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Icbtnÿfc jlinbilafc scd a jlinbàa Irnatlvn Iceecbs 9.8 D\-BI 

Yupnrvlséc n CrlnbtaaàécNjlzadntm Y. fn Elrabfa

Eárila M. Enbfcbàa

Tutm O. @. Yimafnik

Fnsnbvcjvlnbtc,

rnfaàéc n

apjliaàéc bcs 7¿ abcs

Drubc Tnls Eartlbs

Taganj fn Cjlvnlra Gratcbl

 Auja Xrátlia? Gcreaàéc n Ijasslgliaàéc fn Tcima

a

AXTNYNBVAÀÉC

Bnsta auja, prntnbfn-sn icbscjlfar c icbmnilenbtc scdrn rcimas entaeùrglias,

å`bnas n snflenbtarns, dne icec sua gcreaàéc ba baturnza n a icbtnxtuajlzaàéc fasenseas bc fla-a-fla.

Nstratì`las? Ajìe fa utljlzaàéc fn várlcs nxnepjarns fn iafa tlpc fn rcima n fa

icbtnxtuajlzaàéc icec dasajtcs fn iajàafþns cu ensas fn `rabltc, gcrae utljlzafcs

aj`ubs nxpnrlenbtcs para uea enjmcr iceprnnbséc.

EAVNTLALY N VNEXC BNINYYÁTLCY

  Eatnrlals? Nxnepjarns fn rcimas icjntafcs, nbicbtrafcs ne flvnrscs jcials,

icec iabtnlrcs fn cdras, iajàafas, pralas, nti.; raspas fn inra fn vnja;

eaquntn fn vujiéc (cs passcs para a icepcslàéc fn uea, nbicbtrae-sn ba

auja scdrn vujiþns); 9 `arragas XNV; pnfrlsics fn aquárlc; arnla jlepa; pù

fn iagì; dcrrlgafcr icbtnbfc á`ua; eassa fn ecfnjar ne flvnrsas icrns;

ableaàéc ne gjasm, flspcbåvnj ne bcssc sltn. 

  Vnepc bninssárlc? A prátlia pcfn snr fnsnbvcjvlfa ne uea auja fn >8

elbutcs.

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Icbtnÿfc jlinbilafc scd a jlinbàa Irnatlvn Iceecbs 9.8 D\-BI 

XTCINFLENBVCY

Tcimas Å`bnas

^tljlzar eaquntn para sleujar nrupàéc fn vujiéc, pcls nsta nstrutura jldnra ea`ea

ba supnrgåiln tnrrnstrn, c qun `nra as rcimas å`bnas. A icbgniàéc n a utljlzaàéc fn

eaquntns fn vujiéc nstéc fnsirltas ba auja prátlia scdrn cs ensecs.

Fnrrntnr a inra fn vnja rajafa n oc`á-ja scdrn uea supnrgåiln grla, para qun rnsgrln n

scjlflglqun. Nstn nxpnrlenbtc sleuja a scjlflgliaàéc fc ea`ea, rnprnsnbtafc pnja inra

fnrrntlfa, ne rcima, rnprnsnbtafc pnja inra rnsgrlafa.

Tcimas Ynflenbtarns

Nbimnr `arragas XNV ice á`ua n pnfras fn flgnrnbtns taeabmcs, icbtnbfcvarlafas sltuaàþns fn prnnbimlenbtc, icec?

  Nbimnr uea `arraga ice arnla n cutra ice pnfras fn aquárlc. A l̀tar n

nspnrar a snflenbtaàéc. Atravìs fnsta entcfcjc`la c nstufabtn

iceprnnbfn a snflenbtaàéc, dne icec a lbgjuïbila fc taeabmc fcs

snflenbtcs.

  Nbimnr uea `arraga ice várlas iaeafas fn flgnrnbtns tlpcs fn pnfras.

 Atravìs fnstn nxpnrlenbtc ì pcssåvnj fnecbstrar as iaeafas fn

nstratlgliaàéc rnsujtabtns fc prcinssc fn snflenbtaàéc. 

Icjciar ue pnqunbc pubmafc fn pù fn iagì scdrn uea gcjma fn papnj. Ns`ulimar

á`ua ice ue dcrrlgafcr, para fnecbstrar a aàéc fa imuva scdrn supnrgåilns tnrrnstrns,

icec ecbtabmas.

Tcimas Entaeùrglias  Icbgniilcbar pnqunbcs ecfnjcs icbtnbfc aj`ueas iaeafas fn eassa fn

ecfnjar fn flgnrnbtns icrns, rnprnsnbtabfc iaeafas fn snflenbtaàéc.

Xrnsslcbar nstn ecfnjc, para qun as iaeafas sn elsturne, sleujabfc c

prcinssc fn entaecrglzaàéc fn rcimas.

  ^tljlzar ableaàéc icbgniilcbafa bc prc`raea Afcdn Gjasm Xrcgnsslcbaj®,qun pcssldljlta a fnecbstraàéc fn cbfn cicrrn c prcinssc, cu snoa, ajciajlzaàéc fc ensec bc lbtnrlcr fc pjabnta.

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Icbtnÿfc jlinbilafc scd a jlinbàa Irnatlvn Iceecbs 9.8 D\-BI 

Nrupàéc fn vujiéc, para prátlia scdrn gcreaàéc fn

rcimas å`bnas. Fntajmns? vnoa a auja fn vujiþns.

TNY^JVAFCY

Tcimas Å`bnas

 A eaquntn fn vujiéc pcssldljlta a vlsuajlzaàéc,

pnjcs ajubcs, fn icec cicrrn c fnrraeaenbtc fn java

scdrn a supnrgåiln tnrrnstrn n a nxpjliaàéc fn qun, ac

scjlflgliar, nsta java nxpnjlfa val `nrar rcimas å`bnas

scdrn a supnrgåiln tnrrnstrn.

 A fnecbstraàéc fn icec cicrrn nstn gnböenbc

fn rnsgrlaenbtc fn java n gcreaàéc fn rcimas å`bnas ì,

nbtéc, fnecbstrafa ice a inra fn vnja fnrrntlfa. Ac

 oc`ar a ensea scdrn uea supnrgåiln grla, a inra sn scjlflglia, assle icec cicrrn ice a java.

Tcimas Ynflenbtarns

Xara fnecbstrar c prcinssc fn gcreaàéc fn snflenbtcs, atravìs fa nrcséc, c ecfnjc

fa ecbtabma fn iagì ì eultc ÿtlj, pcls fnecbstra fn eabnlra dne flfátlia a aàéc fa imuva

(rnprnsnbtafa pnjc dcrrlgar fn á`ua) scdrn a supnrgåiln fa nstrutura.

 A `arraga icbtnbfc á`ua n pnfrlsics fn aquárlc n a `arraga icbtnbfc arnla pnreltne a

fnecbstraàéc fn icec cicrrn a snflenbtaàéc, ajìe fn fnecbstrarne icec c taeabmc fcs

`récs snflenbtafcs lbtnrgnrn ba vnjcilfafn fn snflenbtaàéc. A`ltabfc as `arragas, c eatnrlaj

icbtlfc bnjas glia ne suspnbséc n jc`c fniabtae scdrn a supnrgåiln fa `arraga. Bc ecfnjc

icbtnbfc arnla, a fniabtaàéc ì eals jnbta fc qun bc ecfnjc ice pnfras fn aquárlc n, pcr

lstc, bc prlenlrc cs `récs jnvae eals tnepc para imn`ar ac gubfc.

Ecbtn fn tnrra abtns n apùs dcrrlgar á`ua, sleujabfc prcinssc fn nrcséc. C iagì qun

rnsujta ns arraeafc icrrns cbfn acs snflenbtcs gcreafcs.

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Icbtnÿfc jlinbilafc scd a jlinbàa Irnatlvn Iceecbs 9.8 D\-BI 

@arraga icbtnbfc

snflenbtcs (nsqunrfa) n

snflenbtaàéc (flrnlta).

 A `arraga icbtnbfc as iaeafas fn flgnrnbtns eatnrlals pnreltn a vlsuajlzaàéc fnicec séc gcreafcs cs nstratcs fn snflenbtaàéc, fnpcls qun cs `récs aicecfae-snscdrn a supnrgåiln. C lfnaj ì icjciar `récs enbcrns bas iaeafas eals dalxas, c qunrnprnsnbta a aàéc fa prnsséc n a icepaitaàéc fcs ensecs.

Tcimas Entaeùrglias 

 A prátlia ice eassa fn ecfnjar pnreltn a fnecbstraàéc fn icec a prnsséc a`n scdrn

cutras rcimas, jnvabfc è gcreaàéc fn rcimas entaeùrglias. Ac prnsslcbar c ecfnjc, ice as

eécs, as flgnrnbtns icrns fas eassas fn ecfnjar sn elsturae. Bnstn iasc, flz-sn qun a

prnsséc nstá a`lbfc scdrn uea rcima snflenbtar (pcls séc iaeafas fn eassa fn ecfnjar),

eas fnlxa-sn ijarc qun a entaecrglzaàéc pcfn cicrrnr ne quajqunr tlpc fn rcima, lbijuslvn

cutras entaeùrglias.

Ecfnjc fn easslbma rnprnsnbtabfc rcima snflenbtar (è nsqunrfa) n rcima entaeùrglia (è

flrnlta). C prlenlrc ecfnjc trabsgcrea-sn bc cutrc apùs snr prnsslcbafc ice as eécs.

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Icbtnÿfc jlinbilafc scd a jlinbàa Irnatlvn Iceecbs 9.8 D\-BI 

 A ableaàéc ne Gjasm (flspcbåvnj ne bcssc sltn-www.bunpn.ugpr.dr) ì lfnaj para a

vlsuajlzaàéc fn cbfn cicrrn c prcinssc fn entaecrglzaàéc fn rcimas, a ircsta tnrrnstrn. Ajìe

flstc, ì ue flgnrnbilaj ba auja, pcr sn tratar fn ue eatnrlaj vlrtuaj. Bnsta ableaàéc, sleuja-sn

a aàéc fa prnsséc n fa tnepnratura bc prcinssc fn gcreaàéc fn rcimas entaeùrglias, a

partlr fn ue gra`enbtc fn rcima snflenbtar.

ICBYLFNTAÀÞNY GLBALY

Cs flvnrscs eatnrlals aprnsnbtafcs fnspnrtae dastabtn lbtnrnssn bcs ajubcs, pcls

aprnsnbtae ue `rabfn apnjc vlsuaj n, prlbilpajenbtn, prátlic, pcls eultcs fnjns pcfne

snr rnajlzafcs pnjcs prùprlcs ajubcs. Nsta ealcr lbtnraàéc ice c eatnrlaj nstufafc `nra

 Ableaàéc scdrn entaecrglzaàéc fn

rcimas, utljlzabfc prc`raea Afcdn GjasmXrcgnsslcbaj®.

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Icbtnÿfc jlinbilafc scd a jlinbàa Irnatlvn Iceecbs 9.8 D\-BI 

ealcr lbtnratlvlfafn bas aujas n, taedìe, fnspnrta várlas fÿvlfas bcs ajubcs,

fnecbstrabfc a ngliáila bc prcinssc fn aprnbflza`ne.

FLIAY

  Ì pcssåvnj nbicbtrar, para icepra, klts icbtnbfc aecstras fn rcimas n elbnrals

ne flvnrscs jcials, lbijuslvn ba lbtnrbnt. 

  Xara enjmcr abfaenbtc n icjadcraàéc, pcfn-sn, sn pcssåvnj, snparar a turea ne

`rupcs enbcrns n rnajlzar ue rcfåzlc nbtrn as dabiafas icbtnbfc, iafa uea, ue

fcs tlpcs fn rcimas, ice snus rnspnitlvcs nxpnrlenbtcs.

Tcimas Å`bnas?

  Xcfn-sn utljlzar inra fn vnja raspafa para a prátlia qun sleuja scjlflgliaàéc fn

java, para gailjltar c fnrrntlenbtc;

  A scjlflgliaàéc fa inra fn vnja pcfn snr gnlta ne uea supnrgåiln fn vlfrc, pcls

prcplila ráplfc nsgrlaenbtc n scjlflgliaàéc;

  A rnjaàéc fn rcimas å`bnas ice c fla-a-fla fc ajubc pcfn snr nxnepjlgliafa ice c

dasajtc prnsnbtn ne flvnrscs iajàafþns n pnjcs taepcs fn `rabltc prnsnbtns neensas n dajiþns;

  Xara a nxpjcséc fc vujiéc, pcfn snr icbsujtafc c arqulvc ‚Auja Xrátlia? Wujiþns―,

bc sltn www.bunpn.ugpr.dr/djc`/

Tcimas Ynflenbtarns?

  Yn flspcbåvnj, pcfn-sn fnecbstrar rcimas icbtnbfc gùssnls para cs ajubcs, pcls

séc gcreafcs fnvlfc ac prcinssc fn snflenbtaàéc;

  Iasc maoa tnepc, pcfn-sn ecbtar a `arraga ice iaeafas snflenbtarns ice cs

ajubcs;

  Xara a prátlia fa nrcséc, ì pcssåvnj utljlzar quajqunr pù qun glqun fn eabnlra a

sleujar uea ecbtabma, pcrìe iagì `nra ue dce rnsujtafc, ajìe fn nstar

gailjenbtn flspcbåvnj;

  Xara a prátlia fa snflenbtaàéc ne `arragas ì prnilsc javar a arnla, para nvltar qun

a á`ua glqun suoa n atrapajmn a vlsuajlzaàéc.

  A rnjaàéc fn rcimas snflenbtarns ice c fla-a-fla fc ajubc pcfn snr

nxnepjlgliafa, pcr nxnepjc, ice as nrcsþns qun iausae fnsecrcbaenbtc fn

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Icbtnÿfc jlinbilafc scd a jlinbàa Irnatlvn Iceecbs 9.8 D\-BI 

tnrra n a arnla utljlzafa ne icbstruàþns, qun séc snflenbtcs prcvnblnbtns fn

arnbltcs.

Tcimas Entaeùrglias 

  As prátlias qun utljlzae easslbma n inra fn vnja aprnsnbtae rnsujtafcs sleljarns,

a flgnrnbàa bcs fcls ecfnjcs nstá bc gatc fn qun a eassa fn ecfnjar ì eals

eabusnávnj, nbquabtc qun a inra fn vnja bninsslta fn ue rnilplnbtn glren n

trabsparnbtn, icec ue icpc fn vlfrc.

  A rnjaàéc fn rcimas entaeùrglias ice c fla-a-fla fc ajubc pcfn snr nxnepjlgliafa

ice cs eárecrns usafcs ne plscs n parnfns n ne nsiujturas mlstùrlias;

  Nbicbtra-sn flspcbåvnj ba pá l̀ba www.bunpn.ugpr.dr/djc`/ a ableaàéc ne Gjasmaqul fnecbstrafa, qun nxnepjlglia c prcinssc fn entaecrglzaàéc fn rcimas.

YLVNY LBVNTNYYABVNY

mttp?//www.ycutudn.ice/watim3v5xDn0v76DCXk 

Tcimas Ea`eátlias?

Wåfncs ice lea`nbs fn nrupàþns vujiäblias?

mttp?//www.ycutudn.ice/watim3v5y\iz4soscgA 

mttp?//www.ycutudn.ice/watim3v5xK4P@Db=Cos 

Nstn våfnc ecstra a java sn scjlflgliabfc ac nbtrar ne icbtatc ice a á`ua grla fc cinabc (pcfn

snr ecstrafc oubtc ice c nxpnrlenbtc fa inra fn vnja fnrrntlfa)?

mttp?//www.ycutudn.ice/watim3v5si@vESWcXwk 

Tcimas Ynflenbtarns?

mttp?//www.scdlcjc`la.ice.dr/icbtnufcs/Ycjc/Ycjc>.pmp 

Tcimas Entaeùrglias?

mttp?//www.ri.ubnsp.dr/eusnufpe/rcimas/entaecrglias/entaecrglias1.mtej 

mttp?//www.scdlcjc`la.ice.dr/icbtnufcs/Ycjc/Ycjc7.pmp 

DLDJLC@TAGLA

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Icbtnÿfc jlinbilafc scd a jlinbàa Irnatlvn Iceecbs 9.8 D\-BI 

@CPFAK, F.; EATVLBY, N. Ilïbilas? bcvc pnbsar, 7¿ abc. 4 nf. rnbcvafa. Yéc Xaujc? GVF,

4887.

YLJWA O^BLCT, I. FA, YAYYCB, Y., YABIMNY, X. Y. D. Ilïbilas nbtnbfnbfc a baturnza? c

eubfc ne qun vlvnecs. 46 nf. Yéc Xaujc? Yaralva, 488<.

VNL]NLTA, P. nt aj. Fnilgrabfc a Vnrra. Yéc Xaujc? Cglilba fn jntras. 4888.

VTLWNJJAVC, O. nt. aj. Ilïbilas, baturnza & ictlflabc? irlatlvlfafn, pnsqulsa, icbmnilenbtc, 7¿

abc. 4 nf. Yéc Xaujc? GVF, 488<.

Icbtatc

www.bunpn.ugpr.dr