atma thathuvam tamil revised edition
DESCRIPTION
Atma Thathuvam Tamil Revised EditionTRANSCRIPT
Md;k jj;Jtk;
jtnahfp j';fuhrd;;
mofshh;
2
Agathiyan Production House
2009
3
bghUslf;fk;
Md;k"hdk; ............................................................................................... 5
gukhq ........................................................................................................ 5
,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;> .......................................................................... 6
"hdk; ........................................................................................................... 7
Md;kh .......................................................................................................... 7
capy; rf;jp ................................................................................................. 7
thH;f;if ..................................................................................................... 8
kdpj mwpt[ ................................................................................................. 9
kdk; ............................................................................................................ 12
nahfk; ........................................................................................................ 16
gpug";rk; ..................................................................................................... 16
kdpjd; ........................................................................................................ 20
Jwt[ epiy ................................................................................................ 21
Md;kbjspt[ ............................................................................................ 23
grpj;jpU/ jdpj;jpU/ tpHpj;jpU ............................................................. 26
jj;Jt tpsf;fk; ....................................................................................... 28
mq ............................................................................................................ 29
xspa[k;/ btg;gKk; .................................................................................... 31
rptrf;jp .......................................................................................................33
jj;Jt';fs; 96 ..........................................................................................33
Kjy; jj;Jt tpguk; ................................................................................ 34
,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk;-30 ............................................................................. 36
\d;whk; jj;Jtk; 36-d; tpguk; ............................................................. 39
4
jd;khj;jpiufs; ...................................................................................... 45
g";rg{jKk; clYk; ............................................................................... 48
tp";"hd nehfpy; gpug";rk; ................................................................. 54
njhw;wk; ...................................................................................................... 60
kuzk; ......................................................................................................... 61
kdpj\is Mw;wy; ................................................................................ 62
Rthrk; ........................................................................................................ 64
"hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwfs; ................................................................. 72
5
Md;k"hdk;
Md;kht[k; mjd; Mw;wYk; vz;zpyh nfho mz;l';fs;
nguz;l';fs; ,g;gpug";rk; njhd;Wtjw;F \y fhuzkhf
tps';FtJ/ mog;gilahf ,Ug;gJ/ xU mqrf;jp. mijna
rpj;jh;fs; "hdpfs; gukhq vd;W brhy;fpwhh;fs;.
gukhq
gukhq vd;gJ gphpf;f Koahj mq vd;gJ bghUs;. me;jg;
gukhqnt gue;J tphpe;J fplf;fpd;w mz;l/ nguz;l';fis
,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. mijna gukhj;jkh vd;wdh;.
mnj \y mqtpd; Mw;wnyh xt;bthU $Ptuhrpfspd;
,af;f';fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf tps';Ftjhy; $Pthj;kh vd;wdh;.
Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ msg;gwpa Mw;wy; kpf;fJ. me;j Mw;wy;
ek;kplk; cs;sJ/ cUtkhw;wJ/ mjd; rf;jpia/ Mw;wiy/
czh;e;jth;fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW mw;g[j';fs; epfH;j;j Koa[k;.
ek;kplk; cs;s kfj;Jtk; tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd;
rf;jpia czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;
bfhs;tJjhd; Md;k"hdkhFk;. Mdhy; ek;kplk; cs;s
Md;khtpd; Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J bfhs;shky;/ ek;kplk; cs;s
Mw;wiy vg;go btspf;bfhzh;tJ? vg;go ,af;FtJ?
vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky; thH:f;ifapy; gytpj my;yy;fSf;F
Mshfpnwhk;. ,g;gog;gl;l my;yy;fspypUe;J tpLjiy bgw
Kad;W btw;wp fz;lth;fs;jhd; "hdpfSk;/ rpj;jh;fSk;.
6
,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;>
vz;zpyh nfho mz;l nguz;l';fspd; ,af;fk;/ nfhlhd
nfho mqf;fs;/ mqf;fs; bjhFg;ghd $Ptuhrpfs;
midj;jpYk; cs;Sk;/ g[wKk;/ nkYk;/ btspa[k; mJtjpy;
caph;rf;jpahf tps';Fk; nguhw;wny ,iwtd;. ,ij
ts;syyhh; bgUkhd; brhy;Yk;nghJ/
Fyt[ nguz;lg;gFjpnahh; mde;j
nfho nfhofSk; M';fh';nf
epytpa gpz;lg; gFjpfs; KGJk;
epfH;e;j gw;gy bghUs; jpuSk;
tpyFwhJ mfj;Jk; g[wj;Jk; nkyplj;Jk;
bka;awp thde;jk; tps';f
myFwhJ xHpahJ mJtjpy; tps';Fk;
mUl; bghU";nrhjp vd; munr.
,e;j khbgUk; ,af;f rf;jpahd ,iwtd; kdk; vd;Dk;
khaf;fUtpahy; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;fpd;w tiu ekJ clk;ig
,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhh;. ,e;j ,af;f rf;jp ekJ clypy;
vg;gor; bray;gLfpwJ vd mwpe;J mnj ,af;f rf;jpia ehk;
czh;e;J me;j rf;jpia ek;Kila cliya[k;/ capiua[k;
ngzg;gad;gLj;Jk; tHptiffis bjhpe;J bfhs;tnj
Md;k"hdk;. Md;k"hdk; bgw;why; ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy;
Jd;g';fs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epth;j;jp bra;J bfhz;L/ btw;wp
fz;L epk;kjpahf thHyhk;.
7
"hdk;
"hdk; vd;whny mwpjy;/ mwptpd; bjhpe;j epiy vd;W
brhy;yyhk;. ,d;bdhU tif tpsf;fk; "hyj;ij mwpjy;
vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk;.
Md;kh
Md;kh vd;why; ek;Kila cliy/ capiu ,af;Ffpd;w
vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sKoahj Nl;rkf; fUtp vd;W
brhy;yyhk;. caph; ,y;iynay; cly; ,Uf;fhJ/ cliy
itj;Jj;jhd; caph; cz;lh> ,y;iyah> vd;gjij mwpa
Koa[k;. Mfnt caph; cly; ,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J itf;fpd;w
xg;gw;w fUtpna Md;kh vdg;gLtJ. ,e;j ,uz;Lk; mjhtJ
clYk;/ capUk; nrh;e:J bray;gLfpd;w xU bghUisj;jhd;
rPtd; vd;fpnwhk;.
capy; rf;jp
clypd; cs;ns capy; rf;jpahdJ mjhtJ btl;l btspapny
cs;s Mw;wy;fs; gpuhztha[tpd; \yk; \r;Rf; fhw;why;
clypd; cs;ns ,Gf;fg;gl;L nfhof;fzf;fhd ekJ cly;
mqf;fSf;F Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J cliy ,af;f itf;fpwJ.
,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd; RUf;fkhf capy; rf;jp
vd;fpnwhk;. clypd; cs;ns capy; rf;jpahdJ RHd;W
,a';Fk;nghJ me;je;j clypd; mqf;TWfSf;F Vw;g
caphpd; rpwg;ghw;wyhf vGk; tpist[fns czh;r;rpfs;. ,e;j
czh;r;rpfisj; Ja;j;J capuhdJ bgUk; cz;ikj; bjspt[/
mwpt[/ my;yJ "hdk; vdg;gLk; rPtdpd; gpwg;gpw;Fk;
8
,wg;gpw;Fk; ,ilna eilbgw;w bjhlh;gaznk
thH;f;ifahFk;.
thH;f;if
thH;f;if vd;gJ \d;W mikg;gpny bray;gLfpwJ. ,aw;if/
rKjhak;/ ,d;g Jd;g';fs;. ,k;\d;Wk; kdpjd; thH;f;ifia
eph;zapf;fpd;wd. Mfnt/ ,k;\d;W gFjpfisa[k; bjspthf
Muha;e;J mwptpny KGik bgw;W thH;tnj "hd thH;t[.
bjspe;j ePhpny ePhpd; MHj;jpny ,Uf;fpd;w fw;fis fhz;gJ
nghy btspr;rj;jpny bghUs;fisf; fhz;gJ nghy xU
tpahhpahdtDf;F jd;Dila bghUs; tpw;gid
tpiyeph;zak; bra;tJ vspJ. fhuzk; bfhs;Kjy; tpiy
bjhpe;jtd; tpw]gid tpiy vspjhf eph;zak; bra;thd;.
mijg;nghynt Mirapdhy; FLk;gKk;/ vd;d';fshy;
clYk;/ mwbewpahy; rKjhaKk;/ jj;Jt "hd tpsf;fj;jhy;
"hdKk; rkhjhd thH;t[k; ek;ik Mf;ft[k;/ fhf;ft[k;
cjt[fpd;wd. Mfnt ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; ve;j mst[
"hdk; ,lk;bgWfpwnjh me;j mstpny ekf;Fr; rpwg;ghd
thH;t[ ,d;g[w;W thH;fpd;w epiy/ MH;e;j mikjp fpilf;Fk;.
Md]k "hdk; vd;gJ Rlh;tpl;L gpufhrpf;Fk; tpsf;F/ ,uz;l
thH;f;iff;F tHpfhl;o. Mfnt xt;bthUtUk; Md;k "hdk;
bgw Kayntz;Lk;. ,ayhjth;fs; "hdpfs; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp
elf;f ntz;Lk;. mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk; Mjpgftd;
Kjw;nw cyF. vd;w ts;Sth; Fwspd;go cyfj;J caph;fs;
Kjy; ,e;j cyfk; njhd;Wtjw;F \yfh;j;jh gftd; m vd;w
xypahy; njhd;wpd. Mfnt mJnt Kjy; xypahd m
9
vd;gjhFk;. gpuhzpfs; Kjy; kdpjd; ,ae;jpuk; tiu
thiaj;jpwf;fpd;w Jl';Ffpd;w xyp m vd;gjhFk;. Mfnt
jhd; ts;Stg;bgUkhd; nkw;fz;l Fwspd; \yk; m fuj;ij
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;j cyfj;jpy; cs;s caph;fs;
vy;yhnk mwpt[ rPtd;fshf cs;sd. Mdhy; kdpjd; vd;w
rPtDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. ,e;j rpwg;gwptpd; \yk;
bjspe;j epiybgw;w bjspe;njhnu "hdpfs; vd
miHf;fg;gLth;. Jhprw;w J}a mwpt[ tothd ,aw;ifapd;
ey;y rf;jpfis epidj;J czh;e;J bjspt[ milahtpl;lhy;
xUtd; vj;jid fw;wpUe;Jk; gad; ,y;iy. cyfpnyna
kpfg;bghpa fy;tp xd;w cz;L vd;why; mJnt "hdf; fy;tp.
"hdnk flt[s;. Md;k"hdk; mile;njhnu flt[s; Mthh;.
,aw;ifapy; ciufpd;w nguhw;wiyna ,iwtd; vd
miHf;fpwhh;fs;. mfnt ,aw;ifna ,iwtd.; mtd;
ghj';fis tz';Ftnj rpwg;gpwt[ MFk;. mJnt
"hdkhh;f;fj;jpd; jpwt[nfhy; vd;gij kwthjPh;fs;.
kdpj mwpt[
7 tifgpwg;g[/ 4 tifj;njhw;wk;/ 84 yl;rk; $Ptuhrpfs;
midj;Jnk Md;khf;fs; Tl;lk;jhd;. Mdhy; ,tw;wpy;
kdpjDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. mijj;jhd; MwhtJ
mwpt[ vd;W Md;nwhh;fs; TWfpd;wdh;. kdpjdhy; kl;Lnk
jhd; ahh;> vd;W mwpa[k; rpwg;ghw;wy; ,Ug;gjhy; kdpjd;
kdpjdhfp/ g[dpjdhfp/ gpd; flt[s; Mfpd;w nguhw;wiyg;
bgwKofpwJ. mjdhy; kdpjd; kpfr;rpwe;jtdhfg; nghw;wg;
gLfpwhd;. fhuzfhhpa';fisf; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj
10
mwpt[f;F cz;L. mjdhny jhd; cly; ,af;fk; vd;w
fhhpaj;jpw;F g[yd; ,af;fk; fhuzk;/ g[yd; ,af;fj;jpw;F
fhuzk; vz;zk;/ ,g;go xt;bthd;iwa[k; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy;
kdpj Md;kht[f;F cz;L. mjdhy;jhd; g[yd;fs; Ie;ija[k;
fle;J mjw;F nky; brd;W xt;bthU epfH;r;rpf;Fk;/
njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; vd;d> fhhpak; vJ> vd;W fz;L
gpof;Fk; Mw;wy; Md;khtpw;F cz;L. g[yd;fs; fl;Lg;ghL
eP';fpa Md;kh J}a Md;khthf khWfpwJ. me;j J}a
Md;khthy;jhd; gpw caph;fs; bgWfpd;w Jd;g';ifs/
,d;g';fis/ mtw;wpd; czh;r;rpfspd; mst[fis fdpj;J
,u';fp cjt[k; fUiza[s;sk; bgWfpwJ. kdpjdpd; cly;
fUtpfSf;Fj; njitahd Jizahf gytpjkhf Ma[j';fs;/
,ae;jpu';fs; fz;L gpoj;J/ bra;J/ gad;gLj;jt[k; jFjp
bgw;wJk; kdpj Md;khjhd;.
jd; ,dk; njhd;wp tHptHpahf gl;l mDgt';fspd;
gpujpgypg;ghf kdpj thH;f;ifia tskhf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ,nj
kdpj Md;khtpw;F cz;L. gynfho caphpd';fs; thGfpd;w
,e;j g{kpna cyfk;. ,e;j cyfj;ijg; nghd;W vj;jidnah
cyfk; vj;jidnah nfhl;fs; mz;l nguz;l';fs; bfhz;l
gpug";rkhf cs;sJ. ,e;jg; gpug";rj;jpy; kdpjd; vd;gtd; rpW
mq nghd;wtd; jhd;. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpy; kdpj Md;kh
mqnghd;wJ. ,Ue;jhYk; kdpj Md;khjhd; ,e;j
gpug";rj;ij mspf;fpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; xg;gw;w
rf;jpfis fz;Lgpof;fpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd;
mirt[fisf; Tl fzf;fpl;Lf; Tw KofpwJ. nfhl;fspd;
11
njhw;w';fisa[k;/ mjd; r";rhuj;ija[k;/ el;rj;jpuf;
Tl;l';fisa[k; bray;ghLfisa[k; fzf;fpl KofpwJ vd;why;
nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpw;F mjd; ,af;fj;jpd; Mw;wy;fis
vy;yhk; kdpj Md;kh fzf;fpLfpd;w Mw;wiyg; bgw;Ws;sJ
vd;why; ,e;j kdpj Md;khtpw;F nghpaf;f kz;lyj;ijg;
nghd;w khbgUk; Mw;wy; cs;sJ vd;gJ mwpa KofpwJ. me;j
Mw;wy; ,y;iybad;why; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfs; mwpa
KoahJ.
kdpj Md;kh kfj;jhd rf;jp bgw;wJ. rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. mjdhy;
jhd; nfhl;fspy; eilbgWk; ,af;f';fisa[k;/ mjpy; fhqk;
njhw;Wfis/ Fz';fis/ fz;lwpe;J rpwg;gspj;J Md;kh
thH;fpwJ. mjd; rpwg;ig kdpj Md;kh kl;Lnk czh;fpwJ.
mjdhy; jhd; kdpj Md;kh ,aw;ifg; gpu";rj;ij czh;e;J
nghw;wp tHpgl;L mjpy; fyf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. kdpjd; xUtnd
,e;j ,aw;ifapd; nguhw;wy; cz;ikia czh;e;jhd;.
Md;khtpd; tsh;r;rp mwptpny ghpzhkj;jpny kdpj mwpnt
Kothd cr;rkhd Koitj;jUfpwJ. kdpj mwptnyjhd;
nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis mwpaKofpwJ. nghpaf;f
kz;lyj;jpd; Kot[fs; Tl kdpj mwptpny r';fkkhfpwJ.
mj;jifa mwpt[ clw;TW/ bgw;wtd; kdpjd;. mtd; jd;
Md;khit czh;fpd;w J}a ntuwpnt "hdk;. Md;kh jdJ
jPa gjpt[fis ePf;fpg; guk;bghUis czh;e;J kPz;Lk; gpwthj
bkhHp czh;e;j fiunawnt cliy fl;of; bfhz;lJ.
mijf; fhj;Jk; tUfpwJ. g[yd;fshy; rpf;fpj; jtpj;J fl;Lz;L
khia vd;fpw tpy';fpd; thapy; mfg;gl;L mwpt[ bjspt[ mw;w
12
epiyapYk; mJnt jd;Dila gw;wpdhy; bjspe;j mwpt[ bgw;W
bjspe;j epiyapYk; brayhw;Wfpd;wJ. kdpj cliy
czh;r;rp vd;w bray;ghL bghpJk; Koj;Jf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
kdpj clypy; ,uj;jk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ mjdjd; ghijfspy;
rPuhf bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. clypYs;s mqf;fs; Tl;lj;jpw;F
mJnt Mbuhf;fpaj;ijf; bfhLf;fpwJ. ,it rPuhf/
Kiwahf/ bray;glhky; ,uj;jnkh/ fhw;nwh/ btg;gnkh/
khWgl;L bray;gLkhdhy; ve;j ,lj;jpy; khWghlhfr;
bray;gLfpwnjh me;j ,lj;jpy; cs;s mqf;Tl;lk; eypt[Wk;.
mg;nghJ $Ptrf;jpahd capUf;Fj; Jd;gk; vd;fpw
czh;itj;jUk;. ,j;jifa Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl VjhtJ
xU tHpiaj;njLfpwJ. mJ xU brayhfnth bghUshfnth
NH;epiyahfnth ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;jj; njlny/ ehl;lhfpwJ/
Kaw;rpahfpwJ/ gpd;g[ brayhf;fk;. ,e;j njlypd;
bjhlh;gazk; Jd;g czh;thft[k;/ njita[zh;thft[k;/
Kaw;rpaht[k; brayhft[k;/ ,d;gJd;g tpist[fisha[k;/
bjspthft[k; Kothft[k; tphpe;J bray;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf
clnyhL bfhz;l bjhlh;ghy; capUf;F Vw;gLk;
mDgt';fspd; bjhFg;ghf kdk; vd;w Nl;Rkf;fUtp
bray;gL:fpwJ.
kdk;
kdjpy; cjak; MFk; xU bray;ghl;il vz;zk; vd;W
TWfpnwhk;. vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpd; xU rf;jp MFk;.
btl;lbtsp btspa[yfpy; g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w
fth;e;jpGf;Fk; <h;g;g[r; rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; me;j <h;g;g[r;
13
rf;jpia vjphpilahf tpyf;fpj;js;Sk; tpfh;#z rf;jp
,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk;
xUtif rf;jpahFk;. ,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w Mw;wy;
ml';fpa[s;sd. ,aw;ifahd ,e;j ,aw;iff; fs";rpaj;
jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w fUtpahdJ rpwpjst[ fpufpj;J vLj;Jf;
bfhs;fpwJ. mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j me;j rf;jpia kdk;
jd;Dilajhf jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. gpwF
me;jr; rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna brYj;JfpwJ.
,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd; \yKk;/ Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd;
\yKk;/ cztpd; \yk; cly; ,af;fk; eilbgWtJnghy/
,Jnghynt mnj cztpd; \yk; Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk;
cz;L gz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJ ehk;
vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy; btspna Js;SfpwJ.
Mfnt kdk; vd;W brhy;yg;gLtJ mwpt[s;sjy;y vd;gij
mwpfpnwhk;. Mdhy; mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy; njhd;WfpwJ.
mt;tpjk; mJ njhd;Wthjw;F vd;d fhuzk;> vd;why;
mwpt[s;s Md;kh mjd; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy;
Md;kh xd;nw xd;W kl;Lk;jhd; mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ.
kdk; vd;gJ btspa[yfj;ij Md;kh gw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;
fUtpahf kl;Lnk ,Uf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf ,e;jg g[j;jfj;ij
vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;. g[wj;jpy; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jg;bghUis cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J
bfhs;tjpy;iy. mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj ,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ
kdijr;brd;W jhf;fp xU J}z;Ljiy mjhtJ miyfs;
cz;L gz;qfpd;wd. ,e;j J}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk;
14
tifapy; kdk; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;ijg; bghUs;gLj;JfpwJ.
,t;tpjkhf jz;zPhpy; miyfs; cz;lhtijg;nghy kdjpy;
vz;z miyfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpdw cyfk;
kdjpy; miyfs; njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
g[fj;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh ahidapd; cUtnkh kdpjdpd;
cUtnkh btsp cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. mjhtJ mtw;iwg;gw;wp
btspapypUe;J tUk; J}z;LjYf;Fg; gjpyhf ekJ kdjpy;
Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; gw;wp kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;.
g[wj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ kdjpy; tprj;jpia cz;Lgz;qtjw;F
fhuzkhf kl;Lnk mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j cz;ikia
tpsf;Ftjw;F xU Kj;Jr;rpg;gpia cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf;
bfhs;nthk;. Kj;J vg;go cz;lhfpwJ vd;gJ vy;nyhUf;Fk;
bjhpe;jnj. g[wj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpahf xU fpUkp
Kj;Jr;rpg;gpapd; Xl;Lf;Fs; g[Fe;J mij cWj;JfpwJ.
mjhtJ rpg;gpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; g{r;rpia mJ jpdt[f;F
cl;gLj;JfpwJ.
,e;j bjhe;jutpypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf rpg;gp kpDkpDg;ghf
xUtpj jpuhtfj;ij mjhtJ vdhky; tifia ff;fp
btspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gpwF rpg;gp jdf;F cgj;jputk; tpistpj;j
fpUkpia Rw;wpYk; me;j vdhky; giriag; g{rpf;fpUkpia \o
kiwj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Kj;J cz;lhfpwJ. ekJ
mDgtj;jpy; Kj;J cz;lhtjw;F xl;Lz;zp fpUkp fhuzkhf
,Ug;gJnghy btspcyfk; ekJ mDgtj;jpw;F mog;gilf;
fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. rpg;gpf;Fs; fpUkp g[FtJ nghy;
Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf g[Fe;J gpug";rk; ekf;Fg; g[yg;gLfpwJ.
15
rpg;gp vdhky; giria btspg;gLj;JtJ nghy ,e;j gpug";r
braiy ehk; mwpfpnwhk;. ,t;tpjk; kdjpy; eilbgWk;
braiy rhjhuz kdpjd; xUnghJk; mwpe;J bfhs;skhl;lhd;.
Vbddpy; mt;tpjk; mtd; bjhpe;J bfhs;s Kaw;rp bra;a[k;
mnjrkaj;jpy; jd; vdhky; giria btspna mDg;g[fpwhd;.
gpwF jd;Dila me;j vdhky; g{r;irna ghh;f;fpwhd;. Mfnt
kdk; cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj; jtpu ntW vija[k;
kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s ,aYtjpy;iy. cz;ikahd
Md;kh kdjpw;F gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; ifapy; cs;s
fUtpahf kdk; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd kdpjdhfpa eP
(Md;kh) epw;Fk;nghJjhd; kdk; mwpt[ila jhfpwJ.
mg;nghJjhd; kdJf;F mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; jpwika[z;lhfpwJ.
Md;kh kdijf; iftpl;LtpLk;nghJ mJ J}s;Jshfr;
rpjwpg;ngha; xd;Wnk ,y;yhky; btWik mile;J tpLfpwJ.
,g;nghJ kdk; vd;d> vd;gijg; g[hpe;J bfhz;Oh;fs;. rpj;jk;/
kdk;/ vy;yhk; xU ,Ug;gplkhFk;. mjpy; vGfpd;w miyfSk;/
RHpfSnk tpUj;jp vd;w bgah;. ,e;j tpUj;jpapd; \ynk
ek;khy; mwpag;gLk; ekJ gpug";rkhf tps';FfpwJ. Md;kh/
kdk; vd;w epiyapy; tpUj;jp vd;wfpw miyfshYk;/
RHpfshYk;/ ,d;g';fisa[k; Jd;g';fisa[k; mDgtpj;J
mjpnyna MH;e;j yapj;J jdJ gpwtp nehf;fj;ij kwe;J kha
cyfpy; thGk;nghJ mof;fo czh;r;rp trg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa czh;r;rptrg;gLk; Md;khtpd; epiyjhd; nguhir/
rpdk;/ gw;W/ ghy;fth;r;rp/ cah;t[ jhH;t[/ t";rk;nghd;w
mWtif Fz';fisg; bgWfpd;wd. Md;kh ,g;gog;gl;l
16
Fz';fspd; vGfpd;w vGr;rpapd; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk;/ kPz;Lk;
gHpr;bray;fs; bra;J/ jdf;Fk;/ gpwh;f;Fk; Jd;gj;ij
cz;lhf;fpwJ. Mfnt gpu";r khiaapy; Md;kh cHd;W
jtpg;gij jtph;j;J khia kaf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl
cz;lhf;fpa rpj;jh;fs; gapw;rpna nahfh vd;gjhFk;.
nahfk;
nahfj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhf gad;gLk; fUtpna kdkhFk;. ,e;j
kdkhdJ J}a;ikahf ,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ kdk; kdR/ kUtw;w
J}a;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ/ bjspe;j ePhpy; ePhpd;
mokl;lj;ijf; fhz;gJnghy/ bjspe;j kdj;jhy; cz;ikg;
bghUl;fisf; fhz Koa[k;. me;j kdj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jk;
bewpna nahfk;. kdkhdJ mwpthfp/ Md;k czh;itg; bgw;W
tpHpg;gpy; jd; \yk; eho xL';Fk;nghJ jd;id
bka;bghUshfnt czh;e;J bfhs;fpd;w ,e;j KGik
ngw;wpid miltjw;Fj; njit nahfk;; vd;w clw;gapw;rpna
MFk;.
gpug";rk;
mqf;fs; njhd;wp mqf;fspd; ,izg;g[ ,af;f';fshy;
mz;l nguz;lkhfp gpug";rkhfp cyfhfp caph;fs; gyt[khfp/
vj;jidnah nfho rPtuhrpfspy; ehDk; xUtd; vd;fpw bjspt[
bgWtnj "hdkhFk;. Koitg; gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L nghdhy;
bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. bjhlf;fj;ijg; gpoj;jhy; Koita[k;
mwpayhk;. Mf gpwg;gpd; bjhlf;fj;ija[k; Koita[k; mwptnj
"hdk;. ,ijnajhd; mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/
17
kfj;jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk;
,z';fpanjhh; mUju';f khd Nl;rk;
Vfhe;j Nl;fbkd;w fijiaf; nfS
Fz';Ftpa Mjp me;jf; Fwpia ed;wha;
- brs rh 113.
nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; Mjp me;jk; bjhptJjhd; "hdk;
vd;gij mwpayhk;. btl;lbtspjhd; cz;ikahd
bka;g;bghUs;. mg;bghUspny ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W
czh;e;J btl;l btspapny njhd;wpa caphpd';fs;
mj;jida[k; vd; cld; gpw;e;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[
gpwe;J ve;j caphpd';fSf;Fk; Jd;gk; mspf;ff;TlhJ/
Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; kPJ fUiz fhl;o ,d;gj;Jld; thGk;
thH;f;ifjhd; tPLngW MFk;. ,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd;
Md;khthFk;. btl;lbtsp/ bgUbtspahfpa
bka;g;bghUisna thdk; vd;Wk;/ thd; vd;Wk; TWth;. tPL
ngW bgw;wth;fis thd; mth/; thdth; vd;W TWth;. njth;
vd;Wk; TWth;. jhd; mth; jd;id mtuhff; fz;l
fhuzj;jhy; jhdth;/ jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;. jdJ gue;j
mwpthy; vg;bghGJk; btl;l btsp bka;bghUs; ,izj;J
rjhfhyk; epyt[k; braYkhf ,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf;F mth;fspd;
cs;sj;jpd; epiy Rth;f;fk;/ Rth; mfk;. Rth; vd;why;
nghpd;gk;. fLe;jtj;jpd; \yk; Md;khthdJ jd;dpiy
tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ. mg;go tpsf;fk; bgWfpd;w J}a
epiyiaj;jhd; "hdk; vd;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j KGik ngw;iwna
18
rhd;nwhh;fs; tPLngW vd;Wk; TWfpd;wdh;. tPL vd;why; ,lk;
my;yJ Mjhuk; vd;W bgah;. fhuzk; ,y;yhky; fhhpak;
Kog;gjpy;iy. Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; Mnjak; gpwg;gjpy;iy. ve;j
njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; xU Mjhuk; ,Ue;njahfntz;Lk;. mJnghy;
Md;khtpw;Fk; Xh; ,lk; ,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;. mjw;F Mjhuk;
(vJ) ,lk; Mf cs;sJ vd Muha;e;jhy; Kothf ekf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;yhj xU bghUns
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mjhukhft[k;/ ,lkhft[k; ,Ug;gJ
czug;bgWk;. cjhuzkhf nfhapy;nky; fyrk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
fyrj;jpw;F nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/ nfhg[uj;jpw;F
g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ. g{kpf;F btl;lbtsp ,lkhf cs;sJ.
btl;lbtspf;F Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iy. mjd;
moKoiaf; fhzKoahJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt mfj;jpaUk;/
ghug;gh moKoa[e; njog;nghd
gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud;W
neug;gh ntj Kiuj;jpl;l bra;jp
ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj;jpl;l bra;jp
brsrh -118
btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt jpUkhy;
gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J rptd; ghjj;ijf; fhzr; brd;whh;
vdt[k;/ jpUkhy; md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz
nkny brd;whh; vdt[k;/ fij \yk; brhd;dhh;fs;. btl;lbtsp
vd;why; mjw;bfd;W Mjhuk; ,y;iy. Mfnt mJ KjyhfpwJ.
mjpypUe;Jjhd; njhw;wg;bghUs; njhd;wpap Uf;fntz;Lk;.
19
vdnt btl;l btspna MjpahdJ. mjw;F ntW Mjhuk;
,y;yhjjhy; mJnt mehjpahdJ. btl;lbtsp vd;fpw tPl;od;
,af;f rf;jpahy; mqnjhd;wp/ mfk; vd;why; cs;sk; vd;gJ
nghpd;g cs;sj;ijg; bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf thrpfs;
vd;gjhFk;.
btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; vd;gjw;F bka;g;bghUs;
fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F/
fw;g';fs; VJf;fo>
fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F tPzhir
VJf;fo>
epj;jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F Kj;jpiu
VJf;fo>
je;jpukhd jye;jd;dpy; epw; nghh;f;F ke;jpuk; VJf;fo>
Kj;jkpH; fw;W Ka';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F rj;j';fs;
VJf;fo>
cr;rpf;F nky; brd;W cah;btsp fhz;nghh;f;F
,r;rpg;gp';F VJf;fo>
ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f;F nkhfhe;jk;
VJf;fo>
rhfhky; jhz;g[ jdptHp nghnthh;f;F Vfhe;jk; VJf;fo>
Mde;jk; bgh';fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F J}de;jhd;
VJf;fo>
20
rj;jpf; Tlj;ij jpdk; jpdk; fhz;nghh;f;F gj;jpuk;
VJf;fo>
jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; nrh;e;njhh;f;Fg; gpd;dhir
VJf;fo>
brj;jhiug; nghh;j; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F ifj;jhsk;
VJf;fo>
- Fjk;igr;rpj;jh;
gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j "hdpfSf;F vJt[nk
njitapy;iy vd;gij tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l
ghly; \yk; TWtijf; fhzyhk;.
kdpjd;
kD jd;trkhf ,Ue;J Ml;og; gilj;jjhy; kdpjd; (kdJ
jd;) vd;W bgah; te;jJ. mnjnghy; ehd; vd;w Mtzk;
nknyh';fp ,Ue;jtid eu mfk; bfhz;ljhy; eud; vd;Wk;
bgah; cz;lhapw;W. ,d;bdhd;W eufk; vd;W Vd;> bgah;
cz;lhapw;W vd;why;/ ehd;/ vdJ/ vd; kf;fs;/ vd;bghUs;/ vd;
M!;jp/ vd;W FWfpa tl;lj;jpw;Fs; rpf;Fz;L mtDila
mwpthdJ bray;gLk;nghJ fhkk;/ Fnuhjk;/ nfhgk;/ nkhfk;/
kjk;/ khr;rh;ak;/ lk;gk;/ <h;ij nghd;w jPa Fz';fspdhy;
cz;lhFk; mwpthy; mjd; tpistha; gy;ntW Jd;g';fSf;F
Mshf nehpLk;. ,ijna eufk; vd;gJ (eu mfk;)/ jPikahd
mfj;jhy; (jPik mfk;) vGk; bjhiyfisna eufk; vd;W
Twpdhh;. vdntjhd; Md;k "hdk; milantz;Lk; vd;W
typa[Wj;jpdh;. Md;khthdJ "hdk; bgw;whh; mwpit
21
jd;kakhf itj;Jf; bfhz;L Kiwaht[k;/ rpwg;ghft[k;
thHyhk;. vdnt Md;k"hdk; kl;Lnk thH;tpw;F cah;t[k;/
,d;gKk; mspf;Fk;. Mj;k"hdk; vd;whny kdpjid
mjw;Fj;jFjpahf;Fk; rpwg;gwpt[ vd;gJ bghUs;. rpwg;gwpt[
vd;d vd;fpw tpsf;fj;ijg; bgWtnj "hdk; MFk;. "hdpahf
ntz;Lk;/ "hdk; bgwntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf thH;f;ifia/
thH;f;ifj; Jizia mh;g;gzk; bra;aj;njitapy;iy.
,d;iwa kdpjd; thH;f;ifna ,ae;jpukak;/ ,d;iwa cyfk;
tp";"hd cyfk;/ njitfs; kpFe;J ,ae;jpurhjd';fs;
El;gkhd fUtpfs;/ thH;f;iff;F njitahd bghUl;fspd;
mjpfhpg;g[/ ,it kpFe;J bfhz;nl nghfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l
,f;fhyj;jpy; vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgw Koa[kh> vd;gJ vy;nyhh;
kdjpYk; vGfpd;w kiyg;ghd nfs;tp> kiyg;g[j; njit
,y;iy. vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgwKoa[k;. j';fs;/ j';fspd;
flikfis flika[zh;nthL bra;J/ kfpH;nthL
,y;ywj;ija[k; brk;ikahf elj;jp ed;kf;fisg; bgw;W
xGf;fj;jpYk;/ mwj;jpYk;/ rpwe;jth;fshf gapw;Wtpj;J mjd;
\yk; FLk;gk;/ Ch;/ ehL/ cyfk; vd;w mstpy; mikjpa[k;/
,d;gkhf thHyhk;.
Jwt[ epiy
,g;gog;gl;l J}a;ikahd thH;f;ifahy; mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgw;W
mwptpny KGik bgw;wgpd; mjd; \yk; Md;kh cyFf;F
eyk;g[hpa Mh;tk; bfhz;L jd;id kdpj Fyed;ikf;nf
Mh;gzpj;Jf;bfhz;L ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L/ bghUs; njLjy;/
fhg;ghw;Wjy; vd;fpw mwpit cjhpj;js;sp mwpit/ jdJ
22
cliy mwtHpapy; bjhz;Lf;nf gad;gLj;jp jd;Dila
grpf;F gpwh; bfhLj;J thH;fpd;w thH;f;ifna Jwt[
thH;f;ifahFk;. rpwe;j Kiwapy; jd;Dila Mw;wiy
gad;gLj;jp nrit bra;a tha;g;g[k;/ njita[k; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
me;jj; Jwtwnk kpfr;rpwe;jjhFk;. Md;kh vd;gJ gukhj;jypd;
Mw;wy;. mwpt[ vd;gJ Md;khtpd; ,af;fr; rpwg;g[. $Pt
Md;khnth jd; epiy kwe;J $k;g[yd;fspy; bray;fSf;F
Ml;gl;L/ g[yd;fspd; fth;r;rpapy; rpf;fp ka';Ffpd;w kaf;f
epiyna khia vdg;gLtJ. jd;Dila jttypikahy;
g[yd;fth;r;rpapy; ,Ue;J kPl;L/ khia tpl;L tpyfp mwpit
Md;khtpy; yapf;fr; bra;J mnjhL xd;nwhL xd;W gpize;J
yakhfpd;w epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wnghJjhd/; me;j epiya[k;
gpwHhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghJjhd;/ "hdk; vd;fpw tpHpg;g[ epiyapy;
Md;kh vd;gJ ,af;f Mw;wyhft[k;/ cly; Md;khtpw;F
fUtpahft[k; ,Uf;fpd;w epiy czug;gLk;.
clYf;F Md;kh moikahfhky; Md;kht[f;F cliy
fUtpahff;bfhs;Sk; bjspe;j mwpt[ epiyna cz;ikahd
Jwt[ MFk;. Md;khthdJ bjspe;j mwptpny KGik bgw;w
gpd; ,y;ywj;jpypUe;nj Jwt[ epiyapy; thHyhk;. ,d;W gyngh;
,y;ywf; flikfs; kwe;J/ mwk; gpwH;e;J/ nrhk;gy; nguhir
,tw;nwhL gpwh; bghUs; kPJ caph;thH;tJ Jwtwk; vd
fUJfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa ,Hpe;j thH:itj; Jwtwk; vd;W
jtwhff; Twp ek;gp jhk; VkhWtnjhL gpwiua[k; Vkhw;wpa[k;
cyt[fpd;w fhl;rpiaf; fhqfpnwhk;. Jwtpfs; vd;W
btspnawpath;fspy; bgUk;ghyh dth;fs; mwptpd; epiwt[
23
bgw;W Jwtwk; vd;why; vd;d> vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;fpw
,yf;fzk; bjhpe;jth;fs; Jwt[ thH;f;iff;F tutpy;iy.
mwpahik/ VH;ik/ ntiyapd;ik/ neha;/ nrhk;ngwpj;jdk;/
nguhir/ btWg;g[ FLk;gr; rz;il/ ,tw;why; ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L
flik kwe;J btspnawpath;fns mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
NH;epiyf; ifjpfshfp btspnawp Jwt[ Vw;wth;fSk; cz;L.
,th;fspy; Vnjh xU rpynu efhpy; FUehjd; fpilf;fg;bgw;W
bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L "hd ngW bgww;th;fs./ kw;w bgUk;ghnyh
thH;t[ ghHhfp Jd;g[w;W koe;jhh;fs;/ koe;J bfhz;L
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
Md;kbjspt[
Md;kh mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk;/ jtk; vd;fpw
Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;. jtg;gapw;rp/ jj;Jt';fspd;
tpsf;f';fis mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs;
kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k;/ tpsf;fpf; Tw Koa[k;/
"hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;. v';nfnah btl;lbtspapy;
njhd;wpa guhkhj;khtpy; njhd;wpaJkhd $Pthj;kh/
gukhj;khtpw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy. mijna ts;syhh;/
jha; tapw;wpy; gpwthJ jhnd Kisj;jikf;F
bjz;ldpl;nld; vd;W brhy;yo
vd;w ghly; \yk; mwpayhk;. $Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;.
gukhj;khtpw;F $Pthj;khtpw;F vd;d Mw;wy; cz;nlh mnj
Mw;wy; $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. gukhj;kh Xh; ,aw;if.
mnjnghy gukhj;khtpy; njhd;wpa $Pthj;kht[k; ,aw;ifapd;
24
TW. gukhj;khtpy; msg;gwpa Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mnjnghy $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. ,e;j $Pthj;khtpd; mg{h;t
rf;jpia gad;gLj;Jtnj/ Mj;k "hdk; MFk;. ,ij
mwpahky; ,f thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ
Md;khit gy Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;/
cz;lhf;Ffpnwhk;. mjdhy; jhd; Md;khit Jd;g[Wj;jy;
TlhJ. Md;kneak; ntz;Lk; vd;W rhd;nwhh;fs;
typa[Wj;Jfpd;wdh;. Md;khit tijf;;f TlhJ/ Md;kh gy
Jd;g';fSf;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;/ cz;lhf;Ffpnwhk;.
mjdhy;jhd; Md;khitj; Jd;g[Wj;jf;TlhJ Md;kneak;
ntz;Lbkd;W rhd;nwhh;fs; typa[Wj;J fpd;wdh;. Md;khit
tijf;fTlhJ/ Md;kh gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ. mJ
vg;go vd;why;> flt[isj;njo mila Kad;Wk; mtdhy;
flt[isf; fhz Koahj epiy.
thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw. bra;fpd;w bray;fspd;
tpist[fisg; gw;wp mwpahik/ mwpe;Jk; myl;rpak; bra;fpd;w
epiy/ mtkjpj;J mjdhy; Jd;gk; mDgtpf;Fk;
epiy.Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky;/ gpwh; kPJ mr;rKk; gif/
Jd;g[Wj;jy;/ nghd;wtw;why; my;yYWk; epiy/ fhkk;/ nkhfk;/
kjk;/ khrpfh;ak;/ lk;gk;/ <h;ir nghd;witfs;. nkw;fz;l
Fiwfs; xd;nwhblhd;W ,ize;J thH;f;if gytpj
rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshfp mtw;iw yFthfj; jPh;f;f Koahky;
jtph;j;J jhd; Jd;g[w;W/ gpwiuj; Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k; thH;fpwhd;.
,g;gog;gl;l rpf;fyhd ,f;fl;lhd NH;epiy tUfpwnghJ
kdpjd; bjhpe;njh/ bjhpahknyh ,e;j ,f;fl;oypUe;J
25
tpLjiy bgwntz;Lk; vd Kay;fpwhd;. xt;bthU
$Pthj;khtplKk; Fiw eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w
Mh;tk; jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjd; tpist[ rpe;jid
Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ/ rpe;jpf;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rp bra;fpwhd;/
Kaw;rpapd; tpist[ bray;fspy; ,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k;
bra;fpwhd;. mtd; braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf; fhz;fpwhd;.
kdpjdpd; beLe;J}ug; gazj;jpy; gurpe;jid thjpfs;/
rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;/ ty;Ydh;fs;/ rpj;jh; bgUkf;fs;
nghd;nwhh;fs; gy E}y;fs; vGjpa[k;/ nghjidfs; Twpa[k;
kdpjd; FiwghLfis KGikahf ePf;f Koatpy;iy/
fhuzk; kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpw r';fhpg; gpizg;gpy; thH;e;J
bfhz;oUf;fpd;whd;.
,Ug;gpd; FiwghLfs; vy;yhhplKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd fhuzk;
mtdpd; njit/ gHf;fk;/ mwptpd; tsh;r;rp/ re;jh;g;g
NH;epiyfs; ,tidf;Fiw cs;stdhf Mf;FfpwJ.
,tw;wpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j rpyh;kl;Lk; rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs;. fhuz/
fhhpa';fis gFj;J czUfpwhh;fs;. mjdhy; jd; mstpy;
gapw;rp bgw;W jd;Dila Fiwia ePf;fpf; bfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
,tw;iw czh;e;njhuhy; czh;j;jg;bgWfpwhh;fs; gyh;. ,g;go
gyh; czh;e;Jk; cgnjrk; bgw;whYk; mth;fspy; gyngh;
jh';fs; bgw;w tpsf;f';fSf;F Vw;g gHf;fj;ij
khw;wpf;bfhs;Sk; mst[ Jzpt[ bgWtjpy;iy. ,g;go rpy
gHf;fj;jpw;F Md;khit kdpjd; moikahf;Ffpwhd;.
xt;bthU kdpjDk; xd;iw kwe;JtpLfpwhd;. xt;bthU
braYk; Md;khtpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mfnt ehk;
26
gHpr;brhy;/ ,Hpthd bray;/ nghd;w gjpt[fis Rj;jg;gLj;jp
J}a;ikahf;fp guk;bghUnshL ,uz;lwf; fyf;fnt ek; cly;
xU fUtpahfr; bray;gLfpwJ vd;gij kwe;J cz;ikfis
czuhky; ,fthH;t[ khiaapy; cHd;W bfhz;L
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. Md;kh mwpt[ Kjph;e;J rpe;jidapy; jhd;
bjspt[ bgWk;nghJ bjspe;jth; Rl;of;fhl;o czh;j;Jk; nghJ
mwpt[ tpHpg;g[ epiy milfpwJ. mijna ts;syhh; grpj;jpU/
jdpj;jpU/ tpHpj;jpU vd;W TWfpwhh;.
grpj;jpU/ jdpj;jpU/ tpHpj;jpU
grpj;jpU vd;why; vg;bghGJk; "hdg;grpnahL ,U vd;gjhFk;.
jdpj;jpU vd;gJ khiaapy; g[yd;fis brYj;jhky; jdpj;jpU
vd;gjhFk;;. tpHpj;jpU vd;gJ Md;kh khRglhky; tpHpg;nghL
,Ug;gJ vd;gjhFk;. ,iwtidf; fhzntz;Lk; vd;w
Mh;tj;jpy; jd; mwptpd; tpsf;fj;jhy; Fiwiag;nghf;fpf;
bfhz;lth;fs; rpyh;. mg;gog;gl;l FUkhh;fshy;/
nghjidfshy; gad; bgw;wth;fs; gyh;. mg;go gad;bgw;w
kdpjh;fs; jh';fs; FUkhh;f;fSf;F mspj;j kjpg;iga[k;
khpahijiaa[k; fz;L jhKk; FUehjh; Mfntz;Lbkd;W xU
rpyh; "hdpfisg; nghd;W/ Jwtpfisg; gyh; ntlkpl;L
eof;fpwhh;fs;. kf;fis kaf;fp/ bghUisa[k; Ruz;o
thHKw;gl;lhh;fs;. ,jdhy; J}a;ikahd bka; "hd
tpsf;fj;jpw;F xust[ fs';fk; Vw;gl;lJ. vg;go ,Ug;gpDk; ,jd;
cz;ikfis mwpe;jth;fs; Kaw;rp ,g;gog;gl;l jPa;ikfis
btd;W btw;wpaile;j bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.
• ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk; vd;fpw thH;t[ epiy.
27
• ,aw;if tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ CH;tpid/ ,iwepiy.
• rKjha mikg;g[ ePjp/ mwbewp.
• murh';fk;.
nkw;fz;l epiyfspy; kdpj Md;khthdJ gl;L bjsptila[k;
bjspt[jhd; thH;it ca;tpf;fty;yJ. Jd;g';fis fise;J
,d;gj;ijf; fhf;f ty;yJ. nkw;fz;l Jiwfspy; btw;wp
fhznt rhd;nwhh;fs; ey;y E}y;fis vGjp rpwg;ghf thHtHp
tiffisr; Twpr; brd;whh;fs;. mtw;wpy; fij thapyhff;
TWfpd;w E}y;fs; gftj;fPij nghd;wJ/ fw;gidahff;TWk;
fijfs; rpy ,uhkhazk; nghd;w fhtpa';fs;. ,j;jifa
E}y;fis gog;gjpd; \yk; thH;f;ifapd; mDgt';fspd; \yk;
gapd;W mwbewp gpwHhJ rj;jpak;/ jh;kk;/ ePjp/ vd;fpd;w xG';F
Kiwapy; cWjpahd gHf;fj;ij filgpoj;J thH;e;jhy;
kdpjDila thH;t[ rpwg;ghft[k;/ ,d;gkhft[k;/ mikjpahft[k;
mika[k;.
,Jnt Md;kPf gazj;jpw;F jpwt[nfhyhf mika[k;. ,e;j
cah; bewpna md;kPf thH;t[ vd;W Twyhk;. Md;khtpd;
epiyawpe;j mjd; ,ay;iga[k; czh;e;J vz;zk;/ brhy;/
bray; ,tw;why; mwbewp gpwHhJ thH;e;J tUtJ Md;kPf
thH;thFk;. ,g;go mwbewp nghw;wp xGfp thH;tjhy; Md;kh
J}a;ik bgw;W KGik milfpwJ. ,J xU rpwg;ghd Md;kPfg;
gazk; vd;W Twyhk;. jd;Dila mwptpd; bjspthy; ,g;go
thH;f;if nkw;bfhs;tjhy; ,tw;iw xUtif Md;k "hdk;
vd;W bfhs;syhk;. ,d;iwa rKjhak; nkk;ghL mila
28
ntz;Lbkd;why; Kjypy; rKjha eph;thfk;/ murpay;/
bghUshjhuk; nghd;w Jiwapy; cs;s rPh;nfLfisf;
fisantz;Lk;. v';Fk; J}a;ik epyt ntz;Lk;. Ml;rp
rl;l';fis fUtpahff; bfhz;L Md;k "hdj;ij tsh;f;f
,ayhJ. ,d;iwa cyfk; tp";";hd cyfk;/ fzdp cyfk;
vd;gjhy; Md;k "hdj;jpd; jj;Jt cz;ikfis tpsf;fj;ij
vLj;Jr;brhy;yp gug;gp kf;fs; kdjpy; xU ey;ygz;ghLfis
tsh;j;J gz;gLj;jp mjd; \yk; murpaiy J}a;ikg;gLj;Jnj
rpwe;j Kiw. jdpkdpj xGf;fk; vd;gJ Md;k "hdj;jhy;
kl;Lnk bray;gLj;j Koa[nk jtpu kw;w bray;ghLfshy;
KoahJ. jdpkdpj xGf;fnk xg;gw;w xGf;fkhd rKjhakhf
khWk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. mwtHp gpwHhJ thGk; bka;"hd
tpsf;fj;jpd; \ynk cyf kf;fs; eyk;ngz Koa[k;.
jj;Jt tpsf;fk;
mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ clyhdJ 24
jj;Jt';fnshL ToaJ. epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak;/
Mfpa Ie;J g{j';fspd; Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj kdpj
cly;. nkw;fz;l g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; totk;/ Fzk;/ epwk;/
vGj;J cz;L vd;W "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sdh;.
g{jk; tot[ epwk; vGj;J Fzk; bjhHpy; Fwp bja;tk; fiy
kz; ehw;
nfhzk;
bghd;ik y fodk; jh';fy; tr;rpfuk; mad; epth;j;jp
ePh; gpiw btz;ik t jd;ik ghjk;
bra;jy;
jhkiu jpUkhy; gpujp#;il
29
jP Kf;
nfhzk;
brk;ik u btk;ik xd;W
tpjpj;jy;
Rthjpfk; tpj;ij
fhw;W mW
nfhzk;
fUg;g[ a gue;J rhpj;jy; mWg[s;sp knfrd; rhe;jp
Mfhak; tl;lk; g[ifik Q btspahjy; ,lk;
bfhLj;jy;
mKj
gpe;J
rjhrptk; rhe;jpa
fPij
Ie;J g{j';fs; xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; vl;L tpjkhd Fzhk;r';fs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk Fz';fs; vd;fpw jd;khj;jpiu
cz;L. mJnr rg;jk;/ !;ghprk;/ +gk;/ urk;/ fe;jk; vdg;gLk;.
,ijna Xir/ CW/ xsp/ rit kzk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j
Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy; bjhHpy g[hpfpd;wd> vd;W Muha[k;
nghJ gukhq vd;fpw Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd;
jd;dpaf;f RHw;rpapdhy; mz;l nguz;l';fs; cUthapd.
mq
mq vd;why; Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs; fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y.
vd;nwh "hdpfshy; myrp Muhag;gl;lit. mqf;fs; gw;wp
itnrrpf rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f KGf;f TWfpwJ. mitfs;
me;j VLfs; ,d;W fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J tpl;ld. mq vd;gJ
jj;Jt "hdj;jpy; Kot[f;F Kothd xU cz;ikiaf;
TWtJ. ,e;j gpug";rk; my;yJ cyfj;jpd; bjhlf;fj;jpd;
mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd; bjhlf;fKk;
Muk;gkhFk;. v';nfh btl;l btspapypUe;J xU E}y;
30
bjhl';Fkhdhy; mjd; Koitg;goj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy;
mjd; bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy gpug";rj;jpw;F
mHptpida[k;/ Muk;gj;ija[k; mwpa \d;W epiyahd mst[
nfhiyf; fz;lhh;fs;. xU th!;Jt[f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ
gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F nky; mHpf;f Koahj epiytiu
mHpe;J bfhz;nlnghdhy; mqf;fspy; Koa[k;.
,t;thqf;fs;jhd; cyfpd; xLf;fk;. ,tw;wpypUe;Jjhd;
cyfk; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. Mq bfhs;iffis ntj
fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j mq g{jpkhd;fs;/ rhd;nwhh;fs;
(fp.K.500) Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng Twpa[s;sdh;.
,tw;iwbay;yhk; ekJ Mfk E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;.
jkpHwp"h;fs; rpj;jh;fs; Ma;t[j;jpwdhdJ gpug";rj;jpd; \iy
KLf;fisbay;yhk; myrp Ma;t[f; fskhf;fp mjida[k;
RUl;o jdJ Rfj;jpy; itj;Js;s rpj;jh;fs; mth;fisg; ghuhl;l
ekf;F ehtpy;iy. g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd
Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J mz;l
nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd; mqj;jpwid Ma;e;jth;fs;
mwpe;jth;fs;. Fjputd; xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F
vd;d fhuzk;> thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf fhl;rp jUfpwJ
vd;why; vd;d bghUs;> vd;W Muha;e;jdh;. mjd; tpist[
rpd;d";rpW Jspfs; ,Ue;jhf ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;ldh;. xU
bghUis Jz;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl brd;why; filrpapy; mjd;
epiy gw;wp rpj;jh;fs; Ma;e;jdh;.
mqtpy; mqtpid Mjpgpuid
mqtpy; mqtpid Mapuk; Twpl;L
31
mqtpy; mqtpid mqf ty;yhh;f;F
mqtpy; mqtpid mqfYkhnk
- jpUKyh;
mqitj; Jisj;J VH;fliy g[fl;o
-xsitahh;
nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; rpj;jh;fs; mqitg; gw;wpa Ma;it
vd;nwh Twpa[s;sjhf mwpayhk;.
xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;
fz;qf;F vl;lhj Jfy;fshd ,it cU/ gz;g[ Kjypa
,ay;g[fs; ,y;yhjd. ,j;Jfs;fs; Mw;wiy nkw;bfhz;L jd;
khj;jpiufs; vd;Dk; Jfs;fshf khWfpd;wd. gy
jd;khj;jpiufs; xd;WTo xU gukDf;fhfj; jpus;fpd;wd.
jd;khj;jpiufs; tpiutha;j;Jog;gjhy; xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;
njhd;Wfpd;wd. bghUs;fspy; tpisa[k; ,uhrhad
tpist[fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs; jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sdh;.
,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyh nfho
,Uf;fpd;w \yj;J}h; m';nf ,Uf;Fk;
mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr
cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe;jhnd
- jpUke;jpuk; -21
32
nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd mqf;fspy; mjd;
\j;Js;ns ,Uf;fpd;w xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;/ mHy;fs; tPRfpd;wd
vd;W TWtijf; fhzyhk;. xspa[k;/ btg;gKk; mqj;jd;ik
bfhz;lit vd;W rpj;jh;fs; Twpdhh;. mz;lk; vd;whny
Kl;il totk; vd;gJ bghUs;. vg;go g{kpahdJ jd;dpiy
RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk; bgw;Ws;snjh/ mnjnghy g{kpapy;
gpwf;Fk; midj;Jk; tl;l totKld; njhw;wk; cz;lhfpwJ/
tpij Kisf;Fk;nghJ tl;l totk;/ gwit Kl;il tl;l
totk;/ g{kpapy; tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;l totk;/ nahdpapy;
fUtl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf; fhzyhk;.
,g;goahf mz;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhlhd nfho nfhl;fs;
mj;jida[k; cUz;il totkhfnt tps';Fk;. ,tw;wpd;
,ay;g[fs; mjdjd; kpd;fhe;j <h;g;g[ miyfSf;nfw;g
cz;lhd vGr;rpapd; ntWghLfshdJ. fzf;fpl Koahj
nfhof; fzf;fhd ntWghLfs; bfhz;lJ. ,itfs; jk;nkhL
jhKk;/ gpwpJkhf fye;J/ mqf;fshft[k;/ mqj;jpushft[k;/
bghUshft[k; Mfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fspd;
fyitfs; bfhz;lJjhd; $Ptuhrpfs;/ mz;lk;/ gpug";rk;
midj:Jk; MFk;. rpj;jh;fs; j';fspd; nahf ty;yikahy;
cyfk; gilg;g[f;Fk; fhj;jYf;Fk;/ cyf mHptpw;Fk; cz;lhd
fhuz fhhpa';fs; fz;L bjspe;J fhuz fhhpa';fs; vy;yhk;
mqthf cs;sJ vd;W Twpdhh;fs;. mqf;fs; vy;yh
caph;fSk;/ vy;yh cyf';fSk;/ vy;yh
cyfpaw;bghUs;fspYk; epiwe;J ,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk;
mqf;fs; cs;sd.
33
rptrf;jp
,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpushd ,g;gpug";rj;jpy; ,Ue;J kdpj $Ptd;
vg;go cw;gj;jp Mfp g[yd;fs; njhd;wp/ mDgtpf;fpwJ vd;gij
ghh;g;nghk;. Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F \ykhdJ
,uz;L rf;jpjhd;. mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp vd;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt
gukhqthFk;. mnj nghy kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L
\y mqf;fs; fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk; vd;fpd;w
Mz; Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k;/ rf;jp vd;fpw bgz; Rf;fpyg[Gt[k;
,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy; $Ptd; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. gukhqtpdhy;
g";rg{jk; cz;lhdJ. mjd; fyg;ghy; $Ptuhrpfs;
cz;lhapw;W. $Ptuhrpfns g";rg{j fyg;gpd;
Mw;wiyf;bfhz;ljhFk;. me;jg; g";rg{j Mw;wy; vg;go kdpj
rhPuj;jpy; bray;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; ghh;g;nghk;. ,t;t[yfnk
Ik;bgUk; g{j mqf;fshy; MdJ. ,t;itak; bgWk; g{j
mqf;fspy; xt;bthd;Wk;/ xt;bthU mqt[k; 96 jj;Jt';fs;
mike;Js;sd. ,e;j 96 jj;Jt';fns kdpj rhPuj;jpy;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
jj;Jt';fs; 96
1. Kjy; jj;Jtk; - 30
2. ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; - 30
3. \d;whk; jj;Jtk; - 36
34
Kjy; jj;Jt tpguk;
g{jk;-5/ bghwp-5/ g[yd;-5/ fd;nke;jphpak;-5/ fd;ktprak;-5/ fuzk;-
4/ mwpt[-1/ Mf 30.
mjd; tpguk; tUkhW
g{jk;-5/
• gpUjptp-kz;/
• mg;g[-ePh;/
• nja[-mf;dp/
• tha[-fhw;W/
• Mfhak;-btsp.
bghwp-5
• brtp/
• njhy;/
• fz;/
• ehf;F/
• \f;F
g[yd;-5
• rj;jk;-nfl;fg;gl;lJ (brtpf;F caph;f;TW)/
• ghprk;-bjhL czh;t[ mwptJ (clk;g[f;F
capy;TW)/
35
• cUtk;-fhz;gJ (fz;qf;F caph;TW)/
• ,urk;-mWRit mwptJ (ehf;Ff;F caph;f;TW)/
• fe;jk;-thrd mwpt[ (\f;Ff;F caph;TW)
fd;nke;jphpak;-5
• tha;/
• fhy;/
• if/
• mghdk;/
• Fwp
fd;k tprak;-5
• ngRjy;-thf;Ff;F caph;f;TW/
• flj;jy;-fhYf;F caph;f;TW/
• bfhLj;jy;/ th';fy;-iff;F caph;f;TW/
• tpLjy;-vUtha; caph;f;TW/
• kfpH;jy;-Fwpf;F caph;f;TW
fuzk;-4
• kdk;-xd;iw ,izg;gJ/
• g[j;jp-mjid tprhhpg;gJ/
• mf';fhuk;-mjidf; bfhz;L nky; vGk;g[tJ/
36
• rpj;jk;-mjidr; bra;J Kog;g[/
mwpt[-1
• jd;idf; fz;L kfpH;e;jpUj;jy;
,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk;-30
eho-10/ tha[-10/ ra';fs;-5/ nfhrk;-5/
eho-10
• gpuhzd;/
• mghdd;/
• tpahdd;/
• cjhdd;/
• rkhdd;/
• ehfd;/
• Th;kd;/
• fphpfud;/
• njtj;jd;/
• jd;brad;
1. gpuhzd;-g[Ut kj;jpapy; njhd;wp rpj;j ehoapy; g[Fe;J
\yhjhuj;ij mile;J/ bjhg;g[s;/ gpd; \f;Fj; jhdj;jpy;
Kl;o ,lfiy/ gpd;fhiyfspy; Xo fghyj;ijr; Rw;wp/ \f;F
37
Jthuj;jpy; btsptUk; Rthrk; 12 m';Fyk; ePz;L
btspte;J ehd;F m';Fyk; fHpe;j 8 m';Fyk; cs;ns
brd;W kPz;Lk; g[wg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J Rthrk; Jt';FfpwJ.
,g;gor; bray;gLk; Rthrk; ehHpif xd;Wf;F 360 Rthrk;
,ut[ gfy; 60 ehHpiff;F 21/600 Rthrk; kdpj clypy;
bray;gLfpwJ.1
,e;j Rthrk; 21/600-f;F tpguk;/
1. \yhjhuj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000
2. Rthjpl;lhdj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000
3. kzpg{ufj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000
4. mdhjfj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000
5. tpRj;jpapy; Rthrk; - 1000
6. Mf;fpidapy; Rthrk; - 1000
7. Rfd;ufhuk; Rthrk; - 1000
ehs; xd;Wf;F 21/600 Rthrk; ,a';fp ,jpy; 7/200 Rthrk; fHd;W
14/400 Rthrk; cs;ns brd;W kdpj cliy brayhf;fg;
gLj;JfpwJ.
2. mghdd;-Fjj;ija[k;/ Fa;aj;ija[k; gw;wp epd;W
kyrhjpfis fHpg;gJ
1 24 epkprk; bfhz;lJ-1 ehHpif
38
3. tpahdd;-njhypny epd;W ghpr';fis mwptpg;gJ
4. cjhdd;-gpria czlhf;fp cz;l czit cztpd;
rf;jpia mjhtJ rhuj;ij 72/000 eho euk;g[fspy; brYj;jp
rhPuj;ij tsh;g;gJ.
5. rkhdd;-vy;yh tha[tia[k; VWjy;/ ,w';Fjy; ,y;yhky;
rkdhff; bfhz;L ,a';FtJ
6. ehfd;-tpf;fYk;/ ff;fYk; cz;lhf;FtJ
7. Th;kd;-fz;zpny epd;W ,ikg;gJ
8. fphpjud;-g[Utkj;jpiag; gw;wp epd;W Jk;ky;/ mGtpj;jy;
bra;tJ
9. njtjhj;jd;-tHpj;jpUf;Fk;nghJ XLtpj;jYk; cyht[jYk;/
a[j;jk; gz;qtpj;jy; bra;tJ
10. jd";brad;-gpuhzd; clk;ig tpl:Lg;nghdYk; jhd;
gphpahky; epd;W clk;ig ,a';fr; bra;J tphptpj;jYk;
bra;J \d;W ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF fghyj;ijg; gpse;J
Xog;nghtJ
rak; - 5
• mkh;thrhak;/
• gfph;thrhak;/
• rhythrhak;/
• kdthrhak;/
• Rf;fpy thrhak;
39
1. mkh;thrhak;-cz;l czt[ rhuk; mkUkplk;
2. gfph;thrhak;-md;d rhuk; gfph;e;J bfhLf;Fkplk;
3. rhythrhak;-ePh; ,w';Fk; ,lk;
4. kdthrhak;-kyf;FHp ,w';Fk; ,lk;
5. Rf;fpy thrhak;-Rfpyd; gphpa[k; ,lk;
nfhrk;-5
• md;dka nfhrk;/
• gpuhzika nfhrk;/
• kndhika nfhrk;/
• tp";"hdka nfhrk;/
• Mde;jka nfhrk;.
1. md;dka nfhrk;-Jynjfkhfpa clk;g[
2. gpuhzika nfhrk;-gpuhzDk; fd;nke;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ
3. kndhika nfhrk;-kdKk; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ
4. tp";"hdka nfhrk;-g[j;jpa[k; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ
5. Mde;jka nfhrk;-gpuhztha[k; Rkj;jpa[k; To epw;gJ
\d;whk; jj;Jtk; 36-d; tpguk;
Mjhuk;-6/ kz;lyk;-3/ kyk;-3/ njhrk;-3/ Vlid-3/ Fzk;-3/
,uf;fk;-8/ tpid-2/ mt!;ij-5
Mf 36.
40
Mjhuk;-6
• \yhjhuk;/
• Rthjpl;lhdk;/
• kzpg{ufk;/
• mdhfjk;/
• tpRj;jp/
• Mf;i"
1. \yhjhuk;-vUtha;/ ehw;rJuf;Fs;ns ehspjH; Kf;nfhz
totkhf ,Uf;Fk/; vGj;J X';fhuk;/ epwk; khzpf;f epwk;/
fzgjp.
2. Rthjpl;lhdk;-vUtha;f;Fk; nkny ,uz;L tuw;fil mst[k;
bjhg;g[Sf;Ff; fPnHa[k; ,Uf;Fkplk;/ ehw;nfhzk;/ MW
,jH;/ vGj;J eh fhuk;/ gilg;g[ gpuk;kh/ brk;bghd; epwk;.
3. kzpg{ufk;-bjhg;g[H;/ gpiwnfhzkhdJ/ ,jd; eLnt epw;Fk;
vGj;J kh fhuk;/ gj;J ,jH;/ kufj epwk;/ njtij tp#;q
4. mdhfjk;-,Ujak;/ Kf;nfhzkhdJ/ ,jd; eLnt ,Uf;Fk;
vGj;J rp fhuk;/ gd;dpwd;;L ,jH;/ !;gof epwk;/ cUj;jpud;
5. tpRj;jp-fhz;lk; (fGj;J)/ mWnfhzk;/ 16 ,jH;/ nfk epwk;/
vGj;J th fhuk;/ njtij knfRtud;
6. Mf;i"-g[Ut kj;jp/ tl;lkhapUg;gJ/ 3 ,jH;/ gof epwk;/
vGj;J a fhuk;
41
nkw;fz;l tpguj;jpd; \yk; Mjhuk; Mwpnya[k; MW vGj;J Xk;
ekr;rptha/ MW Mjhuk; MWtplhft[k;/ ,jH;fs; Tl;odhy; 51
ml;ruk; vd;gJk; fz;Lbfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
kz;lyk;-3
• mf;dp kz;lyk;/
• Mjpj;j kz;lyk;/
• re;jpu kz;lyk;
1. mf;dp kz;lyk;-,J \yhjhuk; MFk;
2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk;-,Uja !;jhdk; MFk;
3. re;jpu kz;lyk;-rfd;fhu jskhFk;.
kyk;-3
• Mztk;/
• fhkpak;/
• khia
1. Mztk;-clk;ig ehd; vd;W ,Ug;gJ
2. fhkpak;-fz;ltw;wpy; kdk; Mirg;gLk;
3. khia-jdf;F tUtij mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ.
njhrk;-3
• thjk;/
• gpj;jk;/
42
• jpnyhj;jkk;
1. thjk;-tha[tpd; bray; tpist[
2. gpj;jk;-mf;fpdpapd; tpist[
3. jpnyhj;jkk;-fgj;jpd; tpist[
Vlid-3
• mh;j;j Vlid/
• g[j;jpu Vlid/
• cyf Vlid
1. mh;j;j Vlid-jputpaj;ij njo Mirg;gly;
2. g[j;jpu Vlid-g[j;jpuh;fs; njo Mirg;gly;
3. cyf Vlid-cyf tpra';fs; njo Mirg;gly;
Fzk; -3
• ,uhl;rfk;/
• jhkrk;/
• rhj;tPfk;
1. ,uhl;rfk;-mf';fhukha; btl;lsk;/ Fj;jt[k;/
fof;fskhapUg;gJ
2. jhkrk;-ke;j g[j;jp/ cd;kj;jkha;/ kj;jpakha; ,Ug;gJ
3. rhj;tPfk;-mlf;fk;/ md;g[/ tpntfk;/ Ik;bghwpahf;fy;/ mUs;/
"hdk;/ jtk;/ bghiw/ nkd;ik/ tha;ik
Kjypatw;iwa[ilajha ehl;l'; bfhz;oUg;gJ
43
,uhfk;-8
• fhkk;/
• Fnuhjk;/
• cnyhgk;/
• nkhfk;/
• kjk;/
• khr;rhpak;/
• ,Lk;ig/
• mf';fhuk;
1. fhkk;-Mir
2. Fnuhjk;-gpzf;F
3. cnyhgk;-gpoghL
4. nkhfk;-gphpak;
5. kjk;-fh;tk;
6. khr;rhpak;-cjl;oy; cwt[k;/ cs;sj;jpy; gifa[k; itg;gJ
7. ,Lk;ig-cjhrPdk;
8. mf';fhuk;-nfhgpj;jy;
tpid-2
• ey;tpid/
• jPtpid
44
1. ey;tpid-g[z;zpak; bra;jy;
2. jPtpid-ghtk; bra;jy;
mtj;ij-5
• rhf;fpuk;/
• brhg;gdk;/
• RHj;rp/
• Jhpak;/
• JhpahjPjk;
1. rhf;fpuk;-yyhlj;jhdk;
2. brhg;gdk;-fz;l!;jhdk;
3. RHj;rp-,Uja !;jhdk;
4. Jhpak;-ehgp (bjhg;g[H;)
5. JhpahjPjk;-Fwpaplk;
Kg;gJ Kg;gJ Kg;gj;jtWtU";
brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapYs; thH;gth;
brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapy; rpije;j gpd;
byhg;gpyd; tU nkhl;blLj;jhnu
96 jj;Jt';fSk; ek;Kila rhPuj;jpd; vg;go> bray;gLfpd;wd
vd;W ghh;j;njhk;.
45
,jpy; Md;kj;Jtk; vd;gJ 24. Mitahtd/
• g{j';fs;-5/
• jd;khj;jpiufs;-5/
• "hnde;jphpa';fs;-5/
• fd;nke;jphpak;-5/
• me;jf;fhuzk;-4
Mfpa ,e;j 24-k; Md;kht[f;F J}a tothf ,Ue;J nenu
bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L tps';Ftjhy; Md;k jj;Jtk; vdg;gl;lJ.
nkw;fz;l Md;kjj;Jtj;jpd; tpsf;fj;ij vth; mwpthnuh
mtnu ,t;t[yfj;jpy; thHj;bjhpe;jtd; Mthd;. Rit/ xsp/
CW/ Xir/ ehw;wKkdpiwe;jpd; tif bjhpthd; fl;nl cyF
vd;w ts;Sth; tha;ik bghHpapd; \yk; fhzyhk;. nkw;fz;l
g{j';fspd; Ie;jpd; Nl;Rk Fz';fns jd;khj;jpiufshFk;.
jd;khj;jpiufs;
jd;khj;jpiufs; vd;gJ cUgz;g[ ,y;yhjit/ mqf;fs;
xd;W To jd;khj;jpiu Mfpd;wd. jd; khj;jpiufspypUe;nj
g{j';fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;.
g";rg{j';fs; gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;. ,nj
jd;khj;jpiufs;jhd; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;ghy; ,e;jphpa';fs;
Efh;r;rpapy; bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj; Jiz bra;tdtha[k; cs;sd.
jd;khj;jpiu vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk; vd;whYk; bghUs; xd;nw.
,itfs; ,ae;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J
bray;glitf;Fk;. "hnde;jphpakhd bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ \f;F/
46
brtp ,t;tidj;Jk; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;g[/ mJ mjd;
czh;r;rpfis mwpa[k;. fz;nke;jphpak; tha;/ fhy;/ if/
,Utha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjd; mjd; ntiyfisr; bra;a[k;.
me;jf;fhuzk;-4
• kdk;/
• g[j;jp/
• rpj;jk;/
• mf';fhuk;
vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. xU bghUis mwpa g[yd;fshd bka;/
tha;/ fz;/ \f;F/ brtp vd;git g[wj;nj ,Ue;J
bray;gLfpd;wd. mit jUk; tpra';fisg; gjpt[ bra;J
mfj;jpd; cs;ns ,Ue;J bray; gLfpd;wd. mfj;nj epd;W
bray;gLk; fUtp mff;fUtpfs; MFk;. VnjDk; xU
bghwpthapyhf tUk; bghwpfspd; bra;jpfis me;jg;bghUspd;
kPJ epWj;jp ,J ,d;djhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd epidj;J re;njf
epiyapy; ,Ug;gnj kdk; vdg;gLk;. g[j;jp mJ ,Jjhd; vd
epr;rapf;Fk;.
,e;j epr;ra czh;t[ bray;totk; bgw fUtp/ fuzhjpfs;
Cf;Ftpf;f vGk;g[k; epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk; MFk;. ,e;j
bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff; bfhz;L tUjy; rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;.
Md;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf; bfhz;L
czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[ gw;Wjy;/ epr;rapj;jy;/ xUg;gl;L
vGjy;/ rpj;jpj;jy;/ vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,dp xU bghUis
,d;dJ vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida gHf;fk; gw;wp
47
mjd; tpidf;F <lhf mijj; jdf;F cwthfnth/
gifahfnth bghJthfnth czUk;. ,g;go czh;jyhh;
,d;gk;/ Jd;gk;/ kaf;fk; vd \d;W tpj Fz';fSs; xd;whf
ghpzkpf;Fk;. ,t;thW ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk; g[j;jpia Md;kh ,J
Jd;gk;/ ,J ,d;gk;/ ,J ,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J gpd;
mf;Fzk; njhd;Wfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; ehd; ,d;g[w;nwd;/
Jd;g[w;wnd;/ ka';fpndd; vd czUk; ,t;t[zh;t[fs;
ntjidf; fhl;rpfs; MFk;.
g[wj;nja[s;s ntjidf; fz;qf; fpdpabjhU bghUisf;
fz;L ,d;g[Wk; nghJ Kd;dh; ,J njhd;whfhl;rpa[k; ,d;dbjd
czUk; khdrf;fhl;rpa[k;/ ,J ,d;d ,d;gk; vd;Dk; jd;
ntjidf; fhl;rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf fhuz fhhpa Kiwapy;
fly; miynghy; Md;khtpd; czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;.
,g;goahf Md;kj;Jtk; 24-k; Md;kht[f;Fj; J}atotpy; nenu
bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd. cyfpy; cs;s xt;bthUtUk;
jdJ $Ptdpd; rhpj;jpuj;ijf; fz;L bfhz;lhy; cyfpy;
vy;yhk; ,d;gk;jhd; ,t;t[yfpy; vJt[k; ey;yJk; ,y;iy
ez;gd; giftd; fpilahJ. xt;bthU Md;kht[k; jd; Ra J}a
mwpit mwpe;J tpl;lhy; vy;yhk; rkk;/ vy;yhk; ,d;g kak;
MFk;. Mfnt Mj;k"hdk; bgWtJ ,d;wpikahjJ. kdpjd;
thHj;bjhpe;jtd;. thHntz;Lk;. bjhpahjth; bjhpe;jth;
fhl;Lk; tHpia ek;gpa[k;/ gpd;gw;wpa[k; thH ntz;Lk;.
thHj;bjhpe;J thH:gth;fshd mwp"h; bgUkf;fs; "hdpfis
ek;gp mth;fisg; gpd;gw;wpa[k; thH;gth;fns gf;jh;fs;.
48
g";rg{jKk; clYk;
cz;ikahd bghUspd; tpsf;fj;ij Md;kh mwpa[k;nghJjhd;
ek;Kila kaf;fkhd khia ek;ik tpl;L tpyfp
bjspthfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd; bghUshf ,Uf;Fk; bghUshff;
fUJk; bka;a[zh;t[k; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;nghJ bka;gbghUs;
vd;why; vd;d vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; fpilj;Js;sJ. mjd; Kjy;
epfH;r;rpahd gukhq epiy tps';fptpl;lJ. ,e;j
mog;gilapy; bjhlh;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy; mqf;fs; ,ize;J tpz;/
fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; vd;w Ie;J gphpt[fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J
mGj;jk;/ xyp xsp Rit kzk;/ mwpt[ vd;w MWtifahd
epfH;r;rpfSk; eilbgWfpd;wd vd;gJ bjhpa[k;.
bka;epiyahfpa gubtspa[k; capy; epiyahfpa
gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k; mstpd;
tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g/ m';F eilbgWk; ,af;fk; gy;ntW
epiyfis milfpd;wJ. mj;jifa ntWghLf;sjhd;
Fwpg;ghf mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa gphpt[fshfpa tpz;/
fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh;/ epyk; vd;gdthFk;.
,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU epiynahL kw;w epiyia ve;j
mstpy; To ,ize;J ,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;g mGj;jk;/
xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[[ vd;w MWtifahd
epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; xt;bthU gphptpYk; gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[
epiyfSk; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU ,af;fj;jpYk;
jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/ gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk;
Vw;gl;L xd;W gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd. ,e;j
Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs; mqthfp/ mqf;fs;
49
To fhw;whfp/ btg;ghfp/ ePuhfp mz;lbtspapny jd;idj;jhnd
RHd;W Rw;wp kpje;J bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. mjd; kj;jpapy;
gFjpapy; tpiut[ Fiwe;j mqf;fs; beUf;f Kw;W
fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf;fp ePh;tuk;gpw;F nky; te;J bfl;oahd
ghpzhknk epykhFk;. nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
mqf;fs; mGj;jj;jhy; btg;gk; mjpfkhfp mjd; tpisthf
cnyhf';fs;/ ,uj;jpd';fs;/ ,urhad';fs; ,itaht[k;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. nkYk; nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl
,Uf;fpd;wd.
Kiwhafj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mq mLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f
kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ ePh;/ Mfpa ehy;tifr;
RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; vd;w ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs;
Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ. nkYk;
mt;tpj;jhdJ Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W ,a';fp jhtu
,dkhfpa Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ. mjpypUe;j <uwpt[ ,dkhd g[G
njhd;wp/ mijj; bjhlh;e;J \twpt[/ ehywpt[/ Iawpt[g;
gpuhzpfs;/ Mwwpt[s;s kdpj ,dKk; njhd;wpa[s;sd.
,t;thW gunk mqbtd;w capuhfp mJnt jd;dGj;j
,af;fj;jhy; clyhfp clYs; ,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp
mr;rf;j;jpna xypahfp/ xspahfp/ Ritahfp/ kzkhfp/ czUk;
jpwDkhfp/ caph;fs; vd;w ghpzhk rpwg;ig bgw;wJ. ,j;jifa
ghpzhkj; bjhlUk; ,af;f';fSk; ,ize;j xU nghpaf;f
kz;lyk;jhd; gpug";rk;/ g";rg{jk; vd;wiHf;fg; gLfpd;wJ.
50
kdpjdhd $Ptdplk; mDgtKk; rpe;jida[k; To mwpt[g;
bgUf;fk; Vw;gl;L jd; fhuz epiyeho Muha[k; nghJ/ guepiy
eho Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy czh;e;j kdpjdhy; jj;Jt
tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. gpug";r ghpzhkk; xU tisaj;ijg;
nghd;wJ. ,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/
epyk;/ Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd; Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd; tiua[s;s kdpjd;.
kdpjnd jd; ,ay;iga[k;/ epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd;
njtd; vd;W filrpapny guj;jpny Kot[ bgWfpwJ. flypny
njhd;Wk; miyfs; flypny ml';FtJ nghyt[k;/ ePhpd;
mirit miybad kjpf;fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; guk;k jdJ
,af;ff; fl;l';fSf;nfl;g;g gy;ntW msptYk; tYtpYk; Vw;w
jhH;t[fis bfhz;l ,af;f'; fshft[k; fhl;rpfshft[k;
,Uf;fpdwd. ,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd.
vdnt ehk; fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy;
gunkahk; guj;ij; jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd; VJ> fhqk;
njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk;
fUj;Jf;F ntW ntwhf tpsf;fg;bgw;w nghJk;/ MH;e;j
Muha;e;j tpsf;fj;jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa guKk;/ mjd;
epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/ epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg; guj;jpny
Koe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; \d;Wk; xd;whfnt ,Uf;Fk;
ngUz;ik mf;fhl;rpahFk;. cyfj;jpYs;s bghUl;fs; aht[k;
kdpj ,dk; cl;gl xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU \yg;bghUshy;
Mdit. mit mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU jdpg;bghUspy;
nrh;e;JtpLk;. ,J ,aw;ifapd; tpjp. ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k;
tpyf;fy;y. ,j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; jd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/
51
Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j jdpg;bghUl;fs; jdpj;J
,a';fpdhYk; ,it xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd.
fhw;W kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk; cwp";Rk;/
beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[ btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/
btw;wplnkh fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ ,Jnt ,aw;ifapy;
mike;j rkepiyj; jj;JtkhFk;. ,it xd;iw xd;W
kp";Rk;nghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;. ,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff;
fhz;fpnwhk;. Jd;g';fis czh;fpnwhk;. kdpj clypYk;
,e;j Ie; jdpg;bghUl;fs; (g{jk;) cs;sd. g";rg{jkhfpa Ie;J
jdpg;bghUl;fshy; Md ,t;t[lk;g[ Kotpy; kz;nzhL
neuoahfnth kw;w ehd;F jdpg;bghUl;fshy; ce;jg;gl;L
gpd;dh; kz;nzhL kz; nrh;tJ jpz;zk;.
njhy;-kz;/ tha;-ePh;/ fz;-beUg;g[ tapW-btsp \f;F-fhw;W
,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xd;iw xd;W fl:Lg;gLj;jp rkkhf
itj;jpUf;Fk; tiu mikjp epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j
Ie;j jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy; thGk;
thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;. nehaw;w thH;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk;
vd;gJk; KJbkhHpahFk;. ,iwtd; cyfpy; gy $Ptuhrpfisg;
gilj;jhh;. 84 Mapuk; $Ptuhrpfs; vd;W TWth; rhd;nwhh;.
Mdhy; ehk; mwpe;jJ vd;dnth xU E}W ,UE}W vd;whny
mjpfk;. ,jpny kdpjdpd; gilg;g[kpft[k; mhpa xd;W. mwpt[
KGikaile;j xd;W vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh; "hdpfs;. gunk
mqthfp mq ,af;fj; bjhlh; tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf;
fhl;rpfshfp/ gyg;gytd ntWghLfisg; bgw;W
tps';Ffpd;wd vd Kd;dnk mwpe;njhk;. mJnt J}a
52
mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp epiyapy; fhyk;/ J}uk;/
gUkd;/ ntfk; vd;w vy;iyfspy; fl;Lg;gl;l czh;tpy;/ ,d;g
Jd;gkhft[k;/ fzpjj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gythft[k; ,e;j ehd;F
msitfisf; fle;j nghJ vy;yhk; xd;Wgl;L gukhft[k;
,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;w tpsf;f';fs; bjspthf czug;bgWk;. gunk
ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. ehd; vd;gJ jdpna ,y;iy. guj;ijj;
jtph;j;J ntW xd;Wnk ,y;iy. ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs;
midj;jpw;Fk; bghUshft[k;/ mtw;wpw;F Kjy; \y
rf;jpahft[k; ,Ug;gJ guk;bghUs; xd;nw. Mjpepiyapy;
gukhft[k;/ mqepiyapy; capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j
bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/ fhl;rpfshft[k;/
,af;f';fshft[k;/ ,Uf;fpd;w me;j xU bghUs; ehd; vd;w
brhy;ypd; cz;ikf;fUj;J vd;W bjspthf tps';Fk;.
mGj;jkhf mqf;fs; ,ize;J ,a';Fk; xU epfH;r;rpna J}a
cly;. mjDnl mGj;jk; Fiwe;J Mdhy; tpiut[ mjpfkhfp
Nf;Fkhfr; RHd;W ,a';Fk; mqj; bjhlhpaf;fnk caph;/
J}aj;jpDnl caph;rf;jp RHd;W tUk;nghJ Vw;gLk; nkhjy;
epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/ rit kdk;/ czh;jy; vd;Wk;
bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs; tpisfpd;wd. clYk; mqf;fshy;/
capUk; mqf;fshy; mqf;fspd; \ynk guk; Mfnt
clyhf capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy; gukhf
,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd;. ehd; vdg;gLgtnd mtd;.
mtd; vdg;gLtd; bja;tk; vdg;gLfpwhd;/
Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;. gpuk;kk; vdg;gLfpwhd;. mtidj; jtph;j;J
jdpna xU epfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy. mtnd ehd;/ ehnd mtd;/
53
vd;W bjspthf czh;e;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. jd;idg; g[yd;
czh;r;rpfshy; vy;iyfl;o czUk; jd; Kidg;ng kaf;fk;.
,';Fjhd; bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ. gukhqf;fspd;
gy;ntWgl;l ,af;f epfH;r;rpfns nghpaf;f kz;lyk;. mjd;
Kjy; jdpepiy tpz; vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Kjy; bfhj;J
epfH;r;rpna fhw;W vdg;gLk;. mit nkhjpf; bfhs;tjhy;
Vw;gLk; btg;g epfH;r;rpna beUg;g[ vdg;gLk;. ePuftha[/
gpuhztha[ vDk; ,Utifahd fhw;W Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy;
nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ. ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna kz;.
,t;ite;J epiyfSk; Ie;J bgsjPfk; gphpt[fs; Mdgoahy;
mtw;iw g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.
kz;zpd; ,Wf;fj;jhy; gyntW cnyhf';fs; tpisfpd;wd
vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk; g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.
gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis CW/ xyp/ xsp/
Rit/ kzk; vd;w xt;bthU vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf;f
gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;J vGr;rp/ fth;r;rpahf cs;s mGj;j
,af;ff;fl;lj;ij tpz; vd;Wk;/ xyp vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij
fhw;W vd;Wk;/ xsp vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij beUg;g[ vd;Wk;/
Rit vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij ePh; vd;Wk;/ kdk; vGr;rp bgWk;
,af;fj;ij kz; vd;Wk; TWfpnwhk;. tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 92
tifahd Element fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy;
ml';fpa[s;sd. gd;dbdL';fhykhf khDlk; mz;lbtspapy;
kdpjidg; nghd;w gpw caphpd';fs; cz;lh> m';F ntw;Wyf
thjpfs; cz;lh vd rpe;jid te;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf
ghftjk; Nhpaidg; nghd;W gynfho Nhpad;fSk;/
54
gyfpuf';fSk;/ m';F thGk; kdpjh;fisg; nghy nkk;gl;l
$Ptd;fisf; Fwpj;J ngRfpwJ. g";r g{jj;jpy; g{kpapy; kl;Lnk
gpug";rj;jpy; capUk;/ mwpt[k;/ Vw;gl;l njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l
fpufk; vd fUJk; kj ek;gpf;iffSk; cs;sd.
tp";"hd nehfpy; gpug";rk;
mwptpay; g[id fijfs; gpugykhfj; bjhl';fpaJk; gyh;
ntw;Wfpuf thrpfspd; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fisg; ghh;j;jjhft[k;/
mjpypUe;J ntw;W fpuf thrpfshy; jhk;gy nrhjidf;F
Mshf;fg;gl;ljhft[k; Twpdh;. guf;Fk; jl;L bgUk; kh;kg;
g[jpuhf fUjg;gl;lJ. ,k;kh;kj;ij mwpa mikf;fg;gl;l
fhd;ild; FG ,e;jg; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fs; cz;ikapy; g{r;rpfs;/
el;rj;jpu gpujpgypg;g[f;fs;/ bra;w;if nfhs;fs;/ thdpiyg;
gY}d;fs; Mfpatw;iwna jtWjyhfg; gwf;Fk; jl;L vd
kf;fs; fUjpajhf mwptpj;jJ. mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rp
,e;ek;gpf;iffSf;F mg;ghy; ntw;W fpuf';fspy; mwpt[ila
$Ptd;fs; cs;sdth> vdj; njl Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. fhh;y;rhfd;/
g[nuf; nghd;w thdtpayhsh;fs; SETI -SEARCH FOR
EXTRA TERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE vd;Dk;
bray; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdh;. g{kpapy; gy g[s;spfs;
mikf;fg;gl;l nuonah miy/ bjhiy nehf;fpfs;/ ntw;W fpuf
thrpfs; mDg;g[k; kpd;fhe;j miy bra;jpfSf;fhf
njLfpd;wd. braw;ifahf cUthf;fg; gl;l kpd;fhe;j miy
gz;g[fSf;fhf mit nrfhpf;Fk; jfty;fs; cybf';FKs;s
fzdpfshy; Muhag; gLfpd;wd. ntw;Wy thH;nt ehk;
tpjpf;fgl;lth;fsh vd;Dk; kh;kk; tpiutpy; bjspthfptpLk;.
55
1930-y; btw;wplj;jpy; tpirfs; cUthfpwJ vdt[k;
,t;tpirfs; kpf Ez;zpait vdt[k; fz;Lgpoj;jhh; f!;kph;;
vd;Dk; ,aw;gpayhsh;. btw;wplk; vd ehk; gpug";rj;jpd; ve;jg;
g[s;spiaa[k; fUjKoahJ. btw;wplk; vdg;gLtjpy; Fthz;l
ryd';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. nuh$h; bgd;nuhy; vd;Dk; mwp"h;
jd;Dzh;it Fthz;lk; ,aw;gpay; \yk; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwhh;.
rpy caphpapshsh;fs; ,jid vjph;j;Js;sdh;. ,e;epiy
gpuf;i" Fthz;lk; jd;ik bfhz;lbjdpy; mjpy; f!;kph;
tpirf;F xU Kf;fpa g';f ,Uf;fyhk;. Ez;zpa f!;kph;
tpiria mstpl jw;nghJ fUtpfs; cUthfptpl;l epiyapy;
,t;btw;wplj;jpd; tpiria mstpLjy; \yk; jd;Dzh;tpd;
kh;kj;ij mwpnthkh> gpug";rtpaypd; rpy kpft[k; MH;e;j
kh;k';fis ehk; mwpnthkh> gpug";rtpaypd; rpy kpft[k;
MH;e;j kh;k';fis ehk; mwpat[k;/ f!;kph;tpir gad;glf;TLk;.
gpug";rk; tphpjy;/ gpug";rj;njhw;wk;/ Mfpatw;iw mwptpay;
,d;dKk; KGikahf mwpe;J tpltpy;iy.
Fthz;lk; btw;wplr; rydf; fpsh;r;rpfs; gpug";r
epfH;r;rpfSf;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd rpy
mwptpayhsh;fs; fJfpd;wdh; vd;fpwhh;. f!;kph; tpiria
msg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f btw;wpia bgw;wpUf;Fk; bfhyk;gpah
gy;fiyf; fHf ,aw;tpayhsh; ckh; bkhifjPd; gpug";rk;/
gpui" Mfpatw;iw ,izf;fpwJ. btw;wplj;jpd; tpirfs;
,aw;gpaypd; bkhHpapy; bghj;jKk;/ cgepljk;/ Twpa Ndpakh
,J> vd gpugykhfpa[s;s mz;lbtsp fUe;Jisfs;
xspiaa[k; btsptplhj mst[ fLk; tYf;bfhz;l <h;g;g[
56
gyKila gpunjr';fs; mjpfkhd epiwa[k; mjpf mlh;j;jpa[k;
bfhz;l tpz;kPd;fs; j';fs; vhpbghUs; jPUk; epiyapy;
fUe;Jisfshf khWtjhf thdtpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;.
1916-y; Iad;!;od; bghJr;rhh;gpaypd; (GENERAL THEORY
OF RELATIVITY) fUj;Jis fUJnfhis Kd;
itj;jhh;. fUe;Jis bjhlh;ghd Kf;fpa fz;L gpog;g[f;fis
bra;jth; re;jpunrfu Rg;ukzapk;. fUe;Jisfs; cz;ik/
vija[k; btsptplhJ vd;gnj Vw;fg;gl;l fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ.
Mdhy; 1914-y; !;ogd; Qhf;fp'; fUe;Jisfs;/ Jfs;fis
xU rPustpy; ckpGk; vdf; fz;L gpoj;jhh;.
xspiaa[k; btsptplhj tYthd <h;g;g[ gpunjrk; vt;thW
,t;thW ,a';f Koa[k;> Mdhy; jk; rkd;ghLfs; \yk; ,J
cz;ik vd ep+gpj;jhh;. Qhf;fp'; ,t;thW gpug";rj;jpy;
,d;Dk; gy kh;k';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W rhd;nwhh;fs;
"hdpfs; Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;. gpug";r \yf;TWfspd;
bjhFg;g[ epfH;t[jhd; kdpj ,dKk;/ kw;w $PtuhrpfSk;
cUthdJ. \yg;bghUl;fs; Ie;ij Kd; itj;Jj;jhd; ek;
cly; epiy ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ij ehk; Kd; mj;aha';fspy;
fz;nlhk;. bg';Rap (Feng Shui) Ie;J bghUl;fis
itj;Jj;jhd; jd; cly; Mnuhf;fpak;/ ,lk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/
tPLngW mile;J tUfpd;wdh;. g{kp/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ cnyhfk;
kw;Wk; kuk; Mfpa \yg;bghUshff; fUjp bg';Rap ,Uf;fpwJ.
cnyhfKk;/ kuKk;/ \yg;bghUl;fshf KoahJ. bg';Rap
vd;gJ ,J irdhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; rh!;jpuk;/ bg'; vd;w
rPdthh;j;ij fhw;iwf;Fwpf;Fk;/ Nap vd;gJ ePiuf;Fwpf;Fk;.
57
irdhtpy; xU gHbkhHP cz;L. ePiu vth;fl;Lg;ghl;oy;
itj;jpUf;fpwhnuh mtnu cyif MH;thh;. bghUshjhu
nkijfs; \d;whdJ cyfa[j;jk; xd;W te;jhy; mJ
ePUf;fhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; vd Iag;gLfpd;wdh;. re;njrk;
ntz;lhk; ePuhy;jhd; a[fk; Koa[k;. mijj;jhd; rpj;jhh;fs;
$yg;gpusak; vd;wdh;. Kjy; a[j;jk; bgz;zhy;/ ,uz;lhk;
a[j;jk; kz;zhy;/ \d;whk; a[j;jk; ePuhy; jhd; Koa[k;.
,g;bghGJ mHpt[k; ePuhy; Vw;gl;l ngwirt[jhd; fLk;
miyahfj;njhd;wp gy nrj';fis cUthf;fp tpl;ld. Rdhkp
nguiyia cyf kf;fs; fdtpYk; kwf;f KoahJ.
mnjnghy mbkhpf;fhtpy; ele;j miya[k; kwf;f ,ayhJ.
Ie;J bghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; vl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia
czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[). vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy;
g{rp cnyhfj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;).
cnyhfk; ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s lk;shpd;
btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs). ePh; fhl;il czlhf;fp ku';fisg;
bgUf;Ffpd;wJ. cnyhfk; kuj;ij btl;Lk;. ,e;j mtru
a[fj;jpy; kdpjh;fs; j';fs; Fiwfisf; fisa vijj;
jpd;why; Fiw eP';Fk; vd;w kdepiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy; vija[k;
rhg;gplj; ja';Ftjpy;iy. ,';F mwpt[ J}';FfpwJ. czh;r;rp
nfhnyhr;Rfpd;wJ. ,uz;L tpjkhd rf;jpfs; cyfj;jpy;
cs;sd. ey;y rf;jp/ jPa rf;jp. ey;y rf;jpia Vw;W tuntw;f
ntz;Lk;. fpufpf;fg; gHfntz;Lk;. jPa rf;jpia cs;ns
tplhky; jLf;f ntz;Lk;. mg;nghJjhd; Md;kh ,t;t[yfpy;
vg;nghJk; re;njhr thH;f;if thHKoa[k;. gpgu";rj;jpy; cs;s
58
fh!kpf; fjph;fs; kdpjd; thH;f;if Kiwia elj;jpr;
bry;tjpy; bgUk; g';F tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j fjph;fspy;
ey;yJKz;L bfl;lJKz;L. xt;bthU kdpjDk; ey;y
mjph;#lk;/ kj;jpk mjph;#;lk;/ bfl;l mjph;#lk; ,itfspd;
ftiynahL tpidg; gjpt[fSf;nfw;g gpwf;fpwhd;. jpahdk;/
ey;byz;z cwt/ eyKs;s Rw;WRHy; nghd;witfis
filgpog;gjd; \yk; kdpjd; jd; bfl;l mjph;#;lj;ij/
jPtpidia ey;tpidahf;f mjph;#;lkhft[k; mjw;F
mjpfkhft[k; khw;w Koa[k;. g";r g{j';fSk; xU epfH;r;rp
kz;lyj;jpy; mJ rpwpjhdhYk; bghpjhdhYk; ve;j tpfpjj;jpy;
fye;Js;sdnth/ mjw;nfw;g ,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/
tpist[fspYk; ntWghL cz;lhFk;.
fhw;wpy; tpz;Dk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/ tpz;qk; ePhpy; btg;gk;/
fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/ kz;zpy/; ePh; btg;gf;fhw;W/ tpz; Mfpa
ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;. ,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd. xt;bthU
g{jKk; jd;dstpy; jdpj;jdpna ,a';Fk;nghJ xU
jd;iknahLk; kw;bwhd;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j ,af;f
kz;lyj;jpy; mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/ mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk;
gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F Vw;g btt;ntwhd
rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk; ,a';Fk;. ,jdhy; xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k;
ntW ntwhd jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj; njhw;w';fshf
cUthfpd;wJ. g";rg{j braw;ifahd/ njhw;wkhff; fhqk;
epfHr;rpfspy; gukhz vdk; tpz;/ gy fl;l';fspYk; CLUtp
xo ,a';Fk; jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g
mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs; vd;w
59
MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt/
gukhznt capy; vd kjpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. tpz;zpd;
jd;epiy ,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp MfpwJ. mJ fhw;wpy;
,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk; rf;jpahfpd;wJ. mJ btg;gj;jpy;
xspf;Fk; rf;jpahfpwJ. ePhpy; mJnt Ritahfp kz;zpy;
thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;w
,af;fj;jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly
epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy;
fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd
RHy;fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd; ghijapy;
RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l mGj;jk; Kjyhd Itif
,af;f';fspYk; fhf;fg;bgWfpd;wd.
,e;j Itif ,af;f mjph;t[ miyfs; Kiwahfj; bjhlh;e;J
eilbgWkhdhy; mjd; tpisthf tpj;Jf;TWfs; tpise;J
,ize;J me;j kz;lyj;jpy; czh;r;rp vd;w ,af;fk;
cUthfpd;wd. mg;nghJ me;j kz;lyk; mwpt[ vd;w
rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd tpj;J Mfpd;wJ. ,e;j
tpj;Jf; nfhs';fs;jhd; vy;yhtifahd caphpd';fSf;Fk;
mog;gilahd rpw;wiufs; MFk;. ,j;jifa tpj;jf;
nfhs';fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; bgUfpf;To bfhj;jhf mike;J
,a';fp bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/ czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy; vd;w
rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg; bgWk;nghj mj;bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk $Ptd;
vdg;gLk;. ,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq xnu rf;jp xUg[wk; fhw;W/
btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ ,itahfp J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/
,tw;wpDnl mnj gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr;
60
rpwg;ng klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ mwpt[/
vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshf $Ptfhe;jkhft[k; kpsh;fpd;wd.
,j;jifa Nf;Fk epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/
kzk; Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk;. czh;jy; vd;w epfH;r;rpna mwpt[
vdg;gLk;. capy; ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthd xU rpwg;g[ epiyna
mwpt[ MFk;. caph; vd;gJ gukhq. ,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs;
vz;zpwe;jd/ vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf \d;W gphpt[fspy; bjhpe;J
bfhs;syhk;. nghpaf;f kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz; vd;w
caph;j;Jfs; epiwe;j bgU';fskhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epiyapy;
,J gpug";r capy;. ,Jnt kfhfhrk; (kfh Mfhrk;) tpz;
jpul;rp epiyfshd fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; Mfpa ehd;F
g{j';fspYk; cs; epiw Mw;wyhf mike;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit
kzk;/ vd;gdthf/ tpist[fshf kyh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk;
,af;f ,af;f epfH;r;rpfspy; ,Jnt g{jhfhrk; (g{jk; Mfhrk;)
vdg;gLk; tpj:J vd;w mog;gil mikg;igf; bfhz;L mq
mLf;Fshy; mike;j clypy; ,nj tpz; czh;r;rp vd;w
rpwg;ghw;wyhf kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; mnj tpz;
rpjhfhrk; (rpj;jk; Mfhrk;) MFk;. ,Jjhd; $Ptd;/ rpjhfhrk;
vd;w epiynahL/ g{jhfhrKk;/ kfhfhrKk;/ neh; bjhlh;g[
bfhz;oUj;jyhy; xt;bthU $PtDk; gpu";rk; KGika[k;
jd;ndhL ,izg;ghff; bfhz;nl ,a';Ffpd;wJ.
njhw;wk;
czh;jy; vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhd mwpt[ Kjypy; mGj;jk;/ btg;g/
jl;g/ Vw;w jhH;t[/ ,tw;iw czh;thfg; bgWjy;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j czh;it !;ghpr czh;t[ (m CW)
61
czh;t[ MFk;. ,e;j Xuwpt[ ,af;fKila $Ptnd jhtuk;
MFk;. jhtuj;jpypUe;njh (my;yJ) mjd; tpj;Jf;fspy;
,Ue;njh caphpaf;f tpiut[ mjpfkhfp/ Rita[zh;t[ To
mjw;Fhpa fUtpahd tha; mikag; bgUFk;nghJ mJ <uwpt[
MfpwJ. ,e;j <uwpt[ caphpd';fsplk; caphpaf;f rf;jp tpiut[
bgw;W thrida[zh;thd fUtpahd \f;F ghpzhkkile;jhy;
mJnt \twpthFk;. $PtdhFk; vWk;g[/ bry;/ ,tw;iwg;
nghd;wit \d;wwpt[ $Ptd;fs;/ nkYk; xspa[zh; fUtpahd
fz;njhd;w ehywpthft[k; ghk;g[ Kjypad njhd;wpd.
xypa[zh;t[ fUtpahd fhJ vd;W fUtp njhd;w Ie;jwpt[
capuhft[k;/ kpUf';fs;/ gwitfs;/ Kjypad njhd;wpd.
,j;jifa ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpapy; thy;
cs;s FU';F njhd;wp/ gpd;g[ thy; ,y;yh Fu';F njhd;wp/ gpd;
kdpjd; njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ.
bts;sj;jhy; g{kp mjph;;r;rp/ gps[tfs;/ mtw;why; ,e;j kdpj
FLk;gk; rpjwof;fg;gl;L g{kpapy; gy;ntW ,l';fspy; gutp
me;je;j ehl;L jl;gbtl;g mikg;g[f;fSf;nfw;g fUg;gh;fs;/
bts;isah;fs;/ Fl;ilah;fs;/ bel;ilah;fs;/ gdpapy; thGk;
v!;fpnkhf;fs; nghd;W gyntWghLfSld; kdpj ,dk;
njhd;wp gHf;fk;/ tHf;fk;/ gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuk; nghd;w
Kiwfshy; kj';fs; gythfg; gphpe;J/ cyf KGtJk; thH;e;J
tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa ntz;Lk;.
kuzk;
mqf;fspy; bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpna J}a cly;. mjD}nl
gukhq epiyapy; CLUtp Xor;RHd;W bfhz;nl ,Ug;gJ
62
caph;r;rf;jp. caph;r;rf;jpapd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[z;lhdhy;
mJnt czh;r;rpahfpwJ. me;j czh;r;rp xU $Ptd; jh';fpg;
gHFk; mstpw;F nkyhf X';Fk;nghJ mJ ty;Yzh;r;rpahfp/
Jd;gkhfp/ nehahf tUfpwJ. ,e;j jil ePoj;J/ mjd;
tpisthf clypy; kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ ,uj;jk; Mfpa \d;W
RHy;fSk; jilgLnkahdhy; clYf;F \ykhd tpj;J/
jh';Fk; mstpw;F nky; fdy; bfhz;L mjd; ehs';fisj;
jfh;j;J btspnawptpLk;. czh;r;rp vd;w mwpnthL Toa
caph;rf;jp bjhlh;e;J me;j clypy; RHd;W ,a';fKoahky;
cliy tpl;L btspnawptpLk;.
kdpj\is Mw;wy;
xU kdpj clypy; ehbshd;Wf;F 27/949.3 kPl;lh; uj;jk; 99776.6
fp.kP ePsKs;s uj;jf;FHha;fs; tHpr; brYj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xU
kdpjd; ruhrhp thH;ehspy; ,jaj;jpd; jirfs; ,a';Fk;
(k;g;bra;a[k;) uj;jj;jpd; mst[/ re;jpukz;lyj;jpw;F bry;Yk; 56
uhf;bfl;Lfspy; epug;gg;gLk; vhpbghUs; msthFk;. gpwjirfs;
nghyd;wp ,jaj;jpd; jirfs; jd;dpr;irahf bray;gLfpd;wd.
fUtpy; FHe;ij ehd;Fthu rpRthf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ euk;g[fs;
njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ng rpRtpd; clk;gpw;F btspna cg;g[ ePhpy;
kpje;J bfhz;L ,jak; Jof;fj; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
MYOCYTER vd;w jir bry;fs; Rkhh; 2 thl; kpd;rf;jpia
cw;gj;jp bra;J ,iHfis ,af;f itf;fpd;wd. FHe;ij
gpwe;jJk; ,e;j bry;fs; bgUfp tsj;ij epWj;jpf;
bfhs;fpd;wd. kdpjd; \is 1.36 fpnyh vila[s;sJ. Rkhh;
63
100 jphpy;ypad;2 bra;jpj; Jqf;Ffis nrfhpj;J itf;Fk;
jpwd; bfhz;ljhFk;. mjhtJ 70 Mz;Lfspy; mJ nrh;f;Fk;
bra;jpfs; gphpl;lhdpfh fiyf;fs";rpaj;jpd; Ie;J yl;rk;
bjhFjpfspy; ml';ff;Toa mj;jid bjhFjpfis mLf;fp
itj;jhy; 711.31 fpnyh kPl;lh; J}uk; tUk;. mjd; rpwpa mst[
(1.3608 fpnyh) gad;gLj;Jk; rf;jp 20 thl; gy;g[f;Fj; njitahd
kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; msg;gwpa nrkpg;g[ jpwd; 100 jphpy;ypad;
bra;jpfshFk;. ,tw;iwg; ghh;f;Fk;nghJ jw;nghJ
eilKiwapy; cs;s fzf;if tpl mJ rpwg;ghf
bray;gLfpwJ vd;gJ bjhpag; tUfpwJ.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l neuj;jpy; \is jdJ rpwpa epidt[g; gFjpapy;
xU bra;jpia epug;gpf;bfhs;Sk;. clypd; ePskhd bry;
epa{uhd; (1.2 kP) KGtsh;r;rpaile;j \isapy; 100 kpy;ypad;
epa{uhd;fs; euk;g[ bry;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy; epa{uhd;fs;
vz;zpf;iff;Fk; kdpj mwpt[f;Fk; rk;ge;jk; ,y;iy.
epa{uhd;fSf;F ,ilna Md ,izg;g[ gpwg;g[fSf;F Kd;ng
Jt';fp 2 taJ tiu bjhlh;fpwJ. epa{uhd; ouhd;!;gh; kPl;lh;
\yk; bra;jpfs; mDg;gg; gLfpd;wd. xU epa{uhd; bra;jpia
mDg;gpaJk; kw;bwhU epa{uhdpy; cs;s Mapuf;fzf;fhd
bra;jpfs; th';fg;gl;L mJ ,d;bdhU epa{uhDf;F mDg;gp
itf;fg; gLfpwJ. kdpj clypy; 96/000 fp.kP. ,uj;jf;FHha;fs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,uj;jj;jpy; gpsh!;kh/ rptg;g[ mqf;fs;/
2 xU jphpy;ypad; vd;gJ xd;wpw;Fg; gpd; 18
g{$;$pa';fs; bfhz;ljhFk;
64
bts;is mqf;fs; gpshblyl;!; nghd;witfs; ml';fp
a[s;sd. xt;bthU tpdhoa[k; 80 yl;rk; rptg;g[ uj;j mqf;fs;
vYk;g[/ k";i$apy; cw;gj;jp MfpwJ. QPnkhFnshgpdpy; mJ
54 xU astpapy;/ 4 Kjy; 6 kpy;ypad; rptg;g[ mqf;fs;
fhzg;gLk;. gpshblyl;fs; xU astpapy; 3 yl;rk; tiu
,Uf;Fk;.
Rthrk;
Xa;tpUf;Fk;nghJ xU kdpjd; epkplj;jpw;F 13 Kjy; 17 tiu
Rthrpf;fpwhd;. tpisahLk;nghJ 80 kl';F tiu
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. xU ehspy; ruhrhp 21/600 Kiw Rthrpf;fpnwhk;.
,J thH;ehspy; 295.261 kpy;yp.yp msthFk;. jhapd; tapw;wpy;
gpwe;j mjph;r;rpapy; FHe;ijf;F Kjy; Rthrk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
jirfs; RU';fp/ khh;g[ tphpe;J cs;ns fhw;wGj;jk; FiwfpwJ.
jpzwpg;nghd FHe;ij thiaj; jpwf;fpwJ. fhw;W cs;ns
tpiufpwJ. FHe;ij Kjy; \r;ir tplj;bjhl';fp epkplj;jpw;F
60 jlit Rthrpj;J \r;RtpLk; nghuhl;l RHw;rp Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
tsh;r;rp mile;j xUthpd; Rthrg;igfspd; cs; mst[ 93/ ,J
kdpj clk;gpd; btspg;gug;gpd; 40 kl';fhFk;.
kdpj clk;gpy; fy;yPuypd; gzpfs;kpft[k; rpwg;ghdJ. fy;yPuk;
Rkhh; 1/000 tpjtpjkhd gzpfis nkw;bfhs;fpwJ. clk;ig
ey;yepiyapy; itj;jpUg;gJ/ ,uj;jk; ciuahky; ghJfhg;gJ/
tp#j;ij Kwpg;gJ nghd;wit ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpfs;. cly;
cwg;g[fspy; fy;yPuy; kl;Lnk jd;id kPz;Lk; g[Jg;gpj;Jf;
bfhs;Sk; jpwd; cilaJ. 3-y; 2 gfjp fy;yPuy; vLf;fg;gl;L
tpl;lhYk; Tl mJ kPz;Lk; giHa epiyf;nf tsh;e;JtpLk;.
65
thapy; bjhl';fp kyj;Jthuk; tiuahd 9.14 ePsks;s
FHha;jhd; czit Ez;zpa Jqf;Ffshfg; ghpj;J
FlYf;Fk;/ uj;jehs';fSf;Fk; mDg;g[fpwJ. rj;Jf;fs;
clk;gpd; kpfg;bghpa cWg;ghd 1.36 fpnyh vila[s;s
fy;yPuYf;Fr; brd;W m';F urhadg;bghUshf khw;wg;gl;L
njitg;gLk;nghJ gad;gl nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ. o.vd;.V.
Fnuhnkh!hkpd; Kf;fpa gFjp bgw;nwhhplkpUe;J FHe;ij
kugqtHp brYj;jg;gLk; ghuk;ghpaj; jfty; ,jd; \ynk
bry;Yfpd;wd. clk;gpd; xt;bthU bry;ypYk; Rkhh; 2 kP
mst[s;s o.vd;.V RUl;lg;gl;L 10 ikf;nuh kPl;lh; mst[fSf;F
mlf;fg;gl;L tpLfpwJ. o.vd;.V.
ehd;F mog;gilfs; bfhz;lJ. G, A, C, T, U (
GUANINE, ADENINE, CYSTOSINE,
THYMINE) ,iy ,ul;il kog;ghf mike;jpUf;Fk;. 6.096
kP ePsKs;s rpWFlYk;/ 6 kP ePsKs;s bgU';FlYk; nrh;e:J
9.26 r.kP ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpj;Js;sJ. clypd; rUkj;jpd; 5
kl';F ,J Fly;fs; 70 Mz;Lfspy; 40.04 bkl;hpf; ld;
czit brhpkhdj;jpw;fhf gjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vYk;g[fspd;
bkhj;j vz;zpf;if 206. bjhil vYk;g[jhd; kpf ePskhdJ.
kpfr;rpwpa vYk;g[ fhjpd; fLg;gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk; vYk;ghFk;. kpf
tYikahdJ fqf;fhiya[k; KH';fhiya[k; ,izf;Fk;
vYk;g[/ Rkhh; 1/600 fpnyh viliaj;jh';Fk; rf;jp ,jw;F
cz;L. kdpj clk;gpy; 639 jirfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. clypd;
bkhj;j vilapy; mit 40. g[d;dif g[hpa[k; nghJ 17 jirfs;
,a';Ffpd;wd. nfhgg;gLk;nghJ 42 jirfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd.
66
gpdgFjpapy; ,a';Fk; jir jhd; kpfg;bghpa jir. xU
tpiug;ig behof;F 2/000 capuqf;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ.
xU bgz;zpd; fUg;igapy; mts; thH;ehspy; 400
Kl;ilfs;jhd; cw;gj;jp bra;g;gLfpwJ. jiyapy; Rkhh;
(ruhrhp) xU yl;rj;J ,Ugj;ije;jhapuk; kaph;fs;
Kisf;fpd;wd. jpdrhp 45 kaph;fs; tpGe;JtpLfpd;wd.
xt;bthU kaph;fhYk; jdJ thH;ehspy; 9.14 kP cw;gj;jp
bra;a[k; jpwd;bfhz;lJ. ruhrhp kdpjdpd; 1.85 r.kp.clk;ig
2.72 fpnyh vila[s;s njhy; \oapUf;fpwJ. ekJ fhJfs;
1/500 btntW xypfisf; nfl;L czh;e;J bfhs;Sk; jpwd;
bgw;wit. 72.418 fp.kP. beoa euk;g[fs; kzpf;F 360 fp.kP
ntfj;jpy; bra;jpfis mDg;g[fpd;wd. kpf mjpfg;goahd
ntfk; 532 fp.kP. ehf;fpy; gj;jhapuj;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l czh;r;rp
FkpH;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. thuk; njhWk; mit jk;ikg;
g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd. kdpjdpd; ehf;F Rkhh; 500 tpjkhd
Ritfis czUk; jpwd; bfhz;lJ.
2/000 Kjy; 4/000 tiuapyhd kzj;ij \f;fhy; czu Koa[k;.
Rkhh; 10/000 epw';fis gFj;jwpa[k; rf;jp bfhz;lJ. kdpjdpd;
fz;fs; 1.68 fp.kP bjhiytpy; vhpe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; xU
bkGFth;j;jpiaf; ,jdhy; fhz Koa[k;. ,ikfs; fz;fis
\o \o jpwf;Fk; neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;lhy; xU ehspy; ehk; 30
tpdhofs; FUlh;fshf ,Uf;fpnwhk;. tapW ehbshd;Wf;F
,uz;L ypl;lh; iQl;nuh Fnshhph; mkpyj;ij cw;gj;jp
bra;fpwJ. tapw;wpd; cl;gFjp Rthpy; xt;bthU epkplKk; Ie;J
,yl;rk; bry;fs; g[jpjhf cw;gj;jpahfp ,e;j mkpyk; tapw;Wr;
67
Rtiu mHpj;J tplhjthW ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd. kdpj
clypy; mjpfg;gug;gpy; gue;Js;sJ njhy;. ruhrhp kdpjdpd;
njhiy gug;gp itj;jhy; mJ 2 r.kP tUk;. \isapd;
mog;gFjpapYs;s gpl;a{l;lhp Rugp kpf Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[/
tsh;r;rp/ ,dtpUj;jp/ vd;lhf;hpd/ Rug;gpfspd; bray;ghL
nghd;wtw;iw ,Jnt ftdpf;fpwJ. ,jaKk; \j;jpug;igfSk;
Xa;t[ vLf;fhky; ciHf;fpd;wd. lhd;rpy;/ mg;bgdof;!;
,uz;Lk; njitaw;w cWg;g[f;fs;. mit ,y;yhky; ve;j
ghjpg;g[k; ,y;yhky; kdpjdhy; caph; thHKoa[k;. clk;g[f;F
cldo rf;jpia tH';FtJ fy;yPuy;/ ,J fpisf;nfh$id
nrkpj;J itj;Jf; bfhz;L/ mij FSnfhrhf khw;wp rf;jp
mspf;fpwJ. gy;ypd; vdhky; jhd; clk;gpd;kpff;fodkhf
gFjp. jpdrhp ,uz;L ,yl;rk; bry;fs; gpwe;J mnj
vz;zpf;ifapy; ,we;J nghfpd;wd.
njhypd; nky; gFjp 15-30 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw jd;idg;
g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. kpf caukhd gFjpfspy;
trpg;gth;fSf;F jhH;e;j gFjpapy; trpg;gth;fis tpl ,uz;L
ypl;lh; ,uj;jk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. caph;r;rf;jp clypy;
xG';fhf Xof;bfhz;oUg;gnj ,d;g czh;thFk;. cly;
eykhFk;. mijg; ghJfhf;f czt[/ ciHg;g[/ cwf;fk;/ Mz;-
bgz; cwt[/ vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J mk;r';fspy; bjhlh;e;j
ftdk; njit. ,it mstpw;F mjpfkhdhYk; Fiwe;jhYk;
Kiw jtwp bfhs;sg;bgw;whYk; caph; rf;jp/ Xl;lk;
ghjpf;fg;gk;. neha;fs; cz;lhFk;. thuj;jpw;F xUKiwahtJ
,utpy; czt[ cl;bfhs;shky; ,nyrhfg; gHtif cz;nlh
68
my;yJ rpwpJ ghy;mUe;jpnah cw';FtJ neha;fis xU
mstpy; jLf;f cjt[k;. cly; $Puzpf;fj;jf;f mst[ czt[
cz;lhy; mJ ed;ikahFk;. mst[f;F kPwpdhy; ,e;j czt[
cliy $Puzpf;Fk;/ fUtikg;g[ vz;zk;/ bra;if/
nfhs;fspd; r";rhuj;jpy; mika[k; epiy/ re;jh;g;g nkhjy;/
Mfpa fhuz';fshy; clypy; ,urhad ntWghLfs;
cz;lhfpd;wd. ,j;jifa ntWghLfshy; clypy; cs;s
mq \yf';fs; mjw;F Vw;g tpiutpy; ntWgLk;. mjd;
gadhf clypy; mtw;wpd; tpfpjhr;rhu';fs; Tlnth/
Fiwanth ,lKz;L. ,f;fhuz';fshy; clypy; RHd;nwhof;
bfhz;oUf;Fk; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W ,uj;jk; Mfpa
ehy;tifa[k; mtw;wpd; tpiutpy; Vw;w jhH;t[fisg; bgWk;
tpiuthf xt;bthU mta';f~nla[k; CLUtpr;bry;Yk;
mtw;wpd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[k; cz;lhFk;.
,e;j jil nehahf czug;gLfpwJ. ve;j mtaj;jpy; ve;j
mst[ ve;j rf;jp Xl;lj;jpy; jilgLfpwnjh/ mjw;F Vw;g
nehapd; tYt[k;/ bgaUk;/ mjw;F fhyKk; eph;zapf;fg;
bgWfpd;wd. neha;fis ePf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; rf;jp ,aw;ifahd
clypy; mike;Js;sJ. xj;j gj;jpak; fhj;J Xa;t[ vLj;Jf;
bfhz;lhy; neha;fs; kpft[k; tpiuthfj; jPh;e;JtpLk;. neha;
fodkhf ,Ue;jhy; jf;f kUe;J tiffis cgnahfpf;fyhk;.
nehaw;w clypy;jhd; mwpt[k;/ jpwd;gl ntiybra;a[k;.
,aw;if ,d;g';fis mDgtpf;f Koa[k;/ vdnt
xt;bthUtUk; nehaw;w thH tHpfz;L epd;W xGfpthH
ntz;Lk;.
69
kdj;J}a;ik/ xG';fhd czt[/ msthd ciHg;g[ ,tw;Wld;
Toa thH;f;if neha;fs; ,y;yh cly; eyj;njhL ,Uf;f
cjt[k;. bghwhik/ rpdk;/ t";rfk;/ ftiy/ fhk vz;z';fs;/
,it cly; fhe;j rf;jpapid mst[f;F kPw mHpj;JtpLk;.
jtj;jhYk; Muha;r;rpahYk; ,e;j czh;r;rpfis khw;wp
tplyhk;. czh;e;njhiu md;g[ Kaw;rp bra;a[';fs; btw;wp
epr;rak;. czt[ cz;lt[ld; mjpf Xl;lk;/ rthhp/ fod
ciHg;g[/ Mz;-bgz; clYwt[ ,it TlhJ. mLj;jLj;J
,r;bray;fspy; <LgLnthUf;F tapw;Wg; g[z; cz;lhfptpLk;.
mJ Fd;kk; vd;w nehahfptpLk;. clypypUe;J fHpthfp
btspnaWk; ve;jg;bghUSk; clypd; kPJ j';fhky; ghh;j;Jf;
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mit clnd fpUkpfshf khWk; tha;g;g[
,Uf;fpdwJ.
xU ehisf;F xU KiwahtJ bte;ePhpnyh jz;zPhpnyh
Fspf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak;. kyge;jk;/ m$Puzk; ,it
Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ cly; eyj;ijg; ngqk; tHpfspy; kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ. cly; caph;rf;jp/ tpe;J/ ehjk;/ rPtfhe;jk;/
kdk; ,it Ie;Jk; xUnru ,a';Fk; mikg;g[jhd; kdpj
totkhFk;. nfhof;fzf;fhd rpw;wiufs; nrh;e;J
mLf;fLf;fhf ,a';FtJ ,e;j cly;/ xt;bthU rpw;wiuf;Fk;
,Ug[wk; fhe;jf; fth;r;rp cz;L. cly; epiyj;jpUf;f
ntz;Lkhdhy; mjpy; mike;Js;s rpw;wiufspd;
vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/ gSt[f;Fk; Vw;w $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; njit.
$Ptfhe;jk; vd;gJ caph;r;rf;jp ,a';Ftjhy; vGk;
70
miyahFk;. xt;bthU caph;j;JfSk; jd;idj; jhnd
kpftpiuthfr; Rw;wpf; bfhz;L ,Ug;gjhy; mjpypUe;J tphpe;J
bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk; miy/ bjhlh;e;J njhd;wpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;
Xh; clypy; cs;s caph;Jfspd; vz;zpf;ifF Vw;gl $Ptfhe;j
mGj;jk; epiybgWk;. nghjpa $Ptfhe;jk; ,Uf;Fk;
tiuapy;jhd; clypYs;s rpw;wiufspd; mLf;F Fiuahky;
epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,uj;j Xl;lk;/ fhw;nwhl;lk;/ bts;s Xl;lk;
,k;\d;Wk; rpjwhJ xG';fhf Xo capUf;Fk; clYf;Fk;
,ilna cs;s Mw;wiy epiyf;fr; bra;a[k;. vdnt cliyj;
jh';f $Ptfhe;jk; nghjpa mst[ njit. $Pthfhe;jj;ijg;
bgUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;F ntz;oa vz;zpf;fia[s;s
caph;j;Jfs;fs; njit. caph;j;Jspfs; tpe;J ehj jputj;jpd;
msita[k;/ jd;ika[k; bghWj;jJ.
nghjpast[ tpe;J (Mz;tpe;J)/ ehjk; (bgz;tpe;J) ,Ue;jhy;
jhd; cliy elj;jg;nghJkhd $Ptfhe;j rf;jpia cw;gj;jp
bra;a[k; mst[f;F clypy; caph; rf;jp Jfs;fs;
epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. $Ptfhe;j mst[ rhpahf ,Ue;jhjhd; gU
clyhdJ rpw;wiufspd; xG';fhd ,af;fj;jhy; rPuhf
,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kdKk; ey;y Kiwapy; ,a';Fk;.
$Ptfhe;jj;jpd; xU gFjp cly; rPw;wiufspd; \yk;
clypaf;fkhft[k; kw;bwhU gFjp \dsapd; rpw;wiufs;
\ykhf kdmiyfshft[k; ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. cly;/
tpe;J/ caph;rf;jp/ $Ptfhe;jk;/ cly; kid ,af;fk; vd;w
bjhlhpid ed;whf kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
Ie;jpy; xd;W Fiw ,Ue;jhYk; ,af;f xG';F Fiye;jhYk;/
71
mJ kw;wtw;iw xt;bthd;whfg; ghjpf;Fk;. mg;go
xd;Wf;bfhd;W Vw;gLk; ,af;fk; Kuz;ghl;ow;F Vw;g typ/
tpahjp/ kuzk;/ ,it rk;gtpf;Fk;. jdJ bray;fs;
\ykhfnth/ btspg;g[w nkhJjnyh/ nfhs;fspd; fhe;j
miytPr;R \ykhfnth cd;Dila $Ptfhe;jk; cly;
,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. czt[/ cwf;fk;/ ciHg;g[/
clYwt[/ vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J tifapy; myl;rpak; kpjkp";rpa
cgnahfk;/ Kuz;ghlw;w cgnahfk;/ ,tw;why; cly; ,af;fk;
ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J jd;Dila bray; \ykhf tUk;
tpist[. jl;g btg;g Vw;w jhH:t[ kw;Wk; jw;bray;
tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk; Fog;g';fs;/ nfhs;fs; r";rhuj;jpy;
md;ik nrik/ xd;nwhL xd;W neh;gLjy;/ uhrpkhw;wk; Mfpa
fhuz';fs; xt;bthhpd; gpwe;jehs; nfhs; epiyf;F vw;g
$Ptfhe;jk; Vw;w jhH:tiljy; ,g;go mndf mk;r';fshy;
FHg;gk; tUk;.
ve;j tpjj;jpy; cly; eyk; FHg;gk; mile;jhYk;/ jhnd
mjidr; rhpgLj;jp cliy eykhf;fp bfhs;fpd;w ,aw;if
tpahjp clypnyna xt;bthUtUf;Fk; Xust[ mike;
jpUf;fpwJ. ,jid FHg;gj;ij jh';fpf; bfhs;Sk; ,aw;if
epajp MFk;. ,aw;if epajp mikj;j mst[w;Fk; nkyhf
FHg;gk; kPwpdhy;jhd; mJ cly; ,af;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;.
ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk;bghGJ/ kdpjd; jd;Dila Kaw;rpapdhy;
clw;gapw;rp/ kdg;gapw;rp/ czt[ Kiw \yk; cly ;eyj;ijf;
fhj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.
72
"hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwfs;
ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; bgw;wpUg;gnj kdpjd;. Kjy; jFjp
"hdk; bgWtjw;F mwk;/ jtk;/ $gk;/ jpahdk;/ rpwe;j FUtplk;
brd;W Kjypy; jd;id mog;gilapy; jpUj;jp mthplk; ey;yhrp
bgw;W nkw;fz;l gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J tuntz;Lk;.
thH;f;ifapy; jpdrhp ehk; ekJ kdj;ij xU Kf;fpakhd
fUtpahff; bfhz;L ey;yJ/ bfl;lJ ,uz;Lf;Fnk cgnahfg;
gLj;jp tUfpnwhk;. kdk; ,a';fhky; vija[k; bray;gLj;j
KoahJ. gytpjkhd rf;jpfs; gpug";rj;jpy; gutpf;fplf;fpd;wd.
mjpy; Mf;fg{h;tkhd rf;jpfSk;/ mHpt[ rf;jpfSk; Mfhaj;jpy;
Rw;wpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; rf;jpfs; kpfgykhf
,a';Fk;/ rpy rf;jpfs; gytPdkhf ,a';Fk;. ey;y rf;jp
miyfs; gykhf ,a';Fk;nghJ ehk; vLj;j fhhpak; btw;wp
bgWk;. ekJ thH;tpy; btw;wp njhy;tpfs; ,e;j ey;y/ bfl;l/
rf;jpfspd; Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy;jhd; ekf;F eilbgWfpwJ vd;fpw
cz;ikia czu ntz;Lk;.
,jpy; rpy ekJ vz;z';fspYk;/ rpy btspapy; Vw;gLk;
rf;jpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jhYk; eilbgWk;. ekf;F mg;ghw;gl;l
rf;jpapy; rpf;fpf;bfhs;Sk;nghJ ehk; mjpypUe;J kPsKoahJ.
,e;j jPa rf;jpapypUe;J KGikahf tpLgl Md;kh mwpt[
bgwntz;Lk;. eP';fs; vg;nghk; vy;nyhiua[k; md;g[ld; nerpj;J
re;njhrj;Jld; kdk; tpl;Lg;ngrp gHfntz;Lk;. kdjhy; Tl
xUtUf;Fk; jP';F bra;af;TlhJ. ekJ guk vjphpf;Fk; Tl
bfLjy; Vw;glf; TlhJ/ ey;yijna bra; vdt[k;/ mtUf;Fk;
ey;y vz;zj;ijf; bfhL vdt[k; ,iwtid ehk;
73
ntz;of;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ve;jf;fhyj;jpYk;/ ve;j rkaj;jpYk;
ahh; c';fisf; fhzte;jhYk; eP';fs; mtiu md;g[ld;
tuntw;W cgrhpf;f ntz;Lk;. md;ghf ngrp mDg;g ntz;Lk;/
ve;jf; fhuzj;ijf; bfhz;Lk; ahh; kPJ nfhgg;gLtnjh jfhj
thh;j;ijfshy; itnjh TlhJ. ntiyf;fhuh;fs;/ bghpath;fs;/
ekf;F nfhgk; cz;lhf;Fk;go ngRgth;fs; ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk;
md;g[ld; ngrntz;Lk;. kdjpy; mth;fSf;F ey;y
vz;zj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk;go ,iwtid gpuhh;j;jpf;f ntz;Lk;.
Mj;k "hdj;ij Mz;-bgz; ,UghyUk; milahsk; mjpy;
ve;jj;jila[k; ,y;iy. ekf;F ntz;oaJ vy;yhk;/ jplkhd
kdk;/ MH;e;j ek;gpf;if/ mfj;jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz ek;gpf;if
itj;J mtdplk; ruzila ntz;Lk;/ ey;y vz;z';fs;/
vy;nyhUk; ed;whf thHntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ntz;Lk;. ehk;
vg;nghJk; ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j kdk; ntz;Lkhdhy; ek; kdjpd;
bray;ghLfis xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
kdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLtJ xd;W cs;kdk;/ ,d;bdhd;W
g[wkdk; (btspkdk;). btspkdkhdJ gytpj Mir/
ghr';fshy; cl;gl;lJ. mjDila Jizth;fshd g[yd;fs;
bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ fhJ/ \f;F/ brtp Mfpa Ie;J g[yd;fs; jhd;
ek;Kila btspkdij Ml;og;gilf;Fk;. gytpjkhd
Rf';fis mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;. ,jd; \yk; gy ,d;dy;fs;
neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk;/ jPz;ly; ,d;gj;ijj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. njfk;
kdpjidj; jtwhd ghijapy; nghfr;bra;a[k;. ,jpypUe;J
tpLgl Kaw;rpf;f ntz;Lk;. fz;/ tha;/ ,J
74
kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. kdpjDf;F kpfkpf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j fz;
ghh;g;gJ vy;yhk; mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w Miriaj;
J}z;LtJk;/ mwpit tsh;f;f gog;gJk; ,f;fz;fns/
MH;kdija[k; ghh;itapy; ghh;j;J kdjpy; gjpaitf;Fk;
kpfKf;fpakhd mitakhFk;. \f;F:/ thridfis
mDgtpg;gJld; kdfpsh;r;rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j cWg;g[
bray;gLk; .brtp/ ,J nfl;gjw;fhf ,d;dpir kw;Wk;
ngr;Rf;fs;/ gy tptfhu';fisa[k;/ ey;yJ/ bfl;lJ
nfl;fKoa[k;. ,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf kdkhdJ murhl;rp
bra;J kdpjid ey;yJ/bfl;lJ/ ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og;
gilf;Fk;. Mfnt ,e;j btwpkdk; ml';fpdhy;jhd; cs;kdk;
jpwf;Fk;. cs;kdkhdJ vija[k; bra;af;ToaJ.
mjw;F ey;yit bfl;lit bjhpahJ. btspkdk; vd;d
brhy;fpwnjh mij mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ
epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L. cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy;
mghukhdJ. ,jd; rf;jpfis vGj;jhy; mstpl;Lf;Tw
KoahJ. gytpjkhd Mghr/ jPa vz;z';fis mfw;wp ekf;F
vJ njitnah mij czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf cs; kdJf;Fj;
bjhpag; gLj;jp tpl;lhy; cs;kdk; mij mg;gona epiwntw;wp
tpLk; Mw;wy;gilj;jJ. Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og;gilf;Fk;
btspkdij mlf;Ftjw;Fjhd;/ \r;Rgapw;rp/ jpahdk;/
ke;jpu';fs;/ ghuhaz';fs; Kjypad bra;antz;Lk;. Kjypy;
btspkdij xUepiyg; gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; btw;wp
bgw;why; cs;kdjpy; ekJ ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ
kpfr;Rygk;. kdjpw;Fk;/ Rthjpw;Fk;/ ,ilbtsp ,y;yhj
75
bjhlh;g[z;L. kdk; ve;j mst[ bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[
\r;Rf; fhw;wpd; mst[k; bray;gLk;. btspkdij mlf;fr;
rhd;nwhh;fs; ,uz;L cghaj;ijf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. xd;W
jj;Jt hPjpahf ,J ,jdhy; jPikahfnt ,ijj; js;sptpl
ntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd rpe;jidapy;
xt;bthU jPa vz;z';fis xJf;fp/ kdij jd;Dila
mwptpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L te;jhh;fs;. ,d;bdhd;W
ml';fhj fhisia mlf;Ftjw;F bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy
ml';fhj kdij mlf;f \r;R gapw;rp bra;J \r;Rf;fhw;iw
mlf;fpj; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L te;jhh;fs;. Mfnt
kdkl';fpdhy; \r;R ml';Fk;. \r;rl';fpdhy; kdk; ml';Fk;
vd;gjhFk;. kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w gpizg;gpy; mfg;gl;Lf;
bfhz;Ls;shd;. mtd; md;whlk; gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f
ntz;oa NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp thGfpwhd;.
Mfnt mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J kdij mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr; brYj;jp
kdkl';fr; bra;tJ vspjhd fhhpakpy;iy. fhuzk;
nahrpg;gjw;F fhyk; nghJtJ ,y;iy. Mfnt jw;fhy
NH;epiyapy; \r;r gapw;rpapd; \yk;jhd; kdij mlf;f
ntz;oa fl;lha epiyapy; cs;shd;. rpj;jh;fs; kdij
ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; \yk; "hdj;ijg; bgwKoa[k; vd;W
czh;e;J bjhpe;J mjw;F m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;l
tifahd gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;. xUtd;
j';f Mguzk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why; ciyapy; ,l;L
fha;r;rp j';fj;ij/ jfLfshf;fp/ fk;gpfshf;fp/ gf;Ftkhf
brJf;fp/ Mguzk; bra;fpd;whnd. mJnghy kdija[k;/
76
cliya[k;/ nahfj;jpd; \yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp "hdk; bgw
cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs; kf;fSf;Fk;
gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E}y;fs; \yKk; brhy;ypa[s;shh;fs;.
Mfnt jFe;j gapw;rpapd; \yk; g[yd;fis btsp
tptfhu';fspy; nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk; brYj;jtplhky;
g[yd;fis bty;tjw;Fg; gapw;rpfs; Kiwfs; fz;Lgpoj;jhh;.
mjd; \yk; Rthrk; jhdhff; fl;Lg;gLk;. Rthrk;
fl;Lg;gLk;nghJ kdRk; fl;Lg;gLk;. kdk; fl;Lg;ghl;oy;
,Uf;fpd;wth;fns rpwe;j nahfpfs;. mij mfj;jpah;
TWk;nghJ/
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brgpf;fntz;lhk;/
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia epWj;j ntz;lhk;
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia cah;j;j ntz;lhk;
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brk;ikahFnk
nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; kdj;jpwk; bfhz;lth;fSfF vJt[k;
ve;j gapw;rpa[k; njitapy;iy vd;W TWtjpypUe;J kdij
brk;ikahf itj;J thH gHfpf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. vJt[k;
gHf;fkhfp gpd;g[ tHf;fkhfp khWfpwJ. Mfnt ey;y
tHf;fkhf thH KaYnthk;.
77