjcif;a=umifh trsdK;orD;rsm;udk xdcdkufepfemaponf?

trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHr_. tajccHta=umif;&if;jzpfaom ,Ofaus;r_ qdkif&m w&m;rr#wr_rsm;onf jrefrmhordkif;wavsmuf xdcdkufepfemcJh&aom vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;cHpm;&onfh w&m;rr#wr_rsm;ESifh tvm;wlyifjzpfonf? xdkodk@ vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r_rsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.tcef;u¾tm;vHk;wGif vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om; rsm;. yg0ifr_udk xda&mufpGm ydwfyifxm;aom twm;tqD;wckyifjzpfonf? TuJhodk@ aom vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r_rsm; qufvuf&Sdaeygu jrefrmEdkifiH tem*wftpdk;&. 'Drdkua&pD t& w&m;0ifr_udk vGefpGm,kwfavsmhaprnfomjzpfonf? xdkodk@jzpfyGm;jcif;rsm;udk um uG,f&ef vuf&Sd zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJ&mwGif tem*wf 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&twGif; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk tjynfht0yg0ifr_udk tmrcHEdkifaom zGJ@pnf;yHkqdkif&m enf;vrf; rsm;udk txl;tav;xm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;vsuf&Sdonf? zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;r_/ vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf (Chamber of Nationalities) ESifh orRwa&G;cs,f&mwGif pDpOf aqmif&Gufr_yHkpHrsm;ponfwkd@rSm orkdif;wGif cGJjcm;cHcJh&onfh rnfonfhwdkif;&if;om;tkyfpk udkrS cGJjcm;ab;z,fxm;jcif;rðy&ef vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; jzpfonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm; qufqHr_onfvnf; vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHr_ESifh twlwlyifjzpf onf? ,Ofaus;r_wGif tjrpfwG,faejcif;rSmvnf; twlwljzpfaoma=umifh tav;teuf xm;ajz&Sif;r_rsm;vnf; twlwljzpf&ef vdktyfonf? Tjy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;bJxm;yg u 'Drdkua&pDt& w&m;0ifjzpfr_udk qufvufpdefac: aernfomjzpfonf?

5

3? wef;wludk,fpm;ðyr_udk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& bma=umifh tmrcHzdk@ vdktyfygoenf;?

jrefrmEdkifiH. tem*wfonf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& usm;r wef;wlnDr#r_udk tjynfht0 tmrcHr_tay:wGif rlwnfonf[k rdrdwdk@u,Hk=unfonf? usm;r wef;wlnDr# r_. tajccHt,ltqudk todtrSwfðyaomfvnf; tpdk;&wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;trSef wu,f udk,fpm;ðyr_r&Sdygu jynfhpHkvHkavmufrnfr[kwfay? rdrdwdk@ }udK;pm;zefwD;aeaom tpdk;&. 'Drdkua&pDw&m;0ifr_/ wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh om,m0ajymr_ rsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf trSefwu,f wef;wlnDr#r_udk zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& tmrcH&ef rvJGraoG vdktyfayonf? (u) 'Drdkua&pDt& w&m;0ifr_

yxrOD;pGm aqG;aEG;vdkonfrSm- ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wdkufyGJ0ifvmcJhaom v_yf&Sm; r_. 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yftaejzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom udk,fpm;ðyyg 0ifr_udk tmrrcHEdkifygu xdk'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&onfvnf; w&m;0ifrnfr[kwfay? EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&;udk trsdK;orD;rsm; tjynfht0cHpm;Edkif&eftwGuf trsdK;om;rsm;enf;wl wef; wlvGwfvyfcGifhESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; trsdK;orD;rsm;wGif &Sd&rnfjzpf+yD; udk,fydkifb0rsm;udk a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh &Sd&rnfjzpfonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;onf tpdk;&. Oya'rsm;ESifh rl0g' rsm;udk vdkufem&onfjzpfaoma=umifh xdkOya'rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;udk a&;qGJcsrSwf&mwGif trsdK;orD;rsm; wef;wlyg0ifcGifh&Sd&rnf? wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;b0rsm; wGif xdkuJhodk@yg0ifEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; r&Sdygu trsdK;orD;rsm;onf vGwfvyf+yD; wef;wlnDr#aom EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfrnfr[kwfay? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m e,fy,fwGif trsdK; orD;rsm;yg0ifjcif;udk ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;aom ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m rr#wr_rsm;udk zGJpnf;yHk tajccHOya'rS cGifhðyxm;onfqdkygu trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm; ydwf yifcHxm;&jcif;omjzpfonf?

xdk@tjyif trsdK;orD; udk,fpm;ðyr_ tvHktavmufr&Sdonfh tpdk;&w&yftae jzifh jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk ukd,fpm;ðyEdkifrnf r[kwfbJ rl0g'rsm; csrSwf&mwGifvnf; atmifjrifrnfr[kwfay? vlOD;a&. cef@rSef;ajc 50-&mcdkifE_ef;udk xda&mufpGm udk,fpm;rðy Edkifaom Oya'ðytzGJ@w&yfay:xGufvmjcif;udk 'Drdkua&pDenf;usonf[krqdkEdkifay? xdk@ tjyif xdkOya'ðytzGJ@rS csrSwftwnfðyxm;aom rl0g'rsm;onfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD usqHk;r_ udkom OD;wnfaernfjzpfonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;wGif tpdk;&rS tm&Hkpdkufaqmif&Guf&ef vdk tyfonfh pdwf0ifpm;r_ESifh pOf;pm;csuftjrifrsm;&Sdonf? xdkt&mrsm;udk azmfxkwf&ef tpdk;&xJwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;yg0ifjcif;r&Sdygu xdkpOf;pm;csufrsm;udk owdrrlrdbJ qufvuf csefvSyfoGm;rnfomjzpfonf? vlOD;a& 50 &mcdkifE_ef;. xda&mufaomudk,fpm;ðyr_ ryg0if ygu tawG@t}uHKESifh tjrifzvS,fjcif;jzpfpOf tqifhqifhjzpfaom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;. tay;t,lESifh jynfoltm;vHk;. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk aqmif&Gufaom rl0g'rsm;a&; qGJcsrSwf &mwGif tm;enf;xdcdkufaprnfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf?

6

(c) EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;

aemufwcsuftaejzifh- 'Drdkua&pD jrefrmEdkifiH. tem*wftpdk;&taejzifh urBmhtv,fwGif av;pm;r_&&Sda&;twGuf usm;r wef;wlnDr#r_udk xda&mufpGm tmrcH& ayrnf? ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_udk A[dkpH!$ef;wck tjzpf vufcHaom urBmvHk;qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pDacwfwGif rdrdwdk@aexdkifaejcif;jzpfonf? xdk pH!$ef;rsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHyg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;tm;vHk; yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (CEDAW)/ ab*sif;vkyfief;pOf Beijing Platform for Action/ ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf - 1325 ESifh axmifpkESpf zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&; &nfrSef;csuf Millennium Development Goals ponfwdk@tyg t0if EdkifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;pGmjzifh umuG,fay;xm;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh wae@wjcm; ydkrdkqufpyf+yD; usOf;ajrmif;vmaom urBm}uD;ESifhtwl vdkufygaeEdkif&ef twGuf usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_ESifh w&m;r#wr_rsm;udk acwfopfpHE_ef;rsm;ESifhtnD vdkufyg aqmif&Guf+yD; todtrSwfðy&rnf jzpfonf? (*) usm;r wef;wlnDr#r_ESifh &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm;

usm;r wef;wlnDr#r_ pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;udk todtrSwfðyjcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk rnfodk@r# av;pm;r_rJhaprnfr[kwfay? &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI pdk;&drfaom pOf;pm;csufyHkpH ESpfrdsK;&Sdonf? yxrwcsufrSm usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_ tm; taemufwdkif; ,Ofaus;r_. oGwfoGif;r_/ EdkifiHjcm;rS jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ wifoGif;vmaom ukefypPnf; (tawG;tac:) wcktjzpf tcsdK@updk;&drfylyef=uonf? odk@&mwGif usm;rwef;wl nDr#r_onf tm&S,Ofaus;r_. tpdwftydkif;wck r[kwfouJhokd@ taemufwdkif;,Ofaus;r_ rsm;. tpdwftydkif;vJ r[kwfay? trsdK;om;rsm;}uD;pdk;aom zdk0g'onfom ae&mwkdif;. &dk;&mtkyfcsKyfr_wckjzpfaeonf? usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_onf xdkzdk0g'v$rf;rdk;aom vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;twGif; aexdkifaom vlom;rsm;rS ppfrSefaomvGwfvyfr_ESifh vlom;zGHòz;r_rsm; twGufvdktyfonf[k vufcHvmaom wefzdk;wckyifjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf usm;rwef;wlr_onf taemufwdkif;,Ofaus;r_wGifom oD;jcm;&Sdaejcif;r[kwfbJ urBmw 0Srf; ,Ofaus;r_rsm;xJrS aygufzGm;vmaom/ urBmay:&Sd a'otm;vHk;wGif usifhoHk;vmcJh =uaom &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk pdefac:vmaom wefzdk;wckomjzpfonf?

usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_. pdefac:r_u &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufI 'kwd, pdk;&drfcsufwckudk jzpfapjyefonf? usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_udk w&m;0ifumuG,fr_rsm; ðyvkyf jcif;onf &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk zsufqD;vdrfhrnf[k tcsdK@u pdk;&drfjcif;yifjzpfonf? T pdk;&drfcsufonf ,Ofaus;r_. oabmobm0ESifh us,fajymr_udk em;rvnfjcif;a=umifhom jzpfonf? rajymif;vJaom ,Ofaus;r_[lIr&Sday? ,Ofaus;r_wckonf &Sifoefaeor# um vywfvHk; qufvufajymif;vJaernfomjzpfonf? ajymif;vJjcif;qdkonfrSm ,Ofaus;r_udk tqHk;owfjcif;r[kwf/ ,Ofaus;r_udk qufvuf&Sifoefap&efzefwD;jcif;jzpfonf? ,Ofaus; r_wck&yfwef@oGm;+yD; ajymif;vJ&ef rwwfEdkifawmhygu xdk,Ofaus;r_onf rkcsaoqHk;&rnf

7

omjzpfonf? urBmvHk;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&; odk@r[kwf enf;ynmopfrsm; wDxGifvmjcif; tp &Sdojzifh acwfrSDzGHòz;r_rsm;. wGef;tm;a=umifh ,Ofaus;r_tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfvmouJh odk@yif/ usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_tm; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rS tmrcHjcif;onf tcsdK@aom jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_rsm;wGif wdk;wufr_ESifh ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apEdkifonf? ajymif;vJ jcif;ESifh zGHòz;wdk;wufjcif;onf ,Ofaus;r_. obm0 tpdwftydkif;wckomjzpfonf? T zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udk av;av;eufeuf cH,lxm;jcif;r&Sdygu jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ wnfwHhEkdifrnf r[kwfay? jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_rsm;onf urBmay:&Sd a&Smifv$Jr&aom ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk vufcH&efESifh qufvufwdk;wufzGH@òz;&eftwGuf vHkavmufaom ckdifrmr_&Sd+yD;/ rdrdwdk@ wkdif; jynf.tem*wftwGuf ta&;yg+yD; tzdk;wefaomtcef;u¾wGif qufvufwnf&Sdae rnf[kvnf; rdrdwkd@taeESifh tav;teuf,Hk=unfonf? (C) zGH@òz;wdk;wufjcif;ESifh om,m0ajymjcif;

aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. tem*wfom,m0ajyma&;twGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;wef;wlnDr#r_ tjynfht0&&Sd&efrSm tvGefta&;}uD;ayonf? EdkifiHwck. taygif;vuQ%maqmifaom zGHòz;wdk;wufr_ jr‡ifhwufvmapa&;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;/ usef;rma&;/ ynma&; tqifhtwef;rsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifh&ef ta&;}uD;onf[k EdkifiH wum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;u oabmwl=uonf? wdkif;jynf. tajctaeESifh trsdK; orD;rsm;. tajctaet=um; qufEG,fr_udk axmufcHaom tcsuftvufrsm;pGm&Sd onf? trsdK;orD;rsm;. tajctae wdk;wufvmaomtcg vl@todkif;t0dkif;wckvHk;. tajctaeonfvnf; wdk;wufvmayonf? xdk@a=umifhyif urBmhb%f. &SmazGawG@&Sdcsuf rsm;wGif- trsdK;orD;rsm;onf uav;i,frsm;. ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;twGuf rdom;pk 0ifaiGudk ydkrdkjr‡KyfESH=u+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;. vlr_zlvHka&;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmaponfh tjyif uav;i,frsm;. touf&SifE_ef;udkvnf; wdk;jrifhvmaponf[k azmfjyxm;onf? EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;tp&Sdaom trsm;jynfolqdkif&me,fy,frsm;wGif trsdK;orD; rsm;twGuf ppfrSefaom wef;wlyg0ifcGifhudk tmrcHaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wckonf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; a&&SnfwnfwHhckdif+rJ+yD; om,m0ajymaom tem*wf wnfaqmuf&mwGif taumif;qHk; tajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfayvdrfhrnf? 4? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf txl;tpDtpOf Affirmative Action ESifh udkwmpepfvdktyfr_

ppfrSefI t"dy`g,fjynfh0onfh usm;r wef;wlnDr#r_udk tmrcHEdkif&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'u rnfodk@vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfygoenf;?

cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk qef@usifaom tEkwfvuQ%maqmifonfh wm;jrpfcsuf rsm;ESifh wef;wlnDr#r_udk w&m;0ifa=unm±Hkr#ESifh vHkavmufrnfr[kwfay? wef;wlnDr#a&; rludk jrefrmEdkifiH. tapmydkif; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;wGifvnf; jyXmef;xm;cJhayonf? odk@&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef;udk taygif;vuQ%maqmifonfh

8

ajymif;vJr_rsm;&Sdvmatmif raqmif&GufEdkifcJhay? vuf&SdzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; vkyfief;tqifhqifhonf twdwfu trSm;rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkif&efESifh tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk avhvmoif,l&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay;aeayonf? (u) w&m;0if wef;wlnDr#r_ wpfckwnf;ESifh vHkavmufr_r&Sdjcif;

tcGifhtvrf;rsm; w&m;0ifwef;wlnDr#&Sd±HkESifh trSefwu,f ppfrSefaom wef;wl nDr#r_udk OD;rwnfEdkifa=umif;udk ordkif;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;ESifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;. tawG@ t}uHKrsm;t& oifcef;pm,lEdkifygonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; tpdk;&twGif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vkyf ief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfudkifcGifh wef;wltcGifhta&;rsm;udk Oya't& tmrcHxm;v#ifyif tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyyg0ifr_onf ododomom qufvuf enf;yg;aeOD;rnfomjzpfonf? Tjy\em. ta=umif;&if;onf usm;rcGJjcm;qufqH aom ,Ofaus;r_tay:wGif t&if;wnfayonf? txufwGif aqG;aEG;xm;onfhtwkdif; trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHr_onf rdrdwdk@,Ofaus;r_rsm;wGif tbufbufrS pl;epf0if vsuf&Sdaoma=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHaom tajctaersm;jzpfwnfcJh& jcif;jzpfonf? trsdK;om;rsm;omru trsdK;orD;rsm;udkyg trsKd;orD;rsm;onf edrfhusonf/ EkdifiHa&;tm%m&,l&ef t&nftcsif;r&Sd[k ,Hk=unfvmapcJhonf? T,Ofaus;r_u trsdK; om;rsm;udk tcGifhtvrf;tm;jzifh rsufESmomay;xm;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh acgif;aqmifr_ t&nftcsif;rsm;&&Sd&ef oif,lcGifh/ atmifjrif&rnf[k tm;ay;wdkufwGef;cH&jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&; t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif xdef;csKyfcGifhrsm;ESifh rdrdukd,fudk ,Hk=unfpdwfcsr_&Sdapjcif; ponfh tcGifh tvrf;rsm;onf trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;t=um; odomxif&Sm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; r=umc% Ttm;omr_rsm;u wdkif;jynfwGif rnfoltkyfcsKyfcGifh&onf qdkonfhtay:wGif jyif;jyif;xefxef oufa&mufr_&Sdayonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm; trSefwu,f tm%mwnfaqmufEdkifcGifhESifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&;b0rsm;wGif =oZmv$rf;rdk; r_&Sdap&ef vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;udkajymif;vJEdkifaom xda&mufonfh ta&;,laqmif &Gufr_rsm;ESifh Trr#waom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk qef@usifacsyEdkifonfh usifhoHk;r_rsm;&Sdap &ef zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& aqmif&Gufay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@twGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;. wef;wlnDr#jzpfr_twGuf txl;tpDtpOfrsm; Affirmative Action odk@r[kwf taygif; vuQ%maqmifaom vkyfaqmifr_rsm; vkdtyfayonf? (c) tpdk;&. tcef;u¾ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tqifhwdkif;wGif txl;tpDtpOfrsm; Affirmative Action ðyvkyf oGm;&efvdktyfonf? odk@&mwGif tpdk;&. OD;aqmifr_r&SdbJ atmifjrifrnfr[kwfay? vl‹ tzGJ@tpnf;. e,fy,ftm;vHk;wGif wef;wlnDr#r_udk jr‡ifhwifay;&efESifh zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmuf yHkqdkif&m twm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfv$m;Edkif&ef vHkavmufonfhajymif;vJr_rsm;udk ta&;,l aqmif&Guf&ef tpdk;&onfomv#if wckwnf;aom tm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonf? txl;tpDtpOfrsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ rdom;pkESifh vl@tzGJ@

9

tpnf;twGif; trsdK;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDr#r_ r&Sdjcif;udk t"duxm;aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpf onf? trsdK;orD;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&; tqifhtwef;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef/ trsdK;orD;rsm; ynmoif =um;Edkifap&efESifh rdom;pktwGif; trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;&ef tpdk;& taejzifh txl;tpDtpOfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;&rnfjzpfonf? tem*wf zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhywfoufI tpdk;&twGif; usm;r wef;wlnDr#&Sdap &ef tcdkiftrmtmrcHEdkifonfh enf;vrf;wckrSm trsdK;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif ukd,fpm;ðyyg 0ifEdkifonfh udkwmpepfyif jzpfonf?

udkwmpepfrsm; (quota systems) owfrSwfxm;&Hkoufoufjzihf tajzr&Edkifaomf vnf; udkwmpepfjzifh pwifjcif;onf usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_twGuf tajymif;tvJ ðyvkyf Edkifonfh enf;vrf;wckjzpfonf[k trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) tae jzifh,Hk=unfonf? xdk@a=umifh usm;r wef;wlr_&&Sd+yD; xkdenf;vrf;rsm; qufvufusifhoHk; &efrvdktyfawmhonfhtcsdeftxd udkwmpepfrsm;xm;&SdoGm;&ef vdktyfonf? xdk@tjyif ajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyf&eftwGuf udkwmpepfrsm; usifhoHk;jcif; wckxJESifhvnf; vHkavmuf rnfr[kwfay? usm;r wef;wlr_&Sdvmonftxd ‚if;tm; tjcm;aom r[mAsL[mrsm;/ enf;vrf;rsm;ESifhqufpyfI taumiftxnfazmfoGm;&rnfomjzpfonf? udkwmpepfwck wnf;jzifh rvHkavmufaomfvnf; udkwmpepfonf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf? tpdk;&wGif vHk avmufaom trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;ðyr_r&Sdygu tjcm;vdktyfaom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; vkyf&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifaoma=umifh udkwmpepfonf trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdvm apa&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfa=umif; wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfonf? (*) EdkifiHwum Oya'ESifh udkwmrsm; udkwmpepfonf EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;ESifhvnf; udkufnD+yD; EkdifiHwumOya'u udkwmpepfudk awmif;qdkxm; jcif;jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pHk jzifh cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;tm;vHk; yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (CEDAW) tydk'f (4) wGif- trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;t=um; vufawG@tm;jzifh wef;wlnDr#r_udk jr‡ifhwif&ef &nf&G,f aom ,m,Dtxl;pDrHaqmif&Gufcsufrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&ef cGifhðyxm;onf? txl;pDrH aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf ,m,Domjzpf+yD; trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;. &v'f rsm;udky,fzsuf&ef toHk;ðyjcif;omjzpfaoma=umifh xdkaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk trsdK;om; rsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;[k rowfrSwfEdkif[lIvnf; tydk'f (4) wGif tao;pdwf &Sif; vif;xm;onf? txl;pDrHaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;[kqdk&mwGif tpOftvmt& trsdK;om;rsm; v$rf;rdk;aom puf&Hkvkyfief;rsm;wGif trsdK;orD;vkyfom;rsm; 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifEdkif&ef txl; oifwef;rsm;ðyvkyfay;jcif;tygt0if txl;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh Oya'ðyr_qdkif&m udkwmrsm; yg 0ifonf? tvm;wlpGmyif ab*sif;vkyfief;pOf Beijing Platform for Action wGifvnf; tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh aumfrwDrsm;/ trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief; rsm;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;wdk@wGif usm;rwef;wlyg0ifEdkifa&;udk aqmif&Guf&ef tpdk;&rsm;tm; wdkufwGef;xm;onf? trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD; wef;wlukd,fpm;ðyr_ &Sdap&ef&nf&G,fI

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trsdK;orD;rsm; yg0ifr_ta&twGufudk jr‡ifhwifay;&ef tpdk;&taejzifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm; wdwdususcsrSwf+yD; tpDtpOfrsm;jzifh taumiftxnfazmfoGm;&rnf[k ab*sif;vkyfief; pOfu ±_jrifoHk;oyfonf? tu,fIvdktyfygu tpdk;&ESifh trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&; ae&mrsm;tm;vHk;wGif a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tygt0if taygif;vuQ%m aqmifaom vkyfaqmifr_rsm; aqmif&GufoGm;&rnfjzpfonf? ukvor*~ vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf- 1325 wGifvnf; tvm;wlawmif;qdkr_rsm;udkazmfjyonf? EdkifiHawmf/ a'oqdkif&mESifh EdkifiHwum&Sd qHk;jzwfcsuf csonfhtqifhwkdif;wGif trsdK;orD; rsm; udk,fpm;ðyyg0ifr_ ydkrdkrsm;jym;vma&;udk aocsmap&ef tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;tm; wdkufwGef; xm; onf?

TzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif twlwuGyg0if=uaom 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;u usm;rwef;wla&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;aom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'w&yf a&;qGJEdkif&ef oEMdÏmefðyxm;=uonf? txufyg aqG;aEG;csufrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;ouJhodk@ wef;wlnDr#a&;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifxm; aom ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m xdcdkufepfemr_rsm;udk jyefvnfay;qyfEdkif&eftwGuf txl;tpD tpOfrsm;udk tpdk;&rS aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfonf? udkwmpepfrsm;onf usm;rwef;wl a&;twGuf xda&mufaom enf;vrf;wckjzpfa=umif; EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;u vufcH xm;aoma=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh xda&muf+yD; w&m;r#waom udkwmpepfwck wnfaqmuf&mwGif tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; tusKd;&SdEkdifayonf? 5? usifhoHk;vdkonfh udkwmpepfyHkpH

udkwmpepfudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf? T aqG; aEG;r_ acgif;pOfatmufwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) taejzifh tydkif; 3 ydkif; yg0ifonfh udkwmpepfudk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'wGif xnfhoGif;&ef wifjyvdk+yD; xdkpepfudk taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf vdktyfonfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' qdkif&m pmom;twdtusudkvnf; t}uHðyoGm;rnfjzpfonf? tcsufwckcsif;pDwGif jzpfEdkif onfh enf;vrf;rsm;udkazmfjy+yD; tb,fha=umifh xdkenf;vrf;udk toHk;ðyvdka=umif; &Sif;jy csufESifhtwl tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh qufpyfaom tawG@ t}uHKrsm;udk azmfjyoGm;rnf?

wifjyvdkaom udkwmpepfwGif tpdwftydkif; oHk;ck&Sdonf? yxrwckrSm– udkwm pepf xda&mufpGm taumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&;udkcGifhðyaom a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mpepf wpf ckudk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rS jyXmef;ay;&rnf? xdkuJhodk@ aqmif&Guf&mwGif rdrdwkd@ aemuf ydkif;wGifaqG;aEG;oGm;rnfh udk,fpm;vS,fudka&G;cGifhr&SdbJygwDudkom rJay;onfh tcsdK;us udk,fpm;ðypepf (Proportional Representation or PR) jzpf&rnf? 'kwd, wckrSm zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'ðya&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&; u¾oHk;ckpvHk;. tqifhwdkif;wGif tedrfhqHk;tqifh csrSwfxm;aom &mcdkifE_ef;twdkif; usm;r udk,fpm;ðyr_

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vdktyfcsufudk zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rS owfrSwfay;&rnf? tenf;qHk; 30 &mcdkifE_ef; owfrSwfxm;&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) rS t}uHðyonf? wwd, wckrSm a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m Oya'rsm;jzpfonf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. tpdwftydkif; wck qdkonfxuf omrefOya'ðyjcif;yHkpHjzpfEdkifaom a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m Oya'rsm;wGif xd a&mufaom udkwmpepfjzpfa&;udk tmrcHonfh a&G;aumufyGJpepf. tao;pdwfyHkpHrsm;udk azmfjy&rnf? atmufwGif qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;rnfhtwdkif; xdkodk@aqmif&Guf&mwGif ygwDpm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;rnfh trnfpm&if; pDpOfa&;om;&ef enf;vrf;wpfckcsrSwf&ef vdk tyf+yD; ygwDrsm;taejzifh xdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vdkufem&ef vdktyfonf? odk@r[kwfygu a&G;cs,f&rnfh ygwDpm&if;wGif ryg0ifEdkifay? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m oifwef;rsm;ESifh rJqG,fv_H@aqmfa&;twGuf aiGa=u;&SmazGjcif;rsm;tygt0if trsdK;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_udk tm;ay;axmufcH&efESifh jr‡ihfwif&ef tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfay;oGm;&efvnf; vdktyf ayonf? (u) a&G;aumufyJGpepftm; zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'jzifh owfrSwfay;jcif;?

yxrOD;pGm 'Drkdua&pDpepfusifhokH;rnfh jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf trsm;pktkyfcsKyfaom pepf okd@r[kwf tcsdK;usudk,fpm;ðypepf/ odk@r[kwf a&maESmxm;aomykHpH pojzifh a&G; aumufyJGpepf. tajccHyHkpHudk zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjy&rnf?

jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf tcsdK;usudk,fpm;ðypepftm; ydkrdkESpfouf&jcif;. tajccH ta=umif;&if;rsm;pGm&Sdonf? xkdta=umif;&if;rsm;xJrS wckudkazmfjy&v#if Tpepfonf trsdK;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; ta&twGufrsm;rsm; yg0ifEkdifonfh twGufa=umifhjzpfonf? rJtrsm;pk&ol tEkdif&onfhpepfxuf tcsdK;usudk,fpm;ðypepfatmufwGif trsdK;orD;ukd,f pm;vS,f ta&twGuf 2 qeD;yg;cef@ ykdrkdta&G;cs,fcH&avh&Sdonf?

a&G;aumufyJGpepftay:wGifrlwnfI trsdK;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,fyg0ifr_E_ef;rSm trsm; pk tEkdif&aompepfwGif a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&aom v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;wGif trsdK;orD; 8 '\r 5 &mE_ef;yg0ifonfudk awG@&+yD; a&maESmxm;aom pepfwGif 11 '\r 3 &mE_ef;ESifh tcsdK;usudk,fpm;ðypepfwGif 15 '\r 4 &mE_ef;yg0ifonfukd awG@&onf?

tcsdK;usukd,fpm;ðypepfrsm;xJwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDudkoma&G;cs,f&+yD; vlyk*~dKvfudk a&G;cs,fcGifhr&Sdaom tydwfrJjym; pepfonf txda&mufqHk;jzpfonf?

udkwmpepfudk rcsKd;azmufEkdif&eftwGuf vlyk*~dKvfudk a&G;cs,fcGifhrðybJ ydwfxm; &rnfjzpfonf? yD±l;ESifh tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHwkd@wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tenf;qHk; 30 &mcdkifE_ef; udkwmay;xm;jcif;wlaomfvnf; usifhokH;aom tcsdK;usudk,fpm;ðypepfrsm;tm; Ed_if;,SOf=unfhv#if tusdK;oufa&mufr_uGmjcm;onfukd awG@Ekdifonf? yD±l;wGif tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfrSm tzGifhrJjym;pepfudkusifhoHk;aoma=umifh a&G;aumufyJG+yD;onfhtcgwGif

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tEkdif&aom v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;wGif trsdK;orD;ta&twGufonf 18 &mE_ef; om&SdonfukdawG@&onf? tm*sifwD;em;wGif tydwfrJjym;pepfudk usihfoHk;aoma=umifh a&G;aumufyJGtEkdif&aom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;wGif trsdK;orD; 27 &mcdkifE_ef; yg0ifonfukd awG@&onf? tvm;wlyif tD&wfEkdifiH. =um;jzwfzJG@pnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;wGif trsdK;orD; 30 &mE_ef;yg0ifEkdif&ef udkwmjyXmef;xm;+yD; tydwfrJjym;pepfudk usifhoHk;onfhtwGuf a&G;aumufyJG&vm'fwGif trsdK;orD; 31 '\r 5 &mcdkifE_ef; yg0ifEkdifcJhonf?

udkwmpepf. xda&mufr_tm; tqkH;tjzwfay;Ekdifaom tjcm;tcsuftvuf rsm;pGm &Sdayao;onf? 4if;tcsuf tvufrsm;tm; Ttcef;. aemufykdif;wGif qufvuf aqG;aEG;ygrnf? 4if;tcsuftvufrsm;rSm zJG@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'twGif; xnfhoGif;jcif;xuf a&G;aumufyJGqkdif&m Oya'rsm;tjzpf aqG;aEG;oifhonfhtwGufa=umifh jzpfygonf? tawG@t}uHKrsm;t& jyefvnfajymif;vJEdkif&efESifh tajctaeopfESifh oifhavsmf aom a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;udk ðyjyifEdkif&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif vHkavmuf aom tavsmhtwif;rsm;xm;ay;&ef ta&;}uD;onf? udkwmpepftwGuf wnfwHhaom tkwfjrpfwckcsay;&eftwGufom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m tajccH pepfudkom twdtus azmfjyay;&efvdktyfonf?

jynfol@v$wfawmf tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk v#dK@0SufrJjzifh wdkuf±dkufa&G;cs,f&ef vuf&Sd zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf;wGif jyXmef;xm;onf? udk,fpm;ðyonfh a'orsm;ESifh udk,fpm; vS,f ta&twGufonf vlOD;a&ay:rlwnfI tcsdK;usowfrSwfonfh tajccHay:wGif rl wnfayvdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif a'otus,ft0ef;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,fta&twGuf twd tusudkawmh v$wfawmfwGif jyXmef;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif atmufyg pmom;rsm; xnfhoGif;&ef rdrdwdk@taejzifh tqdkðy onf? “(1) c±dkifwckcsif;pDwGif tenf;qHk; udk,fpm;vS,f ESpfOD;xm;&Sd&rnf? (2) c&dkifwckcsif;pD. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tydwfrJjym; tcsdK;usudk,fpm;ðypepfjzifh a&G;xm;aomygwDpm&if;rSwqifh a&G;cs,f&rnf” [lI jzpfonf? (c) usm;r udkwm ESifhywfoufI zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf a&G;aumufyGJpepfudk owfrSwf+yD;ygu usm;rqdkif&mudkwmonf 'kwd,tcsuf jzpfonf? tydwfrJjym; tcsdK;usudk,fpm;ðypepfusifhoHk;aom tcsdK@wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif usm;r udkwm udk zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;&efrvdkawmhay? tb,fa=umifhqdk aomf ‚if;udk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u udk,fydkiftodpdwfjzifh usifhoHk;aeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@ a=umifh aemfa0;/ qDG'ifESifh *smr%DEdkifiHrsm;wGif udkwmpepfudk Oya'jzifh w&m;0if wdkuf wGef;xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ t"duygwD}uD;rsm;u udk,fydkifwm0efodpdwfjzifh csrSwfxm;aom rl0g'rsm;omv#ifjzpfonf? Tpepfonf xdkuJhodk@aom EdkifiH}uD;rsm;wGif aumif;rGefpGm

13

vnfywfEdkifonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdkEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf rl0g'rsm;tay:wGif eufeuf±d_if;±d_if; oEMdÏmef csrSwfxm;+yD; xdkoEMdÏmeftwdkif; ‚if;wdk@udk,fwkdifu taumif txnfazmfusifhoHk;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif xdkodk@vHkavmufaom trsdK;orD; udk,fpm;ðyyg0ifEdkifonfh tajctaeodk@ a&muf&Sda&;twGuf ygwDrsm;rS udk,fydkifem;vnf r_jzifh usifhoHk;aom xda&mufonfh udkwmpepfudk cGifhðyEdkifavmufonftxd usm;r wef; wla&;twGuf oEMdÏmefcdkifrmonfhEdkifiHrsm; urBmay:wGif tenf;i,fom&Sdonf? txl; ojzifh trsdK;orD;rsm; EkdifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_ukd vufrcHonfh ,Ofaus;r_tjrpfwG,faeaom EkdifiHrsdK;wGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taeESifh ukd,fykdifem;vnfr_jzifh trsdK;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðy yg0ifcGihfukd vkHavmufpGm jyXmef;ay;vdrfhrnfr[kwfay/ xdk@tjyif t+rJwrf; wpdkufrwfrwf owfrSwfusifhokH;vdrfhrnfvnf; r[kwfay? Oya't& jyXmef;xm;jcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh TtcsdK;uspepfukd vufcH&ef jiif;qkdaumif; jiif;qkdEkdifouJhodk@ usifhokH;cJhv#ifvnf; tcsdefra&G; ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh Tpepfudk zsufodrf;ypfEkdifonf? tu,fI rdrdwdk@aqG;aEG;cJhonfhtwkdif; tedrfhqkH;owfrSwfxm;aom trsdK;orD;ukd,fpm; vS,f ta&twGuf yg0ifjcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;& atmifjrifpGm zJG@pnf;Ekdif a&;ESifh w&m;0ifr_&Sda&;twGuf ta&;}uD;onfqdkygu raocsmra&&maom ukd,fykdif pOf;pm;csufjzifh owfrSwfay;aom udkwmpepfatmufwGif trsdK;orD; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifa&;ukd csefvSyfxm;I rjzpfay?

ukd,fykdiftodpdwfjzifh jyXmef;ay;aom udkwmpepfESifh qef@usifpGm tcsdK@EkdifiHrsm; wGif v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f ae&mrsm;tm; trsdK;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;twGuf ae&m ta&twGufukd twdtus owfrSwfay;jcif;jzifh usm;rqdkif&m udkwmpepfudk taumif txnfazmf=uonf? TowfrSwfay;xm;aom ae&mrsm;twGuf (&0ef'g/ ,l*ef'g/ xkdif0rf ponfhEkdifiHrsm;wGif) wcgw&H a&G;aumufyJGjzifh a&G;cs,fcef@xm;ouJhodk@ (wefZef eD;,m;/ ZifbmabG/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf tp&Sdonfh EkdifiHrsm;wGif) wcgw&H wdkuf&dkufcef@tyf onf? TuJhokd@owfrSwfay;aompepfukd trsm;tm;jzifh rJJtrsm;pk&ol tkyfcsKyfaom v$wfawmfw&yfwnf;pepf (Single-member Majoritarian System) wGif usifhokH;avh&Sdonf? trsdK;orD;. ukd,fpm;ðyr_tay: xdckdufaponfh trsm;pktEdkif&pepfESifh ukd,fpm;vS,f wOD;wnf; c&dkifwckwGif ,SOf+ydKifjcif;pepfwGif qkd;usdK;rsm;avsmhenf;atmif aqmif&Guf&ef twGuf vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fae&m oD;oef@csefxm;ay;&ef vdkaumif;vdkayvdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fae&m twdtusowfrSwfay;aompepfwGif rvdkvm;tyf aom tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;&Sdonf? tu,fI trsdK;orD; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm wdkuf&dkufcef@tyfxm;jcif;cH&ygu ‚if;wkd@wGif 'Drkdua&pDenf;t& w&m;0ifjzpfr_ tenf; i,fom&Sdonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;udk owfrSwfay;onfhae&mrsm;twGuf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf onfh ae&mwGifvnf; a&G;aumufcH&onfhwdkifatmif tjcm; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f rsm;tm; a&G;aumufonfhpepfESifhcGJjcm;+yD; oD;jcm;a&G;aumufonfhpepfjzpfygu ‚if; a&G; aumufcH trsdK;orD;rsm;onf 'kwd,wef;pm; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpfom todtrSwfðycH&+yD; v$wfawmftwGif;wGifvnf; =oZmenf;yg;onf? tu,fI v$wfawmfae&m ta&twGuf udk twdtus razmfjyyguvnf; xdkpepfusifhokH;jcif;jzifh xda&mufr_ tenf;i,fom&Sdrnf

14

jzpfonf?

rdrdwdk@taejzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fae&m twd tus owfrSwfay;aompepfudk zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;ay;&ef awmif;qkd wifjyaejcif;r[kwfay? rdrdwkd@taejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tydwfrJjym; tcsdK;usudk,fpm;ðy pepftm; EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS usifhokH;aeor# umvywfvHk; Tv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf twdtusowfrSwfay;aom pepfudkusifhokH;&ef rvkdtyf[k,kH=unfonf? tu,fI txufwGif awmif;qkdxm;aom ajymif;vJ&efvdktyfonfh tcsufrsm;udk vdkuf emusifhoHk;jcif;r&Sdygu xdk@tjyif c&dkifwckwGif udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;om a&G;cs,faompepfESifh trsm;pktEdkif&pepftm; usifhokH;ygu zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif xdkuJhodk@ v$wfawmfae&m rsm; twdtus owfrSwfay;aompepf vkdtyfaumif; vdktyfayvdrfhonf?

rdrdwdk@taejzifh tv,ftvwf taetxm;udk awmif;qkdygonf? usm;r tcsdK;usyg0ifcGifhonf ukd,fykdiftodpdwfjzifh usm;rowfrSwfae&mcsay;jcif;xuf w&m;0if owfrSwfay;jcif;rsdK; jzpf&rnf? okd@&mwGif v$wfawmfae&m ta&twGuftm; twdtus owfrSwfay;&efrvkday? zJG@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif usm;rwef;wla&;ESifh ywfoufaom &nfrSef;csufudk jyXmef;owfrSwfay;&rnf? xdk@tjyif tedrfhqkH;&Sdoifhonfh usm;r ukd,fpm; ðyr_&Sda&;twGuf vdktyfaom rnfhonfh pepfrsdK;udkrqdk tpdk;&rScsrSwfxlaxmifay;&ef vkdonf? T&nf&G,fcsufjynfh0ap&eftwGuf atmufyg pmom;tm; tem*wf zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. taxGaxGjyXmef;csuf tcef;wGif xnfhoGif;&efvdk tyfonf?

tpkd;&twGif; usm;r wef;wlnDr#a&; “usm;rwef;wla&;&Sdap&ef jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH tpkd;&. tkyfcsKyfr_u¾ toD;oD;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;u¾rsm;. tqifh qifhwkdif;wGif vnf;aumif;/ tenf;qHk; trsdK;orD; 30 &mcdkifE_ef;/ tenf;qkH; trsdK;om; 30 &mcdkifE_ef; yg0ifap&rnf? Tvdktyfcsufonf v$wfawmf 2 &yfpvkH;/ tpkd;&0ef}uD;tzJG@/ trsdK;om;vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD/ w&m;&kH;/ zJG@pnf;ykHqkdif&m w&m;&kH;csKyf/ jynfaxmifpk jynfe,f tqifhqifhqkdif&m w&m;&kH;rsm;/ A[kdtpkd;&. aumfr&Sif toD;oD;ponfwkd@wGif t}uHK; 0ifonf? ‚if;az:jyyg ae&mrsm;wGifom owfrSwfxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ jynfaxmifpktpkd;&. rnfonfh&Hk;Xme/ rnfonfhpkzGJ@r_wGifrqdk Tvdktyfcsuf t}uHK;0if ap&rnf? jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&.Xmewkdif;onf 4if;wkd@ vufatmuf&Sd tzGJ@tpk tm;vHk;wGif/ TtedrfhqHk;vdktyf csufudk vdkufemapa&;twGuf vdktyfaompnf;rsOf;rsm;/ a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyf enf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; owfrSwfay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? jynfaxmifpk tpkd;&. rnfonfhtpdwftykdif;rqkd zGJ@pnf;&mwGif Tusm;r wef;wla&; vdktyfcsufpnf; rsOf;udk vkdufem&efysufuGufonf[k ,lqygu rnfolrqkd zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqkdif&m w&m; &kH;wGif Tpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifh nD!Gwfr_r&Sda=umif; av#mufxm; uef@uGufykdifcGifh &Sdap&rnf?”

15

txufyg yk'frt& jynfaxmifpktpkd;&qkdif&m u¾}uD;okH;&yfpvkH;. zJG@pnf;r_ tqifhqifhwkdif;wGif usm; tenf;qHk; 30 &mckdifE_ef;/ r tenf;qHk; 30 &mcdkifE_ef; yg0ifap& rnfjzpfonf? okd@&mwGif Tyk'frt& v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fae&m twdtuscsefxm; owfrSwfay;&ef rvdktyfay? ukd,fpm;ðyr_tqifhtwef;udk tmrcHay;&eftwGuf aqmif &Guf&mwGif rwlnDaom tpktzGJ@/ Xmersm;tvdkuf pepfrsm;uGJjym;rnfomjzpfonf? tcsdK@ aomtzGJ@rsm;wGif T&v'f xGufay:vmap&ef a&G;aumufyGJ odk@r[kwf a&G;cs,fcef@tyf onfhpepfjzihf vHkavmufaomfvnf; tcsdK@ae&mrsm;wGif udk,fpm;vS,fae&m oD;oef@csef xm;owfrSwfay;&ef vdkaumif;vdkEdkifonf? xdktao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;ESifhywfouf I 4if;tpktzGJ@udk xdef;csKyfaomXmersm;/ XmecGJrsm;uomðypk&ef vkyfydkifcGifhay;onfh tae jzifh Tyk'frwGif xnfhra&;xm;ay? xdkvGwfvyfpGm vkyfydkifcGifht& usm;r wef;wla&;&nf rSef;csufESihftnD aqmif&Gufjcif;&Sdr&Sdudk tmrcH&ef zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m w&m;&kH;rS jyefvnf okH;oyfjcif;ukd Tyk'fru cGifhðyonf?

Tyk'frudk a&;om;&mwGif usm;r bufvkdufjcif; uif;&Sif;pGm ðypkxm;onf? Tyk'frt& trsdK;orD; 30 &mcdkifE_ef; tenf;qkH; yg0if&rnf jzpfovkd trsdK;om; 30 &mcdkifE_ef; tenf;qkH; yg0if&rnf jzpfonf? xdkodk@ bufrvkdufjcif;ESifhywfoufI tajccH ta=umif; ESpf&yf &Sdonf?

yxrtcsufonf usm; okd@r[kwf r wbufbufukd tompD;&atmif jrifhwif ay;jcif;r[kwfbJ r#wr_&Sdaom ukd,fpm;ðyr_udk &nf&G,faoma=umifhjzpfonf? tu,fI tem*wfwcsdefcsdefwGif tpkd;&tpdwftydkif;twGif; trsdK;om; ta&twGuf 30 &mE_ef; xuf enf;aeyguvnf; r#wr_r&Sdonfh jy\emrSm twlwlyifjzpf+yD;/ Tyk'frt& zJG@pnf; ykHtajccHOya'ESifh rukdufnDay?

'kwd,tcsuftaejzifh usm;rbufvdkufr_uif;onfh pmom;jzpfonfhtwGuf Tyk'frudk ,m,Dr[kwfbJ zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif t+rJwrf;xm;Ekdifonfh tpdwftydkif; wpfck jzpfaponf? xdkyk'frtaejzifh tpdk;&wGif tedrfhqHk;tqifh udk,fpm;ðyEdkif&ef usm;r ESpfrsKd;vHk;twGuf t+rJwrf;ta&;}uD;ayonf? xdktajctaeodk@a&muf&ef taumif txnfazmf&rnfh vdktyfaom enf;vrf;rsm;onf tcsdefumvtay:rlwnfI uGJjym; aumif; uGJjym;Edkifonf? enf;vrf;rsm;udk twdtus razmfjyjcif;jzifh xdkuJhodk@aom uGJjym; r_rsm;udk Tyk'fru cGifhðyonf? odk@aomf OD;wnfcsufuawmh ajymif;vJoGm;rnf r[kwf ay? trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf udkwmpepfusifhoHk;jcif;onf ,m,Djzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifaomf vnf; usm;/ r ESpfrsKd;pvHk;twGuf tedrfhqHk;tqifh udk,fpm;ðyr_ vkdtyfjcif;uawmh t+rJwrf;twGuf jzpfoifhonf?

Tyk'fronf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&wGif;&SdXmewkdif;twGuf tusHK;0ifonf? udkwmpepfonf Oya'ðya&; wckxJwGif tusHK;0ifjcif;r[kwfbJ Oya'ðy a&;qdkif&m XmecGJrsm; (aumfrwDpojzifh)/ xdk@tjyif w&m;±Hk;rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m tm;vHk;wGif tusHK;0if&ef ta&;}uD;ayonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;. pdk;&drfcsufESifh &_axmifh

16

tjrifrsm;onf w&m;Oya'ðya&; (v$wfawmf.tcef;u¾) wGif ta&;ygouJhodk@yif Oya'rsm;jzifhpDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif; (tkyfcsKyfa&;u¾)ESifh Oya'rsm;udk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkjcif; (w&m; &Hk;rsm;.u¾) rsm;wGifvnf; ta&;}uD;ayonf? oifhavsmfvHkavmufaom trsdK;orD; rsm; udk,fpm;ðyyg0ifaom Oya'ðyXmeu usm;rqdkif&mrsm;tajctaersm;udk owd}uD; pGmxm;+yD; csrSwfvdkufaom Oya'rsm;onf xdkOya'rsm;udk em;rvnfaom trsdK;om; trsm;pk}uD;pdk;onfh tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmersm;a=umifh xda&mufr_r&Sd bJvnf; jzpfae Edkifayonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;. b0udk tusKd;oufa&mufapaom rl0g' trsm;pkudk aumfrwDrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;u csrSwf=ujcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI xdkuJhodk@aom tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmersm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm; ukd,fpm;ðyyg0ifEdkifjcif;r&Sdygu 'Drdkua&pDt& w&m;0ifjzpfr_twGuf Oya'ðya&;wGif uJhodk@yif pdk;&drfp&mjzpfayvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&. u¾}uD;oHk;&yfpvHk;wGif r#waom trsdK;orD;rsm; udk,fpm; ðyyg0ifr_udk zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& tmrcHay;&rnf?

tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&; u¾rsm;txd udkwmpepfudk wdk;csJ @usifhoHk;jcif; ESifhywfoufI r=umc%jzpfay: wwfaompdk;&drfcsufwckrSm t&nftcsif;jynfhrSDonfh trsdK;orD;rsm; vHkavmufpGm&&Sd&ef cufcJvdrfhrnf[laom tcsufjzpfonf? Tpdk;&drfcsuf onf em;vnfEdkifzG,f&mjzpfaomfvnf; tjrifrus,fvSay? oifhavsmfaomoifwef;rsm; ESifh taxmuftyHh tpDtpOfrsm; ðyvkyfay;jcif;jzifh t&nftcsif;jynfhrSDaom trsdK;orD; rsm;pGmudk tcsdefwdktwGif; arG;xkwfay;Edkifrnfomjzpfonf? tu,fI tpdk;&taejzifh pDrH udef;rsm; azmfaqmifay;vdkaom qENtjynfhjzifhaqmif&Gufygu tkyfcsKyfa&;u¾. &mxl; trsm;pkae&m odk@r[kwf tqifhedrfhaom w&m;±Hk;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaom t&nftcsif; udk trsdK;orD;rsm; jynfhrSDEdkif&ef cufcJvdrfhrnfr[kwfay? ydkItqifhjrifhaom t&nftcsif; rsm;vdktyfonfh txufydkif;&mxl;rsm;onf tenf;i,fomjzpfaoma=umifh tenf;qHk; 30 &mcdkifE_ef; vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;&ef trsKd;orD;tenf;i,fom vdktyfrnfjzpfonf? ykdIta&;}uD;onfhtcsufrSm zGJ@pnf; yHktajccHOya'onf &nf&SnftusdK; twGufjzpfonf? zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'taejzifh us,fjyef@onfhtcsdefumvwcktwGuf vdktyfaom tajc cHtkwfjrpfudk wnfaqmufay;+yD; tpDtpOfrsm;udk qHk;jzwfay;&rnfjzpfonf? tkyfcsKyfa&; ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;u¾rsm;udkyg udkwmpepfwGif xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;jzifh tem*wf 'Drdk ua&pDjrefrmEkdifiH. tajccHtkwfjrpfu usm;rra&G; jynfoltm;vHk;udk yg0ifr_&Sdap&ef tmrcHxm;+yD; t&nftcsif;jynfh0aom trsKd;orD;rsm; ydkrdkwdk;jrifha&;udkyg OD;wnfayonf?

(*) zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOyaa'wGif ryg0ifaom a&G;aumufyGJpepfqdkif&m Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;

udkwmpepf. wwd,ydkif;onf tedrfhqHk;yg0if&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf jynfhrSDEdkif&ef tmrcHaom tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckcsif;pDESifh oufqdkifonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzpfonf? xyfrHazmfjy&ygrl Tpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf ðyvG,fjyifvG,fjzpf&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh zGJ@pnf; yHktajccHOya'twGif; xnfhoGif;azmfjyrnfh pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;r[kwfay? ‚if;pnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm;onf ajymif;vJvmaom tajctaeESifh tawG@t}uHKrsm;ay:wGif rlwnfI ðyjyif

17

ajymif;vJEdkifaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; jzpf&ayrnf? xdk@a=umifh xdkpnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udk wm0ef&Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf;taejzifh vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfvkyfaqmifEdkifap&ef v$Jay;xm;& rnfjzpf+yD; w&m;±Hk;rS jyefvnfoHk;oyfay;&rnfjzpfonf?

zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; aqG;aEG;r_ rsm;udk tmrcHay;onfh tvGefta&;}uD;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;&Sdao;onf? 4if;rSm jynfol@ v$wfawmfwGif udkwmpepfudk taumiftxnfazmfay;rnfh a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m Oya'rsm; jzpfonf? ygwDwGif; tydwfrJjym;pepfusifhoHk;aom tcsdK;us udk,fpm;ðypepfwGif oihfav#mf aom udk,fpm;ðyr_twGuf tmrcHay;aom wjcm;ta&;}uD;onfh enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;&Sd ao;onf? yxrwcktaejzifh ygwDtrnfpm&if;wGif omrefowfrSwfjcif;jzpfygonf? ygwD wdkif;. pm&if;wGif trsdK;orD; 30 &mcdkif E_ef;ESifh trsdK;om; 30 &mcdkifE_ef; tenf;qHk; yg0if Edkif&ef a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'rS jyXmef;ay;&rnf? Ttcsufonf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& vdktyfaom usm;r wef;wla&;rludk t&dk;&Sif;qHk;vdkufemjcif;yifjzpfonf?

odk@ygvsuf TomrefOya'onf Oya'ðya&;wGif trSefwu,f yg0ifoifh onfh usm;r ESpfrsdK;pvHk;. udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGufudk jynfhrSDatmif tmrcHEdkifjcif;r&Sd ay? ygwDwck. trwfavmif;rsm;pm&if;wGif 30 &mcdkifE_ef;aom trsKd;orD;OD;a&udk xnfh oGif;azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; trnfpm&if; atmufqHk;wGifxm;&Sdygu Oya'ðyv$wfawmfwGif udk,fpm;vS,fae&m tenf;i,fom trsKd;orD;rsm; ae&m&rnf jzpfonf? usm;r wef;wlnDr#a&;tm; trSefwu,f&&Sd&eftwGuf ygwDtrnfpm&if;rsm; azmfjy&mwGif vdkufem&rnfh yHkpHpepftm; a&G;aumufyGJOya'rS jyXmef;ay;&efvdktyfonf? jzpfEdkifaomyHkpHwckrSm trnfpm&if;wGif trsdK;om;trnfESifh trsdK;orD;trnftm; wvSnfhpDazmfjyaompepf (Zipper System) jzpfEdkifonf? 'kwd, jzpfEdkifajcwckrSm trsdK;orD;trnfrsm;udk trnfpm&if;. wwd, ajrmufae&mwdkif;wGif azmfjy&rnf? Oyrm- tD&wf=um;jzwftpdk;&rS jyXmef;ay;aom a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m Oya'wGif a&G;aumufyGJ udk,fpm;vS,foHk;OD; wifjywdkif;wGif trsdK;orD; wOD;xufrenf;/ ajcmufOD; wifjywdkif;wGif trsdK;orD;ESpfOD;xufrenf; yg0if&rnf[k pm&if;qHk;onftxd xdkenf; twdkif; azmfjyxm;onf? udkwmpepftm; xda&mufpGm usifhoHk;Edkif&ef trnfpm&if; azmfjyrnfh tpDtpOfESifh ywfoufaom pnf;rsOf;rsm; owfrSwfay;xm;&efvdktyfonf? aemufqHk;taejzifhqdk&v#if udkwmpepfonf Oya'jzifh jyXmef;ay;,Hkru xdkOya'udk vkdufemusihfoHk;Edkif&ef pDpOfaqmif&Gufxm;rSom xda&mufayrnf? urBmay:wGif taumif;qHk;pepfyifjzpfygap ygwDrsm;taejzifh rvdkufembJ yHkrSefcsKd;azmuf+yD; jypf'%frS uif;v$wfaeygu xdkpepf onf tenf;i,fomtoHk;0ifrnfjzpfonf?

Oyrmtm;jzifh jyifopfEdkifiHwGif usm;rwef;wljzpfa&; vdktyfcsufudk csrSwf taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif trsdK;orD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_tqifhwGif tusKd;oufa&mufr_ tenf;i,fom &Sdonf/ odk@r[kwf vHk;0r&Sday? ,ckuJhodk@ jzpf&jcif;. ta=umif;&if; wpdwfwydkif;onf a&maESmyHkpH/ wpdwfwykdif;tm;jzifh trsm;pk tEdkif&pepfudkusihfoHk;aom

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a&G;aumufyGJpepf. oabmobm0rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif Todk@jzpfjcif;. ta=umif;&if;rsm;xJwGif udkwmpepftm; b¾ma&;qdkif&m zdtm;rsm;jzifh jyXmef;=uyfrwf aoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf? ygwDwcktaejzifh udkwmpepfudk rvkdufembJcsKd;azmufygu ‚if;ygwD. vlxkrJqG,fvH_@aqmfa&;twGuf oHk;pGJrnfhaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&u ray;bJ jypf'%f tjzpf odrf;,ljcif; cH&rnfjzpfonf? ygwDrsm;taejzifh xdkOya' csKd;azmufv#if a&G;aumuf yGJwGif tEdkif&rnfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;vmEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygu r=umc% rJqG,f a&;twGuf ,if;aiGrsm;udk vufv$wf&ef qEN&Sd=uonf?

txda&mufqHk; jyXmef;=uyfrwfta&;,lEdkifonfhpepfrSm b¾ma&;t&r[kwf bJ a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm; t&omjzpfonf? wifoGif;aom trnfpm&if;t& udkwmpepf vdktyfcsufudk rjznfhqnf;Edkifaom ygwDtm;a&G;aumufyGJwGif ,SOf+ydKifcGifh vHk;0&&Sdrnfr[kwf[lI jzpfonf? TuJhodk@ =uyfrwfonfhpepfu a&G;aumufyGJpepfwGif yg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf tajccH vdktyfcsufonf udkwmpepfudk av;pm;vdkufem&efjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;oGm;aponf? 6? ed*kH;

ppfrSefaom usm;r wef;wlnDr#r_&&Sda&;onf tem*wf zuf'&,f 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&. tEWdr&nfrSef; csufjzpfoifhayonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;taejzifh tpdk;&xJ wGif pepfwus z,fxkwfjcif;cHxm;&onfudk jrefrmhordkif;wGif txift&Sm; awG@Edkifay onf? zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif wdwdususjyXmef;csufrsm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;orD; 25 oef;ausmf. ppfrSefaom wef;wludk,fpm;ðya&;udk atmifjrifatmif yHhydk;ay;Edkifa=umif; azmfjyvdkjcif;rSm Tpmwrf;. &nf&G,fcsufyifjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. tem*wfwnf aqmufa&;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm; vufawG@}uHKae&aom wef;wlnDr#r_ r&Sdjcif;udk vufcHtodtrSwfðy&efvdkygonf? ppfrSefaom wef;wlnDr#r_r&SdbJESifh ppfrSef aom 'Drdkua&pD jrefrmEdkifiH[lonfrSmvnf; rnfonfhtcgrS jzpfay:rvmEkdifa=umif; trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) rS pJG+rJcdkifrmpGm ,Hk=unfvsuf Tpmwrf;udk a&;om; ðypk xkwfa0jcif;jzpfygonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG‹csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG‹csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) onf jrefrmEdkifiHrS orkdif;a=umif;aemufcHuGJjym;onfh wdkif;&if;om;trsKd;orD;tzJG‹tpnf;toD;oD;jzifh pkaygif;zJG‹pnf;xm;aom yxrOD;qHk;tzJG‹ jzpfonf? TtzJG‹csKyfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHESifh e,ferdwfcsif;xdpyfaeonfh b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ tdENd,ESifh xdkif;EkdifiHwdk‹rS e,fpyfa'orsm;&Sd trsKd;orD;tzJG‹tpnf; (12) zJG‹ yg0ifonf? 1999 ckESpf 'DZifbm 9 &ufwGif wnfaxmifzJG‹pnf;cJhonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG‹csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) onf trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef; wdk;wufjrifhrm; vmapa&;ESifh t&nftcsif; jynfh0apa&;twGufomru t&nftcsif;jr‡ihfwifjcif;/ pnf;&Hk; csOf;uyfjcif;/ okawoeðyjcif;ESifh rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rsm;rSwqifh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_/ +idrf; csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;jyefvnf oifhjrwfa&;tygt0if u¾tm;vHk;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; ydkrdk yg0ifvkyfudkifvmapa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaeonfh tzJG‹tpnf;jzpfonf?

Women’s League of Burma (WLB) P.O. Box 413 GPO

Chiang Mai 50000 Thailand Email: wlb@womenofburma.org

Website: www.womenofburma.org