aus bibliography on event management (1)

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AUSTRALIAN CENTRE

FOR EVENT MANAGEMENT

EVENT MANAGEMENT:

AN AUSTRALIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY

COMPILED BY:

Johnny AllenDirector ACEM

School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism

University of Technology, Sydney

Rob HarrisDirector, Continuing Professional Education



Monique HuyskensProject Officer

Australian Centre for Event Management


2001




© 2001




PO Box 222Lindfield NSW 2070

Tel: 9514 5116

Fax: 9514 5195

ISBN: 1 86365 567 0



FOREWORD

Bibliographies, while never complete in their coverage, are useful in a‘broad brush’ sense in capturing the current state of play in a particular area

of research. This publication seeks to do this in the context of the

Australian event field.

The publication of this bibliography is designed to coincide with the

holding of the first Australian conference dealing with research in the events

area – Events Beyond 2000: Setting the Agenda.

It is intended to produce a more extensive version of this publication in2001. To this end, participants in the conference and other users of the

bibliography, are encouraged to add to the listings of event research and

publications. A page has been provided at the end of the bibliography for

this purpose.

References to the Olympic Games are not included in this bibliography,

and can be found in:

Burkhardt, A, Toohey, K. and Veal, A. (1995) The Olympic Games: A Bibliography, Centre for Leisure and Tourism Studies, University of

Technology, Sydney, Lindfield, NSW.

This bibliography is updated periodically and is available electronically at:

http://www.business.uts.edu.au/leisure/research/olympic.html

We hope that you find this bibliography useful in the context of reviewingand locating relevant literature on the events field.

Rob Harris






CATEGORIES OF EVENT RESEARCH

This bibliography has been organised into general research areas that relate to the event field,

and into event type classifications. If articles are identified as belonging to two or more

categories, it has been listed under multiple headings.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL RESEARCH AREAS..................................................................................2

GENERAL MANAGEMENT ISSUES....................................................................................2

MARKETING...................................................................................................................3SPONSORSHIP.................................................................................................................5

R EVENUER AISING/MERCHANDISING...............................................................................6

CONSUMER /ATTENDEE/PARTICIPANT BEHAVIOUR ..........................................................6

EVENT OPERATIONS/LOGISTICS......................................................................................7

R ISK MANAGEMENT/LEGAL ISSUES................................................................................8

TRAINING/EDUCATION ...................................................................................................8

HUMAN R ESOURCES/VOLUNTEERS ...............................................................................10

ECONOMIC IMPACTS/EVALUATION ..............................................................................10

COMMUNITY IMPACTS.................................................................................................15

E NVIRONMENTAL IMPACT............................................................................................17

URBAN R ENEWAL/IMAGE.............................................................................................17

EVENT TOURISM...........................................................................................................18

OTHER R ESEARCH........................................................................................................19

TYPES OF EVENT........................................................................................................20

HALLMARK /MEGA EVENTS..........................................................................................20

SPORTING EVENTS........................................................................................................21

SPECIAL EVENTS/CULTURAL EVENTS/FESTIVALS ..........................................................25

MEETINGS, INCENTIVES, CONVENTIONS AND EXHIBITIONS...................29



2

GENERAL RESEARCH AREAS

GENERAL MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Appleby, L. 1991, 'Special events management - the challenges', Proceedings of the

Sportswomen Step Forward Conference, 28-30 June, Australian Sports

Commission, Canberra, pp. 114-121.

Carlsen, J. 1995, 'Gathering information: meetings and convention sector research in

Australia', Journal of Tourism Studies, vol. 6, no.2, pp. 21-29.

Carlsen, J. 1999, 'A review of MICE industry evaluation and research in Asia and Australia

1988-1998', Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 51-66.

Gamage, A. & Higgs, B. 1997, 'Economics of venue selection for special sporting events:

with special reference to the 1996 Melbourne Grand Prix', Asia Pacific Journal of

Tourism Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 15-26.

Giblin, D. 1995, Investigations of Success Factors of a Major Art Exhibition, Masters

Thesis, Victoria University of Technology.

Hoad, T. 1992, 'Successful event management for sporting associations', Proceedings of Sports Industry Conference, AIC Conferences, Sydney, pp. 1-3.

Kirchner, K. & Molloy, J. 2000, 'Wagner’s Ring Cycle: an insight into an international high

quality special event', in Peak Performance: Proceedings of the Tenth Australian

Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Council for Australian

University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE), p. 50 (abstract only)

McDonnell, I., Allen, J. & O’Toole, W. 1999, Festival and Special Event Management ,

John Wiley and Sons, Brisbane.

Meeting Industry Association Australia, 1997 Professional management of meetings,

conferences and events, MIAA, Sydney

McCabe, V. & Weeks, P. 1999, 'Convention services management in Sydney four to five

star hotels', Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, vol. 1, no. 4, pp.

67-84.





3

Sharry, S. 1997, 'A super win', Australian Leisure Management , vol.1, no.3, pp. 30-32.

[bidding]

South Australian Tourism Commission 1982, Planning Special Events and Festivals, South

Australian Department of Tourism, Adelaide

Stokes, R. 1996, 'Developing an events tourism portfolio model', in Tourism and Hospitality

Research, Australian and International Perspectives: Working Papers from the

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Conference, ed G. Prosser, Bureau of

Tourism Research, Canberra, p. 89 (abstract only).

Tourism South Australia, 1990, Planning of Festivals and Special Events, South Australian

Department of Tourism, Adelaide.

MARKETING

Australian Travel Research Workshop 1987, The Impact and Marketing of Special

Events: Papers of the Australian Travel Research Workshop, Mt Buffalo Chalet,

Victoria, 12-14 November 1986 , Australian Standing Committee on Tourism,

Canberra.

Barkla, B, 1985 How to get what you want from the media : by giving them what they

want , Western Australian Government, Department for Sport and Recreation,

Wembley, Western Australia

Beauregard, L.E. 1997, Calendar of Special Events in New South Wales, Community

Information Association of NSW, Sydney.

Hannan, G. & Jolly, M. 1993, 'Creating and marketing major sporting events: the IMG

Australia step-by-step approach to successful event marketing, in Maximising

Marketing Opportunities in Sports and Arts Sponsorship, IES Conferences

Australia, Sydney, pp. 91-95.

Jago, L. & Shaw, R. 1995, 'Special event calendars: some exploratory research', Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 3, no.3, pp. 49-58.

Jago, L. & Shaw, R. 1996, 'Special event calendars: conceptual and research issues', in

National Tourism & Hospitality Conference: Proceedings from the Australian

Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, ed R. Shaw, Bureau of Tourism

Research, Canberra, pp. 60-73.

Keonig, U. & Whitelaw, P. 1998, 'Why I love pain: marketing long distance endurance

events: a case study of Australia’s largest cross country skiing event', in Tourism and

Hospitality: Delighting the Senses 1999, Part 2: Proceedings of the Ninth Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Council for



4

Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE), eds J.

Molloy & J. Davies, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, p. 6 (abstract only).

King, B. 1999, Convention and Meeting Market Segmentation in Hong Kong, Masters


Shilbury, D, Quick, S & Westerbeet, H, 1998, Strategic Sport Marketing , Allen & Unwin,

St Leonards, NSW.

Silbert, P, 1996 Go public : how to promote exhibitions, events & venues, Art on the

Move, Perth

Smith, E. 1987, 'Marketing techniques for hallmark events (the First Australian Defence of the

America’s Cup)', in The Impact and Marketing of Special Events: Papers of the

Australian Travel Research Workshop, Mt. Buffalo Chalet, Victoria, 12-14

November , Australian Standing Committee on Tourism, Canberra, pp. 76-96.

Tanabe, L. Green, C. & Chalip. L. 1998, 'Target marketing of sport events with multiple

competitions: lessons from the Gold Coast marathon', in Proceedings of the Eighth

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference Part II, eds B.

Faulkner, C. Tideswell & D. Weaver, Bureau of Tourism, Canberra, pp. 441-442.

Victoria. Dept. of Sport and Recreation 1987 Marketing sport and recreation in country

regions, P roceedings of a seminar: 'Special Event Marketing', held on 15 and 16 July

1987 at the Warrnambool Performing Arts Centre, Dept. of Sport and Recreation,

Melbourne

Wells, J. & Dunn J. 1991, 'Marketing research for a hallmark event to maximise tourism

benefits', in The Benefits and Costs of Tourism: Proceedings of a National

Tourism Research Conference held at Marine Resort, Nelson Bay, New South

Wales, October 3-4 1991, ed P.J. Stanton, University of Newcastle, Newcastle,

NSW, pp. 275-289.

Yaman, R. 1997, 'Marketing for events: a framework for study', in (comp.) R. Yaman & L.

Jago, Marketing for Events: Selected Readings, Victoria University of Technology,

Melbourne, pp. 1-7.



5

SPONSORSHIP

Australian Society of Association Executives 1994, A Guide to Sponsorship for

Associations: Sponsorship & Endorsement, How to Win and Retain It, the Risks Involved, and What it Means for Your Name and Logo, Australian Society of

Association Executives, NSW Division, [Homebush, NSW].

Australian Sports Commission 1993, Volunteer Management: A National Framework:

Incorporating the Volunteer Involvement Program and the Club Planning

Program, The Commission, Canberra.

Elliott, J. & Hanson, I. 1993, 'Event marketing - an insider’s guide to exploiting sponsorship

deals in the media', in Maximising Marketing Opportunities in Sports and Arts

Sponsorship, IES Conferences Australia, Sydney, NSW, pp. 81-90.

Geldard, E. & Sinclair, L. 1996, The Sponsorship Manual, The Sponsorship Unit, Victoria.

Hamill, A. 1990, 'Sports sponsorship - the development of selection and evaluation criteria',

Sports Management and Marketing, Australian Investment Conferences, Sydney,

NSW, pp. 1-16.

Maximising Marketing Opportunities in Sports and Arts Sponsorship: New and Highly

Innovative Marketing Strategies for Maximum Corporate and Brand Exposure,

1993, IES Conferences Australia, Sydney, NSW.

Peppard, F. 1993, 'Understanding the effectiveness of sports and arts sponsorship as a

flexible marketing and communication medium - Melbourne Symphony Orchestra', in

op.cit., Maximising Marketing Opportunities in Sports and Arts Sponsorship, pp.

1-10.

Poulos, J. 1992, 'Broadcasting and media rights: choosing your sponsor, what risks does it

and could it bring?', Sport and the Law - Happy Partnership or Forced Marriage,

2-4 July, ANZSLA Conference, Sydney, NSW, pp.1-12.

Skildum-Reid, K. & Grey, A. 1999 Sponsorship seekers toolkit, McGraw-Hill, Sydney

Sweaney, K. 1997 ‘Sponsorship Trends’, Australian Leisure Management, vol. 1, no. 3,

pp. 18-19

Yann Campbell Hoare Wheeler Research 1996, Corporate Support for the Arts 1996:

Report of a National Business Survey, with Comparisons to Earlier Surveys in

1986, 1989 and 1993, Australia Council, Redfern, NSW.

Zubin, R. 1995, 'Sponsorship of major events', Australian Leisure, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 3-5.



6

R EVENUE R AISING/MERCHANDISING

Bannah, A. 198-, Money Making Miracles: the Case for Special Events, Fund Raising

Resource Centre, Forbes, NSW.

Harrison, B.J. 1995, 'Are special events lost in the land of Oz?', Nonprofit World , vol. 13,

no.4, pp. 10-13.

CONSUMER /ATTENDEE/PARTICIPANT

BEHAVIOUR

Boag, A. J., Cuskelly, G., & McIntyre, N. (1994). Expectations and Motivations of MastersGames Competitors, in Playing On: The Proceedings of the National Forum on

Mature Aged Sport (pp. 11-21).Australian Sports Commission, Canberra

Cunneen, C. & Lynch, R. 1988, 'The social meaning of conflict in riots at the Australian

Grand Prix Motorcycle Races', Leisure Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-19.

Department of Communications and the Arts, 1997, Attendance at Festivals November

1995 to September 1996, Department of Communications and the Arts, Canberra.

Hamill, A. 1997, ‘The mood of the Australian consumer as we move towards the newmillenium’, paper delivered to The Big Event New South Wales Tourism Conference,

Wollongong, NSW

Han, T. K., Fredline, L., & Raybould, M. (2001). Expectations and Satisfactions of

Participants in a Youth Sporting Event. Working paper presented at the

Capitalising Research. Proceedings of the Eleventh Tourism and Hospitality Research

Conference, Canberra, 57

Heyward, M., Karsten, H., Schmidt, M., Taylor, N., & Wheeler, I. 1999, 'It’s a long way to

the shop, if you want a sausage roll: investigating factors that affect the purchase of food at a rock concert', in Tourism and Hospitality: Delighting the Senses 1999,

Part 2: Proceedings of the Ninth Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research

Conference, Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality

Education (CAUTHE), eds J. Molloy & J. Davies, Bureau of Tourism Research,

Canberra, p. 87 (abstract only).

Huygens, J. 1985, '1984 Adelaide festival fringe: research study - audience and participants' ,

Maximising Marketing Opportunities in Sports and Arts Sponsorship, SA

Department of Labour, Adelaide, pp. 1-10.



7

Jago, L. & Shaw, R. 1996, 'Predicting consumer behaviour in relation to special events', in

Tourism and Hospitality Research: Australian and International Perspectives:

Working Papers from the Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research

Conference, ed G. Prosser, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, p. 42 (abstract

only).

Jago, L. 1997, Special Events and Tourism Behaviour: A Conceptualisation and an

Empirical Analysis from a Values Perspective, Phd Thesis, Victoria University of

Technology.

Lynch, R. 1991, 'Disorder on the sidelines of Australian sport', Sporting Traditions, vol. 8,

no.1, pp.50-75.

Mason, I. 1997, The audience at the 43rd Melbourne International Film Festival; A

Psychographic Analysis, Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Technology.

McLeod, J. 1993, The Identification of Key Variables which Impact on Patron Demand

at Major Special Events, Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Technology.

Raybould, M. 1998, Participant motivation in a remote fishing event, Festival Management

and Event Tourism, vol. 5, pp. 231-241.

Raybould, M. 1998, 'Motivation of event participation in a remote fishing event', in Progress

in Tourism and Hospitality Research 1998 Part 2: Proceedings of the Eighth

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, eds B. Faulkner, C.

Tidswell & D. Weaver, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, p. 461 (abstract

only).

Veno, A. & Veno, E. 1992, 'Managing public order at the Australian Motorcycle Grand

Prix', American Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 20, no.3, pp. 287-308.

Williams, J. & Van de Lee, P. 1986, Report on a Survey to Visitors to the 1985

Australian Formula One Grand Prix Adelaide November 1985, South Australia


EVENT OPERATIONS/LOGISTICS

Bureau of Tourism Research, 1998 Measuring MICE industry infrastructure: a report, a

report to the Tourism Forecasting Council, BTR, Canberra

Graf, R. 1990, 'The synergy between major sporting events and facilities', Sports

Management and Marketing , Australian Investment Conferences, Sydney, NSW,

pp. 1-22.



8

Perth Convention Bureau 1997, Feasibility Study into the Development of a Dedicated

Convention and Visitor Centre, Perth Convention Bureau, Perth.

Queensland Folk Federation Incorporated, 1997, Operational and Site Management Plan,

1997

Raybould, M., Mules, T., Fredline, E. & Tomljenovic, R. 1999, 'Counting the herd:

applications of aerial photography to crowd estimates at open events', in Tourism

and Hospitality: Delighting the Senses 1999, Part 2: Proceedings of the Ninth

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Council for


Molloy & J. Davies, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, p.7 (abstract only).

Raybould, M., Mules, T., Fredline, E. & Tomljenovic, R. 2000, 'Counting the herd: using

aerial photography to estimate attendance at open events', Event Management: An

International Journal , vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 25-32.

Tonge, R. 1998, How to Organise Special Events & Festivals: A Practical Guide for

Non-profit Clubs & Associations, Gull Pub., Coolum Beach, Queensland.

Tonge, R. 2000, How to Organise Special Events & Festivals: A Practical Guide for

Non-profit Clubs & Associations, 3rd edition, Gull Pub., Coolum Beach,

Queensland.

Williams, H.1996, 'Staging events', Australian and New Zealand Tourism Professional ,

April, pp.10-11.

Weigama, P., Mills, G. & Ernst, A. 1998, 'Scheduling appointments at tourism events', in

Tourism and Hospitality: Delighting the Senses 1999, Part 2: Proceedings of the

Ninth Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Council for



R ISK MANAGEMENT/LEGAL ISSUES

Horsley, M. 1998 Horsley's meetings : procedure, law and practice,Butterworths, Sydney

Maxwell, T. 1992, 'Major events: rights and obligations of international and national sporting

bodies', Sport and the Law - Happy Partnership or Forced Marriage, 2-4 July,

ANZSLA Conference, Sydney.

TRAINING/EDUCATION



9

Harris, R. 1997, Tourism Events Education and Training Audit , Tourism New South

Wales, Sydney.

Harris, R. 1998, 'Education and training needs in the Australian public events sector', in

Proceedings of New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference:

Third Biennial Conference: Advances in Research Part 11, ed J. Kandampully,Lincoln University, Christchurch, pp. 17

Harris, R. & Jago, L. 1999, 'Event education and training in Australia: the current state of

play', Australian Journal of Hospitality Management , Autumn, vol. 6, p. 45.

Jago, L., & Harris, R. (2001). Event education in Australia: demand versus supply.

Working paper presented at the Capitalising Research. Proceedings of the Eleventh

Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Canberra, 64

McCabe, V. (2001). Educating MICE in Australia: an exploration of issues relating to

the curriculum design, development, and delivery of a meetings, incentives,

convention and exhibition (MICE) course within a regional university in

Australia. Working paper presented at the Capitalising Research. Proceedings of the

Eleventh Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Canberra, 87

Harris, R. & Jago, L. 1999, 'Event management education and training in Australia : the

current state of play', in Tourism and Hospitality: Delighting the Senses 1999,

Part 2: Proceedings of the Ninth Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research

Conference, Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality

Education (CAUTHE), eds J. Molloy & J. Davies, Bureau of Tourism Research,

Canberra, p. 4 (abstract only).

Perry, M., Foley, P. & Rumpf, P. 1996, 'Events management: an emerging challenge in

Australian higher education', Festival Management and Event Tourism , vol. 4, no.

3/4, pp. 85-93.

Royal, C. 1998, The Special Events Practitioners' Perspective of Accreditation: Is it

Essential , Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Technology.

Royal, C. & Jago, L. 1998, 'Special event accreditation: the practitioners’ perspective', in







10

HUMAN R ESOURCES/VOLUNTEERS

Barwick, J. et al (eds) 1994, Volunteer Management for Organisations, Australian SportsCommission, Canberra.

Flashman, R. & Quick, S. 1985, ‘Altruisim is not dead: a specific analysis of volunteer

motivation’, in ed. L. Moore, Motivating Volunteers, Vancouver Volunteer Centre,

Vancouver

Hodges, J. & Carlsen, J. 1998, 'A tale of two festivals: volunteer motivations and

expectations at two Australian Folk Festivals', in Progress in Tourism and

Hospitality Research 1998: Proceedings of the Eighth Australian Tourism and

Hospitality Research Conference Part 2, eds B. Faulkner, C. Tidswell & D.Weaver, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, p. 443 (extended abstract only).

McCabe, V. (2001). Career paths and labour mobility. Working paper presented at the



Pocklington, J. & Noesjirwan, J. 1986, Managing Volunteers: Community Organisations

Project, Kuring-gai College of Advanced Education, Lindfield, NSW.

ECONOMIC IMPACTS/EVALUATION

Arnold, A. 1986 ‘The Impact of the Grand Prix on the Transport Sector’ in Burns, J., Hatch,

J. & Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event ,

Centre for South Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide, pp. 58-80



Victoria, 12-14 November 1986 , Australian Standing Committee on Tourism,Canberra.

Barron, V. 1996, 'Research on the impact of convention delegates on the Tasmanian

economy' , paper presented to MIAA National Conference, Hobart, Australia, 1996.

Bentick, B. 1986 ‘The role of the Grand Prix in promoting South Australian

entrepreneurship; exports and the terms of trade’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. & Mules, T.

eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event , Centre for South

Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide, pp. 169-183



11

Bishop, G. & Hayles, J. 1986 ‘The Impact of the Grand Prix on the Accommodation

Sector’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. & Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The

Impact of a Special Event , Centre for South Australian Economic Studies,

Adelaide, pp. 82-92

Bray-Kelsey, O.J. 1995, The Economic Impact of Opera Tourism Including a CaseStudy of the 1992 Ballarat Opera Festival , Victoria University of Technology,

Footscray, Victoria.

Burns, J., Hatch, J. & Mules, T. 1986, eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a

Special Event , Centre for South Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide.

Burns, J. & Mules, T. 1986, ‘A Framework for the Analysis of Major Special Events’, in J.

Burns, J. Hatch. & T. Mules, eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a

Special Event , Centre for South Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide, pp. 5-37

Centre for Applied and Business Research 1986 , America's Cup: Economic Impact: Final

Report and Study Summary 1986, Centre for Applied and Business Research,

Nedlands, Western Australia.

Centre for South Australian Economic Studies 1988, 'Modelling major sporting events in

Australia', Centre for South Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide.

Centre for South Australian Economic Studies 1991-1994 Sports economics : a newsletter

and information service covering the economic aspects of sport and sporting

events, Centre for South Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide

Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. 1996, 'MICE tourism to Australia: a framework to assess impacts',

in Tourism and Hospitality Research: Australian and International Perspectives:

Working papers from the Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research

Conference, ed. G. Prosser, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra

Dwyer L. & Forsyth P. 1997, 'Impacts and benefits of MICE tourism: a framework for

analysis', Tourism Economics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp 21-38.

McDonald, S. 1990, 'The 1990 Adelaide festival: the economic impact', Centre for South

Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide

Davies, J. 1996, ‘The Buck Stops Where? The economic impact of staging major events,

paper presented to the Australian Events Conference, Canberra

Department of Communications and the Arts, 1997, Measuring the impact of festivals :

guidelines for conducting an economic impact study, National Centre for Culture

and Recreation Statistics, Statistics Working Group of the Cultural Minister's Council,

Canberra



12

Department of Sport, Recreation and Tourism, 1986, Economic impact of the World Cup

of Athletics held in Canberra in October 985: Discussion Paper, Research and

Development Section, Canberra

Downey, B. 1991, The Tourism Impact on Victoria of its Special Sporting Events:

Including Case Studies of the 1989 Bells Beach Easter Surf Carnival and the1989 Ford Australian Open, Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Technology.

Downey, B. 1993, 'Major sports events in Victoria: the economic impact and related tourism

opportunities', Leisure Options, July, pp. 28-32.

Dwyer, L., Mistilis, N., Mellor, R. & Mules, T. 1999 , A Framework for Forecasting the

Economic Impacts of Events by Type and by Location: A Study for Tourism

New South Wales, Centre for Tourism Research, University of Western Sydney,

Macarthur.

Dwyer, L.M. & Owen A.D. 1991, Evaluation of the Impact of the 1991 Tooheys’

Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Eastern Creek NSW, 4-7 April 1991: A

Report prepared for the New South Wales Tourism Commission, New South

Wales Tourism Commission, Sydney.

Ernst & Young 1994, The Economic Impact of the 1994 Australian FAI Indy Car Grand

Prix, Ernst & Young Consulting, Brisbane.

Ernst & Young 1994, World Masters Games, Brisbane1994: Economic Impact and

Market Research Study, Report prepared for the Queensland Events Corporation,

Ernst & Young Consulting, Brisbane.

Ernst and Young 1996, 1995 World Police and Fire Games: Economic Impact

Assessment, Melbourne

Faulkner, H. W. 1993, Evaluating the Tourism Impact of Hallmark Events, Occasional

Paper Number 16, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra.

Fredline, E., Mules, T. & Divers, T. 1999, 'Sweet little rock and roller : the economic impact

of the 1998 Wintersun festival', in Tourism and Hospitality: Delighting the Senses

1999, Part 2: Proceedings of the Ninth Australian Tourism and Hospitality

Research Conference, Council for Australian University Tourism and

Hospitality Education (CAUTHE), eds J. Molloy & J. Davies, Bureau of Tourism

Research, Canberra, pp. 12-21

Giddings, C. 1997, Measuring the Impact of Festivals – Guidelines for Conducting an

Economic Impact Study, National Centre for Culture and Recreation Studies,

Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra



13

Hatch, J. 1986 ‘The impact of the Grand Prix on the Restaurant Industry’ in Burns, J., Hatch,



Johnson, L. Foo, L. & O' Halloran, M, 1999, Meetings Make Their Mark: Characteristics

and Economic Contribution of Australia's Meetings and Exhibitions Sector,Occasional Paper No. 21, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra.

KPMG Peat Marwick, 1993, The economic impact of the Adelaide Convention Industry,

Peat Marwick, Sydney.

Market Equity South Australia 1996, 1996 Adelaide Festival - An Economic Impact

Study, Report prepared for the South Australia Tourism Commission, Department for

the Arts and Cultural Development and the Australia Council, Adelaide

Marsh, I & Greenfield, J. 1993 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras: An Evaluation of

Economic Impact, Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Ltd., Sydney

Marsh, I. & Levy S. 1998, Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras: Economic Impact

Statement 1998, Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Ltd., Sydney, Erskineville,

NSW.

McCann, C. & Thompson, G. 1992, 'An economic analysis of the first Western Australian

State Masters Games', Journal of Tourism Studies, vol.3, no.1, pp. 28-34.

McCloud, P. & Syme, J. 1987 ‘Forecasting the economic impact of the America’s Cup’ in

The Impact and Marketing of Special Events: Papers of the Australian Travel

Research Workshop, Mt. Buffalo Chalet, Victoria, 12-14 November , Australian

Standing Committee on Tourism, Canberra,

McDonald, S. 1990, The 1990 Adelaide Festival Economic Impact , Tourism South

Australia, Adelaide.

Mistilis, N. & Dwyer, L. 1997, 'Capital cities and regions: economic impacts and challenges

for development of the MICE Industry in Australia', in Tourism Research Building a

Better Industry: Proceedings of the Australian Tourism and Hospitality

Research Conference, ed R. Bushell, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra.

Mules, T. 1995, 'The economic impact of special events', paper presented to Regional

Economic Issues Conference, University of New South Wales, December.

Mules, T. 1998, 'Taxpayer subsidies for major sporting events', Sport Management

Review, vol. 1, no. 1, 25-43

Mules, T. 1999, 'Estimating the economic impact of an event on a local government area,

region, state or territory', Occasional Paper Number 28, Valuing Tourism:

Methods and Techniques, eds K. Corcoran, A. Allcock, T. Frost & L. Johnson,

Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, pp. 33-45.



14

Mules, R. & Faulkner, B. 1996, 'An economic perspective on special events', Tourism

Economics, vol. 2, no.2, pp. 107-117.

Mules, T. & McDonald, S. 1994, 'The economic impact of special events: the use of

forecasts', Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 2, no.1, pp. 45-53.

National Centre for Culture and Recreation Statistics 1997, Measuring the Impact of

Festivals: Guidelines for Conducting an Economic Impact Study, Statistics

Working Group of the Cultural Minister's Council, [Canberra?].

National Institute of Economic & Industry Research 1989, The Economic Impact and

Tourism Value of the 1989 Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix on Phillip Island ,

National Institute of Economic and Industry Research, Canberra.

National Institute of Economic and Industry Research 1996, Economic Impact Evaluation

of the 1996 Transurban Australian Grand Prix, Department of State Development

(Tourism Victoria), Melbourne.

Parry, M. 1988, Pilot Survey of Convention Delegate Expenditure, Adelaide Convention

and Tourism Authority, Adelaide.

Peters, D. & Jones, B. 1996, 'Size and Impact of the MICE Industry', in Proceedings of the

Meetings Industry National Conference, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra.

Price Waterhouse 1989, Economic Impact Assessment of the 1988 Australia Formula

One Grand Prix, Price Waterhouse, Adelaide.

Price Waterhouse 1993, The Australian Formula One Grand Prix: 1992 Formula One

Grand Prix Economic Evaluation, Price Waterhouse, Canberra.

Reark Research 1991, Evaluation of the Impact of the 1991 Toohey’s Australian

Motorcycle Grand Prix at Eastern Creek, New South Wales, 4-7 April 1991,

New South Wales Tourism Commission, Sydney.

Rey, P. 1987 ‘Economic Impact of Special Events using example of World Cup Athletics,

Canberra’ in The Impact and Marketing of Special Events: Papers of the


November , Australian Standing Committee on Tourism, Canberra,

Schubert, D. 1990, Convention Delegate Expenditure Study, National Centre for Studies

in Travel and Tourism, Sydney.

Thomson, N. 1986 ‘Financial impacts upon the public sector’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. &

Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event , Centre

for South Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide, pp. 186-197



15

Van Der Lee, P. & Williams, J. 1986 ‘The Grand Prix and Tourism’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. &

Mules, T. 1986, eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event ,


Walo, M., Bull, A. & Breen, H. 1996, 'Achieving economic benefits at local events: a case

study of a local sports event', Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 4,no.3/4, pp.95-106.

COMMUNITY IMPACTS

Arcodia, C., & Whitford, M. (2001). Festival Attendance and the Development of Social

Capitaal. Working paper presented at the Capitalising Research. Proceedings of the


Arthur, D. & Andrew, J. 1996, 'Incorporating community involvement in the management of

sporting mega-events: an Australian case study', Festival Management and Event

Tourism, vol. 4, no. 1/2, pp. 21-27.

Centre for Applied and Business Research, 1987 America's Cup Defence Series, 1986/87:

Impact on the Community, Report prepared on behalf of America's Cup Office,

Government of Western Australia and Commonwealth America's Cup Support

Group, Centre for Applied and Business Research, Nedlands, Western Australia.

Cox, G. 1996 ‘Showing off or showing up the city? The social impacts of major events’, paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the International Association for

Impact Assessment, Lisbon, Portugal

Cox, G. et al 1998, 'International review of the housing impacts of hallmark events', 2000

Olympics and the Residential Tenancy Market , New South Wales Department of

Fair Trading, Sydney.

Cox, G. 1998 ‘Faster, higher, stronger…but what about our rights? Human rights and

hallmark events’, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, vol 16, no. 3,

September, pp 175-184

Cowie, I. 1987, 'Possible measure to protect private tenants from any impact associated with

hallmark events with special reference to the America's Cup defence in Perth', paper

presented to Conference on People and Physical Environment Research, Perth, June

15-17.

Dunstan, G. 1986 ‘Living with the Grand Prix - Good or Bad’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. &





16

Fischer, A, Hatch, J & Paix, B. 1986 ‘Road accidents and the Grand Prix’ in Burns, J.,

Hatch, J. & Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special

Event , Centre for South Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide, pp. 151-167

Fredline, E. 1997, 'Resident perceptions of the Gold Coast Indy: an exploratory study', in

Tourism Research: Building a Better Industry: Proceedings from the AustralianTourism and Hospitality Research Conference, ed R. Bushell, Bureau of Tourism

Research, Canberra, p. 512 (abstract only).

Fredline, E. 2000, Host Community Reactions to Major Sporting Events: The Gold

Coast Indy and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix, PhD Thesis (manuscript

currently under examination), Griffith University.

Fredline, E. & Faulkner, B. 2000, 'GIS and host community perceptions – mapping the way

residents feel about events, in Peak Performance in Tourism and Hospitality

Research: Proceedings of the Tenth Australian Tourism and Hospitality

Research Conference, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra (abstract only).

Fredline, E. & Faulkner, B. 2000, 'Host community reactions: a cluster analysis', Annals of

Tourism Research, vol. 27, no.3, pp. 763-784.

Hall, C.M., Selwood, H.J. & McKewon, E. 1995, 'Hedonists, ladies and larrikins: crime,

prostitution and the 1987 America’s Cup', Visions in Leisure and Business, vol. 14,

no. 3, pp. 28-51.

Hipkins, M. 1987, 'How Fremantle coped with the challenge', in paper presented to the

Conference on People and Physical Environment Research, Perth, June 15-19.

Hodges, J. & Hall, M. 1996, 'The party’s great but what about the hangover?: the housing

and social impacts of mega-events', in Tourism and Hospitality Research:

Australian and International Perspectives: Working papers from the Australian

Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, ed G. Prosser, Bureau of Tourism


McKay, J. 1986 ‘Some social impacts of the Grand Prix on residents closest to the circuit –

noise and property damage’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. & Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide

Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event , Centre for South Australian Economic

Studies, Adelaide, pp. 124-147

Newman, P. 1987, 'The Impact of the America's Cup on Fremantle - An Insiders View', in

Proceedings of the Conference on People and Physical Environment Research, Perth,

June 15-17.

Selwood, H.J. & Jones, R. 1993, 'The America's Cup in retrospect: the aftershock in

Fremantle', in Leisure and Tourism: Social and Environmental Change: Papers

from the World Leisure and Recreation Association Congress, eds A.J. Veal, P.



17

Jonson, & G. Cushman, Centre for Leisure and Tourism Studies, University of

Technology, Sydney, pp. 656-660.

Soutar, G. & McLeod, P. 1987, 'Fremantle residents’ perception of the impact of the

America’s cup on their city', in Proceedings of the Conference on People and

Physical Environment Research, Perth, Western Australia, June 15-17 , Centrefor Urban Research, University of Western Australia, Perth.

Soutar, G. & McLeod, P. 1993, 'Residents’ perceptions on the impact of the America’s

Cup', Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 20, no.3, pp. 571-582.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Selwood, H.J. & Jones, R. 1993, 'The America's Cup in retrospect: the aftershock inFremantle', in Leisure and Tourism: Social and Environmental Change: Papers

from the World Leisure and Recreation Association Congress, eds A.J. Veal, P.

Jonson, & G. Cushman, Centre for Leisure and Tourism Studies, University of

Technology, Sydney, pp. 656-660.

URBAN R ENEWAL/IMAGE

Hall, C.M. 1995, 'Urban imaging strategies and hallmark events : an examination of the

Sydney 2000 Olympics and the Melbourne Formula One Grand Prix', in Leisure

Connexions: Proceedings of the ANZALS Second Conference, eds C. Simpson &

B. Gidlow, Lincoln University, Christchurch pp. 385-390.

Mules, T. 1993 ‘Special events as part of an urban renewal strategy’, Festival Management

and Event Tourism, vol.1, no.2, pp 65-79



18

EVENT TOURISM

Carroll, P. & Donohue, K. 1991, 'Special events and tourism', Tourism in Australia, eds P.

Carroll, K. Donohue & J. McGovern, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Sydney, pp. 129-140.

Dowell, R. 1998, 'Sports tourism: something of substance or just another passing fad?', in





Dunstan, G. 1994, Becoming Coastwise, the Path of Festivals and Cultural Tourism,

Landscape and Lifestyle Choices for the Northern Rivers of NSW, Southern CrossUniversity, Lismore.

Ellis, R.B. 1995, Major Sporting Venues as Tourist Attractions, PhD Thesis, Victoria

University of Technology.

Fredline, E. & Raybould, M. 1999, 'Participatory sporting events and tourism', paper

presented at the 1999 European Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research

Association, Dublin, September.

Prosser, G. 1993, 'Mansell meets Mozart: event tourism in Adelaide, South Australia', Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 125-130.

Putera, Y.A. 1995, The Sydney Festival and Carnivale: Can it Attract the Tourism

Dollar?, Y.A. Putera, Sydney, NSW.

Sheedan, B.1997, 'Event tourism : Melbourne Sports Training Co-ordination Centre',

Australian Parks and Recreation, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 29-31.

Smith C. & Jenner P. 1998, 'The impact of festivals and special events on tourism', Travel

and Tourism Analyst , no. 4, pp. 73-91.

Stokes, R. 1996, 'Developing an events tourism portfolio model', in Tourism and Hospitality

Research, Australian and International Perspectives: Working Papers from the

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Conference, ed G. Prosser, Bureau of

Tourism Research, Canberra, p. 89 (abstract only).

Wells, J. 1994, 'Floriade: a study in re-imaging Australia’s capital through event tourism', in

Proceedings of Tourism Down-under: A Tourism Research Conference, 6-9

December 1994, pp. 293-315.



19

OTHER R ESEARCH

Burns, J. & Mules, T. 1986, ‘A Framework for the Analysis of Major Special Events’, in J.

Burns, J. Hatch. & T. Mules, eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a


Jago, L. 1997, Special Events and Tourism Behaviour: A Conceptualisation and an

Empirical Analysis from a Values Perspective, Phd Thesis, Victoria University of

Technology.

Jago, L. & Shaw, R. 1994, 'Categorisation of special events: a market perspective', paper

presented at the Tourism Down Under Conference, Massey University, Palmerston North, 6-9 December.

Jago, L. & Shaw, R. 1997, 'What makes an event special? A convergent validation

approach', in Proceedings of the Australia and New Zealand Marketing

Educators’ Conference, eds P. Reed, S. Luxton & R. Shaw, Monash University,

Melbourne, pp. 45-59

Jago, L., & Shaw, R. 1998, 'Special events: a conceptual and differential framework',

Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 5, no.1/2, pp. 211-232.

Jago, L. & Shaw, R. 1998, 'Special events: a consumer based conceptualization', in Progressin Tourism and Hospitality Research Part 2: Proceedings of the Eighth

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, eds B. Faulkner, C.

Tidswell, & D. Weaver, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, pp. 445-457.

Jago, L. & Shaw, R. 1999, 'Consumer perceptions of special events: a multi-stimulus

validation', Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , vol.8, no. 4, pp. 1-24.

Mableson, R., Cheok, F. & Rowlands, D. 1986 ‘The Grand Prix surveys – design aspects’

in Burns, J., Hatch, J. & Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a




20

TYPES OF EVENT

HALLMARK /MEGA EVENTS

Cox, G. 1996 ‘Showing off or showing up the city? The social impacts of major events’,

paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the International Association for

Impact Assessment, Lisbon, Portugal

Cox, G. et al 1998, 'International review of the housing impacts of hallmark events', 2000

Olympics and the Residential Tenancy Market , New South Wales Department of

Fair Trading, Sydney.

Cox, G. 1998 ‘Faster, higher, stronger…but what about our rights? Human rights andhallmark events’, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, vol 16, no. 3,

September, pp 175-184

Cowie, I. 1987, 'Possible measure to protect private tenants from any impact associated with

hallmark events with special reference to the America's Cup defence in Perth', paper

presented to Conference on People and Physical Environment Research, Perth, June

15-17.

Faulkner, H. W. 1993, Evaluating the Tourism Impact of Hallmark Events, Occasional

Paper Number 16, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra.

Hall, C.M. 1995, 'Urban imaging strategies and hallmark events : an examination of the

Sydney 2000 Olympics and the Melbourne Formula One Grand Prix', in Leisure

Connexions: Proceedings of the ANZALS Second Conference, eds C. Simpson &

B. Gidlow, Lincoln University, Christchurch pp. 385-390

Hodges, J. & Hall, M. 1996, 'The party’s great but what about the hangover?: the housing

and social impacts of mega-events', in Tourism and Hospitality Research:

Australian and International Perspectives: Working papers from the Australian

Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, ed G. Prosser, Bureau of TourismResearch, Canberra, p. 37 (abstract only).

National Centre for Studies in Travel and Tourism 1989, Expo 88 Impact: The Impact of

World Expo 88 on Queensland’s Tourism Industry, Queensland Tourist and Travel

Corporation, Brisbane.

Wells, J. & Dunn J. 1991, 'Marketing research for a hallmark event to maximise tourism

benefits', in The Benefits and Costs of Tourism: Proceedings of a National

Tourism Research Conference held at Marine Resort, Nelson Bay, New South

Wales, October 3-4 1991, ed P.J. Stanton, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, pp. 275-289.



21

SPORTING EVENTS

Arnold, A. 1986 ‘The Impact of the Grand Prix on the Transport Sector’ in Burns, J., Hatch,J. & Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event ,


Bentick, B. 1986 ‘The role of the Grand Prix in promoting South Australian

entrepreneurship; exports and the terms of trade’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. & Mules, T.

eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event , Centre for South

Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide, pp. 169-183

Bishop, G. & Hayles, J. 1986 ‘The Impact of the Grand Prix on the Accommodation

Sector’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. & Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event , Centre for South Australian Economic Studies,

Adelaide, pp. 82-92

Burns, J 1987 ‘Analysing Special Events, with illustrations from the 1985 Adelaide Grand

Prix’ in The Impact and Marketing of Special Events: Papers of the Australian

Travel Research Workshop, Mt. Buffalo Chalet, Victoria, 12-14 November ,

Australian Standing Committee on Tourism, Canberra,

Burns, J., Hatch, J. & Mules, T. 1986, eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a

Special Event , Centre for South Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide.

Burns, J. & Mules, T. 1989, 'An economic evaluation of the Adelaide Grand Prix', The

Planning and Evaluation of Hallmark Events, eds G. Syme, B. Shaw, D. Fenton

& W. Mueller, Avebury, Gower Publishing Ltd., Hants, UK, pp. 172-185.

Cunneen, C. & Lynch, R. 1988, 'The social meaning of conflict in riots at the Australian

Grand Prix Motorcycle Races', Leisure Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-19.

Department of Sport, Recreation and Tourism, 1986, Economic impact of the World Cup

of Athletics held in Canberra in October 985: Discussion Paper, Research andDevelopment Section, Canberra

Downey, B. 1991, The Tourism Impact on Victoria of its Special Sporting Events:

Including Case Studies of the 1989 Bells Beach Easter Surf Carnival and the

1989 Ford Australian Open, Masters Thesis, Victoria University of Technology.

Dunstan, G. 1986 ‘Living with the Grand Prix - Good or Bad’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. &





22

Dwyer, L.M. & Owen A.D. 1991, Evaluation of the Impact of the 1991 Tooheys’

Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Eastern Creek NSW, 4-7 April 1991: A

Report prepared for the New South Wales Tourism Commission, New South

Wales Tourism Commission, Sydney.

Ernst & Young 1994, The Economic Impact of the 1994 Australian FAI Indy Car Grand Prix, Ernst & Young Consulting, Brisbane.

Ernst & Young 1994, World Masters Games, Brisbane1994: Economic Impact and

Market Research Study, Report prepared for the Queensland Events Corporation,

Ernst & Young Consulting, Brisbane.

Ernst and Young 1996, 1995 World Police and Fire Games: Economic Impact

Assessment, Melbourne

Fischer, A, Hatch, J & Paix, B. 1986 ‘Road accidents and the Grand Prix’ in Burns, J.,

Hatch, J. & Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special

Event , Centre for South Australian Economic Studies, Adelaide, pp. 151-167

Fredline, E. 1997, 'Resident perceptions of the Gold Coast Indy: an exploratory study', in

Tourism Research: Building a Better Industry: Proceedings from the Australian

Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, ed R. Bushell, Bureau of Tourism


Fredline, E. 2000, Host Community Reactions to Major Sporting Events: The Gold

Coast Indy and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix, PhD Thesis (manuscript

currently under examination), Griffith University.

Fredline, E. & Faulkner, B. 1998, 'Resident reactions to a major tourist event: the Gold

Coast Indy Car Race', Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 5, no. 4,

pp. 185-205.

Fredline, E. & Faulkner, B. 1999, 'Host community reactions to the Gold Coast Indy', in





Fredline, E. & Faulkner, B. 1998, 'Resident reactions to a major tourist event: the Gold

Coast Indy Car Race', Festival Management and Event Tourism, vol. 5, no. 4,

pp. 185-205.

Fredline, E. & Faulkner, B. 1999, 'Host community reactions to the Gold Coast Indy', in







23

Fredline, E. & Faulkner, B. 2000, 'GIS and host community perceptions – mapping the way

residents feel about events, in Peak Performance in Tourism and Hospitality

Research: Proceedings of the Tenth Australian Tourism and Hospitality

Research Conference, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra (abstract only).

Gamage, A. & Higgs, B. 1997, 'Economics of venue selection for special sporting events:

with special reference to the 1996 Melbourne Grand Prix', Asia Pacific Journal of


Government of Western Australia (n.d.), Master Record of the Government’s Role in

Australia’s Defence of the America’s Cup – 1987 , Perth.

Hall, C. M. & Selwood, H.J. 1987, 'America’s cup lost, paradise retained?: the dynamics of

a hallmark tourist event', paper presented to the Conference on People and Physical

Environment Research, Perth, June 15-19.

Hall, C.M., Selwood, H.J. & McKewon, E. 1995, 'Hedonists, ladies and larrikins: crime,

prostitution and the 1987 America’s Cup', Visions in Leisure and Business, vol. 14,

no. 3, pp. 28-51.

Han, T. K., Fredline, L., & Raybould, M. (2001). Expectations and Satisfactions of

Participants in a Youth Sporting Event. Working paper presented at the



Hatch, J. 1986 ‘The impact of the Grand Prix on the Restaurant Industry’ in Burns, J., Hatch,



Jarvis.J. & Ricketts. L. 1993, The Tourism Impact of the 1993 Ford Australian Open,

National Centre for Australian Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, available:

http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/tourism/Austopen.htm.

Keonig, U. & Whitelaw, P. 1998, 'Why I love pain: marketing long distance endurance

events: a case study of Australia’s largest cross country skiing event', in Tourism and

Hospitality: Delighting the Senses 1999, Part 2: Proceedings of the Ninth

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Council for



McCann, C. & Thompson, G. 1992, 'An economic analysis of the first Western Australian

State Masters Games', Journal of Tourism Studies, vol.3, no.1, pp. 28-34.

McCloud, P. & Syme, J. 1987 ‘Forecasting the economic impact of the America’s Cup’ in

The Impact and Marketing of Special Events: Papers of the Australian Travel



24

Research Workshop, Mt. Buffalo Chalet, Victoria, 12-14 November , Australian

Standing Committee on Tourism, Canberra,

McKay, J. 1986 ‘Some social impacts of the Grand Prix on residents closest to the circuit –

noise and property damage’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. & Mules, T. eds. The Adelaide

Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event , Centre for South Australian EconomicStudies, Adelaide, pp. 124-147

National Institute of Economic & Industry Research 1989, The Economic Impact and

Tourism Value of the 1989 Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix on Phillip Island ,

National Institute of Economic and Industry Research, Canberra.

National Institute of Economic and Industry Research 1996, Economic Impact Evaluation

of the 1996 Transurban Australian Grand Prix, Department of State Development

(Tourism Victoria), Melbourne.

Price Waterhouse 1989, Economic Impact Assessment of the 1988 Australia Formula

One Grand Prix, Price Waterhouse, Adelaide.

Price Waterhouse 1993, The Australian Formula One Grand Prix: 1992 Formula One

Gran Prix Economic Evaluation, Price Waterhouse, Canberra.

Rey, P. 1987 ‘Economic Impact of Special Events using example of World Cup Athletics,

Canberra’ in The Impact and Marketing of Special Events: Papers of the


November , Australian Standing Committee on Tourism, Canberra,

Tanabe, L. Green, C. & Chalip. L. 1998, 'Target marketing of sport events with multiple

competitions: lessons from the Gold Coast marathon', in Proceedings of the Eighth

Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference Part II, eds B.

Faulkner, C. Tideswell & D. Weaver, Bureau of Tourism, Canberra, pp. 441-442.

Thomson, N. 1986 ‘Financial impacts upon the public sector’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. &



Van Der Lee, P. & Williams, J. 1986 ‘The Grand Prix and Tourism’ in Burns, J., Hatch, J. &

Mules, T. 1986, eds. The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event ,


Veno, A. & Veno, E. 1992, 'Managing public order at the Australian Motorcycle Grand

Prix', American Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 20, no.3, pp. 287-308.

Weir, H. 1989, Report on a Survey to the 1988 Foster's Australian Formula One Grand

Prix Adelaide November 1988, Tourism South Australia, Adelaide.



25

Williams, J. & Van de Lee, P. 1986, Report on a Survey to Visitors to the 1985

Australian Formula One Grand Prix Adelaide November 1985, South Australia


SPECIAL EVENTS/CULTURAL EVENTS/FESTIVALS



Victoria, 12-14 November 1986 , Australian Standing Committee on Tourism,

Canberra.

Beauregard, L.E. 1997, Calendar of Special Events in New South Wales, Community

Information Association of NSW, Sydney.

Bleby, A. 1986, The 1988 and beyond : Australian young people's festival manual

Commonwealth Department of Education with the co-operation of the Department of

Employment and Industrial Relations, Australian Government Publishing Service,

Canberra

Bray-Kelsey, O.J. 1995, The Economic Impact of Opera Tourism Including a Case

Study of the 1992 Ballarat Opera Festival , Victoria University of Technology,

Footscray, Victoria.

Brokensha, P. & Guldberg, H. 1992, Cultural Tourism in Australia: A Report on Cultural

Tourism, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Brown, L., & Davies, J. (2001). Wine and Food Festival: too much of a good thing?

Working paper presented at the Capitalising Research. Proceedings of the Eleventh

Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Canberra, 27

Carbery, G. 1995, A History of the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, AustralianLesbian & Gay Archives Inc., Parkville, Victoria.

Cranfield, M. 1994, 'Towards a national festival of Australian folk culture', in Traditions and

Tourism: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Proceedings of the Sixth National

Folklife Conference, eds G.B. Davey & S. Faine, National Centre for Australian

Studies, Clayton, Victoria, pp. 120-123.

Dunstan, G. 1994, Becoming Coastwise, the Path of Festivals and Cultural Tourism,

Landscape and Lifestyle Choices for the Northern Rivers of NSW, Southern Cross

University, Lismore.



26

Fredline, E., Mules, T. & Divers, T. 1999, 'Sweet little rock and roller : the economic impact

of the 1998 Wintersun festival', in Tourism and Hospitality: Delighting the Senses

1999, Part 2: Proceedings of the Ninth Australian Tourism and Hospitality

Research Conference, Council for Australian University Tourism and

Hospitality Education (CAUTHE), eds J. Molloy & J. Davies, Bureau of Tourism

Research, Canberra, pp. 12-21.

Frost, W. 1998, 'Golden anniversaries: tourism and the 150th anniversaries of the Victorian

gold rushes (1851-2001) and the Californian gold rushes (1848/9-1998/9)' in





Gillan, E. 1993 ‘An Oral History of the Sydney Film Festival: 40 Years of Film’, Annals of


Hawkins, G. 1993, From Nimbin to Mardi Gras: Constructing Community Arts, Allen &

Unwin, St Leonards, NSW.

Horgan, D. 1991, 'The success of the Leeuwin Concert', in Wine Tourism, Perfect

Partners: Proceedings of the First Australian Wine Tourism Conference, eds R.

Dowling & J. Carlsen, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, p. 261.

Hull, A. 1984, ‘Feasting on fiestas and festivals’, paper delivered to the Associations of

Festivals Conference at Caulfield Arts Centre, Victoria

Kennett, J. 1998, 'Olivades: a South Australian festival', in Tourism and Hospitality:

Delighting the Senses 1999, Part 2: Proceedings of the Ninth Australian


University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE), eds J. Molloy & J.

Davies, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, p. 349 (abstract only).

Kirchner, K. & Molloy, J. 2000, 'Wagner’s Ring Cycle: an insight into an international high

quality special event', in Peak Performance: Proceedings of the Tenth Australian


University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE), p. 50 (abstract only)

Market Equity South Australia 1996, 1996 Adelaide Festival - An Economic Impact

Study, Report prepared for the South Australia Tourism Commission, Department for

the Arts and Cultural Development and the Australia Council, Adelaide

Marsh, I & Greenfield, J. 1993 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras: An Evaluation of

Economic Impact, Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Ltd., Sydney



27

Marsh, I. & Levy S. 1998, Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras: Economic Impact

Statement 1998, Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Ltd., Sydney, Erskineville,

NSW.

McDonald, S. 1990, The 1990 Adelaide Festival Economic Impact , Tourism South

Australia, Adelaide.

Neighbourhood Arts Unit, 1991, Community Festival Handbook, City of Melbourne,

Melbourne

Neuenfeldt, K. 1995, 'The Kyana Corroboree: cultural production of indigenous

ethnogenesis', Sociological Inquiry, vol. 65, no.1, pp. 21-46.

Pollock, R. & Willis, D. 1995, 'Moleskins and akubras: it’s Tamworth’s country music

festival', Australian Parks and Recreation, vol. 31, no.2, pp. 18-20.

Slack, J, 1997, Then and now : an Aboriginal history of Gayndah, Gayndah Orange

Festival Committee, Gayndah, Qld

Spring, J, 1995 Arts festivals 1993-94, Research Paper 13, Australia Council, Redfern,

NSW

Stockley-Smith, J. & Mules, T. 2000, 'Do community festivals have a future? The case of the

Gold Coast’s Tropicarnival', in Peak performance in Tourism and Hospitality

Research, Mt Buller, Victoria, 2-5 February 2000, Council for Australian

University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE), p. 48 (abstract only).

Vibe: the Rock Eistedford Challenge 1997, New Hobsons Press, North Sydney, NSW.

Wells, J. 1994, 'Floriade: a study in re-imaging Australia’s capital through event tourism', in

Proceedings of Tourism Down-under: A Tourism Research Conference, 6-9

December 1994, pp. 293-315.

Whitelock, D. 1980 Festival! : the story of the Adelaide Festival of Arts, D. Whitelock,

Adelaide, S.A

Wilkins, B. 1991, 'Festivals of the world - the Ballarat Begonia festival', in Royal Australian

Institute of Parks and Recreation Annual National Conference: Who Dares

Wins - Parks Recreation and Tourism: Conference Proceedings, 27 Oct - 1 Nov,

1991, Melbourne, Royal Australian Institute of Parks and Recreation, Dickson,

ACT, pp.11/1-11/4.

York, B. 1994, 'Multicultural heritage, tourism and tradition: the inaugural Mackay Maltese

Festival, 1994', in Traditions and Tourism: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly:

Proceedings of the Sixth National Folklife Conference, eds G.B. Davey & S.

Faine, National Centre for Australian Studies, Clayton, Victoria, pp. 116-119.



28

Zeppel, H. & Hall, C.M. 1991, 'Selling art and history: cultural heritage and tourism', Journal

of Tourism Studies, vol. 2, no.1, pp. 29-45.

Zeppel, H. 1992, 'The festival of Pacific Arts: an emerging special interest tourism event', eds

B. Weiler & C.M. Hall, Special Interest Tourism, Belhaven Press, London, pp.69-

82.



29

MEETINGS, INCENTIVES,

CONVENTIONS AND EXHIBITIONS

Barron, V. 1996, 'Research on the impact of convention delegates on the Tasmanian

economy' , paper presented to MIAA National Conference, Hobart, Australia, 1996.

Bureau of Tourism Research, 1998 Measuring MICE industry infrastructure: a report, a

report to the Tourism Forecasting Council, BTR, Canberra

Carlsen, J. 1995, 'Gathering information: meetings and convention sector research in

Australia', Journal of Tourism Studies, vol. 6, no.2, pp. 21-29.

Carlsen, J. 1999, 'A review of MICE industry evaluation and research in Asia and Australia1988-1998', Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, vol. 1, no. 4,

pp. 51-66.

Commonwealth Department of Tourism, 1995, A National strategy for the meetings,

incentives, conventions and exhibitions industry, Commonwealth Dept. of

Tourism Canberra

Coombes, P. Cook, N. & Folan, F. International conventions and cultural tourism , The

People for Places and Spaces, Sydney

Coombes, P, The People for Spaces for Places, Millar, J. 1998 Cultural tourism in

Australia: international conventions and luxury cruise ships, Dept. of

Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, Canberra

Cooper, M. 1999, 'Prediction and reality: the development of the Australian convention

industry 1976-1993 and beyond', Journal of Convention and Exhibition

Management , vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 3-15.

Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. 1996, 'MICE tourism to Australia: a framework to assess impacts',

in Tourism and Hospitality Research: Australian and International Perspectives:Working papers from the Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research

Conference, ed G. Prosser, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra

Dwyer L. & Forsyth P. 1997, 'Impacts and benefits of MICE tourism: a framework for

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