aula timur building condition survey report 4

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CHAPTER 5.0: CONDITION SURVEY & ANALYSIS

5.1 Methodology

There were several methods being used in order to obtain an accurate data of defect

analysis. Usage of equipments is needed during the surveying process, as it helps in obtaining

data.

Figure 18: Flow Chart of the Defect Analysis Process

The surveying process is being done accordingly, stage by stage. Firstly, images of defect

on the regarded elements were captured as this helps in giving a better view to analyses. Secondly,

defect spots were jotted down on the floor plan, as it shows the exact location of each defect.

Samples of defect on certain elements were taken to ensure the main causes of each defect

occurred. At the final stage, the obtained data’s were transferred on measured drawings, elevations

and floor plan, and an analysis of defect report is produced for the usage of clients and future

purposes. The main purpose in producing an analysis of defect faultiness is to check whether the

regarded building is safe for future usage or it needs a refurbishment in terms of maintenance,

extensions or restoration so that the length period of the building last long.

Figure 19: Measurement work Figure 20: Moisture meter

Source: Field Study Source: Field Study

Equipments used for defect analysis:

a. Moisture Meter

b. Laser Distance

c. Measuring Tape (30 m, 50m)

d. Binocular

e. Vernier Caliper

32

SURVEYING WORK STARTS

SKETCHES OF ELEVATION &FLOOR PLAN

SAMPLE OF DEFECT WAS

ELABORATION OF DEFECTDATAS

ANALYSIS OF DEFECT

LOCATES THE DEFECT ON

FLOOR PLAN

PRODUCTION OF FULL REPORT

IMAGES OF DEFECT IS

CAPTURED



Figure 21: Vernier caliper

Source: Field Study

Each equipment tools being used has their own function. E.g; Moisture Meter is being used

to check the humidity reading on a specific elements. This will determine whether the humidity

causes the defect failures to occur. Meanwhile, a Vernier Caliper is used to measure the size of

crack and depth of crack failures in the specified elements.

5.2 Coding Systems

For professional view and purposes, each defect that is being detected is on each element

were labeled with a standard coding system. This is for reference usage in the defect checklist, as it

is also noted down on the floor plan accordingly on the grid lineage.

Example of a defect checklist is being attached below for a clear view; AT is the abbreviation of the

building, which is Aula Timur , whereas TMBR stands for the element involved which is timber ,

numerical 001 shows the defect number accordingly, and lastly J3-1 shows the grid line which can

be referred on the floor plan.

REF NO: AT/TMBR/001/J3-1

BUILDING CONDITION SURVEY FOR DEFECTS OF INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY OF

BANDUNG

PROJECT: Building Measurement and

AnalysisAUDITED BY: Group 3, Department of

Building Surveyor, Universiti Malaya,Kuala Lumpur.

DATE: 22nd

May 2008TIME:

1300WEATHER:

Sunny

ELEMENT: DecorativelandscapeBuilding component:

External

Visual Information: Types of Defect: (Cause)

-Category 3-Decay

Cause(s) of defect:

Durability of material: Insects and fungi on materialstimber based easily attacked by insects.Building design: Rain causes humidity, rot, and leakage

Building element specification

Material: timber Colour: Dark brown/black(originally)Height: 2.84 m (measured from floor)

Description of defect

Timber was found in the state of decaying. It has becomerotten; as shown white elements which are the fungi and

bacteria had appear on the surface of the timber. It has become dirt. As the timber is exposed towards sun andrain, these become an influence for the fungi to grow.

33



5.3 Condition Survey Checklist

5.3.1 EXAMPLE OF DEFECT CHECKLIST.

REF NO: ___________________

BUILDING CONDITION SURVEY FOR DEFECTS OF INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY OF BANDUNGPROJECT: Building Measurement and AnalysisAUDITED BY: Group 3, Department of Building Surveyor, Universiti Malaya, KualaLumpur.

DATE:TIME:WEATHER:

ELEMENT:Building component:

Visual Information: Types of Defect: (Cause)

Cause(s) of defect:

Building element specification

Description of defect

INSPECTED BY:

34

Captured images of defectfailures

Referring to theinspection form, the main

There may be several factorsthat contribute to the defect

The element involved is described interms of colour, thickness, type of material and etc.

Defect failure is described in detail. If aequipment is used during surveying work,the reading is noted down.

The person involved in the surveyingwork, who inspects the defect failure.



5.3.2 EXAMPLE OF INSPECTION FORM

INSPECTION FORM

(1). DEFECT CATEGORIES: PLEASE MARK ONLY

-CATEGORY 1 (1>25%): still in good condition, can beobserve, replace & repair (__)

-CATEGORY 2 (26>50%): averagely, need to be observed &replace/repair as scheduled ( __)

-CATEGORY 3 (51-75%): serious, need to be replaced a.s.a.p(__)

-CATEGORY 4(76-100%): critically, must be replaced (__)

(2). CAUSES OF DEFECT(S)

BUILDING DESIGN-Exposure to sunlight causes the building façade to crack, fade.-Changes of temperature cause crack and building materialscontract.-Rain causes humidity, rot, and leakage.

-Wind and dust causes dirty stain, erosion that can spoil certaincomponents.-Humidity can affect the stability of the building structure, cancause the growth of algae, fungi and plant growth on buildings.-Increase of water level causes dampness on building walls,weakens the strength of a building as corrosion occurs, andspoils the paint of a building.-others

DURABILITY OF MATERIALS-Short term of usage and easily spoil as the strength of materialis low and sensitive towards outer environment.-Insects and fungi on materials timber based easily attacked byinsects.-Absorption of water.

-Erosion on materials that can’t stand heavy loads, frictions andrepeatedly usage.

-Corrosion happens as the materials are being exposed to sun,rain without no anti-corrosion coating.-Disengagement of materials happen as it is easily broken,fragile to debris. This is because of exposure to sun.-Others.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION-It doesn’t have quality observation during construction-Quality of material is not being proper observed, from theaspect of how it is being used or installed.-Weak quality of inspection. Lack competency of inspection.-Lack preparation of protection towards sun exposure and rainduring construction works.-Unstable of site preparation problem happens as the soil isnow well compacted.-Others.-Impact of the surrounding developments is something thatcan’t be avoid. It can gives impact towards surrounds building.

USAGE AND OUTER PRESSURE-Misused of existing facilities by the parties for private usage.-Vandalism towards material, building components and

elements by irresponsible parties.-Chemical agents being used to clean up the building as it canerode the surface of the building.-Others.

OTHERS-Animals-Plant growth-Late repair -Changes in structural element-Others

(3).TYPE OF DEFECT

-Abraded-Bend

-Blister

-Corrosion-Crack-Can’t be close-Can’t be lock-Can’t be open-Collapse-Curve-Damp-Decay-Dirt-Disengage-Electrocuted-Erosion-Fade-Friction-Fiber -Hole-Hollow-Leak-Lost-Mold-Not functioning-Poor Installation-Relocation of building

-Rough surface-Rust-Sagging-Settlement-Split-Spotty surface-Stagnant-Torn-Unstable-Unsuitable Installation-Untidy-Vandalism-Vibration-Weather

35



5.4 Building Survey and Analysis

As the measurement data’s had been obtained, a surveying process on defect analysis was

done.

First of all, types of defect were being categorized into four different categories;

• Category 1 (one) - defect that is being categorized in this category is said that it is slightly

faulty in certain parts, and it does not need any repair.

• Category 2 (two) - defect is in an averagely state, needs to be observe, replace and repair

if possible.

• Category 3 (three) - defects are in serious state, needs to be repair as soon as possible

• Category 4 (four) - defect in critical state, and must be replace and repair for future

purposes.

From the surveying results, it showed that 44% of the total defect found, is categorized in

category 3 (three), this shows an immediate maintenance work is needed so it would not affect the

structural elements in the worst part.

Figure 22: Chart of Categories of Defect

Source: Field Study

Major defect shows that the defect that can cause serious damage in a short time length if it

is not being treated. From the analysis being made, it is shown that the major defect in Aula Timur

is crack. This type of defect can be found in the internal and external component of the building.

Crack can be found on the drainage area which is hazardous for the people who walks on it.

Without realizing, it can cause fatal accidents and can lead to injury. Besides that, crack weakens

the building structure. The management people of the building should take precaution steps before

it collapse.

On top of that, there were several elements being detected involved with the defect faulty.

As shown in the pie chart below, elements can be found such as ceiling, window, drain, column,

floor and others. Others consist of skirting of columns, doors and etc. Drain and window carried out

the highest percentage of defect occurred. This is due to the external factor that influenced by outer

climate.

Figure 23: Elements of defect

Source: Field Study

39%

44%

17%

CATEGORY 2

CATEGORY 3

CATEGORY 4

33%

11%

17%

11%

17%

11%

OTHER CEILING

WINDOW DRAIN

COLUMN FLOOR



There are several types of defect that can be found in Aula Timur. As each defect has it own

causes, what causes the defect occurred. As listed in the chart below, there five main types of

defect which is by consideration of decaying, poor installation, hole, crack, and broken. Meanwhile

other consist of several small types of defect. As described previously, crack which is the major type

of defect holds the highest number of defect occurred on the elements. Followed by decays on the

timber elements and broken on several types of elements.

Each element is analysed in a detail way, by examining the material that made up the

element, the colour of the element involved, the thickness and si ze of the element, and etc, as this

conclude the building element specification. These specifications helped in deciding what causes

defect failures on each element. Each defet failures may be caused by several factors, as it

become a contribution to the defect itself.

Figure 24: Types of Elements Pie Chart

Source: Field Study

5.4.1 List of Defect

REFERENCE NUMBER TYPE OF DEFECT

1 AT/TMBR/001/J3-1 Decay

2 AT/CEIL/002/J-1A Sagging

3 AT/GUT/003/J1-1 Corrosion

4 AT/WNDW/004/G1-2 Vandalism

5 AT/DRN/005/E-1 Crack

6 AT/COL/006/D2-1 Crack

7 AT/FLR/007/B3-3 Hole

8 AT/DRN/008/E2-1 Crack

9 AT/TMBR/009/E-2 Decay

10 AT/WNDW/010/B-4C Decay

11 AT/DOOR/011/K2-6C Crack

12 AT/WNDW/012/J-9 Split

13 AT/WLL/013/I1-9 Broken

14 AT/CEIL/014/F1-7 Poor Installation

15 AT/SKT/015/F1-2 Broken

16 AT/LMP/01/J-2 Poor Installation

17 AT/FLR/018/K-3A Hole

18 AT/SKT/019/K-4B Broken

5.4.2 Crack

It is found the major defect which is crack occurred on external compounds. Crack is said to

be the major defect because it can cause severe damage to the structural compounds. Cracks in

column, either vertical or diagonal, are common symptoms of structural instability.



ELEMENT REFERENCENUMBER

CAUSES OFDEFECT(S)

VISUAL INFORMATION

1

2

3

DRAIN

COLUMN

DRAIN

AT/DRN/005/E-1

AT/COL/006/D2-1

AT/DRN/008/E2-1

Selection of site andlocation: Impact of the surroundingdevelopments issomething that can’tbe avoid. It can givesimpact towardssurrounds buildingDurability of materials: Absorptionof water Building design:Changes of temperature causecrack and buildingmaterials contractSelection of site andlocation Vibrationcauses crack on anypart of the buildingsBuildingconstruction : Lackpreparation of protection towards

sun exposure and rainduring constructionworks.Building Design:Humidity can affectthe stability of thebuilding structure; cancause the growth of algae, fungi and plantgrowth on buildings.

5.4.3 Corrosion

Corrosion can be found on the external component. It occurred on gutter. This is due to the

exposure of outside climate which is rain and sun. Common problems associated with the defective

rainwater goods is corroded or broken galvanized iron down pipes; or leaking rainwater heads.

There are a few possible causes to the defective of rainwater goods. Lack of proper fixings of the

wall, particularly by means of projecting lead ears or lugs can cause instability to the down pipes.

Where the routines of building inspections and maintenance have been neglected, the rainwater

goods can be easily exposed to all sorts of defects.

ELEMENTS REFERENCENUMBER

CAUSES OF DEFECT(S) VISUALINFORMATION

1 GUTTER AT/GUT/003/J1-1 Durabil ity of Materials:Corrosion happens as thematerials are beingexposed to sun, rain withoutno anti-corrosion coatingBuilding Design: Increaseof water level causesdampness on buildingwalls, weakens the strengthof a building as corrosionoccurs, and spoils the paintof a building.

5.4.4 Decay

Timbers are widely used in many historic buildings and that applies to Aula Timur.Some of

the timbers are badly abused with serious damages on the surface and deteriorated; leading to



further structural problems and unsafety of occupants. The main causes to the deterioration are

insect and termite attacks.

ELEMENTS REFERENCENUMBER

CAUSESOFDEFECT(S)

VISUAL INFORMATION

1

2

3

DECORATIVELANDSCAPE

DECORATIVE

LANDSCAPE

TIMBERWINDOWFRAME

AT/TMBR/001/J3-1

AT/TMBR/009/E-2

AT/WNDW/010/B-4C

Durabilityof material:Insects andfungi onmaterialstimber based easilyattacked byinsects.Buildingdesign:Rain causeshumidity,rot, andleakage

Durability

of materials:Insects andfungi onmaterialstimber basedeasilyattacked byinsects

BuildingDesign:Humiditycan affectthe stabilityof the

buildingstructure,can causethe growthof algae,fungi andplant growthon buildings.

Durabilityof materials:

Short term of usage andeasily spoilas thestrength of material islow andsensitivetowardsouter environment

5.5 Summary of Findings

Overall from the surveying process of analyzing the defects in Aula Timur, it is found that

Aula Timur is in a severe condition. It needs a proper maintenance on regular check, as this will

holds the length of the building age. Other than that the historical usage is being persevered.

Defect on earlier stages which is being categorized in category 2 (two) and 3 (three), must

be observe and replace if needed. This is to prevent severe damage occurrence. Meanwhile,

defects that had been categorized in category 4 (four) should be taken serious action as it can be

hazardous to people who may not know about it.



A proper scheduled maintenance should be done and manage by a professional team in

repairing the building for restoration. It may be cost in terms of finance as can be seen that Aula

Timur had not have its proper maintenance for several years.

Extra attention is needed for severe defect such as crack. It is found that crack is one of the

major defects in Aula Timur and can cause structural damages and be hazardous towards people.

Each defect has their own main cause, what causes them to occur. This may due to the

factor of climate changes, the rain and sun causes corrosion as it is being exposed externally.

Other than that, durability of materials is another concern that causes defect failures on elements

such as timber . This causes the timber to decay when there are growth of mould on it. This defect

is also caused by humidity. With the existence of humid air around the timber, it provokes the

growth of mould. Meanwhile for defect of poor installation is caused by lack of responsibility by the

management team of Aula Timur. Each defect failures need to be observed and report quickly as

earlier precaution steps.

With the findings of overall defect failures in Aula Timur, it is advised precaution steps need

to be taken by responsible parties. As defect failures can cause severe damages, this will lead in

giving bad reputation of the building image as the building holds a historical record for ages.

aula timur building condition survey report 4

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