Astroparticle Physics in the Netherlands

Gerard van der Steenhoven

Amsterdam, November 15th, 2004

NIKHEF Scientific Advisory Committee

?LOFARGravitation

Cosmic Rays

Neutrinos

Dark Matter

Astroparticle Physics

WMAP results

Dark Matters searches

• Gravitational capture of ’s:

• Annihilation of neutralinos (’s):

in Earth, Sun, or Galactic Centre

Observe decay neutrino

+

W

W

Origin of high energy cosmic rays

~ E-2.7

• Scientific issues:

• How to get info:– Protons are bent…– High energy ’s ?

→ What is the origin of

(U)HE cosmic rays?

GZK limit: 5 x 1019 eV

→ Data beyond GZK limit: new physics?

Astroparticle Physics (APP)

• Dark Matter searches– neutralinos, monopoles,…

• Cosmic rays (GZK-limit)– AGN’s, GRB’s, -Quasars,…

• Neutrinos– oscillations, CP

• Gravitation– grav. waves

SN1987A

DoE/NSF report ‘Quantum Universe’

The key questions:

1. Undiscovered principles:

2. Dark energy:

3. Extra dimensions:

4. Unified forces:

5. Why so many particles:

6. Dark matter:

7. Neutrinos:

8. Origin of the universe:

9. Antimatter:

LHC

APP

1. Beyond SM, SUSY

2. Higgs Field

3. String Theory,

Gravitation

4. UH energies, p-decay

5. Top, bottom, - physics

6. WIMPs, neutralinos

7. Mass, CP, oscillations

8. QGP, WMAP

9. CP violation

APP @ NIKHEF - I

• ANTARES

– 0.05 km3 deep-sea -detector

– NIKHEF contributions:• DAQ-concept:

All-Data-to-Shore

• Readout, controls, point trigger

• Investments: 3.5 M€ (NWO-G)

– Pilot for ~ 1 km3 project

– Project status (Maarten de Jong):• Deployment 1st line: Summer 2005

• Fully operational system: early 2007

APP @ NIKHEF - II

• KM3NET

– Design study for ~ 1 km3 deep-sea -detector (EU FP6)

– Objectives of design study:• Develop complete design – ready to be built

• Reduce cost (per line) by factor two: total costs < 200 M€

• Site selection:

– Project status:• EU negotiations

• 2006 - 2008

• NIKHEF: 0.7 M€

(Els de Wolf)

ANTARES

NEMO NESTOR

Purpose of km3 -detector

• Astrophysics (-astronomy):– Identify point sources– Composition of jets– Origin of cosmic acceleration– Diffuse fluxes

• Particle physics (beyond SM)– Dark Matter searches:

• Neutralinos, Monopoles,..

– Origin of UHE-cosmic rays– Neutrino oscillations

(extra) galactic -sources

Neutralino search: → +…

Expected rates: point-like sources

KM3NET 1 yr

Quasars and GRBs Neutralino searches

KM3NET 3 yr

GRB’s

Expected rates: diffuse fluxes

Waxman-Bahcall Limit for extra-galactic sources: ~ 250 ev/yr/km2

NT-200

DUMAND

W&B

MPRMPR

+ NT-200

AMANDA-II/ANTARES

IceCube/KM3NeT

AMANDA-B10

GRB

atmospheric neutrinos

Mannheim et al: refinement of WB-limit +individual src-s.

Total expected diffuse rate: 20 x ANTARES ~ 105 ’s/yr

KM3NET versus ICECUBE

• Complementary sky views*:

• Angular resolution:• Energy threshold:

(*) ANTARES location provides a sky coverage of 3.5 sr and an instantaneous common view with AMANDA

of 0.5 sr, and about 1.5 sr common view per day. The Galactic centre is visible 2/3 of the time.

KM3NET ICECUBE

galactic

centre

KM3NET ICECUBE

0.1 deg 0.5 deg

1 TeV 10 TeV

APP @ NIKHEF - III• LOFAR

– Radio-frequency interferometer (10-250 MHz)

– APP application: high-energy cosmic rays (GZK limit?)

– Data volume: few GB/s/station:• TIER1 @ NIKHEF

– Project status:• Under construction in NL

• Dutch investment: 52 M€

• CR proof-of-principle

• Operations: 2007-2012

(Jeff Templon)

LOFAR

What is LOFAR?• Astronomy:

– First measurement 10 – 250 MHz

radiospectrum (0.5 tot 30 m waves)– Cosmology: early ionisation phase

• Astroparticle physics: – Cosmic rays of E > 1014 eV

5 ev/hr

1 ev/yr

APP: the challenge in NL

• ANTARES:

– FOM program ends in 2006 (….data taking until 2010!)

• KM3NET:

– Dutch investment required: ~ 10 M€ (in 2010)

• LOFAR:

– Additional resources for CR-program needed

• Other research ambitions:

– KATRIN, Gravitation, Pierre Auger:

A coherent national plan is needed !

The Pierre Auger Project

• Large CR-array

in Argentina

• NIKHEF (Nijmegen)

invited as partner

• Idea: implement

radio-detection of

CR’s (~ LOFAR)

• Advantage: direct access

to newest UHE-CR data!

APP developments elsewhere• US:

– New astroparticle physics institutes (@ SLAC, FNAL)

– DoE/NSF paper ‘Quantum Universe’

• Germany:

– New ‘Fachbereich’

– Push from BMBF

• Italy:

– Separate ‘funding chapter 2’ within INFN

– Number of researchers involved: 800

Astroteilchenphysik: BMBF-Förderung

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2000 2001 2002

Mio

€

APP in NL: considerations

• New scientific community:…… critical mass

• Funding agencies (FOM, NWO-E):

– Involve all groups in the Netherlands

– Obtain active support astronomers

– Be selective: set priorities

• Universities:……… get new faculty on APP

Choose a bottom-up approach!

Our approach

• Form a scientific community in the Netherlands:– APP symposia: 26 April @ NIKHEF, 24 Sept @ Nijmegen,

21 Jan. ‘05 @ Leiden, 22 April ’05 @ KVI, …

– Create web-site: www.astroparticlephysics.nl

• Form an organizational body (‘bottom up’):– ‘Committee for Astroparticle physics in the NL’ (CAN)

• Formulate a strategy:

– CAN prepares a research plan (+M€’s)

The CAN committee• Approach:

– Inventory of research ambitions– Set priorities and write research plan– Feed-back from Dutch APP community

• Membership:– Amsterdam: B. Hertzberger, P.J. Mulders (VU), R. Wijers– ASTRON: H. Falcke– Groningen: M. van de Weijgaert – KVI: A. van den Berg, N. Kalantar, R. Timmermans – Leiden: A. Achacurra– Nijmegen: J. Kuijpers, S. de Jong – NIKHEF: F. Linde, G. van der Steenhoven (chair)– Utrecht: A. Achterberg

Crab

Planning

• 14 oktober 2004:

– CAN ‘kick-off’ meeting in Amsterdam

• 1 december 2004:

– Inventory APP research ambitions

• January - April 2005:

– First draft + feedback community

• May- June 2005:

– Submission plan to funding agencies:

FOM/NWO-N, NWO-E, NWO-AB

First draft of web-page

………under construction !K. Huijser, NIKHEF

First result of inventory

cf. TIER1for LHC

Conclusion• Astroparticle Physics:

– High discovery potential

– New initiative in NL

– Bottom-up approach

• Scientific Advisory Committee:– Advice on chosen approach

– Advice on APP priorities

Possible resources for APP

• FOM (physics)

– Through NIKHEF ‘mission budget’, and small projects

• NWO-E (e-science, mathematics, astronomy)

– Open competition (small), new joint program?

• NWO – AB (general board)

– Awards & fellowships (‘veni-vidi-vici’ program)– Investments (NWO-M and NWO-G)– As new interdisciplinary program (‘New Money’)

• EU (framework program - FP7):– Marie-Curie fellowships, Design studies,

Research Infrastructures (I3’s), Construction,…

M€’s