ataremma.rtf

8/14/2019 ataremma.rtf

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J.R.R. TOLKIEN'SLORD'S PRAYERANDHAIL MARY

IN QUENYA

Syntactical and Etymological Analysis

By H. K. Fauskanger

Bibliogra!i"al Abbre#ia$ions

Etym. %!e E$y&ologiesin LR!"#$%#&&


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(L %!e no&is! Le(i"oninPar&a El)ala&beron)**L+tt+,s %!e Le$$ers o* +.R.R. %olkienLotR %!e Lor) o* $!e RingsLR %!e Los$ Roa)

- %!e Mons$ers an) $!e ,ri$i"s-R Morgo$!'s Ring/- %!e Peoles o* Mi))le-ear$!QL %!e enya Le(i"oninPar&a El)ala&beron)*0R(EO %!e Roa) oes E#er Ons+cond +ditionRS %!e Re$urn o* $!e S!a)o/SD Sauron De*ea$e)UT 0n*inis!e) %ales

1T 1inyar %eng/ar2J %!e 2ar o* $!e +e/els

J.R.R. TOLKIEN'SLORD'S PRAYERANDHAIL MARYINQUENYA! Syntactical and +tymological analysis

[This analysis was originally published in Tyali Tyelelliva#18. Shortlyafterwards, another analysis appeared in Vinyar Tengwar#43. The authors of thelatter analysis were able to draw on various other Tolkien anus!ripts that

o!!asionally throws soe light on the ore obs!ure features of the "uenya tet.Soe inforation fro this arti!le has been added $ in bra!kets and with red letters

$ to y own analysis. %therwise, y original published tet reains virtuallyunaltered. Those who want to !opare this study to the Vinyar Tengwararti!le aydownload a &'( version of the relevant issue fro this )*+http--www.elvish.org-T-saple.htl/


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1. 0ntrodu!tion

.*.*. Tolkien was a an of faith, and in subtle ways his beliefs and philosophi!alnotions were refle!ted in his narratives. 2The Lord of the Ringsis of !ourse afundaentally religious and atholi! work,2 he noted in 153, 2un!ons!iously so atfirst, but !ons!iously in the revision2 6+etters179. Still there are no dire!t orepli!it referen!es to hristianity or atholi!is in +ot*, or for that atter in The

Hobbitor The Silmarillion. 0t has, however, long been known that Tolkien ade a"uenya translation of the +ord:s &rayer 6;atthew the long ages of;iddle=earth supposedly far predated the tie of esus, so this would behistori!ally ipossible even within the fi!tional !ontet. *ather we should see thistranslation as a !onfiration of Tolkien:s stateent that to hi, it was the invented

languages and not the fi!tional history that was the priary thing 2The inventionof languages is the foundation. The :stories: were ade rather to provide a world forthe languages than the reverse. To e a nae !oes first and the story follows26+etters19.

Soe have !ontended that Tolkien:s languages are so inetri!ably bound upwith his fi!tion that they literally would not ake any sense if reoved fro the;iddle=earth setting, the languages as suchbeing disissed as nothing butfigents of 2literary art2. Su!h a view, however, sees to represent a saddiinishing of Tolkien:s efforts, as well as a profound la!k of appre!iation for theinfinite fleibility of +anguage. %n o!!asion, Tolkien hiself ight odestlydisiss his languages as 2nonsense2 or a 2ad hobby2 6;3, +etters89, but inreality he did know the nature and potential of his work ?e noted about hislanguages that they 2have some existence, sin!e 0 have !oposed the in soe!opleteness2 6+etters175, ephasis added9. ?en!e they !ould in prin!iple beused to translate any tet, even if the tet as su!h had no dire!t !onne!tion to thenarratives or the invented world. @nd as !an now be seen, Tolkien didprodu!e atleast one su!h translation a "uenya version not only of thePater osteror +ord:s&rayer, but also of the!ve "ariaor ?ail ;ary. The two are written !onse!utivelyand ay well be !onsidered one work. This is presently the sole known eaple of

Tolkien rendering into one of his languages a tet not originating with hiself.Ahy did Tolkien translate these prayersB 0t sees Cuite unlikely that hea!tually usedthe "uenya versions in his own worship. 0n Vinyar Tengwar#3,where arl (. ?ostetter and &atri!k Aynne presented their own "uenya version ofthe +ord:s &rayer 6ade before they got to see Tolkien:s translation9, ?ostetter inhis editorial observed 2Translations of the +ord:s &rayer have enDoyed a longtradition as representative tets for use in side=by=side !oparisons of various


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languages.2 Eut sin!e Tolkien apparently never ade any efforts to have his"uenya=language +ord:s &rayer published, it does not see that he intended it to bea general 2saple2 of the language. ;ost likely he wrote down these tets for noore profound reason than his own auseent $ whi!h should not, however, betaken as an indi!ation of a frivolous attitude towards these proinent religioustets. The translation as su!h was probably serious enough, all the ore so sin!ethese prayers would be iportant to Tolkien as a atholi!.

"uenya tets as substantial as this one rarely appear. 0f we liit the s!ope towhat is ore or less +ot*=style "uenya, the only substantial tets 6as opposed toisolated words or short or un!onne!ted senten!es9 that have been available so farnuber no ore than three or four. They aream#riin +ot* 6and *FG%


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pronoinal ending =mmaour, whereas the ending =lyathyis dis!ussed in the entryfor +ss+lyathy name.9 The dis!ussion of various te!hni!al oddities will be workedinto the +ei!al oentary wherever it is !onvenient> thus there is a dis!ussionof soe of the strange aoristso!!urring in these tets in the entry for the wordca,+, siply be!ause this word provided a good opportunity to dis!uss the noralaorist foration and its apparent dia!hroni! developent. Ey using !on!rete wordsand fors found in the tets as the starting=point for su!h dis!ourses, 0 hope toavoid aking the dis!ussions needlessly abstra!t.

@t the end will be found a Summaryre!apitulating the aDor new insightsprovided by this tet. ?ere 0 will slip into a perspe!tive that is 2pra!ti!al2 ratherthan stri!tly a!adei! 0 tend to be indful about the needs of people who want towrite or !opose in "uenya theselves, sin!e any aspire to do this, usually beingvery anious to stay within the fraework of Tolkien:s syste and not distort ordilute it.

The dis!ussions below will involve etensive !oparison with earlierpublished sour!es. These will norally be referred to by book 6denoted by the!oon abbreviations9 and page. ?owever, in the !ase of two sour!es, 0 shallsiply refer to the by nae with no further referen!es. They are

am#ri @lso known as Faladriel:s +aent, this is by far the longest"uenya tet in +ot*, o!!urring in The %ellowshi, of the Ring, Eook Two, near theend of !hapter 000 62(arewell to +Jrien29, beginning Ai3 la4,i5 lanta, lassis6,in+n...

The (ormallen Praise-The praise re!eived by the *ingbearers on the (ieldof orallen in The Return of the .ing, Eook Si, !hapter 0 62The (ield oforallen29. The parts we shall here refer to are these Da4, a 7+,8a+l9 onin +nAnn:n3 ... A laita t+9 laita t+3 Anda;+ lait4;alm+t3... o,macolindo,9 a laitat


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e.g. #ind=m+willisolated fro ind=m+lyathy will. ?owever, ere graati!alaffies isolated fro the ain word are usually not so arked, sin!e they do notappear as independent words anyway> the sybol # is only used in the !ase ofendings that !annot be isolated with full !onfiden!e.

Though 0 norally regulariLe the spelling of Tolkien:s languages, espe!iallyin y own !opositions, 0 have here retained the spelling used in the sour!es forthe sake of a!adei! a!!ura!y. Thus there is here soe in!onsisten!y regardingsu!h variant spellings as >or c, ?or ?4and the use of the diaeresis.

. The Tet

Tolkien wrote his tet on a pie!e of stationery 6hen!e the words 2(ro &rofessor.*.*. Tolkien, ;erton ollege, %ford2 at the top9. The tet of the prayers is notwritten in Cuite odern letters, but in a edieval=style s!ript, Tolkien apparently

ausing hiself by produ!ing soething with the look and feel of an 2an!ientanus!ript2. ;ore spe!ifi!ally, he appears to have iitated a hand histori!ally usedfor @nglo=Saon. The ost pe!uliar feature of this style of writing is the shape ofthe letters sand ,, that look ore like odern=day ,and @, respe!tively 6forinstan!e, the words s a,2now and2 in the iddle of the se!ond=to=last line of theanus!ript are written in a way that to a odern reader would rather suggest 2rIap29. 0nstead of regular !oas Tolkien uses dots, and instead of full stopsnorally what looks like a odern !olon> a regular full stop is however foundfollowing the word +mm+n.

0 shall base y analysis on the following reading of Tolkien:s tet

Bta,+mma i 5a 8an 5a C na ai,+ +ss+lya C a,ani+lya na t4l4;a C na ca,+ind=m+lya c+m+nd+ tam+ E,4mand+ !


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of a orphee $ the future=tense ending =4;a$ there !an be no regular divisionhere.9

The tet above !ertainly is not the only possible reading. The distribution ofspa!es is vague> 5a 8anand as +ly+!ould be read as single words 65a8an, as+ly+9.[T43 prefers the one=word reading as+ly+./@ few of the a!!ents 6indi!ating longvowels9 are un!lear> if they are there at all, they are obs!ured by des!endingeleents of the letters above. Imcaay also be read mca, both i:s being long.Ahen 0 read y this

ay suggest that our tet 6slightlyB9 predates this inute !hange. 0f we date thistet to 155, we shall probably not err u!h. 0t maybe a little earlier, but not u!hthe word 5ao!!urring in this tet does not see to have entered Tolkien:s ythos

before 151 6see +*338, ;*7, 31 regarding Haor Eas a nae of the universe9.The word #


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is !ertainly older than !a. 17H. @ll things !onsidered, it sees Cuite unlikely thatTolkien ade these translations earlier than 151 or later than 155.

3. Synta!ti!al-@nalyti!al oentary The Tetual ontet @nalysed

/0 TH+ L)R1'S PR!2+R

Bta,+mma i 5a 8an 5a C)ur father who art in heaven30t is not Cuite !ertain that this traditional Gnglish wording of the prayer a!tually !orresponds tothe "uenya tet, though it !ertainly begins with the words 2our (ather who art...2 Bta,+mma2our father2, s!. ##tar2father2 6other sour!es have atarwith a short a9 N =mma2ours2, with a!onne!ting vowel =e= slipped in between the noun and the ending to avoid an ipossible!onsonant !luster. This ending =mmadenotes an exclusive2our2> #taremmais not used for 2ourfather2 when his !hildren are talking about hi aong theselves 6that is K#tarelma9, but when

they are addressing another party that is not aong his !hildren 0n this !ase, it is the fatherhiself that is being addressed. i2who2, relative pronoun. 5a2is2 or 2eists2, 8ana hithertounknown word that a!!ording to the noral Gnglish wording of the prayer ought to be thepreposition 2in2 6though it is wholly dissiilar to the noral word for 2in2, mi9. See the +ei!aloentary for further dis!ussion of this word. [T43 argues that 8aneans 2beyond2./ These!ond 5awould !orrespond to 2heaven2. 0f this is a noun, it would have to be eCuated with +4,the well=known "uenya nae of the !reated universe, despite the fa!t that in the tet before us itis not !apitaliLed. This word is a surprising !hoi!e as a translation for 2heaven2> Tolkien did noteven use it when translating 2thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven2 a few lines down. 0f hanis a preposition, it would see to soehow des!ribe Gru:s position in relation to GO, and in lightof the noral wording of the prayer, Gru ust in soe sense be 2in2 GO. &erhaps hanay ean

soething along the lines of 2pereating2B Met in what pre!ise sense Gru is present within GOwas soething of a ystery even to the inhabitants of ;iddle=earth, as is evident fro the!thrabeth %inrod ah !ndreth6;*3 2?ow !ould Gru enter into the thing [GO/ that ?e hasade, and that whi!h ?e is beyond easure greaterB ... ?e is already in it, as well as outside...butindeed the :in=dwelling: and the :out=living: are not in the sae ode... So ay Gru in that odebe present in GO that pro!eeded fro hi29. %f !ourse, when trying to interpret a translation of atet that belongs to our world rather than Tolkien:s invented world, attepting to gleaninforation fro his ythos ay be beside the point. &erhaps Tolkien siply eant to saysoething like K2our (ather who is in 6B9 the universe2. 0t should be noted, though, that there isan old 5nomishtet that sees to feature a preposition hanP 2above2 6see the relevant entry inthe +ei!al oentary below for referen!e9. 0f this is what haneans here, Tolkien would

see to have rephrased 2who art in heaven2 to 2who art above the universe2, perhaps be!ausepeople within his ythos 2did not !on!eive of the sky as a divine residen!e2 6+ettersH4> !f. theentry+rumandein the +ei!al oentary9.

@nother, even ore ingenious interpretation !ould be that Tolkien here did nottranslate2who art in heaven2, but substituted another Eible=based phrase, naely Fod:s self=designation 20a that 0 a2 or 20 a who 0 a2 6Godus 314> ?ebrew 6ehyeh 6asher 6ehyeh9. ould Tolkienhave re=phrased the first line of the prayer as K2our (ather who art that thou art2B This wouldallow us to interpret aas a verb in both of its o!!urren!es. 0f this is so, hanwould have to ean


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soething like K2that2 or K2that whi!h2. ?owever, this theory sees diffi!ult to aintain, evenapart fro the fa!t that a devout atholi! would hardly feel free to signifi!antly rephrase the+ord:s &rayer. 0f i a han ais to ean K2who art that thou art2, the se!ond awould be epe!tedto in!lude a se!ond person pronoinal ending 6probably = lye9, but no su!h suffi is present.;oreover, su!h an interpretation would reCuire that a!an be used as a !opula 6like n#9, but our

few eaples hint that this is not so. The verb a6also spelt e49 ay be translated 2is2, but wehave no eaple of it being used to !onne!t a subDe!t with a noun or an adDe!tive> rather it eans2eists2, and so Tolkien translated it in at least one !ase 6T379. ?en!e in irion:s %ath6)T3H5, 3179 we have the senten!e i +ru i or ilye mahalmar e4, 2the %ne who is above allthrones2 Gru existsin this sublie position> or ily mahalmar2above all thrones2 ay here beseen as an adverbialphrase rather than a predi!ate. Qo atter how we interpret the pre!isesynta, this eaple indi!ates that arather than n#is used for 2is2 when a subDe!t is to be!onne!ted to a prepositional phrase denoting a position. 0t sees ost reasonable, then, toassue that7taremma i a han ais another eaple of this, and that this eans soethingalong the lines of K2our (ather who is in GO2 6though the pre!ise eaning of han, that we take tobe a preposition of soe sort, ust reain as un!ertain as the spatial relation between Gru andGO9. [T43 takes i 5a 8an 5aas eaning 2who is beyond GO2, whi!h would !ertainly not be adire!t translation of 2who is in heaven2. 0f this is the !orre!t interpretation, it is still surprisingthat the se!ond 5ais not !apitaliLed as Eor Ha, to identify it as a proper nae./

7taremma i a han aprovides a new eaple of the word order used in a relative phrase.?ere we have S)EGTN *G+@T0G&*%Q%)QN G*EN &*G&%S0T0%Q@+&?*@SG. %n the otherhand, the wording i +ru i or ily mahalmar e4in irion:s %ath inverts the order of the verb andthe prepositional phrase, pla!ing the verb at the end 6u!h like in a Feran relative phrase, butin irion:s %ath the verb e4is a!tually not absolutely final> there is an adverb tennoio2for ever2following it9. arrying the word order used in irion:s %ath over to the +ord:s &rayer wouldprodu!e K7taremma i han a a, the first abeing a noun 6GO, the universe9 and the se!ond averb 2is, eists2. &erhaps irion:s %ath displays the ore noral word order, the &rayer using analternative wording to avoid two ain seCuen!e. 0n a highly infle!ted language like "uenya, theword order would typi!ally be Cuite free anyway. 0t ay be noted that the sole relative senten!ein QaRri $ the words tellumar3 yassen tintilar i eleni, literally 2does, whi!h=in twinkle thestars2 6*FG%


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!onstru!tion the early Gldar originally intended, but if this is the !ase, nalater evolved beyondbeing a ere iperative 2be2 0n light of the two net eaples 6see below9, 0 think that in tersof syn!hroni! synta, it is probably best to interpret aire esselyaas a noinal senten!e 2holy [is/thy nae2 6we will see several ore eaples of su!h senten!es in this tet9, this de!larativesenten!e then being transfored into a wish or a prayer by supplying the parti!le na 2;ay your

nae [be/ holy.2

a,ani+lya na t4l4;a Cthy $ingdom come3a,ani+lya2thy kingdo2, s!. #aranie2kingdo2 N =lya2thy2, naoptative parti!le denoting awish, t4l4;a2shall !oe2, verb tul= 2!oe2 N the future=tense ending =uva. Stylisti! attersaside, the "uenya tet reads literally soething like 2thy kingdo, wish=that [it/ will !oe2.)nlike the standard Gnglish tet of the prayer, that siply epresses a wish that the kingdo ay!oe without tou!hing on tie at all, the "uenya version akes it !lear that the !oing of theVingdo of Fod is afutureevent $ as indi!ated by the future=tense for tuluva. 6ontrast theaorist tense eployed in the translation of 2thy will be done2 below> this is not a prayer regarding

a singular future event, but a prayer that the will of Fod alwaysbe done, irrespe!tive of tie.9

na ca,+ ind=m+lya c+m+nd+ tam+ E,4mand+ !thy will be done3 on earth as 8it is9 in heavennawishing=parti!le, ca,+2does2, aorist verb 6with no epli!it subDe!t9, ind=lm+lya2your will26#ind:me2will2 N =lya2thy29, c+m+nd+26asB9 on earth2. This is a hitherto unknown !ase oradverbial for. 0t !ould have u!h the sae fun!tion as the well=known lo!ative in =sse6thatalso o!!urs in the tet before us, in the word l;messebelow9. The basi! word is cemen2earth2, sothe ending !ould be #=de6whi!h for it !ould only have following words ending in =l, =ror ashere =n> otherwise ipossible !onsonant !lusters would arise $ or, if this suffi were added towords ending in a vowel, an eCually ipossible intervo!ali! d9. 0t ay be that the ending is

a!tually #=nde, redu!ed to #=dewhen added to a word in =n. 0t !ould also be a kind of2!oparative2 !ase, indi!ating that cemendeis being !opared to+rumande6see below9. 0nearlier 2"enya2, an ending =ndoneaning 2like2 appears> it is possible that =ndeis a laterin!arnation of it 6see the entry cemendein the +ei!al oentary below for further dis!ussion9.[0n T43, the ending =d+is suggested to be an alloorph of the lo!ative ending =ss+, or itsshorter version =s+. Tolkien ay see to be toying with a syste that has this ending appearingas =+or =d+following !ertain !onsonants, like =nand =l. This phonologi!al developent doesnot agree very well with the syste he uses elsewhere, though c+m+nN =s+would be epe!ted toyield c+m+ss+rather than c+m+nd+./ tam+2as2, evidently used when !oparing withsoething not !lose to the speaker> !ontrasts&v'later in the tet, apparently eaning 2as2 when!oparing to soething that isin the proiity of the speaker 6see the +ei!al oentary for

further dis!ussion of both words9. E,4mand+26asB9 in heaven2, a ost pe!uliar for apparentlyin!luding+ru2Fod2> see +ei!al !oentary. 0t evidently in!orporates the sae 2lo!ative2 or2!oparative2 ending as in cemende, and sin!e the latter is known to !orrespond to thenoinative for cemen, the noinative of+rumande!ould likewise be #+ruman. Met sin!e theending ay also be #


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wording used is 2as in heaven, so on earth2 6h=s en ouran=i $ai e,i g>s> !f. also +atinsicut incaelo et in terra9. The inversion 2on earth as in heaven2 is however usual in Gnglish versions6found already in one %ld Gnglish translation on eorthan swa swa on heofenum9, and Tolkien isseen to have !arried it over into "uenya.

This line !oen!es with the last attestation of the wishing=parti!le nain this tet, and

we !an suariLe the synta!ti!al rules relating to it as follows The parti!le is used to epress awish 6or perhaps indeed prayer9 about what happens 6will happen9 to an obDe!t, orwhat a subDe!tdoes 6will do9. 0f the speaker wishes that a subDe!t is to have or re!eive the Cualities denoted bysoe adDe!tive, the synta is &@*T0+GN @'GT0GN S)EGT6na aire esselya, K2wish=that holy[is/ thy nae2 P 2hallowed be thy nae29. 0f the speaker wishes that a subDe!t is to dosoething,the synta is S)EGTN &@*T0+GN (0Q0TGG*Ein the appropriate tense!ranielya na tuluva,K2thy kingdo, wish=that [it/ will !oe2. 0f the speaker wants to epress what he wishes to bedone to an obDe!t, the synta is &@*T0+GN (0Q0TGG*EN %EGTa care ind:melya, K2wish=that [one/ does thy will2. The latter is the ost rearkable !onstru!tion> the subDe!t position issiply left epty. %ne is reinded of the @dWnai! syste, whereby the passive is rendered by2subDe!t in a!!usative2 6S'43 $ in other words, the 2passive2 !onstru!tion basi!ally !onsists ofsiply omittingthe real subDe!t, denoting the agent, fro the senten!e9 0t ay be that "uenyaregularly eploys 2subDe!t=less2 verbs where Gnglish would have an 2ipersonal2 subDe!t likeone hen!e careP K2one does2. 60t ay be noted that Tolkien soeties slipped in singular thirdperson pronouns when translating su!h aorist verbs, e.g. ta$e2he fastens2 in +*38 s.v. T@V=,though no epli!it pronoinal eleent 2he2 is present. &erhaps this !ould also be taken as $ or isproperly $ an ipersonal verb K2one fastens2. 0f so, na care ind:melyais not really a subDe!t=less!onstru!tion rather a soewhat ethereal ipersonal subDe!t is inherent in this very for of theverb, though it is only per!eived when it is not 2overridden2 by another, epli!it subDe!t.9 0n"uenya, it would probably be,ermissibleto slip in an epli!it subDe!t in the noral position andsay 6for instan!e9 Kna il?uen care ind:melya, 2wish that everyone does thy will2. This wouldinvolve nothing ore draati! than erging the attested patterns S)EGTN &@*T0+GN (0Q0TGG*Eand &@*T0+GN (0Q0TGG*EN %EGT6into S)EGTN &@*T0+GN (0Q0TGG*EN %EGT9.[T43 does not !onsider the possibility of a subDe!t=less !onstru!tion> na ca,+ ind=m+lyaisapparently taken as a kind of iperative 2'o thy [own/ will2 rather than 2let thy will be done2./


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would be the dire!t obDe!t of the verb 2forgive2 is in "uenya the indirectobDe!t instead 0n"uenya, the dire!t obDe!t is evidently the matter that is forgiven, while the indire!t obDe!t 6thedative obDe!t9 is the,erson that is forgiven. This is evident fro the net word 6ca,+mma,2oursins2, whi!h is #;care2sin, isdeed, trespass2 N the ending =mmafor e!lusive 2our2 N theplural ending =r. 6+ess probably this !ould be #;car2sin, isdeed, trespass2 N a !onne!ting

vowel eN the other endings> but see ;caremmarin the +ei!al !oentary.9 s;'2as2, elidedfor of Ks&ve6the final vowel edropping out sin!e the net word also begins in e$ there ishowever no hard=and=fast rule that su!h elisions have to o!!ur whenever two siilar vowelsfollow one another, !f. na aire esselyarather than Kna air' esselya, but prepositions and parti!les,being unstressed, ay be ore sus!eptible to elision than other words9. KS&veapparently eans2as2 when the speakers are !oparing with soething in their own proiity> see note on tambeand Ks&vebelow. +mm+ephati! pronoun, e!lusive 2we2 6ephati! weto !ontrast with thosewho tres,ass against us9. a@s+n+tprobably K2forgive the2, aorist tense with the pronoinalsuffi =tfor 2the2 as dire!t obDe!t. This is one of only two published eaples of a verbre!eiving one pronoinal ending denoting the ob@ectonly, and the very first eaple of a finiteverb with su!h an ending 6the other eaple being an infinitive $aritas2to do it2, T4113, 179.0n all other known eaples, verb=fors that in!lude a pronoinal suffi denoting the obDe!t alsohave a suffi denoting thesub@ect, the latter pre!eding the forer. @n eaple involving thesae ending =t2the2 as in a,senetis provided by the orallen &raise, that has andavelaituvalmetfor 2long shall we praise the2. ?ere the ending =t2the2 is pre!eded by =lme= 2we2obDe!t and subDe!t respe!tively.+mme a,senet2we forgive the2 ay be seen as a reworkedfor of Ka,senemmet, the subDe!t being epressed as an independent pronoun instead of a suffisin!e 2we2 is to be ephati!, but the ending =tfor 2the2 reains suffied to the verb. ti+napparently dative pronoun 26for9 the2 or 26to9 the2 6the dative of te, see +ei!al !oentary9.This would be the indirectobDe!t of the verb 2forgive2, and sin!e tienis followed by the relativesenten!e 2who trespass against us2, it is !lear that the dative pronoun denotes the ones that areforgiven. @s we have already observed, in "uenya the indire!t 6dative9 obDe!t of 2forgive2denotes the ones that are forgiven, the dire!t obDe!t the atter that is forgiven #men a,sene;caremmar, 2forgive us [#men, indire!t obDe!t/ our trespasses [;caremmar, dire!t obDe!t/2. The =tsuffied to the verb 2forgive2 in emme a,senetust likewise be the dire!t obDe!t, 2we forgivethe2, but again, this 2the2 ust refer to the things that are forgiven rather than the people whoare forgiven the people are referred to by the independent dative obDe!t tieninstead. Tolkienapparently used the wording K2forgive us our trespasses as we forgive the [that is, trespasses/for the benefit of those [tien, dative/ who trespass against us2. irelative pronoun 2who2, 6ca,+,verb 2trespass2 or 2sin2, literally rather 2do isdeeds2 aorist tense with the plural ending =r.6Eased on other eaples we would rather epe!t K;carir, and probably also Ka,senitrather thana,senetabove $ see carein the +ei!al !oentary *egarding the foration of the aorist,Tolkien ay have been in a soewhat unorthodo 2phase2 when he wrote this tet, !opared tothe syste he used both earlier and later.9 +mm+n2against us2 6e!lusive9. This is the pronounemme6attested earlier in the senten!e9 with the dative ending =n, our first eaple of an ephati!pronoun with a !ase ending. This is also our first eaple of the dative being used to denote anindire!t obDe!t adverselyaffe!ted by the verbal a!tion, hen!e the Gnglish translation 2against us2rather than 2for us, to us2. @ll previously attested eaples of the dative are used to denoteindire!t obDe!ts that benefitfro the verbal a!tion, e.g. nin2for e2 in the senten!es& man iyulma nin en?uantuvaA2now who will refill the !up for eB2 in QaRri. 6@s far as graar is!on!erned, tien i ;carer emmen!ould probably also be interpreted KK2those who trespass forus2>


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the !ontet ust be taken into a!!ount when deterining pre!isely how the dative is to beunderstood.9

@gain we see Tolkien basing the "uenya version of the prayer on Gnglish translationsrather than the Freek tet of ;atthew


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have, 2evil2 or 2evil one2. The shape of the word itself ay suggest the latter, but if it is not anabstra!t, we would probably epe!t the arti!le i2the2 before it to epress 2theevil one2 $ unless itis a!tually a nameof the 2Gvil %ne2, in whi!h !ase we would have epe!ted it to be !apitaliLed.

Soe versions of the prayer slip in a doology at the end 2(or thine is the kingdo, andthe power, and the glory, for ever. @en2 6;atthew !f. 1 hroni!les 11 and *evelation

4119. ?owever, these words do not o!!ur in soe of the oldest Freek anus!ripts ;odernFreek aster tets 6like those prepared by Aest!ott-?ort, or the @land edition9 typi!ally oitthe, as do a nuber of odern translations. %f this spurious doology, Tolkien only in!ludedthe final 2aen2 in his "uenya version of the prayer n


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laita, 2do=the bless2 onversely, in light of this eaple fro +ot* we ust assue that thepronouns !ould have been pla!ed afterthe verb also in the tet before us K# anta men2give us2,K# a,sene men2forgive us2, # etelehta me2deliver us2, K#la tulya me2do not lead us2. Met it aybe a feature of "uenya graar that when a short pronoun that fun!tions as a dire!t or indire!tobDe!t !annot besuffixedto this verb 6whi!h is perhaps always ipossible in the !ase of an

indire!t-dative obDe!t9, then the pronoun typi!ally appears beforethe verb instead $ even thoughthe preferred word order is otherwise subDe!t=verb=obDe!t rather than subDe!t=obDe!t=verb.opare su!h (ren!h !onstru!tions as@e t'aime, though (ren!h is norally subDe!t=verb=obDe!tand not subDe!t=obDe!t=verb> the "uenya eCuivalent !an be found in +*


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@s noted above, it would be possible to read aselye6as one word9. 0f so, this is bettertaken as a preposition as2with2 N the pronoinal ending =lye2thou2 6or in this !ontet 2thee29,with a !onne!ting vowel =e= inserted before the ending to avoid an ipossible !onsonant !luster6!f. ebefore another pronoinal ending in7tar see the +ei!al oentary9. ust like in the senten!e i Hru aselye2the +ord [is/ with thee2 above, the verb 2is2 is left out and understood.

a, aistana i y it is to be !onsidered definite in either !ase.The phrase i y#ve m:nalyorepresents the sae pattern as i +?uessi R;milo2the sayings of*Yil2 in A38> the arti!le is in!luded. %n the other hand,/ndis iZ.iryamo2The ;ariner:sAife2 in )T8 oits the arti!le before indis2wife2, but it is still definite be!ause of the following

genitive> this does not ean 2awife of the ariner2. %ne Cuestion reains unanswered Aould ithave been perissible to in!lude the arti!le if the genitive had,recededthe word it governs6known to be a possible or even preferred word order $ see below9, or would K m:nalyo i y#ve,KR;milo i +?uessi, K/ .iryamo i /ndisbe Dust as wrong as thy womb's the fruit,R;mil's thesayings, the "ariner's the Jifein GnglishB

Ai,+ -a,a E,4o onta,il


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Holy "ary mother of 5od3Ai,+2holy2, -a,a2;ary2, E,4o2Fod:s2 6+ruN genitive ending =o9, onta,il2other2 or oreliterally K2begetter2 6with a feinine ending9. )nlike the phrase i y#ve m:nalyo above, thegenitive here !oes beforethe noun it governs+ruo ontarilis literally 2Fod:s other-begetter2in that order. @bove we Cuoted soe of the nuerous attested eaples of the opposite order,

with the genitivefollowingits noun instead. 0t is interesting to noti!e that while the 2poeti!2version of QaRri has r#mar aldaronfor 2the wings of trees2 6kenning for leaves9, the proseversion in *FG% Tolkien did not dire!tly translate the Gnglish wording 2in the hour ofour death2 6the literal "uenya eCuivalent of whi!h would have been rather Ki l;messe

?ualmemmo9. The !onstru!tion l;messe ya firuvammeay be seen as a shortening of thesynta!ti!ally 2fuller2 Kl;messe yasse firuvamme, 2in [the/ hour in whi!h we shall die2, the relativepronounyare!eiving the lo!ative ending as well 6yawith the plural lo!ative ending =ssenisattested in QaRri in +ot*, that hasyassenfor 2wherein2 referring to the plural word oromardi2high halls29. Eut this 2full2 !onstru!tion would perhaps be per!eived as soewhat !ubersoe,the lo!ative ending o!!urring in two !onse!utive words, and soya2that, whi!h2 is used likeGnglish thatin a phrase like 2the year that we oved2 6instead of 2the year in whi!h we oved29.$ +ike the +ord:s &rayer, ?ail ;ary ends in a n


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4. +ei!al-Gtyologi!al oentary 'is!ussion of 0ndividual Aords

it is siply used in!onDun!tion with a verbal ste to ake it !lear that this verb is to be taken as aniperative. The senten!e < ;ala -an+in A4H4 Tolkien translated 2ay;anwe order it2> a ore literal translation !ould be Kdo rule "anwe6if we akean effort to translate


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suggested oldest "uenya for of aia-aiya, naely K


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0n gai,, we see the relatively well=attested adDe!tival ending =,6!f. for instan!esu!h a priitive for as 4,abundantfro )E= abound, +*3 if so it gives away that the ,ofthe latter word was originally s 0n "uenya, sin !ertain positions be!ae voi!ed to, in turn be!oing ,> however, in front of an unvoi!ed plosive like t6as in aistana,C.v.9, it !ould not !hange. 0f ai,+was on!e Kai+\ Kais+, we ay assue an evenearlier, priitive for Kgaisithat would allow us to !onne!t this adDe!tive withgais=, !ited in +*358 as one priitive in!arnation of the ste FM@S=fear. Ae

have already pointed out that this !ould be erely a variant of the F@M= astound,ma$eaghastor F@M@awe, dreadthat appears in later sour!es 6&;3 this is evident fro the pasttense verb ai,it


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anus!ript9. This probably represents priitive Kgaisit%nM, the verb Kgaisit=hallowbeing !onstru!ted fro Kgaisi= holywith the verbal ending =t, here!ausative hen!e ma$e holyP hallow. @s for the adDe!tival ending =iin Kgaisi6be!oing "uenya =+when final9, !opare priitive >a,aniredyielding "uenya>a,n+6+*3a,n+6ca,n+9 ay $ perhaps $ provide a hint. 0n the first edition of +ot*, the GntEregalad in a song used the word ca,n+m,i5of his rowans 6+ot* olue , EookThree, !hapter 09. 0n +etters4, Tolkien eplained that this word eans 2withadornent of red Dewels2, literally rather Kreda,ani, here appears as a prefi. Met the !hange of priitiveshort =ito =+was only supposed to o!!urfinally. Ahere not final, as in a !opound,this vowel aintained its original Cuality. opare "uenya ;a,n+brown, derivedfro a ste E@*Q= 6Dust like >a,aniX " ca,n+red!oes fro V@*Q=9 and

undoubtedly eant to represent a priitive word Ka,ani 0n the !ase of ;a,n+,Tolkien epli!itly noted that this be!oes ;a,ni= when followed by anothereleent 6+*3519. %bviously ca,n+redlikewise ought to appear as ca,ni= in!opounds, and hen!e Tolkien !hanged the word ca,n+m,i5to ca,nim,i5whenthe revised version of +ot* appeared in 1


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!oined on analogy with the siple ai,+. @nother solution !ould be that this isbetter taken as a loose !opound Ai,+ Taln6X "uenya 8alda9 hiddenvs. the ste SV@+1=hide, +*38


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+@M= that underlies words forgreenorsummer6+etters83, !f. "+5 s.v. +@M@9,but this sees a less than ideal !andidate as the ste for a verb bless> on the otherhand, it sees !lear that Tolkien in the post=+tymologiesperiod re!koned with aste K'@M= having to do withgreatness6of !ourse un!onne!ted with '@M=shadowin +*3549 Sindarin da+,eansgreat6as in Lond Da+,5reat Harbour, &;3,and At8,ad Da+,-D8a+,5reat %ord, A335-3389, and this adDe!tive is probablyeant to represent priitive Kdai,6with the sae adDe!tival ending as in su!h

priitive fors as gai,, 4,, gais, see under ai,+above9. +ikely, "uenyalaita= blessis to be referred to a priitive word Kdait=, s!. the sae ste K'@M=

greatwith the verbal ending =t, that would here be declarative KDait= wouldean magnify, that !an of !ourse ean to literally ake big or great, but also

,raise by declaring great Ahen (rodo and Sa were hailed with the !ry laita t+,bless them, the onlookers would literally be en!ouraging one another to magnifythe in the sense of declaring their greatness. 0n the !ase of the word #aista= in the

tet before us, that ay also be translated bless, this seanti! idea is howeverderived fro another sour!e $ but the endingsees to have the sae shade ofeaning. 0n the !ase of Kgaist=, Tolkien evidently iagined that the ending =tisagain de!larative, and sin!e the ste F@M6@9= or FM@S= has to do with fear anddread, the basi! eaning would be to declare or recogniFe the fearfulness Gawe only "uenya a,is entioned. Qorally, we

would epe!t a siple ste @*to be!oe a,both in "uenya and Sindarin, not ainthe latter. 0ndeed the Sindarin of the Ving:s +etter has a,instead of aas the!onDun!tion and6S'18=19> however, ais found in +ot* 6the orallen &raisein!ludes the words Da4, a 7+,8a+l%rodo and Sam9. The Ving:s +etter, showinga,instead of a, was never published during Tolkien:s lifetie, so he would not be2bound2 by it. Eesides the aof the orallen &raise, a later sour!e also has a8>;*3H4 gives in,od a8 And,+t8for%inrod and !ndreth. This reprodu!es a post=


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,ower, royal rule, $ingdom... 0. $ingdom, i.e., the territory ruled over by a king... ".esp. the royal reignor $ingdomof Fod, a !hiefly es!hatologi!al !on!ept.2 Ahen!oining the word #a,ani+for "uenya, Tolkien ay have intended it to !over aboutthe sae shades of eaning. @s for the eaning 2the territory ruled over by aking2, it is interesting to noti!e that the norally abstra!t ending =i+also appears in#n=,i+country6!opounded and infle!ted in QaRri sindan=,i+lloout of a greycountry9. The ste is obviously Q'%*= as in the ore usual word n=,+land6+*37 the Sindarin !ognates a, a8suggest this. The !onDun!tionandand the preposition with!ould des!end fro the sae ste> the seanti! gap

between the is not too wide for this to be plausible. @ll that reains to beeplained is why the sof K@Sbe!oes ,in a,and, but stays sin aswith. The

developent sX X ,is a well=known phenoenon in "uenya, but Tolkien seesto have entertained various ideas about what pre!ise environent triggers thisdevelopent. 0n the+tymologies, snorally be!oes 6X9 ,if itfollowsa voweland there is no unvoiced!onsonant following it. ?en!e we have priitive +snhusbandX " ;+,no6+*35 s.v. EGS=9, and the ste ]+%S= produ!es " olo,dream6+*379. 0n this s!enario, "uenya a,and!ould !oe fro priitive Kas, while "aswithwould have to represent a for where the swas originally followed byanother, unvoi!ed !onsonant so that it !ould not be voi!ed to 6later X ,9. &robablythis !onsonant would siply be another s> double ssis !oon and !annot be!oevoi!ed 6e.g. priitive +ssMX " ;+ss+, +*35 s.v. EGS=> a for KK;++X KK;+,,+did not arise even though the group ssiediately followed a vowel9. Aswith!ould then represent earlier Kassa6or !on!eivably Kass+or Kasso9, later shortenedto as. opare niss+womanhaving the shorter for nis, +*375 s.v.Q'0S="uenya does not perit double !onsonants finally, so when the final vowel isoitted, sshad to be siplified to s. $ ?owever, Tolkien later de!ided that for sto

be voi!ed to 6in turn be!oing ,9, it is not enough that itfollowsa vowel> it has tobe intervocalic, a se!ond vowel following afterit as well 6presuably a voi!ed!onsonant following would also do the tri!k, so that we would still see priitive+snX " ;+,norather than KK;+sno9. @bove we Cuoted olo,dreamfro the ste

]+%Sas eviden!e for the !hange sX ,. @ later sour!e 6)T3


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sust here have been intervo!ali! at an earlier stage. &erhaps we are to assuethat a,\ Kais shortened fro Kaa\ KasaB 0f so, the "uenya preposition a,aoutside, beside!ould be re=eplained as the sae word with the final vowel inta!t6this vowel persisting when the word was used as a preposition, but disappearingwhen it was used as a !onDun!tion and shortened9.

Bta,+mma, noun with pronoinal ending our %ather. on!erning theending =mmaour6here following a !onne!ting vowel =+= to avoid an ipossible!onsonant !luster9 see separate entry. The word forfatherwould here see to be# sour!es both earlier and later than this tet have ata,with a short initialvowel instead 6"+33, +*34 s.v. @T@=, A4H9. on!eivably the vo!ative

parti!le a6!on!erning whi!h see aiaabove9 is in!luded here Ka Ata,+mmao%ather of usbeing !ontra!ted to Bta,+mma. Eut if so, the integrated parti!le!annot be obligatory The word ata,inya2y father2 in +*7H is another vo!ative6?erendil talking to his father Glendil9, even with a pronoinal ending as in

Bta,+mma, but this seeingly !opletely parallel eaple still does not show#it !ould be that #Bta,with a lengthened vowel is rather a spe!ialstrengthenedforused when the title%atheris applied to Fod. 0f so it ay parallel F,4Lordin the?ail ;ary=tet> this word elsewhere appears as 8+,4with a short +. $ The wordata,father, as it appears elsewhere, is in the+tymologiesderived fro a ste @T@=that is likewise definedfather6+*349. The priitive for 6one of the fewan!estral fors that are epli!itly identified as 2&"2, &riitive "uendian9 is alsosaid to be ata,, whi!h Tolkien at this stage probably thought of as representingsiply an etended for of the ste @T@itself 6K@T@=*9. This, a!!ording to Gty,

produ!ed "uenya ata,pl. ata,i. Met the plural #at


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these other eperients. Bta,+mmaitself ay rather represent yet anothereperient with the pre!ise for and behavior of the "uenya word forfather.

ca,+, verb do, ma$e. The+tymologieslists a ste V@*= ma$e, door ma$e,build, construct6+*3a,ilikewise be!ae ca,+as in the tet

before us, but if one adds any ending so that K=iis not final, it retains its originalCuality hen!e plural >a,i,6ca,i,9 rather than K>a,+,. @s for seanti!s, thedifferen!e between aorist ca,+, ca,i= and the !ontinuative-2present2 tense Kca,i, ?4+tta,,where the idea is that the Glves 6always, peranently, generally9 ake words, theidea is here that Fod:s will should 6always9 be done. The aorist denotes an2indefinite2 a!tion, unliited or unarked as to tie. %n the other hand, Kna c be!ause of thesuffi =tthemthe original ending K=iis not final and therefore should not !hange to


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=+. Met these eaples are not uniCue. 0n S'H, reprodu!ing a sour!e fro !a.145=4 +*35 s.v. T)+= has t4linrather than Kt4l+nfor/ come9 and the early+ot* drafts 6!f. sil+vs. pl. sili,rather than Ksil+,in *S349. The published +ot*!ontains no eaple of an aorist, but interestingly, the fors ca,n+m,i5red+m+nappeared in the narratives as part of Mavanna:s title K+m+nt


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root TG^[A34/ as t+P%MX " t+ng+9 is !learly eant to represent earlierKt+P. Sin!e Tolkien also entions "uenya 5aexistsand +ng+thingin this!ontet, we are obviously to assue that these des!end fro K+Pand K+P%M6though he did not a!tually provide these priitive fors9. 0t would see that the

priitive ste having to do with existencewas KG^= 6KG^G9. KEPwould be apriitive @=ste verb, the origin of " 5aeaning isor exists. Met 5aay also beinterpreted as an iperative beE, and this eaning is of !ourse relevant for the useof Eas a nae of the universe, sin!e Gru gave eisten!e to the ;usi! of the @inur

by this very !oand 20 know the desire of your inds that what ye have seenshould verily be...even as ye yourselves are, and yet other. Therefore 0 say+4E+etthese things Ee2 6!inulindal.9 This iperative 5aay be referred to K+P6+9 ,the latter eleent being the priitive iperative parti!le, 2originally independentand variable in pla!e2 6A3 !opare the priitive iperative phrase 8+>6+9 X "uenya 8+>a3be goneE, A3 see +mm+below for further dis!ussion.[0f as +ly+should really read as+ly+in one word, the ephati! pronoun +ly+does not after allo!!ur in this tet./

+mm+, ephati! pronoun e!lusive we. @lso with dative ending +mm+n,Gfor us. @ new word in itself, but one that reassuringly !onfirs a pattern that haslong been re!ogniLed that pronoinal endings !an be turned into independent,ephati! pronouns by prefiing +=. )ntil now, our sole eaple has been +ly5thou6or, sin!e it is ephati!, even thou9 in QaRri. This is an ephati!, independent

pronoun !orresponding to the pronoinal ending =ly5, as is !learly seen in the finalline of the song Nai 8i,4;aly5 1alima,3 Nai +ly5 8i,4;a3"aybe thou shalt findValimarE "aybe even thou shalt find itE(or the ending =mm+denoting e!lusivewe, see Gi,4;amm+> +mm+thus has the sae relationship to the ending =mm+as+ly+has to the ending =ly+. 6Ae know only one ore ephati! pronoun, the first

person for iny+/in +* as for the genitive ending =o,


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see separate entry. @ll sour!es agree that the divine nae E,46that the Glvespronoun!ed on solen o!!asions only, A4H-;*119 is to be interpreted the)ne 2There was Gru, the %ne, who in @rda is !alled 0lYvatar...2 6!inulindal9.Ahen asked what her ;annish tribe !alled Fod, @ndreth told the Glven=king(inrod that it was 2as it is with you [the Glves/, but different only in sound The%ne2 6;*359. Eeyond su!h siple stateents of what E,4eans, its etyologyas a "uenya word is not epli!itly dis!ussed anywhere 6see S'43 !on!erning,4as an @dWnai! word, though9. ?owever, in +etters384, Tolkien referred to the2iportant eleent G*6in Glvish9 P :one, single, alone:.2 %ne reason for its being2iportant2 would presuably be that it is transparently the basis of the divinenae. 0n the+tymologiesand the Kenya Lexicon, this 2eleent2 appears as G*G= bealone3 de,rived6+*35


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anna, the !opound KE,4annawould see to denotegraceper!eived as 5od if so the noinative would be #E,4ma. Eoth of these words !an

be assigned ore or less plausible etyologies. #E,4man!ould in!orporate 2thealarin eleent aman, man:blessed, holy: [that the Glves/ learned fro %ro2>thus #E,4manwould identify 2heaven2 as the blessed and holy abode of the %ne6&;3579. 0t is also possible that #maneans,lace, so that #E,4manis The

Place of 5od @ word m+n,lace,s,oto!!urs in Gty. 6+*37 s.v. ;GQ=9, but oneword sees to hint that Tolkien later !hanged it to #manor #man+6perhaps he wastroubled by the hoophony with the dative pronoun #m+nfor us9 0n S'5


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evidently the 2pla!e2 beyond and before GO where the draa of the ;usi! of the@inur transpired. This would be 2the fair regions that [Gru/ had ade for the@inur2, where afterwards 2of the @inur soe abode still with 0lYvatar beyond the!onfines of the Aorld2 when others left and entered GO 6see the!inulindal9. Sin!e;elkor also left, we ust assue that this was indeed a pla!e where the will of Grureigned supree and un!hallenged 62thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven29.?en!e #E,4ma6n9 !an be used to translate Gnglish heaveneaning the dwelling ofthe 'eity, though unlike the Gnglish word it does not also refer to the sky above theearth> #E,4ma6n9 would be beyond our universe altogether. The QYenJreans,taught by the Glves, 2did not !on!eive of the sky as a divine residen!e26+ettersH49 $ whi!h ay eplain why Tolkien did not use the standard "uenyatranslation of heaven, m+n+l, in this prayer. -+n+lis Dust 2the region of the stars26*FG%79, 2the firaent2 6S'4H19, 2the apparent doe in the sky2 6;*3879,the 2heavens2 above the physi!al earth 6see the Silmarillion0nde, entry $emen,

Cuoted under c+m+nabove9. -+n+ldoes not refer to the dwelling of Fod.+ss+lya, noun with pronoinal ending thy name. The possessive ending =lyathy,your!orresponds to the verbal ending =ly5thou6see +ly+9. 0n the tet before us,=lyaalso o!!urs in the words a,ani+lyathy $ingdom, ind=m+lyathy willandm=nalyoof thy womb, in the latter !ase with the genitive ending =oadded6regularly displa!ing the final =aof =lya9. The ending =lyawas previously attestedonly in the word ti+lyannau,on your ,ath6)T !f. 51> this is ti+%lya%nna,ath seemassamma.9

+t+l+8ta, verbfree, release, deliver. 0t would see that the #l+8ta= part isessentially the sae as the "uenya verb l+8taloose,slac$enlisted in the

+tymologies, in +*3t=> this would be one of the !ases where the ending =taddsnothing to the eaning of the ste itself9. 0t is !losely related to Qoldorin-Sindarinl+it8iarelease6as verb> noun l+it8ian, as in the +ay ofLeithianor 2*elease froEondage2 referred to in the first paragraph of hapter 1 in the Silmarillion9.)nlike the ore undane eaning of "uenya l+8ta= loose,slac$en, these Sindarinfors ore proinently see to !onnote a releaseorfreeing, and this is also trueof the longer "uenya verb +t+l+8ta= in the tet before us. The prefied eleent +t+=!an evidently be eCuated with the "uenya prefi +t= that in the+tymologiesisderived fro a ste GT=forth, out6+*35 the prefi as su!h is undefined, but it is

!learly eant to have the sae eaning as the ste9. Et+l+8ta= would see toean literally out on the other hand, it ay siply be the noral2!onne!ting vowel2 +as in the allative for El+ndil+nnato +lendilin &;4H16El+ndil=+=nna9. The short for of the prefi, +t=, !an a!tually o!!ur only when itis prefied to words beginning either in a vowel or in one of the !onsonants s=, t=,= or y= 6for t= we have an attested eaple +tt4l+,in S'H9. %therwise thefor +t+= ust be used to avoid ipossible !lusters. 6?owever, in one old eaple,

priitive +t>+lMKoutearly etathesiLed, and "uenya +8t+l+s,ring,issue of water!oes fro +>t+l+. See +*3


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in the word t4l4;a, C.v.9 The pronoinal ending =mm+denotes e!lusive we, thatis, a 2we2 that does not in!lude the person that is addressed. 0f one is talking about2we2 to a person that is in!luded in the 2we2 group, the ending =lm+for inclusive2we2 would be eployed. &reviously, the e!lusive ending =mm+was attested onlyin the word ;amm+we won'tin A371. 0t !orresponds to the independent

pronouns #m+6see


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the 2%ld Qoldorin2 !ognate >8F,omaster6+*38M,. 0n &;1H the "uenya wordfor lordis said to be 2heru, h>r=2> this !ould be taken to ean that the word 8+,4turns into 8F,= if you add an ending 6e.g. genitive K8F,o9, but it is un!ertain

pre!isely what Tolkien eant. @gain 8F,4apparently !obines both 8+,4and8F,=. @s for the etyology, the priitive for of 8+,4 6si!9 is given as >8+,:masterin +etters178, 8> the root is there given as V?G*=,ossess6!f. V?G*= rule,

govern,,ossessin the+tymologies, +*38+,:the ending takes on anagentalsignifi!an!e 0n light of the root eaning, a >8+,:is a 2lord2 per!eived as a

,ossessoror ruler,governor. The variant for 8F,4in the tet before us ust beassued to represent an alternative priitive for K>8M,:with lengthening of theste=vowel. Su!h lengthening is Cuite !oon 6though not universal9 in!onDun!tion with another ending that !an be either agental or siply as!uline,naely => for instan!e, the ste V@Q= cryyields a priitive noun >n crier3herald6&;3


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eaning,ray6the word E,4>y+,m5was probably !oined about a de!ade after the?ail ;ary=translation was ade, found in a tet apparently written not long before1 !f. )T79. Qo plausible etymologyfor #8yam= !an be proposed> it would

probably reCuire a priitive ste KV?M@;= or KSM@;=, KSVM@;=.i19 definite arti!le i F,4the Lord, i y 9 relative pronoun

who, both singular and pluralBta,+mma i 5a000 our %ather who is000, ti+n i 6ca,+,those who tres,ass*sin. Eoth usages are well attested before> as for the arti!le, wehave for instan!e i +l+niP the starsin QaRri. The phrase i E,4 i o, ily5ma8alma, +the )ne who is above all thronesin irion:s %ath in )T3H5, 317in!ludes iused both as an arti!le and as a relative pronoun. (or iused as a,luralrelative pronoun, !f. the phrase i >a,i, ?4+tta,those who ma$e wordsin A31.The+tymologies!onfirs that iis 2in "...inde!linable arti!le :the:2> it is derivedfro a base 0= that is defined as thatand said to be a 2dei!ti! parti!le2 6+*3


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were :!ontinuative:, as in Vaire:Gver=weaving: 6KA0*92 6T31H9. 0n the !ase of aroot like )*=, @=infiion of !ourse !annot be distinguished fro @=,refixing, sin!ethere is no initial !onsonant. Ahether the resulting ste K@)*= is to be seen as2intensive2 or 2!ontinuative2 is a atter of taste> the period of daylight is perhaps

per!eived as 2!ontinually hot2 when !opared to the !older night. The !opletepriitive word dayust be either Ka4,M6sin!e the ending =May be used to derivewords for abstra!t or intangible things9 or Ka4,i6!opare priitive a,ias thesour!e of " a,+dayin +*34 s.v. @*1=9. Ila4,5ashows a prefi il= that !an safely

be referred to the ste 0+= all6+*3 it o!!urs as part of the word il?aeverything6better spelt il?4aa!!ording to Tolkien:s later syste9. A37 also has il?4+neverybody6in!orporating =?4+n,erson9. #Ila4,5thus eans everydayas a noun 6though thisay not ne!essarily eist as an independent word9> to this for the adDe!tivalending =ahas been added to produ!e ila4,5adaily, of every day. This word is

soewhat siilar to ama4,5a, said to be a poeti! word for dawn, early day6;39. Ahile this also sees to in!orporate a4,5day, the ending =aisapparently not adDe!tival here, unless this is a!tually an adDe!tive that is also usedas a noun. Ila4,5ain any !ase belongs to the part of spee!h that we would epe!t. $(or the purpose of dating, it is interesting that the word a4,5dayis in!luded in thetet before us. Ahile a word a4,+sunlight,sunshine,goldlight, warmthhadappeared already in the "enya +ei!on of 115 6"+339, this word as a ter fordayarose relatively late in Tolkien:s !on!eption and apparently does not predate the+ot* @ppendi!es. 60n the 2"enya2 of the 115 +ei!on, the words for dayare >alaof daylight as opposed to night, and l6of a full 4=hour !y!le ["+44, 5


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ste @S, see the entry a,i+nin the Silmarillion@ppendi> !f. also su!h a post=+ot*sour!e as ;*38H, where it is said that the nae of the sun was originally s,2whi!h is as near as it !an be interpreted Aarth, to whi!h are Doined +ight andSola!e2. ;*38H also entions Bi5, 2later2 B,i5, as the nae of the spirit of thesun, displaying the sae developent 6sX9 X ,as in


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des!end fro =>, attested as a priitive ad@ectivalsuffi 6as when the ste F@M@=awe, dreadyields priitive gaya>, epli!itly said to be 2an adDe!tival for2> thiswas also the sour!e of "uenya ai>afell, terrible, dire$ &;3%greenfro the undefined ste +M@V=, +*3y6K=ybeing awell attested adDe!tival ending> for the developent >yX ty, !f. for instan!e"uenya tya,= causefro the root VM@*=, +*3


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this !ase the ending =and the nasal infiion add little to the eaning of the rootitself.9 @lternatively the priitive for ight be Kidn, displaying another agentalending 6!f. for instan!e priitive syadncleaverfro the ste SM@'= cleave,+*389> later this be!ae "uenya indoby etathesis dnX nd6!f. "uenya ando

gatefro priitive adn, +*348 s.v. @'=9. @s for the derivation of "uenya indothere are also yet other alternatives> )T4HH entions an 2eleent2 0Q60'9= mindinthe dis!ussion of the first eleent of/nc#nus6one of Fandalf:s ore obs!urenaes, whi!h it is here hinted ay be "uenya for"ind hen!e we havem+lm+as the noun love, derived fro the !orresponding verb m+l= 6+*37 s.v.;G+=9. Eut it ay also be added to a ste with a noinal rather than verbaleaning, as whenQ0+=friendyields nilm+friendshi,6+*3789 here =m+!an beseen to !orrespond to the Gnglish abstra!t ending =shi,. 0n the !ase of #ind=m+, theending sees to develop the sense of indoheart, mood, will6as a fa!ulty9 into anabstra!t Kstate of heartP will6as full abstra!t,ur,ose9. [@!!ording to T431


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also attested with the eaning hour, in the faous greeting +l+n sla l6m+nnaom+nti+l;o2a star shines upon the hour of the eeting of our ways2 6so in A3the for (rodo delivers in +ot* has ...l6m+nn' om+nti+l;o, a vowel being elided,and the translation offered goes a star shines u,on the hour of our meeting9. @nearlier version of this greeting, Cuoted and referen!ed in the entry =mmabelow,even has lo!ative l6m+ss+6rather than allative l6m+nna9 Dust as in the tet beforeus. $ @s for the derivationof l6m+, it in!orporates the sae ending =m+as in#ind=m+above. @s we deonstrated in the relevant entry, the suffi =m+ay beused to for abstra!ts> in this !ase it is used to derive a noun denoting soethingintangible. The ste +)= is not itself defined, but for another word denoting a

period of tie that is derived by eans of the ending =m+, !f. l=m+nightfropriitive do"mM6+*3559. L6m+would be the later for of a priitive wordKl:mM.

mal, !onDun!tion but. @ wholly new word, for whi!h no etyology !an be

offered. Vnown bases like ;E@+= in +*37 and S;@+= in +*38< !ould haveyielded a "uenya word malas far as phonology is !on!erned. ?owever, neitherbase sees to have a suitable eaning 6the forer is undefined but yields the"uenya words mall+streetand amalsha,edstone,flag, while the latter base isdefinedyellow> it is very diffi!ult to iagine any seanti! !onne!tion between thisand a !onDun!tion but9. Ae should probably be looking for a sipler ste K;@+=instead, for seanti! reasons apparently un!onne!ted to the 2etended2 base;@+@T=gold6&;3


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noral pronoinal suffies.9 @s for the for nan, it ay be that Tolkien wanted toreserve this word as a preposition Kbac$ This is the eaning of the ste Q'@Q=,+*375, and the sae entry in Gty also lists a "uenya prefi nan= bac$wards. @!onDun!tion mal, wholly distin!t fro nan, would be !opletely unabiguous. 60twould see that Tolkien !ae up with ever new words for butin "uenya> one latesour!e reprodu!ed in T4113 has n=.9 [@nd now T433 adds yet other wordsfor 2but2 on+, on, ono, anat./

-a,a, fe. nae"ary. The 2"uenya2 for of the nae is transparentlybased on the +atin for and pronun!iation $ not surprising in light of Tolkien:s lovefor +atin, not least in its !apa!ity as the language traditionally used in atholi!liturgy. The naes -a,aand YFs4so!!urring in this rendering ofHail "aryrepresent the first known !ases of Tolkien using non=Gldarin, 2real=world2 eleentsin a "uenya tet. Ae do know !ases of Tolkien rendering 2real=world2 naes into"uenya by their eaning, e.g. Gadwine 6Gdwin9 P +,+ndilK%ortune=friend

6+*3 the spelling"ariamo!!urring in the Freek tet ofthe Fospel of +uke points to a Seiti! original"aryam, older variant of"iryamPGnglish ;iria> one suggested interpretation is 2*ebellious %ne2, but by QewTestaent ties it was probably a traditional nae used with little thought ofwhatever eaning it on!e !onveyed9. To Tolkien, using a +atin=based for of a

pre=eisting nae in a "uenya tet ay not have represented a great leap> after all,he soeties spoke of "uenya as the Glven=+atin 6see +ot*, @ppendi (9 andlikened the status of "uenya in ;iddle=earth to that of +atin in our own world anan!ient, august language of ritual.

massamma, noun with pronoinal ending our bread. on!erning theending =mmafor e!lusive our, see separate entry below. The word for breadishere #massa, though both the Kenya Lexicon6"+59 and the+tymologies6+*37 s.v. ;E@S=9 give mastainstead. Met in &;4H4, reprodu!ing a sour!ewritten at soe point in the fifties and probably early in the de!ade 6!f. &;359, aword forbread


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evidently related to ;@S@F= $nead, ma$e soft by rubbing3 $neading3 etc06+*3719.&robably both stes should be seen as elaborated variants of a sipler root K;@S=.

=mmapossessive pronoinal ending, e!lusive our, o!!urring in the wordsBta,+mmaour %atherand massammaour bread. This ending as su!h is

previously unattested, but it has pre!isely the for we would epe!t it to have. 0thas long been re!ogniLed that pronoinal endings denoting,ossessiongenerally!orrespond to pronoinal endings denoting thesub@ectof a verb, the forer endingin the vowel =aand the latter in =+6=59. (or instan!e, the ending =lyathy,your6as in+ss+lyathy name, C.v.9 !orresponds to the ending =ly5thou6as in 8i,4;aly5thou

shalt findin QaRri9. Sin!e the ending for e!lusive weis =mm+6as in ;amm+we won'tin A3719, people had already dedu!ed that the pronoinal suffi fore!lusive ourwould be =mma> it is nonetheless ni!e to have this !onfired6deonstrating that Tolkien:s languages are indeed suffi!iently syetri!al forintelligent etrapolation to be of soe value9. 0n a sense, the ending =mmafor our

was already attested, but with an in!lusive rather than e!lusive eaning. 0t o!!ursin an early +ot* anus!ript in the senten!e +l+ni sili, l6m+ss+ om+nti+mman,2the stars shine on the hour of our eeting2 6*S349. Sin!e om+nti+mmanof ourmeetinghere eans the eeting of the parties involved, one of the talking to theother, 2our2 is here inclusive. &erhaps Tolkien did not ake any distin!tion betweenin!lusive and e!lusive 2our2 6and by ipli!ation 2we29 at this tie. ?owever, thisgreeting !ae to be worded +l+n sla l6m+nn' om+nti+lmo2a star shines upon thehour of our eeting2 in the first published edition of +ot*, the ending =mmabeing!hanged to K=lma6here with the genitive ending =lmo9, the latter denoting aspe!ifi!ally inclusive2our2 Ey now, the ending =mmahad probably had itseaning liited to e!lusive 2our2 only. +ater still, in the revised edition of +ot*,Tolkien !hanged om+nti+lmoof our meetingto om+nti+l;oof the sae eaning,

but this in!orporates a spe!ifi!ally dual2our2 and does not iply that K=lmaassu!h had been reDe!ted.[The assuption that om+nti+l;oin!ludes a dual for of2our2 is based on inforation fro ?uphrey arpenter:s edited version ofTolkien:s letters, but it is un!lear whether this was a lasting idea, or indeed whetheror not arpenter ay have isunderstood whatever anus!ript he had before hi.There are apparently late anus!ripts in whi!h om+nti+l;ois eplained as!ontaining an inclusive2our2 rather than a dual ending./

m=nalyo, noun with pronoinal ending infle!ted for genitive of thy womb.The ending =lyathy6!on!erning whi!h see +ss+lya9 is here !obined with thegenitive ending =o, produ!ing =lyo6for KK=lyao9 of thy... *eoving the endingsleaves #m=naas the word for womb, not previously attested. Qot u!h !an be saidabout it e!ept observing that the ending =a, when not adDe!tival, often o!!urs inwords denoting inaniate things. The word would see to reCuire a ste K;%Q=6or KS;%Q=, K;E%Q=9. #-=na!ould !on!eivably be !onne!ted to the undefined


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ste ;`= whi!h yields words having to do with 2labour2 or toiling 6+*3739, if thebringing forth of !hildren is per!eived as su!h 0n Gnglish at least, the verb labouris used in !onne!tion with giving birth.

na, optative parti!le denoting a wish6or indeed a prayer9. The relevantsynta has already been outlined. Qothing !ertain !an be said about the origin ofthis parti!le 6it ust be distin!t fro the preposition nato, towardslisted in the

+tymologies, +*374 s.v.Q@1=9. 0f it !an be related to any published eleent, itust be the verb n


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0nterpreting the "uenya word in this light, 0 tend to !on!lude that n butin the plural for nissi, where the double !onsonant was not final be!ause of the

plural ending, it naturally persists. So far we have dis!ussed the s!enario of the+tymologies. @s already entioned, in ;*13 the plural womenis still nissi, but

in this post=+ot* sour!e the singular is given as nswith a long vowel 6as if it wereinfluen!ed by the ar!hai! word n9. The tet of the +ord:s &rayer sees to

presuppose the sae singular, but here the plural is nsi, fored siply by addingthe ending =i there is no hint of any ste=variation. The plural nsiis ostsurprising, for a single intervo!ali! sought to be!oe voi!ed to , in turn be!oing,. So why do we not see nswomanpl. KKni-n,iDust as we have olosdreampl.oloi-olo,iin )T3


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represents earlier Knpl. Kni, sin!e sfro earlier never be!oes X ,B 6f.for instan!e na4s+imaginationfro older na4+, +*378 s.v.Q%A%=> no forKKna4+, KKna4,+arose, evidently be!ause intervo!ali! swas voi!ed to before

be!ae s> the voi!ing rule had !eased to fun!tion when new s:es developed fro.9 0f nswere to represent earlier "uenya Kn, this would reCuire that the

priitive word had a shape Cuite different fro what is suggested in the+tymologies. Ahatever the !ase, the re=eergen!e of nissias the plural for in alate sour!e 6;*139 would see to indi!ate that Tolkien had !hanged his ind

ba!k again, reviving the plural he had used in the+tymologies. 6?en!e, writersshould probably let the plural of nsbe nissirather than nsi.9

=o, a genitive ending here o!!urring thri!e, in the words E,4o5od's,E,4annoof graceand m=nalyoof thy womb6noinative fors E,4, #E,4anna,#m=nalya$ the latter two eaples !onfir that when it is added to a word endingin =a, the genitive suffi =odispla!es this final vowel> !f. 1a,do, alaci,yoas the

genitive of 1a,da, alaci,yain QaRri9. @!!ording to A3 !f. the entry )from3 away3 from among3 out ofin the+tymologies,+*3 this position was 2the usual pla!e for the sipler:prepositional: eleents in &"2 6A3


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be feinine evidently iplies that onta,ois as!uline> the endings =oand =+areas!uline-feinine !ounterparts in "uenya9. Met in his ?ail ;ary translationTolkien did not use onta,+, but an alternative feinine for onta,il. The feinineending =ilis attested in only a few other "uenya words amilmotherderived fro aste @;1= 6+*348 $ mamilin )T11 is perhaps a hypo!oristi! variant9 andta;a,ilfemale dryadfro the ste TA@*= 6+*319. f. also %ld Qoldorin>8,illady6+*3 if it is desirable to epress gender, one ust add a se!ondaryending to =,, like as!. =onor fe. =il. 6f. as!. ta;a,onand fe. ta;a,ilas thewords for dryadin +*31 s.v. TA@*=.9 ?en!e we have onta,ilas the word forbegetter, motherin the tet before us. $ The plural gender=neutral word,arents,onta,i6evidently isread as 2ontani2 in +*379 o!!urred in an early version ofTreebeard:s greeting to eleborn and Faladriel, but it was !hanged to nosta,ias inthe published +ot*, Tolkien later noting that nosta= eans beget. 6S'73> in earlier2"enya2, this verb eantgive birthinstead> see +T17 or "+


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adDe!tive was derived in the+tymologieswas not further eplained or even definedthere. ?owever, in Kuendi and +ldarTolkien shed ore light on this root6A39. ?e 2theoriLed2 that it had originally o!!urred in a sipler for VA@2This ste evidently referred to :!opletion:. @s su!h it survives as an eleent inany of the Gldarin words for :whole, total, all:, et!. Eut it also appears in the forKVA@Q, and !annot well be separated fro the verb ste KVA@T@, "[uenya/ ?uat=:fill:.2 The adDe!tive ?4antafull2!annot well be separated2 either, and this verbalste VA@T@, etension of VA@, is !learly the sae ste as VA@T= in the

+tymologies6another !ase of slightly in!onsistent representation of stes> seeE,4o9. 0f VA@T6@9 is priarily a verbal stefill, it !ould have a priitive past

parti!iple K>atnfilled6=nbeing a priitive past parti!iple ending> seeaistana9. 0f ?4antafullis to be referred to K>atnfilled, this old past parti!ipleay then have developed into an adDe!tive. (or a probable parallel !ase, !f. "uenyam+ldabeloved, dear> the glosses ake it !lear that this is to be taken as an

adDe!tive. ?owever, the priitive for Tolkien probably eant to be Km+ln,whi!h would siply be the past parti!iple loved, fored fro the ste ;G+= loveGas friend6+*379. KKatnay have etathesiLed to K>antat an earlystage> !f. another eaple of the ending =nbeing added to a ste ending in avoi!eless stop (ro ST@V=s,lit, insert!oe both stan>and sta>n, these

priitive fors being !ited as the sour!es of the "uenya adDe!tive 6and-or nounB9san>acleft,s,lit6+*3889. 'espite sta>nbeing entioned last, it ay be that thisis the oldest for, early turning into stan>> "uenya san>a!learly des!ends frothe latter for. The iediate an!estor of ?4antaust likewise have beenK>ant. ?owever, it is einently possible that this is also to be taken as theulterior for, not Dust as a etathesiLed variant of K>atn. There are othereaples of adDe!tives being derived by eans of nasal infiion and the suffiingof =, su!h as priitive t4ngtaut3 tightvs. the ste T)F= 6+*34> it is of !ourse

possible that stan>above is eant to be a siilar foration rather than aetathesiLed for of sta>n9. %ur favorite theory ust probably be that K>antis an adDe!tivefullderived fro VA@T= by eans of the sae devi!es> in su!h a!ase we shall not have to postulate a seanti! developent fro past parti!iple toadDe!tive 6filledXfull9.

,


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superfluous as long as the dative ending is atta!hed to the pronoun. 0t is possible,though, that ,


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sour!es9. This was fro the beginning !on!eived as a deonstrative ste G6Q9= towhi!h is added what sees to be an adDe!tival ending. 0n the !ontet of later"uenya, +na!ould be interpreted as in!orporating the ste GQ= over there,

yonder6+*35 to this isadded the ending =a6priitive =9 known fro adDe!tives, adverbs and

prepositions 6see imca!on!erning priitive 8+>9. Enaby its etyology onlyrefers vaguely to that whi!h is 2over there2 or 2in the future2, but by !onvention it!ould be used spe!ifi!ally for tomorrow. @n adDe!tival-adverbial foration s,atodaybased on the ste S0= 6having to do with the present rather than the future9!ould be wholly parallel to this. Met one should generally be wary about basing!on!lusions regarding "uenya on the early 2"enya2 aterial, and an even betterinterpretation ay be found The word ,Fdayentioned in +ot*, @ppendi ' ayrefle!t a ste K*= 6stes !onsisting of a single !onsonant would not be unheard of,!f. the 2deonstrative ste2 S= in +*3859. 0n ,F, this K*= would be !obined with

the priitive 6abstra!t9 ending =M, hen!e K,MX "uenya ,F. Aithout this ending we!ould have Ks=,= 2this=day2, to whi!h is added the siple adDe!tival ending =6A389, resulting in the priitive 2adDe!tive2 Ks%,%X " s,a, in "uenya used asan adverb 2today2.

s;', elided for of Ks;+, !onDun!tion or preposition as, apparently when!oparing with soething !lose to the speaker 6!ontrast tam+below9. [T43!onfirs that the full for of the word is s;+./ The first eleent is s= this, here3nowas in s,aabove. This is prefied to what is evidently the preposition ;+as,li$e, persisting through all stages of Tolkien:s developent of "uenya 6"+1H1,

QaRri, ;159. The Sindarin word #+whi!h o!!urs in the Ving:s +etter6S'1, there with a suffied arti!le +n9 is apparently a !ognate of "uenya ;+.Ahile translated in thein the phrase +n g+n+diad D,annailP in the Shirerec$oning6!alendar9, the !ontet akes it !lear that in thehere eans Kaccordingto the. Sindarin #+would be siilar to the priitive for of this preposition> in"uenya the priitive for with instead of ;ay be preserved in the wordtam+, see below.

tam+, preposition as, in the same way as, apparently pointing away frothe speaker 6!ontrast Ks;+above9. This ay be tanathat6+*38 s.v. T@=9

prefied to K+as, li$e6see above9, !ontra!ted to Ktan%+and then assiilated to

tam+. Met if this eplanation is !orre!t one ay ask why s;[+/ above does notappear as KKsim+instead, !ontra!ted in the sae way fro Ksina%+6sinathis,)T3H59. 0t would see that "uenya word foration is not entirely syetri!> inthe !ase of s;[+/ a prefi based dire!tly on the ste S0= is used, while in the !ase oftam+the first eleent ight see to be based on the derivedfor tanaratherthan the naked root T@=. &erhaps KKt


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ay be noted that in one Cuite early 2"enya2 tet reprodu!ed in ;15=1 !f. "uenya tathat, it6+*389. The !onne!ting vowel+ay well turn up before the dative ending =nwhen it is added to a onosyllableending in a diphthong, produ!ing a for Ktai+n. Eefore another vowel, aiwas

redu!ed to +in "uenya, !f. for instan!e " l+oshadefro priitive daio6+*354s.v. '@M=9. ?en!e Ktai+n!ould be!oe Kt++n, but the seCuen!e of two !on!oitant+:s was not durable, be!oing i+by dissiilation. ?en!e the dative for of t+!an

plausibly be ti+n. 6(or the developent ++X i+, !f. for instan!e la4,i5as the pluralfor of la4,5agoldenin QaRri 0t has long been re!ogniLed that the plural forrepresents Kla4,5ai, unstressed final =ailater be!oing =+, but what would beKla4,5+turned into la4,i5by dissiilation.9

t4l4;a, future verb will come. The verb t4l= comeis well attested> in the+tymologiesit is listed in the first person aorist 6t4lin/ come9, derived dire!tlyfro a ste T)+= come, a,,roach, move towards G,oint of s,ea$er6+*35, !f.A3


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einent eaple of this being "uenya si,= vs. %ld Qoldorin si,ya= Eoth verbseanflow, but while the "uenya for represents the ste S0*=flowwith no addedeleents, the synonyous %ld Qoldorin verb is derived by eans of the ending =yathat in this !ase !annot be seen to !ause any seanti! !hange whatsoever 6+*3859.Met in other !ases this ending ay take on a !ausative eaning. 0n A411 the steTG+Gis glossed close, end, come at the end. The ost iediate "uenyades!endant of this was the intransitive verb t+l+=finish, end. Met this had atransitive!ounterpart t+lyafinish, wind u,, conclude. 0t is not surprising, then, thatthe sae ending !an be used to derive a transitive verb t4lya lead, ma$e comefrothe intransitive verbal ste T)+= come. The ending =yaay not ne!essarily !onnotetransitivity, but it is interesting to noti!e that the verb 4lya=,ourretains the ending=yain the past tense 4lyan+only if the verb is used in a transitive sense. 0f 2pour2 isintransitive, the ending =yadrops out and the past tense is 4ll+, apparently foreddire!tly fro the ste 6+*3< s.v. )+)=9.

6ca,+mma,, plural noun with pronoinal ending our sins3 our misdeeds.The pronoinal ending =mma, here followed by the plural ending =,, denotese!lusive our6see Bta,+mma9. *eoving the endings 6pronoinal and plural9, weare left with 6ca,+=. 0t !annot be definitely deterined whether the nounsinshould

be #6ca,+6#6ca,59 or Dust #6ca, The +in 6ca,+= !ould be part of the word proper,but it !ould also be erely a !onne!ting vowel inserted to avoid an ipossible!onsonant !luster, Dust as in Bta,+mma. 0ndire!t eviden!e maysupport #6ca,+asthe independent for 0n ;, we have +l+nillo,as the plural ablative of +l+n

star. Qoti!e the ithat is inserted between +l+nand the !ase ending =llo,6for pluralablative9 0t sees that the !ase ending is added to the noral, 2noinative2 plural+l+nistars6attested by itself in QaRri9. So if a noun ending in a !onsonant is tore!eive an ending that would produ!e an ipossible !onsonant !luster, and thewhole for is to be plural, one does not use the noral !onne!ting vowel +6as inBta,+mma, or El+ndil+nnain &;4H19. 0nstead one ay !onstru!t the siplest

,luralfor of the noun, in =i, and use this plural ending as a !onne!ting vowelbefore adding the !ase ending. 0f the nounsinwere #6ca,, the sae pro!edure!ould have been used here plural K6ca,i, to whi!h the pronoinal ending would

be added, produ!ing K6ca,imma,6with double plural arking, iand ,, Dust as in+l+nillo,9. The fa!t that we do not here see K6ca,imma,, but 6ca,+mma,, ay

then suggest that no etra !onne!ting vowel is needed $ s!. that the naked nounsinis not #6ca,ending in a !onsonant, but #6ca,+. The ending =+would represent

priitive K=M, known to be an abstra!t ending 6see +ss+lya9. @s for the eleents#6ca,+is ade up of, see the verb 6ca,+,below.

6ca,+,plural verbsin, tres,ass. The verb has the plural ending =,to agreewith its plural subDe!t 62thosewho sin-trespass against us29. This for in!ludes theverb ca,= do, !on!erning whi!h see ca,+> as dis!ussed in that entry, we would


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rather epe!t the plural aorist to be K6ca,i,a!!ording to the syste Tolkien used inboth earlier and later sour!es. @nyhow, this verb is obviously related to the noun#6ca,+sin, misdeeddis!ussed above. The prefi 6= soeties fun!tions as anegation not=, un=, in=, but the+tymologiesadds that it is 2usually with bad sense26+*3< s.v. )F)=, );)=9. ?ere the 2bad sense2 is doinant> in this !ase, the prefidoes not indi!ate negation, but soething wrong. The noun #6%ca,+is Cuiteliterally mis singular #6ca,indo. This is anagental fro of the verb 6ca,= dis!ussed above. This word provides our thirdattestation of the agental ending =indo, with the sae eaning as Gnglish =er. The

+tymologieshas m+lindolover, a derivative fro the verb m+l= love6+*37 s.v.;G+=9. 0n +ot* we find the word #colindobearer, attested as a !opounded pluralas part of the orallen &raise, (rodo and Sa were hailed as the o,macolindo,

orRingol= bearhas never been attested byitself, but !f. ;*385 stating that >ollaeans borneor worn.9 0n the+tymologies,=indois suggested to be a spe!ifi!ally masculineagental ending, sin!e as!.m+lindois !ontrasted with fe. m+liss+as the word for lover6and of !ourse, bothof the o,macolindo,or *ing=bearers were ale9. ?owever, in the !ontet of this

prayer, the plural 6ca,indo,is probably not intended to !arry any ipli!ations ofgender.

4lc4llonoun in ablative,from evil6or !on!eivablyfrom 8the9 evil one, asdis!ussed above9. This is the sole o!!urren!e of the ablative ending =llofromin thistet, but it is well attested elsewhere 6QaRri, ;1=, &lotL +etter9. +ittle!an be said about the origin of this ending> it is tepting to assue that the final =ois soehow related to ?%from, the origin of the "uenya genitive ending 6see =o9.)nlike the !ase ending, the noun #4lc4evilis not previously attested, though it isobviously related to the adDe!tive 4lcabad, wic$ed, wrong6"+79. [0nterestingly,it now turns out that soe earlier versions of the prayer a!tually had 4lcalloinsteadof 4lc4llo./ Though not found in the+tymologies, this early 2"enya2 adDe!tive wasalso valid in later "uenya> it o!!urs as part of a !opound in a +ot* anus!ript8+n4l>aevil


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The adDe!tive 4lcawould then des!end fro priitive K4l4>or K4l>, s!. thisste with the adDe!tival ending =6A389. The noun #4lc4would representK4l4>: two=syllable stes soeties for nouns by redupli!ating the ste=vowela third tie, as a final vowel, but in that position it is long. f. su!h priitivewords as galadtree6+*357 s.v. F@+@'=9 or >y+l+@Msilver6+etters4


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espe!ially for a word that is to have an abstra!t eaning. Ulco, 4lc4= presupposes afor K4l>4in early oon Gldarin./

6sa8ti+nna, noun in allative into tem,tation. The allative ending =nnaaysiply indi!ate 2oveent towards2 6as stated by hristopher Tolkien in )T43s.v.+ldanna9, but if Tolkien based his "uenya translation of the +ord:s &rayer onthe noral wording of this prayer, this ending here iplies not only to, towardsbutinto. The allative has the sae for!e in the phrase manna, 1alioninto the hands ofthe Lordsin (Iriel:s Song 6+*7> =nnabe!oes =nna,in the plural9. This allativeending is obviously related to the prepositional steQU1= to, towards6+*3749.Tolkien stated that 2prepositional2 eleents were norally suffied to noun stesin &riitive "uendian 6A3 the Telerinablative still had siple =na, Tolkien eCuating "uenya l6m+nnau,on the hour

with Telerin l6m+na A3a=,ursue, loo$ for,search6"+819. 0f a ste KS@V=searchwas stillvalid at a u!h later stage of Tolkien:s !on!eption, there !ould be a priitive!ausative verb Ksa>t= ma$e search6as for the soeties !ausative verbal ending=t, see t4lyaregarding priitive t4lt=9. KSa>t= would produ!e "uenya Ksa8ta=.Aith the prefi 6=, used in the sae 2bad sense2 as in 6ca,+,sin, tres,assabove,we ay interpret the verb K6sa8ta= as ma$e 6soeone else9see$ what is bad,whi!h is a plausible etyology for a verb tem,t. Aith the infinitival or gerundialending =i+6as in +n%yali5, )T3179, this verb !ould indeed produ!e an abstra!t#6sa8ti+tem,tation. 0t is, however, also possible to plausibly eplain this wordwithout resorting to the early 2"enya2 aterial Tolkien ay have intended#6sa8ti+to be a derivative of the ste ST@F=,ress, com,ress6+*3889. This entryin the+tymologieslists no a!tual verb dire!tly refle!ting the eaning of the ste,

but there !ould well be a priitive verb Kstagt= 6this would be yet another !ase ofthe ending =tfun!tioning as a ere verb=forer, adding nothing to the eaning ofthe root $ see onta,il9. This Kstagt= ight later be!oe Ksta>t= X "uenyaKa8ta=, Ksa8ta=. 0f this eans to ,ress, we ight again have a gerund Ksa8ti+,eaning,ressing,,ressure. Ey adding the prefi 6=, full of sinister !onnotations,we would arrive at #6sa8ti+, literally referring to soe kind of 2evil pressure2. Thisay plausibly be a way of epressing tem,tation. [These spe!ulations turn out to


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be Cuite a!!urate, whi!h is frankly ore than 0 would have epe!ted. T43=3reveals that one version of the prayer had, not 6sa8ti+nna, but the shorter forsa8ti+nna. This was derived fro a ste T?@F=o,,ress, crush,,resswhi!h is

plainly a ere variant of the ST@F=,ress, com,resslisted in Gty. (or variationbetween aspirates like,h, th, $hand !onsonant !lusters ins=, likes,=,st=,s$=,!opare S&@+=, S&@+@S= as variants of &?@+=, &?@+@S= 6+*3879. The final for6sa8ti+Tolkien referred to another ste S@V@=, whi!h however did not ean2sear!h2 as it had in the early "enya +ei!on> Tolkien defined it as 2draw, pull2 andindi!ated that sa8ta= is a verb induce, when!e the prefied gerund 6sa8ti+Pinducement to do wrong./

ya, relative pronoun which, that l6m+ss+ ya Gi,4;amm+Kin the hour thatwe shall die. Qothing !an be said of the etyology of ya> the &riitive Glvish forwould probably be siilar. This is our first attestation of yaas a separate word in atet that is indisputably "uenya. &reviously we knew yaby itself only fro the

!rcticsenten!e published in The %ather (hristmas Letters - iis 2inde!linable2 in its !apa!ity as arti!le 6+*3


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letter above, we read yshU, that!ould have been "uenyariLed as KYF8y49 ay not have been !onsidered at all, nordid Tolkien try to render it by its eaning 62Mahweh:s Salvation29. The nae is notfully "uenyariLed> intervo!ali! swould norally have be!oe voi!ed to , later

be!oing ,in the diale!t of the Qoldor 6e.g. oloiX olo,ias the plural of olosdream, )T3 !f. our theory that ai,+holy, C.v., was originally eant to represent

priitive Kgaisi9. 0f YFs4swere a true "uenya word, it would have to representolder KYF4s, sin!e saltered fro never be!ae X ,6see nsi9. Eut sin!e this isnot eant to be an inherited "uenya word, su!h dia!hroni! !onsiderations areirrelevant> syn!hroni!ally speaking the +atin pronun!iation ofBesusviolates norules of "uenya phonota, and so it is used here. 0t would have been interesting toknow how Tolkien would have inflectedthis word, though. Aould we have seenKYFs4ss%with double sbefore an ending, e.g. genitive KYFs4ssoor dativeKYFs4ss+nB That would follow the pattern of a noun like +?4+ssaying, dictum,

whi!h be!oes +?4+ss= before an ending hen!e the plural +?4+ssiin A3. 0t isthere said that this for is 2analogi!al2, evidently suggesting that very any wordsending in =sdoubled this sound to =ss= before endings 6e.g. nissias the oreorthodo plural of nswoman> see nsi9, so new words in =stended to slip into thesae pattern. &erhaps this would then also be applied to a borrowed nae likeYFs4s, so that a phrase like 2the love of esus2 would be KYFs4sso m+lm+.


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5. Suary Qew insights on "uenya

0n suary we !an say that Tolkien:s "uenya rendering of the +ord:s &rayer and?ail ;ary provides Cuite a few new insights, but there are also soe ysteries.The strange new 2lo!ative2 or perhaps 2!oparative2 !ase eeplified by thewords c+m+nd+and E,4mand+is probably best ignored by writers until it is betterunderstood Tolkien:s unpublished writings, if they are eventually ade available tos!holarship, ay throw ore light on this for. [@!!ording to T43, this =d+is analloorph of the regular lo!ative ending =ss5, but 0 suspe!t that this shorter endingwas not a lasting idea in Tolkien:s ever=evolving !on!eption. (or !larity, writersshould probably use the full ending =ss5, where ne!essary inserting a !onne!tingvowel before it./ The sae goes for the preposition 6B9 8anof un!ertain eaning.[0t now appears that 8aneans 2beyond2, but 0 think 0 would sti!k to the orewell=known postposition @+llafor this eaning./ %therwise, the known "uenya

vo!abulary is enhan!ed by a whole string of new words, ost of whi!h offer noobs!urities aistanablessed, #


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This tet !onfirs what the word mass in A4H7 it o!!urs as a,refixin the word yom+ni+6readKyom+nti+B9 meeting,gathering6of three or ore !oing fro differentdire!tions9. Ae see to have an independent attestation of yoin S'5 yet it sees to !onfir that t+themrepresents Ktai6ti+nitself evolving fro Ktai+n, a!!ording to this theory9.

0t is interesting to observe that the prefi +t=forth, outis epanded to +t+=where an ipossible !onsonant !luster would otherwise arise, as in +t+l+8ta=free,release, let out. 0 have soeties wondered how +t= !ould be !obined with a


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word like l+lya=go6A3 the oststraightforward solution would be to siply use the independent word l


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These tets also reveal another thing about "uenya iperative !onstru!tionsThe iperative parti!le


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!an be used to !onne!t adDe!tives and nouns 6na ai,+ +ss+lya, hallowed be thynameor literally Kwishin/ feel fear or horror,said to be !onstru!ted with 2fro2 $ s!. the ablative !aseB $ of the obDe!t feared9.(or the eaning blesswe already had laita= fro the orallen &raise, but as wehave argued, this is by its etyology rather Kmagnifyand ay often better berendered,raise6+etters3H8> !f. also the !orresponding verbal noun in E,4laital5,

Praise of +ru, as the nae of a QYenJrean festival )T1


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ma8alma, 5awho is above all thronesin irion:s %ath9. 0t is, however, interestingto see that noinal senten!es with no epli!it !opula are apparently Cuite

perissible and even usual i F,4 as +ly+the Lord 8is9 with thee, aistana +ly+blessed 8art9 thou, aistana i y this again tou!hes on theCuestion of whether or not the !hange of final short K=ito =+spread to other

positions by analogy. (or the sae reason 0 would perhaps also read Ka@s+nitinstead of a@s+n+t. 0 would also !hange the strange plural nsiwomento nissi, thefor found elsewhere 6in!luding sour!es younger than this ?ail ;ary translation9.Ahether we should furtherore read KAt su!h fors would at least be easier to

re!on!ile with what has been published elsewhere. [@pparently Tolkien also turned=mm= as a pronoinal eleent for e!lusive 2we, our2 into =lm=, a !hange that is

ataremma.rtf

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