atmosphere temperature precipitation humidity wind radiation co 2 nitrogen climate feedbacks...
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Atmosphere• Temperature• Precipitation• Humidity• Wind• Radiation• CO2
• Nitrogen
Climate Feedbacks• Sensible heat, Latent heat• Albedo• Net radiation• Momentum• CO2, CH4, N2O• Dust
Competition
Dis
turb
ance
Growth
Introduction of invasive or non-native species
Climate Change
Succession
Humans
Land use
Abandonment
Humans
Figure 28.1
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Solar Luminosity
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
Tem
pe
ratu
re (C
)
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Solar Luminosity
20
40
60
80
Are
a (
%)
BlackWhite
Figure 28.2
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Equilibrium
Desert
Savanna
Woodland/shrubland
Grassland/shrubland
Iteration
Are
a (
mill
ion
km
2 )
Figure 28.3
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 28.4
Sum
mer
Inso
latio
n (
W m
-2)
Ann
ual P
reci
pita
tion
( m
m d
ay-1)
Fra
ctio
nal V
eget
atio
n C
over
-9000 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0
0.3
0.0
0.6
0.9
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
440
450
460
470
Years Before Present
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
10N 15N 25N20N 30N0
500
1000
1500
2000
An
nu
al P
reci
pita
tion
(m
m)
Latitude
Rain forest Dry forest Woodland Short grass
10N 15N 25N20N 30N0
500
1000
1500
2000
An
nu
al P
reci
pita
tion
(m
m)
Latitude
Short grass
DesertTall grass
Figure 28.5
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0 50 100 150 200 250
Years
Fra
ctio
na
l Ve
ge
tatio
n C
ove
r
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Forest & climatological SSTs
Forest & interannual SSTs
Desert & climatological SSTs
Desert & interannual SSTs
Figure 28.6
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1-M
ay
6-M
ay
11-M
ay
16-M
ay
21-M
ay
26-M
ay
31-M
ay
5-Ju
n
10-J
un
15-J
un
20-J
un
25-J
un
30-J
un
Alb
edo
(fra
ctio
n) Tundra
Low shrub
Tall shrub
Woodland
Forest
Figure 28.7
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
010203040506070
Latitude (N)
Tem
pe
ratu
re D
iffe
ren
ce (C
)
January
April
July
October
Figure 28.8
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 28.9
Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fractional cover
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fractional cover
TreesTrees
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
1-20
21-40
41-6061-80
81-100
101-120
1-20
21-40
41-60
61-80
101-120
81-100
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
Gro
win
g D
egre
e-D
ays
Abo
ve 0
C
Boreal Evergreen Tree Leaf Area Index (m2 m-2)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Control
Extended Forest
Figure 28.10
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
1700 1800 1900 2000
100
110
120
130
140
Rel
ativ
e C
hang
e In
Sto
mat
al D
ensi
ty (
%)
Figure 28.11
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 28.12
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan