austempered ductile iron - university of utah · 2017-09-07 · austempered ducile iron (adi)...
TRANSCRIPT
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Austempered Ductile IronIan Mallett
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Austempered Ducile Iron (ADI)
● Self-healing● Stronger/weight than Aluminum● Tougher than “steel”!● Cheap(ish)
● But we need some background to understand it . . .
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Topics
● Part I: Introduction– Iron
– Steel
● Part II: Steels (Steel Microstructures)– Thermal treatments
● Part III: Cast Iron
● Part IV: Austempered Ductile Iron
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Part I: IntroductionPart I: Introduction
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Iron vs. Steel
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Iron vs. Steel
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Iron vs. Steel (Simpler)
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Iron vs. Steel (Simpler)
+
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Iron vs. Steel (Simpler)
+ =Steel
(ish)
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Part II: Steels (Steel Microstructure)Part II: Steels (Steel Microstructure)
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Why Does Carbon Make Steel Strong?
● “Metallurgical grit”
● Prevents Iron atoms frommoving past each other
● Makes steel harder butmore brittle than pure Iron.
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Iron/Steel Microstructures
● Austenite (A, γ, γ-Fe) (FCC)● Allotriomorphic Ferrite (F, α, δ-Fe) (BCC)● Idiomorphic Ferrite (F, α
I) (BCC)
● Pearlite (P)● Widmanstätten Ferrite (α
w)
● Bainite (B)
– Upper Bainite (αb)
– Lower Bainite (αlb)
● Acicular Ferrite (αa)
● Martensite (M, α') (BCT) (tetragonal)● Cementite (θ)● Ledeburite● Sphereoidite● Ausferrite● ...
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Iron/Steel Microstructures
● Different iron/carbon microstructureshave different properties
● One object can have many different microstructures!
● The game is: choose nice combinations of them
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Iron/Steel Microstructures
● Thermal treatments change microstructures
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Part III: Cast IronPart III: Cast Iron
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Cast Iron
● Cast iron: steel with too much Carbon
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Cast Iron
● (Some of the) Carbon comes out of solution.● Forms graphite “inclusions” of pure weakness
surrounded by steel “matrix”.
SteelMatrix
Graphite
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Cast Iron
● Graphite makes cast iron machinable and tough, but softer and weaker.
● Pure steels are (sometimes) considered “better”, but they're also more expensive
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Cast Iron
● Gray iron● White iron● Malleable iron
– Black-heart malleable iron
– White-heat malleable iron
– Pearlitic malleable iron
● Ductile iron● Compacted graphite iron● ...
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Cast Iron
● Gray iron● White iron● Malleable iron
– Black-heart malleable iron
– White-heat malleable iron
– Pearlitic malleable iron
● Ductile iron● Compacted graphite iron● ...
It is mostly different trace elements that do this. The It is mostly different trace elements that do this. The point is, the graphite structures can be controlled.point is, the graphite structures can be controlled.
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Part IV: Austempered Ductile IronPart IV: Austempered Ductile Iron
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Austempered Ductile Iron Algorithm
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Step 0
● Make casting from ductile iron(== cast iron + a pinch of Mg and Si)
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Step 1
● Immerse casting in liquid salt (basically corrosive lava)
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Step 2
● The steel matrix changes to Austenite
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Step 3
● Quench (rapidly cool) (avoids pearlite)
● Can use lower-temperature salt, hot oil, or molten Pb or Sn.
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Step 4
● Leave it there to austemper (an isothermal transition)
● Matrix becomes ausferrite == acicular ferrite and austenite stabilized with about 2% carbon
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Step 5
● Let it cool off
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Step 6: Done!
● Hooray!
● Enjoy your new superalloyed part!
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Questions
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Cited● http://www.sandvik.coromant.com/SiteCollectionImages/knowledge/General%20turning/112951.jpg● http://dentzdenim.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2000px-Back-to-the-future-logo.svg_.png● http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/96ClassProj/examples/FeC.gif● http://vanlandw.com/images/rage.png● http://www.periodictable.com/Samples/026.32/s13.JPG● http://periodictable.com/Samples/006.x4/s9s.JPG● http://cdn.collider.com/wp-content/uploads/man-of-steel-henry-cavill5.jpg● https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Ductile_Iron.png● https://lansky.com/files/2813/6190/6230/steel_structure.gif● https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/IronAlfa%26IronGamma.svg● http://www.hardmaterials.de/assets/images/fig_15.gif● http://www.threeplanes.net/images/Tetragonal-body-centered.png● http://practicalmaintenance.net/wp-content/uploads/Summary-of-Austenite-Transformations.jpg● https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/24/59/0b/24590b7296e5711115408c3aeb65441a.jpg● https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/4e/75/96/4e75969a1446c53cdccf5ae7be42dc12.jpg● http://www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM30007A/steel/steel_files/cast-iron-micrograph-small.jpg● https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/77/41/95/77419583fdd13f0769cea0bb0b511577.jpg● http://manufacturingscience.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/data/Journals/JMSEFK/28529/021013_1_f3.jpeg● http://www.andersonglobal.com/uploads/images/iron-casting-tooling.jpg● http://www.tecmasrl.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/B5A0351.jpg● http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/book/fcc.gif● http://www.globalspec.com/ImageRepository/LearnMore/201112/saltbath-treatmentsf14264c46429426c96cc0183b1de6378.png● http://www.fvht.com/assets/images/Austemper.jpg● http://www.ainsmag.co.uk/newsimages/wa253/5114wa1h-furnace-furniture.jpg● http://thdick.co.uk/images/uploads/DSC00194.jpg● http://www.iron-foundries.co.uk/rc_images/adi.jpg● http://www.ductile.org/didata/Section4/Figures/gearsp42.JPG● http://www.durhamfoundry.com/images/durham-foundry-austempered-ductile-iron-castings2.jpg● http://willmanind.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ADIcarrier-2.png● http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/92/9250/GLM3500Z/posters/iron-mills-at-night-pittsburgh-pa.jpg (modified)● http://www.dierk-raabe.com/s/cc_images/cache_2420317512.jpg?t=1292587603● http://www.descote.com.cn/sites/default/files/Mat-Microstructure%20of%20steel%20alloy.jpg● https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ArthurSiegelcoke1.jpg/628px-ArthurSiegelcoke1.jpg● https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kiNFnkI5ak0/maxresdefault.jpg● https://lookingfordreamjob.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/toomuch.jpg● http://r3.oemoffhighway.com/files/cygnus/image/OOH/2010/NOV/320x180/appliedpr_10184304.jpg
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References
● http://cml.postech.ac.kr/2008/Steel_Microstructure/SM2.html
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Iron vs. Steel● Toughness: Ability to absorb energy
● Hardness: Resistance to deformation
● Strength: Resistance to force
Iron Steel
Toughness A B
Hardness C+ A+
Strength B- A-