astronomy. astronomy the study of the planets, stars, and other objects in space. the study of the...
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AstronomyAstronomy
AstronomyAstronomy
The study of the planets, stars, The study of the planets, stars, and other objects in space.and other objects in space.
HistoryHistory
Nicolaus Nicolaus CopernicusCopernicusPolish AstronomerPolish Astronomer11stst suggested the suggested the
sun was the center sun was the center of the solar systemof the solar system
Put six known Put six known planets in proper planets in proper order.order.
HistoryHistoryGalileo GalileiGalileo Galilei
Italian ScientistItalian ScientistGreatest contributions were his descriptions Greatest contributions were his descriptions
of moving objects.of moving objects.Laid groundwork for the study of gravity by Laid groundwork for the study of gravity by
demonstrating the weight of an object does demonstrating the weight of an object does not affect its rate of fall.not affect its rate of fall.
Discovered four moons of JupiterDiscovered four moons of JupiterObserved and recorded the phases of VenusObserved and recorded the phases of Venus
HistoryHistoryGalileo GalileiGalileo Galilei
Studied the moon’s surfaceStudied the moon’s surfaceTracked sunspotsTracked sunspotsTried by Inquisition in the 1600’s for Tried by Inquisition in the 1600’s for
teaching against current belief of the teaching against current belief of the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.Declared innocent by John Paul II in 1980Declared innocent by John Paul II in 1980
HistoryHistory
Albert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinGerman born German born
American physicistAmerican physicistDeveloped the Developed the
Theory of Relativity Theory of Relativity (E=MC^2)(E=MC^2)Explained the Explained the
motion of particles motion of particles traveling at the traveling at the speed of light.speed of light.
History History
Edwin HubbleEdwin HubbleAmerican American
AstronomerAstronomerFirst discovered First discovered
light beyond our light beyond our galaxy.galaxy.
InstrumentsInstruments
Refracting Refracting TelescopeTelescopeUses an Uses an
objective lens to objective lens to collect light collect light coming from an coming from an object in Spaceobject in SpaceGalileoGalileo
InstrumentsInstruments
Reflecting Reflecting TelescopeTelescopeUses mirrors to Uses mirrors to
reflect and form a reflect and form a magnified image of magnified image of an object which is an object which is seen through a seen through a lens.lens.Issac NewtonIssac Newton
InstrumentsInstruments
Radio TelescopeRadio Telescope Consists of a reflector, Consists of a reflector,
a receiver, and an a receiver, and an antenna and focused antenna and focused on a receiver.on a receiver.
Radio waves are Radio waves are collected by the collected by the antenna and focused antenna and focused on the receiveron the receiver
Grote ReberGrote Reber
InstrumentsInstruments
SpectroscopesSpectroscopes Separates light into Separates light into
wavelengths by means wavelengths by means of a glass prism or of a glass prism or ruled gratings.ruled gratings.
Used to determine Used to determine elements in a starelements in a star
InstrumentsInstruments
RADARRADARSystem that System that
detects an object detects an object beyond the range beyond the range of visible light.of visible light.Used to determine Used to determine
an object’s distance an object’s distance or range.or range.
OriginsOriginsUniverseUniverse
Big Bang TheoryBig Bang TheoryA cosmic explosion occurred 15 to A cosmic explosion occurred 15 to 20 billion years ago.20 billion years ago.Sent matter and energy in all Sent matter and energy in all
directionsdirectionsFrom this matter all objects in the From this matter all objects in the
universe developed.universe developed.
OriginsOriginsSolar SystemSolar System
Nebular HypothesisNebular HypothesisA nebula (gas and dust pulled together A nebula (gas and dust pulled together
by gravity) collapsed due to gravitational by gravity) collapsed due to gravitational forces.forces.
Flattened by gravity, rotation, and pressureFlattened by gravity, rotation, and pressureRegions of condensation eventually Regions of condensation eventually
became the sun and planets, moon and became the sun and planets, moon and other space objects.other space objects.
The SunThe Sun
The SunThe Sun
A medium sized yellow star A medium sized yellow star composed mostly of hydrogen composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.and helium.
Exerts gravity on the planets Exerts gravity on the planets keeping them in orbit.keeping them in orbit.
The SunThe SunStructureStructure
CoreCoreUp to 15,000,000 degrees CelsiusUp to 15,000,000 degrees CelsiusHydrogen and Helium are in constant Hydrogen and Helium are in constant
motionmotionHydrogen is fused into Helium Hydrogen is fused into Helium
This releases the sun’s energyThis releases the sun’s energy
The SunThe SunPhotospherePhotosphere
Innermost layer of the sun’s atmosphereInnermost layer of the sun’s atmosphereChromosphereChromosphere
Middle layer of the sun’s atmosphereMiddle layer of the sun’s atmosphereCoronaCorona
Outermost layer of the sun’s atmosphereOutermost layer of the sun’s atmosphereAlthough its average temperature is over Although its average temperature is over
1,000,000 degrees it produces little heat.1,000,000 degrees it produces little heat.
The SunThe SunActivityActivity
SunspotsSunspotsDark, cooler areas on the Dark, cooler areas on the photospherephotosphereCaused by disturbances in the Caused by disturbances in the
sun’s magnetic fieldsun’s magnetic field
The SunThe SunActivityActivity
Solar FlaresSolar FlaresIntense magnetic storms on the Intense magnetic storms on the sun’s surface.sun’s surface.
The SunThe Sun
ActivityActivityProminencesProminences
Arcs of gas that erupt from Arcs of gas that erupt from the surface of the sun.the surface of the sun.
CometComet
A small mass of ice, rock A small mass of ice, rock and dustand dust
CometCometOrbit the sun in an elliptical orbitOrbit the sun in an elliptical orbit
Have varying periods of revolution (Comet to Have varying periods of revolution (Comet to Comet)Comet)Hailey’s Comet appears every 76 years. (2061)Hailey’s Comet appears every 76 years. (2061)
Originate in an area outside our solar Originate in an area outside our solar systemsystem
Tail – particles of the comet that have Tail – particles of the comet that have been vaporized and forced away from the been vaporized and forced away from the sun.sun.
AsteroidsAsteroids
Small rocky bodies orbiting the Small rocky bodies orbiting the sun in the same direction as the sun in the same direction as the planets.planets.
AsteroidsAsteroidsMost are found in a region between Mars Most are found in a region between Mars
and Jupiterand JupiterKnown as?Known as?
Believed to be fragments of pre-planet Believed to be fragments of pre-planet material.material.What does this mean?What does this mean?
Some cross earth’s orbitSome cross earth’s orbitMeaning?Meaning?
MeteoroidsMeteoroids
Similar to asteroids but Similar to asteroids but smaller.smaller.
MeteoroidMeteoroid MeteorMeteor
A meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphereA meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphereBurn up as a result of friction with gas particlesBurn up as a result of friction with gas particles““Falling Star”Falling Star”
MeteoriteMeteoriteA meteor that doesn’t completely burn up and A meteor that doesn’t completely burn up and
reaches Earth’s Surface.reaches Earth’s Surface. Meteor ShowerMeteor Shower
Occur when Earth passes through debris left in a Occur when Earth passes through debris left in a comet’s orbit.comet’s orbit.
StarsStars
Bright Spheres of gasBright Spheres of gasEnergy is produced by nuclear Energy is produced by nuclear
fusion.fusion.
StarsStarsPropertiesProperties
MagnitudeMagnitudeBrightness based on its composition Brightness based on its composition
and distance from the earth.and distance from the earth.Absolute – Actual brightnessAbsolute – Actual brightnessApparent – Brightness as in appears Apparent – Brightness as in appears
from Earthfrom Earth
StarsStarsPropertiesProperties
ColorColorRelated to temperatureRelated to temperature
Hot – BlueHot – BlueCooler – RedCooler – RedMedium - YellowMedium - Yellow
StarsStarsPropertiesProperties
Hertzberg-Russell diagramHertzberg-Russell diagramGraphs absolute magnitude vs. Graphs absolute magnitude vs.
temperaturetemperatureUsed to predict the how long stars will Used to predict the how long stars will
livelive
Life CycleLife Cycle
NebulaNebulaCluster of gas and dust pulled Cluster of gas and dust pulled
together by gravity.together by gravity.Star Forming RegionsStar Forming Regions
Why would they get this name?Why would they get this name?
StarsStars
Life CycleLife CycleProtostarProtostar
Beginning stage in star formation.Beginning stage in star formation.Nuclear formation beginsNuclear formation begins
StarsStars
Life CycleLife CycleMain SequenceMain Sequence
Hydrogen changes to heliumHydrogen changes to heliumMay last billions of yearsMay last billions of years
Dependant on massDependant on mass
StarsStars
Life CycleLife CycleRed GiantRed Giant
Outer surface cools, expands, and becomes red.Outer surface cools, expands, and becomes red.
StarsStarsDeathDeath
Final stage depends on massFinal stage depends on massLow MassLow Mass
Red Giant collapses and becomes a white dwarfRed Giant collapses and becomes a white dwarfMedium MassMedium Mass
Forms planetary nebula (Shed their outer layer) Forms planetary nebula (Shed their outer layer) then a white dwarfthen a white dwarf
MassiveMassiveForm supernovas then may become a very dense Form supernovas then may become a very dense
neutron star or an extremely dense black hole.neutron star or an extremely dense black hole.
Other Stellar ObjectsOther Stellar ObjectsPulsarsPulsars
Spinning neutron stars that send out Spinning neutron stars that send out beams of radiation.beams of radiation.
QuasarsQuasarsVery bright centers of some distant Very bright centers of some distant
galaxies.galaxies.
ConstellationsConstellationsA group of stars that form a pattern.A group of stars that form a pattern.
88 accepted worldwide88 accepted worldwideUsed for navigationUsed for navigationCircumpolar – 5 constellations seen Circumpolar – 5 constellations seen
throughout the year that revolve around the throughout the year that revolve around the North StarNorth StarUrsa Major – Great Bear (includes part of Big Ursa Major – Great Bear (includes part of Big
Dipper)Dipper) Points to the North StarPoints to the North Star
Ursa Minor – Little Bear or Little DipperUrsa Minor – Little Bear or Little Dipper North Star (Polaris) is at the end of its handle.North Star (Polaris) is at the end of its handle.
ConstellationsConstellations
Zodiacal ConstellationsZodiacal ConstellationsBand of 12 constellations moving across Band of 12 constellations moving across
the sky throughout the yearthe sky throughout the year
GalaxiesGalaxies
Huge system of billions of stars Huge system of billions of stars held together by gravity.held together by gravity.
GalaxiesGalaxies
SpiralSpiralDisk shaped with a bulge in the Disk shaped with a bulge in the
center and spiral armscenter and spiral armsExamplesExamples
Milky WayMilky WayAndromedaAndromeda
GalaxiesGalaxies
EllipticalEllipticalSlightly flattened spheres with bright Slightly flattened spheres with bright
centers.centers.Very little gas and dust.Very little gas and dust.
GalaxiesGalaxiesIrregularIrregular
No regular shape.No regular shape.Many starsMany starsGreat clouds of gas and dust.Great clouds of gas and dust.
ExamplesExamplesLarge and Small Magellanic CloudLarge and Small Magellanic Cloud