astronomy and space science - hcc applied science -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 16: Astronomy and space science
Learning aim A – Understand the fundamental aspects of the solar
system
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Contents page
Note: anywhere you see a capital D means you MUST draw a diagram.
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Core Convectivezone
CoronaRadiative
zone
Chromosphere Photosphere
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You need a copy of
this in your notes
Page 6.
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Hydrostatic equilibrium
Hydrostatic equilibrium occurs when the force
due to gas pressure exactly balances out
the force due to gravity.
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Sun’s magnetic field
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Sunspots
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Life cycle of a star (D)
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Hertz sprung-Russel diagramStars DO
NOT progress
along their stage!
What do you notice about this axis?
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The Sun has a surface temperature of about 5,300 K.
Spectral classes
Spectral Class Intrinsic Color Temperature (K)
O Blue Over 25,000
B Blue 11,000 – 25,000
A Blue-white 7,500 – 11,000
F White 6000 - 7,500
G Yellow-white 5,000 - 6,000
K Orange 3,500 - 5,000
M Red Under 3,500
TYPE Star
IaVery luminous
supergiants
IbLess luminous
supergiants
II Luminous giants
III Giants
IV Subgiants
VMain sequence stars
(dwarf stars)
VI Subdwarf
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Inner core
Mantle
Outer core
Crust
Anatomy of the Earth
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Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere
What can you
remember?
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Earth’s tilted axis
The Earth’s axis is tilted
by 23.5°.
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Day and night
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Solar and
Sidereal days
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Orbits
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These orbits are NOT circular:
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Kepler’s Laws 1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at the centre.
2. A line that connects a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
3. The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
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Eclipses
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Moon phases
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What is this?
Have you even see this before?
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You only ever see one side of the Moon, why?
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The Moon is tidally locked.
It’s orbital rotation is the same as the time it takes
to orbit Earth.
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Centripetal force
The planets are accelerating just fast enough to remain in their
orbits.
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Centrifugal force
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Van Allen Radiation Belts
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Formation of the Aurora Borealis
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The Aurora
Borealis or “Northern lights” as viewed
from space.
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The aurora seen on Earth
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Forces involved in the Solar System
The 3 mains ones:
• Gravitational forces
• Centrifugal forces
• Centripetal forces
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• The centripetal force arises from the gravitational pull on a planet from the Sun.
(E.g. water in a bucket, if you swing a bucket full with water fast enough, the water will remain in the bucket and the string attached to the bucket will remain taut - this is because of the centripetal force.)
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• The centrifugal force arises from the planet orbiting the Sun at a great speed.
(E.g. a mixture put into a centrifuge, the mixture separated out depending on the density of the substances initially mixed together.)
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Inner and outer planets
Can you remember the planets in order?
You will need to find a diagram of each planet for your assignment.
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Planetary ring systems
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Features and characteristics of other Solar System objects
• Asteroids
• Meteors
• Comets
• Kuiper belt
• Oort cloud
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Measuring astronomical distances
There are a few methods you need to write about:
• Trigonometric Parallax
• Cepheid variables as standard candles
• Eclipsing binaries
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Trigonometric parallax
Limitations?Inaccurate for distances greater than 65 light years.
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Units
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Cepheid variables
Brighter stars have longer periods
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We can use an equation and the inverse square law to calculate the distance:
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Cepheid variables can be used to measure distances of
20 million light years.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/cepheid.html
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Eclipsing binaries
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Evidence for an expanding Universe?
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Redshift and blue shift
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Hubble’s Law
Hubble’s Law
The further away a galaxy is from
another point in space, the faster it
appears to recede, and therefore, the
Universe is expanding.
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Determining the age of the Universe:
𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 =1
𝐻0
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Possible fate of the Universe based on density:
https://futurism.com/four-ways-the-universe-could-end/
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Cosmological theories of the present day
• Big Bang theory.
• Olbers’ paradox.
• Steady state.
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Big Bang Theory
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Olbers’ Paradox
Is the night sky infinitely bright?
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Reasons why the night sky is not infinitely bright:
1. There is too much dust to see the distant stars.2. The Universe only has a finite (opposite of infinite) number of stars.3. The position of stars in not even – stars could hind behind one another.4. The Universe is expanding.5. The Universe is young meaning distant light has not reached us yet.
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Steady state theory
https://universeandphysics.wordpress.com/2017/05/08/steady-state-theory-rejected/
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Note
Anything with a name must have a capital letter:
• Sun
• Moon (if you are talking about ours)
• Earth
• Solar System