Atlantic Continuum: A Look at DNA & Ancient Human Migration Patterns - by Karl Hoenke for

AAPS 6th Annual International Conference on Ancient America

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Atlantic Continuum

Presented by Karl Hoenketo Ancient Artifact Preservation Society

17 September 2010Marquette, Michigan

Overview

• High-level observations about DNA• Revisit Haplogroup X• Assemble some interesting scraps• Suggest hypothesis to fit these together

• Duck

Usefulness of DNA

• Determine relationships• Estimate timing of divergences• Estimate locations of divergences

• mtDNA = Mitochondrial DNA follows female line• Y chromosome DNA = follows male line

DNA Assumptions when Estimating Time

• Size of founding group• Mutation rates: Constant, Only once, not

reversed• Degree of isolation• Degree of inbreeding/outbreeding• Shared ancestry• Sampling is “random”, not “convenience”• Sampling “within-local-population”

Generally Accepted DNA “Tree”

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Haplogroup X -- Updated

Haplogroup XGeographic Appearance Frequency, %

Siberia, NW North America 0%Europe, North Africa, Middle East 2%Georgia (Caucasus) 8%Orkney Islands (off NE coast of Scotland) 7%Israeli Druze (ancient refugium) 28%Ojibway, other Algonquin Tribes 25%Micmac (NE US and Eastern Canada) 50%

Note 1: Inland “footprints” of X absent in both Asia and Europe. It is present in populations associated with coastal regions and history

Note 2: Haplotype X occurs as X1 and X2. X1 only in North Africa. X2 dispersed ~20,000 ybp. X2 not in Asia. X2a & X2g in North America, not Central America. X2 in Sioux (15%), Navajo (7%), Yakima (5%), Nuu-Chah-Nulth (12%)

Note 3: Haplotype X is 12-36,000 years old, must be among founding populations of North America

Outlier Haplotypes in Cherokees52-member study group

Haplotype

Comments

J Origin Levant, 10,000 ybp—infrequent among native Americans

T Originated in Mediterranean 10,000 ybp (i.e. Egypt ~25%), 26% in study group

U Oldest Europeans, original settlers, ~50,000 ybp– 25% of study group

H Dominant in Western Europe (near 50%), only 7.7% hereX Originated in Mediterranean 30,000 ybp ; 13.5% in study

group

Sampling of Central Band of Cherokees; published in Ancient American

European Pattern of SpreadingGenetics & Farming

~6,000 BC

~5,000 BC

BASQUE mtDNA FREQUENCIES

today ancient0%

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XKJVotherH

mtDNA “J” originated in Mid-EastmtdDNA “K” originated in Levant ~10,000 ybpmtDNA “V” believed to be recent SW Europe development

Maritime Cultures

Phoenicians

• Known to have circled Africa• Dominated Mediterranean commerce• Characterized by Haplogroup T• Called themselves Cana'ni or KHNAI • Many American towns & Conoy Indians considered

cognates • William Penn around 1700 described Conoy Indians as

resembling Italians, Jews and Greeks• Phoenicians visited England• And are rumored to have visited ………

Pyramids and Henges

Thornborough Henge dates from 3,500 to 2,500 BC

Poverty Point mounds date from 1.650 to 700 BC

Coincidence?

Summary of Bits Presented

• Haplogroup X distribution consistent with maritime trading culture

• Pattern of continuous Atlantic rim coastal culture

• Delayed spread of farming & genetics support identity of separate coastal culture

• Orion’s belt pattern appears in diverse locations

Hypothesis Red Paint Culture of Maritime Atlantic in Europe

• Was in routine contact with North America

• Passed megalithic tradition to Mediterranean

• Evolved into traders of Mediterranean (who visited North America for 5,000 years)

• Left genetic remnants in refugia (i.e. Basques, Caucasus, Druze, Micmacs, et alia)

QUESTIONS ????