astronomical tradition and kerala

amXr- qan hmÀjn-I-]-Xn¸v 2007-2008, amÀ¨v 2008

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tIc-f-Ncn-{X-hpw tPymXnx-im-kv{X-hpw sI. N{µ-lcnx

tIcf¯nsâ KWn-XþtPymXnx-im-kv{X-]m-c-¼cyw temI-amsI {]kn-²-am-Wv. imkv{X-tem-I- nse shÅn-\-£-{X-amb Bcy- -Ssâ P·- q-an-sb¶ JymXnbpw ae--\mSv AYhm ae-bm-f-\mSv hos−-Sp- n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu imkv{X-]m-c-¼cyw tIc-f- nse P\-X-Xn¡v \ÂInbn-cp¶ [\y-X-sb´mWv? \½psS P\-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ, kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpamb cwK-§-fnÂ, GXp-hn[amb ssIs¿m- mWv Cu hn{ipX imkv{X-]m-c-¼-cy- n-tâ-Xmbn \ap¡v ImWp-hm³ Ign-bp-¶Xv? {InkvXp-hÀjw Bdmw \qäm-−nÂ temI- n\v A¡mew hsc e`y-am-bn-cp-¶-XnÂ Gähpw kq£va-amb tPymXnÀK-WnXw kw`m-h\ sNbvX tIc-f- nsâ Ncn{Xw GXm−v sImÃ-hÀjm-cw`w hsc Ahy-à-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp¶ sshNn-{Xy- n\v Imc-W-sa´v? sImÃ-hÀj¯n\v ap¼v tIc-f- nÂ Hcp Ime-K-W\ D−mbncp-¶ntÃ? Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ, tIc-f- nse AÔ-Im-c-bp-K- n-emWv alm-im-kv{X-Im-c-·m-cmb Bcy- -S\pw lcn-Z- \pw Pohn- n-cp-¶-sX¶ hkvXpX \s½ Nnń- n-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. imkv{Xhpw Ie-Ifpw t]mjn- n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xn\v klm-b-I-ambncp¶ {InkvXp-hÀjw H³]Xmw \qäm−v hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-«s¯ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Ccp-−-bp-K-am-¡nb kmaq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI LS-I-§-sf-s´m-s¡-bmWv? Bdmw \qäm-−nÂ Bcy- -S-\n-eq-sSbpw Fgmw \qäm-−nÂ lcn-Z- -\n-eq-sSbpw imkv{X- nsâ al- mb IpXn-¸n\pw H³]Xmw \qäm-−nÂ i¦-cm-Nm-cy-cn-eqsS ambm-hm-Zm-ssZzXthZm´ ¯n\pw P·w \ÂInb tIcf¯nÂ imkv{Xw ]nt¶m¡w t]mIp-I Akm²y-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶ hkvXpX \nkvXÀ¡-am-Wv. Ahy-à-amb Imc-W-§-fmÂ B[p-\n-I-K-th-j-W-§-fpsS ]Ým- -e- nepw Ccp-−bpKambn Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶ {InkvXp-hÀjw BZn \qäm-−p-I-fnÂ, Bcy- -S-þ-l-cn-Z¯ Ime-L-«-§-fnÂ, Ipe-ti-J-c-bpKw hsc tIc-f- nse kmam-\y-P-\-Po-hn-Xs¯ tPymXnx-imkv{Xw F§s\ kzm[o- n-cp-¶p? Ncn-{X-K-W-\¡v klm-b-I-amb tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ GsX-¦nepw \ap-¡n¶ e`y-amtWm? 1

I. N-cn-{X-]-T-\-§-fpsSbpw sFXn-ly-§fp-sSbpw ]Ým- ew

tIcf¯nsâ BZyImeNcn{Xw kw_Ôn¨ ]T\§Ä ]pcmX\ enJnX§fp sSbpw `qJ\\w apXemb B[p\nI kt¦X§fpsSbpw klmb¯mÂ IqSpXÂ hkvXp\njvTambn hcnIbmWv. kwLIme tIcfNcn{Xw XangI ¯nsâ Ncn{Xhpambn CgpInt¨À¶p InS¡p¶psh¶ Imcy¯nÂ C¶v Ncn{X Imc·mÀ¡v A`n{]mbssbIyw D−v. XangI¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI Ncn{X¯n se kphÀ®Imesa¶v A`nam\n¡s¸Sp¶ kwLIme¯n\v KthjIÀ hy XykvXamb ImeL«§Ä IÂ]n¡p¶psh¦nepw s]mXpsh AwKoIcn¡s¸

1Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-cw-K¯v ]pd¯v hcp¶ ]e ']pXnb ImgvN- m-Sp-Ifpw' ]g-b-Imes¯ ]T-\-§-fpsS ]pXnb ]Xn-¸p-I-fm-Wv. IqSp-XÂ sXfn-hp-IÄ tNÀ¡-s -Sp-t¼mÄ ]g-b-Ime ]T-\-§-fpsS d^-d³kv Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p þ ]g-b-]-T-\-§Ä e`y-a-Ãm- -Xp-sIm-−m-Imw, Kth-j-I-cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ sIm−m-Imw. Ncn-{X-]-T-\-§-fpsS Hcp sNdn-b-`mKw am{X-amWv F\n¡v hmbn-¡p-hm³ Ign-ªn-«p-Å-Xv. GsX-¦nepw Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS d -d³kv Cu teJ-\-¯nÂ hn«p-t]m-bn-«p-s−-¦nÂ kZbw Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-I.


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«ncn¡p¶Xv {In.ap. 300 þ {InkvXphÀjw 500 hsc F¶XmWv. tNc·mcpsS Ncn{Xw kwLIme¯v XpS§p¶psh¦nepw, s]cpam¡·mcpsS Ncn{Xw ]dbp t¼mÄ, Ncn{XKthjIÀ ]dbp¶Xv Ncn{XenJnXw Ahtijn¸n¨n«pÅ BZy

s]cpamÄ sImÃhÀjmcwÌme¯v Pohn¨ncp¶ (AD 820-844) cmacmPtiJc \msW¶mWv. ]n¶oSv hmW s]cpam¡·mcpsS Ime¯v ]WnXpbÀ¯s¸« Nne sshjvWht£{X§fpw Ahbnse ]pcmX\ enJnX§fpw am{XamWv tIcfNcn{XcN\bnÂ ImWp¶Xv. H³]Xmw \qäm−n\v ap¼pÅ Imew s]mXpsh AhyàXtbmsS C¶pw \ne\nÂ¡p¶p. {io[ctat\msâ Cultural

Heritage of Kerala, hfsc kw£n]vXambn kwkvIrX{KÙ§fnÂ tIcfs¯¡pdn¨pÅ ]cmaÀi§sf¸än ]dbp¶p. ]vfn\nbpsSbpw tSmfanbp sSbpw ]cmaÀi§fneqsS tIcf¯nse P\XXn {In.]n H¶mw \qäm−v apXÂ hnizNcn{X¯nsâ `mKamWv. IqSpXÂ Kl\amb KthjW¯nte¡v t\m¡p t¼mÄ {io. Fw.Pn.Fkv.\mcmbWsâ Foundations of South Indian Society and

Culture \ÂIp¶ hnhc§f\pkcn¨v þ

� {Inap. 3þmw \qäm−v apXÂ {In]n. 3þmw \qäm−v hsc XangIw

� {In]n. 400-800 {_mÒW A[n\nthiw

� {In]n. 9þmw \qäm−v apXÂ 12þmw \qäm−v hsc tNc·mÀ

� {In]n 12þmw \qäm−v apXÂ tIcfw {]tXyI hn`mKw

{Inapþ\memw \qäm−nse aucykm{amPyhpambp−mb kmwkvImcnI hn\nab ¯neqsSbmWv kwkvImcw Z£ntWýbnÂ ]SnIS¶ph¶sX¶v {io. Fw. Pn.Fkv.\mcmbW³ ]dbp¶p. D¯c`mcXhpambpÅ Cu thgvNbpsS bpàn CÃmsX tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI Ncn{Xw km²yasÃ¶v {]mNo\ Ncn{X ]camb sXfnhpIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶psh¶v CXn\mÂ a\Ênem¡mw.

aucyk¼À¡tam AXn\p ap¼p−mb tIctfmXv]¯nbnse sFXnlyw kqNn¸n¡p¶Xpt]msebpÅ Bcy-·m-cpsS D¯cþZ£nW]emb\§tfm? GXmWv bYmÀ°¯nÂ tIcf¯nÂ kwkvIrXnbpsS hn¯v ]mInbsX¶ tNmZy¯n\v hyàamb D¯cw \ÂIp¶ sXfnhpIfnÃ. _u²þssP\ Ime§fpsSbpw, kwL-Im-e-tN-c-·m-cp-sSbpw Xncp-h-©n-¡p-f- n-sâbpw Nne-¸XnImc- n-sâbpw Hs¡ Ime-L-«-§sf kw_-Ôn¨v ¢n]vX-amb bmsXmcp [mc-Wbpw \ap-¡n-Ã. tIctfmXv]¯n \ÂIp¶ {_mÒWcpsS IpSntbä

Imehpw (BC1175)2 s]cpamÄ Imehpw (AD 215 – AD428) Hcp ]s£, {In.-ap. 1175 Â D¯c`mcX¯nÂ \n¶pap−mb {ZmhnU IpSntbä¯nsâbpw, s]cp-amÄImew Hcp kl{km_vZ¯n\p tijw D−mb Bcy{_mÒW IpSntbä

2 c−m-bncw \o¡nb sImÃ-hÀjm-cw- w. sImÃ-hÀjw Bbn-c-§Ä \o¡-s¸« ]c-ip-cm-am-_vZ-am-Wv, Ien-Im-e-K-W-\-t]mse ]pcm-X-\-amb `mc-Xob Ime-K-W\bmWv apX-emb Nn´m-K-Xn-IÄ i¦À _me-Ir-jvW-Zo-£n-Xnsâ tPymXnx-im-kv{X-N-cn-{X- nepw tIkcn. G. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS IÂ]-K-WnXw F¶ teJ-\-¯nepw aäpw ImWp¶p. tIc-tfmÂ]¯nbnse sFXnlyw tUm. cmP³ Np¦-¯nsâ {iuXw F¶ cN-\-bnÂ hni-Z-ambn ]d-bp-¶p.


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¯nsâbpw hfs¨mSn¡s¸« {]Xn]mZ\amsW¶v \ap¡v Duln-¡mw. sXfn-hp-IÄ sIm−v kaÀ°n-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ Dulm-t]m-l-§Ä¡v Ncn-{X-]T-\- nÂ bmsXmcp km[p-X-bpan-Ã. sXfnhpIsfbpw sFXnly§sfbpw hnkvacn¡ s¸«ncn¡p¶ aäv hkvXpXIsfbpw CW¡n t¨À¡p¶ bpànbpàamb Hcp hniIe\¯neqsS am{Xta \ap¡v hkvXp\njvTambn Ncn{Xw a\Êne¡phm³ km[n¡pIbpÅp. B[p-\n-I-]-T-\-§-fp-sS-bpw, sFXn-ly-§-fp-sSbpw Cu ]Ým-¯-e- n-emWv tIc-f-N-cn-{X- n-te¡v AÂ]-sa-¦nepw shfn¨w hoip-hm³ \½psS tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]m-c-¼-cy- n\v Ign-bp-tam F¶ Cu At\z-j-Ww.

II. tIc-tfm-Xv]- n-bnse Ien-Zn\þA£-c-kw-Jy-IÄ -

tIc-f-N-cn-{X- nse Ccp-−-Im-e-s - än tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp At\z-jWw km²y-am-¡p¶ Gähpw {][m\ D]m[n tIc-tfm-Xv]- n-bn-eq-sSbpw sFXn-ly-§-fn-eq-sSbpw \ap¡v e`y-am-bn- oÀ¶ A£-c-kw-Jy-I-fm-Wv. Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bnÂ Ch-bpsS D]-tbm-K- n\v kmt¦-Xn-I-amb sshjayw Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡v D−m-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡-Ww. s{]m^. Fkv. ANypXhmcycpsS 'tIcf kwkvImcw' sI. inhi¦c³ \mbcpsS '{]mNo\ tIcfw', {io[ctat\msâ 'tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI ]mc¼cyw' apXemb IrXnIsfm¶pw Xs¶ tIcfob ]mc¼cy¯nÂ e`yamb ]cÂt]cpIÄ AYhm IenZn\kwJyIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶ t£{X§fpsSbpw s]cpamfhtcm[¯nsâbpw hniZmwi§Ä NÀ¨ sNbvXp ImWp¶nÃ.

sFXn-ly-§fn-eqsS am{Xw e`y-ambXn\mÂ A£-c-kw-Jy-IÄ¡v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]kànbntÃ? F¶ tNmZyw ChnsS Db-cp-¶p. tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Ien-Zn\w \ÂIp¶ ]cÂt]-cp-IÄ Ime-K-W-\-bpsS hyà-amb sXfnhv DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. AXp-t]mse Ien-Zn-\-KW\bp-sSbpw IS-]-bmZn kt¦-X- n-eqsS cq]w \ÂI-s¸-Sp¶ ]cÂt]cnsâbpw kmt¦-Xn-IX ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-t¼mÄ, tPymXnx-im-kv{X- nÂ Ah-Km-l-an-Ãm¯ Hcp hyàn¡v ]cÂt]-cp-−m-¡pI km²y-am-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶v \ap¡v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

]cÂt]-cp-I-fpsS kmt¦-Xn-I-Xbpw tPymXnx-im-kv{Xhpw

DZm-l-c-W- n\v tIc-tfmÂ]¯n \ÂIp¶ tIb-s¸-cp-am-fnsâ Øm\m-tcm-lWw kqNn- n-¡p¶ `qau- q-t]mƒbw{]m]ym F¶ ]cÂt]cv ]cn-K-Wn-¡mw. IS-]-bmZn kt¦-X-a-\p-k-cn¨v Cu hmIyw kqNn- n-¡p¶ Ien-Zn-\-kwJy 1211454 BIp-¶p.

IS-]-bmZn: '`qau- q-t]mƒbw{]m]ym' 1211454: A¦m\mw hmatXm KXn.

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FÃm kzcm-£-c-§fpw 0 BIp-¶p. Iq«-£-c-§-fnÂ c−m-aXv hcp¶ A£-c-amWv ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-I. he¯v \n¶v CS-t¯m«v Hä-Øm\w apXÂ D¯-tcm- cw A¡-§-sf-gp-XWw

]Xn-t\tgm ]Xn-\mdmw \qäm-−ntem tIc-tfmÂ]- n-bpsS cNbnXmhv Cuhn[w Hcp Gg¡kwJy-sb-Sp¯v Fń\v ]cÂt]-cm¡n Ah-X-cn- n-¡Ww? s]cp-amÄhm-gvNt¡m, {_mÒ-Wm-[n-]Xy¯nt\m ]pcm-X-\Xzw \ÂIp-Isb¶ IpÕnXe£y¯mÂ t{]cn-X-\mbncp-s¶-¦nÂ Fń\o Gg-¡-kw-Jysb `qau-`q-t]mƒbw{]m]ym F¶ ]cÂt]-cm-¡p-hm³ t¢in-¡Ww? GsX-¦n-ep-samcp Ien-hÀjtam, tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]m-c-¼-cy- n-eqsS {]kn-²-amb iI-hÀjtam {]bmkw IqSmsX \ÂIpI km²y-am-bn-cp-¶p-. AXp-t]mse Ien-Zn-\-kwJy kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-amb Hcp Zn\þ-K-W-\-bm-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶Xpw {Kl-a-[y-a-K-Wn-X- n-\pÅ kn²m- -§-fpsS D]m-[n-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶Xpw {i²n-¡-Ww.

]cÂt]-cnsâ Ahy-à-amb Ncn{Xw

tPymXnximkv{XNcn-{X- nse {]kn-²-amb Ahy-à-XI-fn-sem-¶mWv Ien-bp-KmZn ASn-Øm-\-amb {Kl-a[yaK-WnXw BhnÀ`-hn¨ Ime-L-«w. tIc-fob tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]m-c-¼-cy-s¯- än Xn«-an-Ãm¯ Kth-j-IÀ ]ecpw Bcy- -S-\mWv bpKmZn k¦Â]- n-sâbpw Ien-Zn-\-K-W-\-bp-sSbpw D]-Úm-Xm-sh¶v kn²m- n-¡p-¶p. Cu A\p-am\w sXäm-sW¶pw Bcy- -S\p ap¼v Xs¶ tIc-f-¯nÂ Ien-bp-Km-Zn-bmb Zn\-K-W-\bpw {Kl-K-Wn-Xhpw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶v Xmsg- -d-bp¶ hkvXp-X-IfnÂ \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

1. KoÀW-t{i-bmZn Nm{µ-hm-Iy-§Ä sIm−v {]kn-²-\mb hc-cpNnbpsS Ime-L«w ]p{X-\mb taf-t¯m-Ä Aántlm{Xn-bp-tS-Xmbn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ ]cÂ t]-cp-I-fnÂ \n¶pw {InkvXp-hÀjw \memw \qäm-−m-sW¶v \nÝ-bn-¡mw.

� tIc-f- nÂ BZy-ambn bmKmán sImfp- -s¸« Zn\w: 'bÚ-Øm-\w-kw-

c£yw', Ien-Zn\w 1270701, Ipw`¯nse Idp¯hmhmb (inhcm{Xn tbmS\p_Ôn¨) 14 s^{_phcn 378 CE BIp-¶p. B[p-\n-I-co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn¨v Øm\o-b-K-Wn-X- n\v Pqen-b³ Zn\w 1859166.75 DÖ-bn\n a[y-a-kq-tcym-Z-b- n\v kq£va-am-Wv.

� Aán-tlm-{Xn-bpsS P·-Zn\w ']pcp-[n-k-am-{ib' 1257921 Ipwàmkw, tcmln-Wo, shÅnbmgvN, 18 s^{_phcn 343 CE BIp-¶p.

2. XncphÃbnse {iohÃ` t£{X¯n\v ]cÂt]cnÂ \n¶pw hyàamIp¶ IenZn\w 1111526, 29.04.59 BC F¶ {]Xn-jvTm-Zn-\amIp-¶p. D¯r«mXnbpw sshim-J-þ-IrjvWGIm-Zinbpw Xn¦fmgvNbpw BIp-¶p. Øm\o-b-K-Wn-X- n\v Pqen-b³ Zn\w 1699991.75 BIp-¶p. CS-h- nse D¯r-«mXn


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hÃ-h-cpsS3 AYhm CS-b-·m-cpsS hÃ-h-]p-c¯¸\v {]Xn-jvTm-Zn-\-am-Ip-¶Xv bmZr-Ñn-I-X-bmtWm? Ipw -¯nse D¯r-«mXn ChnsS sImSn-tb-ähpw tIc-f-¯nse sshjvW-hþXncp- -Xn-I-fn-seÃmw D¯r-«mXn tZh\v {][m-\-am-sW-¶ hkvXp-Xbpw {i²n- mÂ _Ô-s¸« ]cÂt]cv Ir{Xn-a-sa¶v Icp-XpI {]bm-k-am-Wv.

3. ]pcmX\amb {iocmat£{Xw \ne\nÂ¡p¶ IShÃqcpambn _Ôs¸« 'IShÃqct\ym\yw" Ncn{XKXnbnÂ s]«v ]cÂt]cmsW¶ hkvXpX Xs¶ ad¶p t]mbncn¡p¶p. ]cÂt]cns\ kmÀ°Iam¡p¶ thZ]co£ ]nÂ¡me¯v D−m¡s¸« NS§mWv. 'IShÃqct\ym\yw" AYhm

1123411 F¶ IenZn\w 12.11.27BC i\nbmgvN amÀ¤ioÀj ip¢\han, D¯r«mXn \£{Xw IShÃqcnse {]XnjvTmZn\amWv. Øm\o-b-K-Wn-X-¯n\v Pqen-b³ Zn\w 1711876.75 BIp-¶p. XnYn cmambW {]kn²amb cmasâ P·XnYn ip¢]£ \hanbmsW¶Xv \mw {]tXyIw {i²n¡Ww.

4. Xm{ńIkt¦X§fnÂ ]pIÄs]ä XncpamÔmwIp¶nse {]XnjvT kw_ Ôamb ]cÂt]cv sN¼ItZtictaysb¶Xv 1258116, IenhÀjw 3445

\S¡p¶XnÂ I¶namk¯nse ]qbw \£{Xhpw Zian XnYnbpamWv. AD

343 sk]väw-_À 1 hymgm-gvN-bm-Wn-Xv.

5. a²ytIcf¯nse s]cph\w inht£{X¯nse BtLmj kw_Ôamb A£ckwJy "BbmXpinhtemIw" F¶Xv IenZn\w 1345610 - IenhÀjw 3684 \S¡p¶XnÂ taS-kw-{I-a-Zn-\-amb shÅnbmgvNbmWv AD583, amÀ¨v 19 Dw Øm\o-b-K-Wn-X- n\v Pqen-b³ Zn\w 1934075.75 BIp-¶p..

apI-fnÂ \ÂInb ]cÂt]-cp-I-fnÂ D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ IS-]-bmZn coXn Bcy- -S\v ap¼pw ]n¼pw tIcf- nÂ {]Nm-c- n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶psh¶ hkvXpX _Ô-s¸« Xob-Xn-IÄ kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. BNm-cy-s\¶ \ne-bnÂ Bcy- -Ss\ \nkvXpew hmgv p¶ tIc-fo-b-tPym-Xnx-im-kv{X-]m-c-¼-cy- nÂ At±-l¯nsâ A£-c-kw-Jym-coXn Xnc-kvI-cn-¡-s¸«p ImWp-¶-Xn\v ImcWw IS-]-bmZn k{¼-Zm-b- nsâ ta·, ]g¡w, tIc-f- nÂ e`y-am-bn-cp¶ AwKo-Imcw Chsb kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ime-\nÀ®-b- nsâ `mK-am-bn-«-ÃmsX ]cÂt]-cp-IÄ kwPm-X-am-IpI Akm-²y-am-bn-cp-¶p. sFXn-ly-§-fn-eqsS e`y-am-b-Xp-sIm−v Ah sI«p-I-Y-I-fpsS `mK-am-bn-cn¡mw F¶ Nn´m-K-Xnbpw Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bnÂ ]cÂt]-cp-Isf A{]-k-à-am-¡p¶ kao-]-\hpw icn-b-Ã.

tIcf¯nse P\§fpsS Bcm[\mk{¼Zmb¯ntem, NS§pIfntem, `mj bntem Imcyamb amä§fp−mb Hcp ImeL«¯nsâbpw kw`h§fpsSbpw kqN\IfmWv Cu ]cÂt]cpIÄ \ÂIp¶Xv. C¡me¯mWv tIcf¯nÂ

3 {io. \mem-¦Â IrjvW-]n-Å-bpsS alm-t£-{X-§Ä¡v ap¼nÂ Xncp-hÃm t£{Xw kw_-Ôn¨ sFXn-ly-§fpw Ncn-{Xhpw hni-Z-ambn NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p-−v. GIm-Z-inbpw D¯r-«m-Xnbpw ChnsS Gähpw hnti-j-s¸« Zn-h-k-§-fm-Wv.


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t£{X§tfm AYhm ImhpItfm D−mbsX¶v CXn-\À°-an-Ã. I\ymIpamcn tZhnsb¸änbpÅ AXn]pcmX\ ]cmaÀiw {i²n¨mÂ Xm{ń-I-amb BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§fpw {InkvXp-hÀjm-cw- - n\v hfsc ap¼v Xs¶ tIc-f- nÂ {]N-cn- n-cp-¶p-sh¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. Gähpw {]mNo\amb Ncn{XtcJbpÅ Cý bnse Xs¶ t£{Xhpw `KhXnbpw CýbpsS Gähpw sXt¡ Aä¯pÅ I\ymIpamcotZhnbpsS t£{XamWv. AÚmXIÀ¯rIamb s]cn]vfknÂ

({Ko¡vbm{XmhnhcWw AD62) I\ymIpamcnbnse tZhnsb¸änbpw kv\m\L«

s¯¸änbpw ]dbp¶p. I\ymIpamcnbnse _memw_nI¡v AD62Â AkvXnXz ap−mbncps¶¦nÂ ]me¡m«pÅ tlamw_nI¡pw sImÃqcnse apJmw_nI ¡pw kam\amb AkvXnXzw IÂ]n¡mw. ]cÂt]cpIÄ kwkvIr-X- m-j-bn-em-b-Xn-\mÂ Bcy-·m-cpsS BhnÀ`mh¯n\v tijapÅ kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X- nsâ `mK-amWo A£-c-kw-Jym-tc-J-I-sf¶v Icp-Xmw.

tIcf¯nÂ ]nÂ¡me¯v e`yambncn¡p¶ t£{XenJnX§sfÃmw Xs¶ {_mÒWm[oiXz¯nsâ sXfnhv \ÂIp¶hbmWv. {In.ap. H³]Xmw \qäm−n\v hfsc ap¼v Xs¶ tPymXnÀKWnXhpw IenZn\hpw tIcf¯nÂ hnIknXambn \ne\n¶ncp¶p. \memw \qäm−nse Aántlm{XnbpsS Imew hccpNnbpsSbpw KoÀ¶t{ibmZn hmIy§fpsSbpw ImeamWv. A£ckwJy IfpsS Gähpw kaÀ°amb D]tbmKw tPymXnÀKWnX¯nÂ \S¶ncp¶ ImeL«amWnXv. tIcf¯nse tPymXnximkv{X¯n\v kam\amb tPymXnx imkv{Xw A¡me¯v _m_ntemWnÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶psh¶Xpw tIcfhpw saks¸t«manbbpambn Ncn{XmXoXImew apXÂ hym]mc_Ôw D−mbncp ¶psh¶Xpw tPymXnimkv{X¯nsâbpw IenZn\KW\bpsSbpw A\mcy t{kmXÊns\ kqNn¸n¡p¶ hkvXpXbmWv. IenbpKmcw`hpw `mcXob tPymXnximkv{X¯nÂ D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶ {KlKXnIfpw, KWnX kt¦X §fpw saks¸t«manbbnÂ {InkvXphn\v ap¼v Ggmw\qäm−v apXÂ \ne\n ¶ncp¶psh¶Xn\v AhnsS \n¶pw Ipgns¨Sp¡s¸« Ifna¬êI§Ä hyàamb sXfnhv \ÂIp¶p−v. C¡mcW¯mÂ tIcfob ]mc¼cy¯nÂ e`yamIp¶ Ime-K-W-\m-]-c-amb Ccp-−-Im-e-L-«- nse IenZn\kwJyIÄ kwkvIr-X- n-em-sW-¦nepw Ah {ZmhnUtPymXnx-imkv{X]mc¼cy¯nÂ cq]w sIm−-h-bm-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

6. Ienbp-KmZn k¦Â]hpw Ien-Zn-\-K-W-\bpw `mc-X-¯nsâ CX-c- m-K-§-fnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn tIc-f- nÂ {]N-cn- -Xnsâ ImcWw kwL-Im-e-tI-c-f- n\v sak-s¸m-t«m-an-b-bp-ap-−m-bn-cp¶ kmwkvIm-cnI k¼À¡-am-Wv. ¹n\n, kv{Smt_m XpS-§nb Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS tIcfs¯ -än-bpÅ ]cm-aÀi-§fpw ]pcm-X\ \mWb\n[n-IÄ \ÂIp¶ sXfn-hp-Ifpw {]kn-²-am-b-Xn-\mÂ ChnsS D²-cn-¡p-hm³ apXn-cp-¶n-Ã.

7. Ien-hÀj-K-W\ `mc-XobtPymXnx-imkv{X¯nsâ `mK-am-bXv kwL-Ime tIc-f-hp-ambn D¯c`mc-X- nse Bcy-P-\-X-Xn-¡p-−mb k¼À¡- n-eq-sS-bm-sW¶v Icp-Xmw. ImcWw `c-X- p-g-bpsS Ic-bnÂ Ien-Zn-\- n\v \mw ImWp¶ {]Nmcw DÖ-bn-\nbnÂ Ggmw \qäm-−nÂ t]mepw Zriy-a-Ã. Ien-hÀjw BZy-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp- n¡mWp-¶Xv ssP\\pw Z£n-Wm-Xy-\pamb ]pen-tIin c−m-asâ sFtlmÄ enJn-X- n-em-Wv. Aán-tlm-{Xn-bpsS P\-


7

\-Zn-hkw tIc-f- nÂ Ien-Zn-\-ambn I]-S-bm-Zn-bnÂ e`y-am-Ip-t¼mÄ {iocm-a-t\m, {ioIr-jvWt\m, hymk-t\m, Imfn-Zm-kt\m, hcm-l-an-ln-ct\m P\n¨ Ien-Zn\w D -c- m-c-X- nÂ {]N-cn¨p ImWp-¶n-Ã. abm-kp-c-\mWv kqcy-kn-²m- - nsâ cN-bn-Xm-sh¶v Iq«n-hm-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ Nn{Xw hyà-am-Ip-¶p. Akp-c-cmPyw AÊo-dnbbpw Imiy-]-k-ap{Zw Imkv]n-b³ IS-epamsW¶v sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X- nÂ BNmcy \tc-{µ- qjv¬ hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v. Akp-cm-Zn-I-fpsS Ien-Zn-\-K-WnXw ISÂ IS¶v tIc-f- n-epw kwL-ImetNc-·m-cpsS {][m-\Xpd-ap-J-am-bn-cp¶ sXm−n AYhm s]m¶m-\n-bn-eqsS, ssP\-cp-sS AYhm Bcy·mcpsS k¼À¡- n-eqsS DÖbn-\n-bnepw Ipkp-a-]p-c- nepw F¯n-t¨-cp-Ibpw D−mbn.

III. tIc-fN-cn-{X- n\v ]cÂt]-cp-I-fnÂ Hcp \mgnI-¡Ãv

]cÂt]cp-I-fpsS Ir{Xn-aXzw \ncm-I-cn-¡p¶ imkv{Xo-b-h-iw tPymXnÀK-Wn-X-¯nsâ ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eqsS a\-Ên-em-¡m-sa¶v apI-fnÂ ImWp-I-bp-−m-bn. `mc-Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb kmaq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI BNm-cm-\p-jvT-\m-§Ä GXm−v A\m-Zn-Imew apXÂ JtKm-fo-b-hpw Nm{In-I-hpamb kuc-þ-Nm-{µ-Øn-Xn-Isf B{i-bn¨v A\p-jvTn¨p hcp-¶-h-bm-Wv. ]Xn-äp-¸- nepw ]pd-\m-\q-dnepw kwL-Im-e-I-hn-I-fpsS BIm-i-\n-co-£-W-§sf tcJ-s¸-Sp- n-¡m-Wp-¶p. kmwkvIm-cnIamb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS Cu ]Ým- -e- nÂ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ, Hcp ]cÂt]cv AYhm A£-c-kwJy F{X ]pcm-X-\-am-sW-¦nepw AXv kqNn- n-¡p\v Ien-Zn\w, amkþXn-Yn-þ\-£-{X-§Ä tPymXnx-im-kv{X-hp-]-chpw A\p-jvT-\m-]-c-hp-amb bpàn-Isf {]Xn^en- n-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bnÂ km[p-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-−-Xm-Wv.

1. s]cpamÄ Ah-tcm-[- n\v km£n þ `qau- q-t]mbw {]m]ym

`mÀ¤h]cipcma\mÂ Øm]nXamsb¶v sFXn-ly-§fpw tIc-tfm-Xv]- nbpw kqNn- n-¡p¶ 64 {Kma§fpsSbpw IfcnIfpsSbpw Ncn{Xw \qäm-−p-IÄ¡p-tijw \ne-hnÂh¶ IpetiJcþsshjvWhþsshZnI]mc¼cyw ASnØm\ am¡nbmWv {]Ncn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. tNc·mcpsS kwLImeNcn{Xhpw Icqcnse BZntNckm{amPyhpw ]nÂ¡me¯v apkncnkv AYhm atlmZb \KcnbpsS JymXnbpw, \nch[n s]cpam¡·msc¸änbpÅ sFXnly§fpw \ne\nÂ¡p¶ Xv Bcpw Imcyambn {i²n¡p¶nsÃ¶ tXm¶Â tIcfNcn{X{KÙ§Ä \ÂIp¶p. amam¦¯nsâ Xs¶ hyàamb ]cmaÀi§tfm tIcfob PohnX¯nÂ amam¦¯n\p−mbncp¶ {]kàntbm e`yam¡p¶ {_n«ojp ImÀ¡v ap¼pÅ tcJIsfm¶pw tIcf¯nÂ e`yaÃ. sImÃ-hÀj- nsâ DÛhw Xs¶ \ap¡v Xn«-an-Ã. AXv a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ hneyw temKsâ ae-_mÀ4 hnh-c-WamWv B{i-bw. {InkvXphÀjw 216 \pw 428 \pw CSbnÂ 25 s]cpamÄ hmgvNbp−mbXmbn tIc-tfm-Xv]- n-bnse sFXnlyw kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. ]e teJ\§fnepw sh_vssk-äp-I-fnepw D²-cn¨p ImWp¶ Cu \nKa\ ¯n\v F{X- am{Xw km[p-X-bp-s−¶v BÀ¡pw Xs¶ Xn«-an-Ã. {]mNo\ tIcf

4 Logan, William, Malabar, Reprinted 1989, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.


8

Ncn{Xhpw s]cpam¡·mcpsS Ncn{Xhpw ]dbpt¼mÄ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ Bcpw Xs¶ "`qau`qt]mbw {]m]y" 1211454 F¶ at\mlcamb IenZn\hmIyw tcJs¸Sp¯n¡mWp¶nÃ. \nc-Ên-¡p-Itbm kzoI-cn-¡p-Itbm sN¿msX Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ Ir{Xn-a-Xz- nsâ aqSp-]Sw AWn-bn¨v {Xni-¦p-kzÀ¤- nÂ \nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. Ignª Xe-ap-d-bnse \njvWmXNcn{XIm-c\pw ]WvUn-X-\p-am-bn-cp¶ tIkcn G. _me-Ir-jvW-]nÅ hfsc \yq\-X-I-fpÅ Hcp Sn¸Wn Cu Ien-Zn-\-kw-Jy¡v \ÂIn-¡m-Wp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

"37þmw tNc³ tIb-s¸-cp-am-fnsâ knwlm-k-\m-tcm-l-W-Im-e- n\v tIc-tfmÂ]¯n sImSp- n-cn-¡p¶ Ien-hm-Iy-am-Wn-Xv. CXv \ÂIp¶ 216 F¶ kwJysb {]kvXpX Ien-hÀj-amb 324 G.Un.tbmSp Iq«n-bmÂ 540 G.-Un. F¶Xv In«pw. Cu hÀj- n-emWv tIb-s¸-cp-amÄ hmkvX-h- nÂ IncoSw [cn-¨Xv'5

tIc-tfmÂ]- n-bnse ]cÂt]-cp-Isf icn-bmbn a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ Xs¶ \ap¡v Ign-ªn-«n-sÃ¶v Cu Sn¸Wn kqNn- n¡p¶p. 216 F¶ kwJy-tbmtSm, 324 G.-Un.¡v Xpey-amb Ien-hÀj-t¯mtSm Cu A£-c-kw-Jy¡v bmsXmcp _Ô-hp-an-Ã. tIkcn ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]m-se-bpÅ Iq«ÂIn-gn-¡-ep-I-sfm¶pw Bh-iy-an-Ãm¯ Gähpw kzX-{´-ambn tPymXnÀK-Wn-X-¯n\v am{Xw shfn-s -Sp¶ Ime-kq-N-\-bmWv `qau- q-t]mbw {]m]ym. tIb-s¸-cp-am-fnsâ Imetam? At±-lw ap¸- n-tb-gm-at\m? C§s\ tIc-tfmÂ]¯n \ÂIp¶ hnh-c-§Ä kwi-bn-t¡-−Xp Xs¶. XobXn Xn«-s¸-Sp- p-¶-XnÂ Xs¶ \mw {]amZw hcp- p-t¼mÄ _Ô-s¸« tIb-s¸-cp-amÄ AYhm s]cp-amÄ Ah-tcm-[-Zn\w F¶ sFXnly¯nsâ km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI Akm-²y-am-bn- o-cp-¶p. icn-bmb KWn¨ Xob-Xn-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ sFXn-ly- n\v hÃ km[p-Xbpw IÂ]n-¡p-¶pthm F¶v Xmsg ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.

2. `qau- q-t]mbw {]m]ym, KX-I-en-Zn\w 1211454

Cu Ien-Zn\w kqNn- n-¡p¶ XobXn tPymXnÀK-Wn-X-a-\p-k-cn¨v \hw-_À 30, 215 G.Un, cmhnse Bdp-aWn (e-¦-þ-D-Ö-bn\o a[y-a-kq-tcym-Z-bw) BIp-¶p. hmcw ]g-b-Im-e¯v {]k-à-am-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw XobXn kw_-Ôn¨ ]qÀ®-hn-hcw B{K-ln-¡p-¶-h-cpsS Adn-hn-te-¡mbn tNÀ¡p-¶p. hymgm-gvN, B[p-\nI Pqen-b³ Zn\kwJy (75E45) 1799919.75 BIp-¶p. [\p-cm-in-bpsS F«mw cmin-bnÂ kqcy³ \nÂs¡, N{µ³ ]qcw \£{Xw c−mw ]mZ- nÂ Nn§w F«mw Un{Kn-bnÂ, amÀ¤-ioÀjþIr-jvW-jjvTn XnYn.

F´mWo Znh-k- n\v {]tXy-I-X-IÄ? s]cp-am-fns\ Ah-tcm-[n-¡p-hm³ KWI-·mÀ \nÝ-bn¨p \ÂInb ]pWy-Xn-Yn kvIµ³ tk\m-[n-]-\mbn Ah-tcm-[n-¡-s¸« XnYn-bm-sW-¶Xv bmZr-Ñn-I-X-bmtWm? Cu Xob-Xn-¡-Sp¯ Zn\-

5 tIkcn. G. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS IÂ]-K-WnXw teJ-\w, tIk-cn-bpsS temI-§Ä ]pdw 27.


9

§-fnse JtKm-fob {]Xn- m-k-§Ä \nco-£n- mÂ Xmsg- -d-bp¶ \nK-a-\-§-fn-se- mw.

(a) [\p- kqcykw-{I-ahpw ]uÀ®-anbpw (A-Xm-bXv kuc-þ-Nm-{µ-am-k-K-W-\-I-fpsS AXn-cp-IÄ) \hw-_À 23 \v H¯p-h-cn-I-bmÂ {InkvXp-hÀjw aq¶mw \qäm−nÂ JÂZm-b³ (_m-_n-tem¬) KWn-Xhpw kuc-am-k-K-W\bpw \S- m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶ kqN-\- \ap¡v e`n-¡p-¶p. ]uÀW-am- -Nm-{µ-am-k-K-W-\bpw kuc-am-k-K-W-\bpw GtIm-]n¨ amÀ¤-ioÀjm-Zn-bmb kwh-Õ-c-K-W-\-bnse ]pXp-hÀj- n-dhnbmWv s]cp-amÄ Ah-tcm-[- n\v Ggp-Zn-hkw ap¼v \mw ImWp-¶-Xv.

(b) _mÀl-kv]-Xy-kw-h-Õ-c-K-W-\bpw Kpcp-hnsâ ØnXn-bmÂ ChnsS kqN-I-am-Ip-¶p. Kpcp AkvX-a\w (kqcy-bp-Xn) Ignªv Ing-¡³ N{I-hm-f- nÂ Zriy-amb Imew (Heliacal rise of Jupiter). {Kl-ØnXn {i²n-¡pI:

kqcy³ 247°33' kqcy³ þ{Klw N{µ³ 137°19' -- IpP³ 170°27' 77 _p[³ 238°07' 9 Kpcp 224°50' 22 ip{I³ 215°30' 32 i\n 192°35' 55

Kpcp A\ngw \£-{X- nÂ Ing¡v Zriy-am-Wv. tZh-cm-Pm-hmb C{µsâ \£{X¯nÂ Kpcp DZn-¡p-¶Xv _mÀl-kv]-Xy-K-W-\-bnÂ sshim-J-kw-h-Õ-c-am-Wv. 6 IpP-\pw, Kpcp-hpw, ip{I-\pw, i\nbpw C¡m-e¯v auVym-kvX-a-\mZn ØnXn-IÄ Ignªv Ing¡v Zriy-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶Xpw {i²n-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. KWn-X-t¯-¡mÄ \nco-£-W-{]-[m-\-ambn KW-I-·mcpw ]ptcm-ln-X-·mcpw Ie-−À \nÀÆ-Nn- n-cp¶ Ime-L-«-am-b-Xn-\mÂ, Ien-Zn\Xob-Xn-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ Cu hkvXp-X-IÄ¡v hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap-−v.

(c) tIc-f-N-cn-{X- nÂ Hcp ]pXnb Ime-L-«- nsâ Bcw`w Ipdn- -Xmbn Icp-Xm³ Cu Ien-Zn-\-Xo-b-Xn-bpsS tPymXnx-imkv{X ]Ým- ew t{]cn- n-¡p-¶p. s]cp-amÄ Ah-tcm[w Cu Xob-Xn-bnÂ \S-¶p-sh¶ sFXnlyw icn-sb-¦nÂ amam¦w AYhm Xncp-\m-hm-bnse ]´ocm−p-k- -bpsS DÛ-h-hp-ambn Cu Xob-Xn¡v _Ô-apt−m F¶v \mw ]cn-tim-[n-t¡-−-Xm-Wv.

3. amam-¦- nsâ Ahyà Ncn-{Xw.

6 Bcy- -Sobw Ime-{In-bm-]m-Z-¯nÂ Aiz-bpIv BZn-bmb _mÀl-kv]Xy kwh-Õ-c-§-fpsS ]cm-aÀi-ap-−v. Kpcp- -KWm cmin-Kp-Wm-kvXzm-iz-bp-PmZym Kptcm-c_vZmx. bpKm-Zn-bnÂ Kpcp Aizn-\n-bnÂ DZn- p-sh¶ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv Cu _mÀl-kv]-Xy-hÀj-K-

Wn-Xw. Āryabhatīya, edited by Prof. KS Shukla and Dr. KV Sarma, p. 88, Indian

National Science Academy, N.Delhi-2.


10

alm-aIw F¶ Xncp-\m-hm-bnse ]´o-cm-−p-k- -bpsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ e`y-am-Ip¶ ASn-Øm-\-hn-h-c-§Ä Xmsg- -d-bp-¶-h-bm-Wv.

(a) {io. G. {io[-c-ta-t\m³ 'Cultural Heritage of Kerala'7 F¶ IrXn-bnÂ, tIc-f- nse Gähpw {][m\ tZio-bm-tLmjw amam-¦-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp- p-¶p. ]s£, amam-¦-s¯- än, BtLm-j- nsâ Ncn-{X-s¯- än At±lw H¶pw ]d-bp-¶n-Ã.

(b) {io. Fw.-Pn.-Fkv. \mcm-b-Wsâ 'Foundations of South Indian Society and

Culture'8 F¶ ]pkvX-I- nÂ kwL-Im-e-X-an-g-I-s¯-¸-änbpw tIc-f-s¯- -änbpw hni-Z-amb ]cm-aÀi-§-fp-s−-¦nepw amam-¦-s¯- än bmsXmcp ]cm-aÀihpw ImWp-¶n-Ã.

(c) {in.-]n.-än. {io\n-hmk A¿-¦m-cpsS XanÄ Ncn{X¯nepw amam¦w ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. ]Xn-äp- - nÂ kvXpXn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ BZn-tN-c-cmP¡·m-cpsS Imew {InkvXp-hÀjw A©mw \qäm−v apX-emsW¶ \nK-a\w A¿-¦mÀ \ÂIp-¶p.

(d) {io. \mem-¦Â IrjvW-]n-Å-, amam-¦-s¯- än tIc-f-N-cn{Xw au\w Zo£n-¡p¶p9 F¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp¯n ImWp-¶p.

(e) ae-_m-dnse \mb-·m-sc- än F.Fawcett F¶ kmbn-s¸-gp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-¯nepw amam-¦- nsâ Ncn-{X-w tcJ-s¸-Sp- n-¡m-Wp-¶n-Ã.

4. H¶mw tNc-Im-e-L-«w

(a) H¶mw tNc-Im-e-L-«-s - än Adn-bp-hm³ {ian- mepw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-²-amb \nK-a-\-§-fmWv Zriy-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

(b) tIc-f- mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ kwL-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw BZn-tN-c-N-{I-hÀ¯n-bmbn cma-L-S-aq-jn-I-s\bpw ({In.-ap. 170), ]Xn-äp- - nse \jvS-s¸« H¶mw ]¯nse tNc-\mbn {InkvXp-hÀjw 496 Â ap - n-sbm¶mw s]cp-am-fmbn s]cp-t©m-äp-Xn-b³ tNc-em-X-s\bpw Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p. Ca-b-h-c-¼³ s\Spw-tN-c-Â B-X³ (AD515), sNmÂh-s¡m-SpwtIm hgnbm-X-s\¶ \mÂ - n-c−mw s]cp-am-fn\v AD618-639F¶n-§s\ Ime-b-fhv \ÂIn-¡m-Wp-¶p.

(c) {io. kJym-\-µ-kzm-an-IÄ tIc-tfmÂ]¯n ASn-Øm-\-am-bn, BZn-tN-c-·m-cnse Ah-km\ s]cp-amÄ (]-Ån-hmW s]cp-amÄ) _p²-aXw kzoI-cn¨v

7

Menon, Sreedhara, A., Cultural Heritage of Kerala, S. Visvanathan Pvt. Ltd,

Chennai, (1996), p.64. 8 Narayanan, MGS., Foundations of South Indian Society and Culture, Bharatiya

Vidya Prakasan, Delhi 9 alm-t£-{X-§Ä¡v ap¶nÂ, ]pdw 805.


11

Øm\-XymKw sNbvX-Xns\¯pSÀ¶mWv amam-¦- nÂ s]cp-am-f-h-tcm[w \S-¶-sX¶ sFXn-lyhw BÀj- m-c-X-]m-c-¼-cy-sa¶ IrXn-bnÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.

(d) sdmane Ym -dpsS `mc-X-N-cn{Xw10 Jc-th-esâ enJn-X-¯nse 'XanÄkwL' (Tamil Confedaracy) ]cm-aÀiw tNc-þ-tNm-f-þ-]m-WvUy-cpsS kwbpà {]Xn-tcm-[s¯ kqNn- n-¡p-¶-Xmbpw kwL-km-ln-Xy- n-eqsS Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ tNc-·m-cpsSbpw Icn-Im-e-tNm-f-sâbpw Imew {InkvXphÀjw H¶pw c−pw \qäm-−p-I-fm-bmWv kqNn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

(e) sI. G. \oe-I-WvT-im-kv{Xn-bpsS Z£n-W- m-cX Ncn{Xw11 A\p-k-cn¨v Jc-th-esâ kwbp-àþXan-g-I-hp-am-bpÅ bp²w BC 155 embn-cp-¶p. A¡m-e¯v Xan-g-I- n-se cmP-kw-hn-[m-\- n\v 113 hÀjs¯ ]mc-¼cyw D−m-bn-cn-¡-bmÂ {In.ap 268 hscsb¦nepw Xan-gI Ncn{Xw tcJ-I-fn-eqsS hyà-am-sW¶v Icp-Xmw. ]Xn-äp- - nse Ah-km\ tNc-N{I-hÀ¯nbmb (H³]Xmw ]¯v) IpSt¡m Cfw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼m-ssd¡v Imew AD190 Dw am´-c³ tNcÂ Ccp-s¼m-ssd¡v Imew AD 210 Dw \ÂIp-¶p.

(f) tNc-·m-À¡v \oe-I-WvT-imkv{Xn \ÂIp¶ Ime-b-f-hp-IÄ¡v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-ambn {Ko¡v-þ-tdm-a³ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Ifpw k©m-c-tc-J-Ifpw \mW-b-\n-[n-I-fpsS sXfnhpw [mcm-f-ambn D²-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

tIc-f-N-cn-{X- nsâ Cu B[p-\nI ]Ým- -e-hp-ambn X«n¨p t\m¡p-t¼mÄ, "`qau`qt]mbw {]m]y" 1211454 F¶ IenZn\w \ÂIp¶ s]cp-am-f-h-tcm-[-¯nsâ XobXn \hw_À 30, 215 AD tNchmgvN¡mes¯ tIcfNcn{Xw, Ime-KW\ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-¡m-\p-X-Ip¶ \mgnI¡ÃmWv. jjvTn XnYn kvIµ-]q-P-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«Xpw kvIµ-³ tZh-·m-cpsS s]cp-am-fmbn Ah-tcm-[n-¡-s¸-«-Xp-amb XnYn-bm-Wv. {InkvXp-hÀj- nsâ BZy-\q-äm-−p-I-fnÂ Ipam-c-ImÀ¯n-tIb³ kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn bp²-tZ-h-\mbn Bcm-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\v I\n-jvI-þ-Kp-]vX-Im-e-þ-bu-t[b Ncn-{Xw A\n-tj-[y-amb sXfnhv \ÂIp-¶p-−v. ]Xn-äp- - nepw kvIµsâ {]m[m\yw kqNn- n-¡p¶ ]cm-aÀiw e`y-am-Wv. AXn-\mÂ s]cp-amÄ Ah-tcm-[- n\v jjvTn Gähpw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cp-¶p. 28 Znhkw \o−p-\n-¶n-cp¶ alm-aLw Bcw- n- n-cp-¶Xv kvIµsâ P·-\-£-{X-amb ssX¸q-b- n-\m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶Xv ChnsS kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.

Cuhn[samcp IenhmIyw ]nÂ¡me¯v hymPambn krjvSn¡s¸«v sFXnly §fnÂ FgpXnt¨À¡pI km²yambncp¶nÃ. aebmf¯nsâ Ncn{X¯nÂ I]Sambn krjvSn¡s¸« ]cÂt]cpIÄ H¶pw Xs¶ ImWphm³ Ignªn«n Ã. tIcf¯nsâbpw saks¸mt«anbbpsSbpw tPymXnximkv{X]mc¼cyhpam bn At`Zy_Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶ KWn-tXm-]m-[n-bmWv IenZn\w. tIc-tfmÂ] ¯nbpw sFXn-ly-hp-amWv Ah-ew-_-sa-¦nepw tPymXnx-im-kv{X- nsâ kmt¦-

10

A History of India, Vol.I, p. 104, Penguin Books, 1990 11

A History of South India, pp.104-112, Oxford University Press, 1998.


12

Xn-IX Ir{Xn-a- n-\pÅ km²y-Xsb \ncm-I-cn-¡p¶ Ime-kq-N-\-bmWv `qau- q-t]mƒbw {]m]ym F¶ A£-c-kw-Jy.

IV. amam-¦- nsâ DÛhw {In. hÀjw 215 tem?

amam¦w AYhm alm-aLw F¶ BtLm-j- nsâ tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ t\m¡n-bmÂ \mw ImWp-¶Xv þ

1. alm-aLw 28 Znhkw AYhm Hcp Nm{µ-am-k-¡mew \o−p-\n-¶n-cp¶ BtLm-j-am-Wv.

2. aI-c-w (ssX)am-k- nse ]qb- n-em-cw- n¨v amL-]uÀ®-an¡v Ah-km-\w.

3. BtLm-j- nsâ amL]uÀ®-an-bnse Ah-km\w ]uÀ®-am´ amk-þ-kw-h-Õ-c-K-W\ kqNn- n-¡p-¶p.

4. Ipw -ta-f-sb¶ (am-L-a-Lw, Nn§Kpcp) t]mse amam-¦hpw hym-g- nsâ cmin-ØnXnsb Bkv]-Z-ambn BtLm-jn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡mw.

5. Xncp-\m-hm-bnse alm-aLw Ipw -tIm-W¯pw BtLm-jn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.

alm-aLw BtLm-j- n\v Cu tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ F§s\ kwPm-X-ambn? {InkvXp-hÀjw 215 se ]uÀ®-an-Ifpw Aam-hm-kn-Ifpw \s½ Nn´n- n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv.

]uÀ®-an-IÄ c, N Aam-hm-kn-IÄ c

N 151°50' 166°50'

215/08/26 23:11 331°50'

215/09/11 05:10 166°50'

181°11' 196°09' 215/09/25 15:46

001°11' 215/10/10 14:30

196°09'

211°06' 225°55' 215/10/25 10:25

031°06 215/11/09 00:50

225°55'

241°25' 255°59' 215/11/24 05:44

061°25 215/12/08 12:26

255°59'

271°47' 286°04' 215/12/23 23:52

091°47 216/01/07 01:11

286°04'

301°51' 315°54' 216/01/22 15:20

121°51' 216/02/05 14:52

315°54'

331°23' 345°18' 216/02/21 03:40

151°23' 216/03/06 05:23

345°18'

00°19' 14°13' 216/03/21 13:22

180°19' 216/04/04 20:41

14°13'


13

alm-aL¯nsâ apI-fnÂ ]dª {]tXy-I-X-IÄ s]cp-am-f-h-tcm[w \S¶ hÀj- nse kuc-þ-a-I-c-amkw AYhm ssXam-k- nÂ \n¶pw DÄs¡m-−-Xm-sW¶v \ap¡v Cu ]«n-I-bnÂ \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

� ]uj-þ-Ir-jvW-{]-Xn-]Zw ]qbw \£-{X- nÂ Unkw-_À 24 \v aI-cm-Zn-bnepw ]ujm- -]uÀ®an {In.-h. 216 P\phcn 22 \v aIw \£-{X- n-ep-am-Ip-¶p.

� JÂZmb coXn-bnÂ ip¢-{]-Xn-]-Z-mý¯nse N{µ-ZÀi\w Bkv]-Z-am-bmWv Ie-−À \nÝ-bn- n-cp-¶-sX¶v Icp-Xn-bmÂ N{µs\ ImWp¶ Znhkw apXÂ 14 Znhkw ip¢-]£hpw XpSÀ¶v ]uÀ®an Ignªv NXpÀ±-in-bnÂ cmhnse N{µ-ZÀi\w Akm-²y-amIpw hsc 14 Znhkw IrjvW-]-£hpw F¶ IW-¡nÂ 28 Znh-k-§-fpsS Nm{µamkKW\ cmiy-kv]-Z-amb kuc-K-W-\-sbm-sSm¸w \ne-hn-en-cp-¶p-sh¶v Duln-¡mw.

� s]cp-amÄ Ah-tcm-[s¯ XpSÀ¶v kmaq-ln-I-amb \S-]-Sn-IÄ¡pw aX-]-c-amb Ie-−À AYhm KWnX]cn-jvI-c-W- n\pw Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ s]cp-amÄ kvIµ-P-b- n¡v hnfn¨p Iq«nb ]ó-cm−p k` ]nÂ¡m-e¯v alm-aLw BtLm-j-ambn amdn-sb¶v Icp-Xp-¶-XnÂ sXän-Ã.

� ]ó-cm−pk`¡v tPymXnÀK-WnXw kw_-Ôn- p-−m-bn-cp¶ kmaq-lnI D -c-hm-ZnXzw ]nÂ¡m-e¯v imkv{X-Im-c-·m-cmÂ tcJs¸Sp- -s -«n-«p-−v. amam¦¯nemsW¶v ]clnXKWnXw kzoIcn¡s¸«sX¶v i¦chÀ½³ k{ZXv\amebnÂ {]kvXmhn¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv ChnsS {it²-b-am-Wv.

ZrssKzjayhimXv almØeantX Iey_vZtI \nÝnXx kwkvImtcm hn_pss[cyXx ]clnXXzw tXjp hot\jzbw

Cu tÇmI- n\v tPymXnj]mc¼cy¯nÂ e`yamb hymJym\w Ien 3785 \Ss¡ Xncp\mhmbnÂ ]ó-cm-−p-k` Bcy- -So-b-K-Wn-X- nsâ \yq\-X-IÄ ]cn-l-cn-¡p¶ ]pXnb ]clnXKWnXw kzoIcn¨psh¶mWv.

Ien-hÀjw 3785 Â tIc-f- nÂ \qX-\-K-WnXw D−m-bn-«n-Ã. lcn-Z- ³ Bcy--Sob KWn-X- n\v _oPw \nÀ²m-cWw sN¿pI am{X-am-Wp-−m-b-Xv. _oP-

{Inb sIm−p-am{Xw ]c-ln-X-sa¶ t]cnÂ Hcp ]pXnb KWnXw amam-¦- nÂ kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«p-sh¶v Icp-Xp-¶-XnÂ A]m-I-X-bp-−v. i¦-c-hÀ½³ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ sFXnlyw ]qÀ®-ambpw icntbm? F¶ Hcp tNmZyw ChnsS Db-cp-¶p.

� alm-a-Lhpw Ipw -ta-fbpw Xncp-\m-hmbpw Ipw`-tIm-Whpw

tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn t\m¡n-bmÂ AD 215, s]cp-am-f-h-tcm-[- n-ep-]-cn-bmbn alm-aLw AYhm Ipw -taf BtLm-jn- ncp¶ Ime-am-Wv. Ipw -taf hymg- nsâ {]tXy-I-Øn-Xnsb B{i-bn¨v Nn§-hym-gw ({]-bm-K), Ipw -hymgw (l-cn-Zzm-cw), hrÝn-I-hymgw (\m-kn-Iv) C§s\ Ipw - nsâ tI{µcm-in-bnse hymg-Øn-Xn-Im-e¯mWv BtLm-jn- n-cp-¶Xv. \mkn-¡nse Ipw -taf hrÝn-I-


14

hym-g- n-emsW¶-Xp-t]mse Xs¶-bmWv Xncp-\m-hm-bnse ]ó-cm-−p-k- - AD

215 Â IqSn-bmXv.

alm-a-Lhpw Ipw -tI-{µ-§-fnse -hym-gw

Ipw -tI-{µ-§-fnse hymgØnXn-bpsS {]tXy-I-sb- mWv? DZm-l-c-W- n\v Ipw -taf \S-¡p¶ Ipw -hym-g-¡mew t\m¡n-bmÂ Gähpw ]pWy-Zn-\-§Ä aI-c-am-k- nse Aam-hmkn (]u-jw)bpw amL-a-L-hp-am-Wv. Ipw -hym-g-¡m-e¯v ]uj Aam-hm-kn-bpsS tPymXnx-im-kv{X-{]-kàn, AkvX-a-b¯n\p tijw hymgw Zriy-am-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv. ZznXo-b¡v Ipw - nse N{µ\v AYhm Aar-X-I-e-¡v, -Kp-cp-tbm-Khpw km²y-am-bn-cp-¶p. Nn§-hym-g-¡m-e¯v IÀ¡ Aam-hm-ky¡pw kam-\-amb bpàn ]d-bmsa¶Xp IqSmsX Ipw -kq-cy³ AkvX-an-¡p-t¼mÄ AYhm DZn-¡p-t¼mÄ hymgs¯ Aar-X-I-e-bmb N{µ-t\m-sSm¸w Zriy-am-Ip-¶-Xn\pw km²y-X-bp-−v. Ipw -tIm-W¯v alm-aLw C¶v BtLm-jn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Nn§-hym-g-Im-e- m-Wv. Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ amam-¦hpw Nn§-hym-g-Im-e¯v (AD 1683, AD 1695)12\S-¶n-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fp-−v. tIc-tfmÂ]-¯n-b-\p-k-cn¨v tIbs¸cp-am-f-h-tcm[w \ÂIp¶ AD 215 ASn-Øm-\-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ hrÝn-I-hym-g- nembn-cp¶p ]ó-cm−p k` \S-¶-Xv. cmacmPIpetiJcsâ Øm\mtcmlWw AD820 embncp¶psh¶Xv s]mXpsh AwKoIcn¡s¸«p ImWp¶p. amam¦¯nsâ Imes¯¸än tcJIsfm¶pw

ImWp¶nÃ. http://www.keralahistory.ac.in F¶ ssh_vsskänÂ ImWp¶ {io. Fw.Pn.Fkv. \mcmbWsâ teJ\¯nÂ \n¶pw cmPtiJcsâbpw ØmWp chnbpsSbpw Øm\mtcmlWw \S¶ hÀj§Ä AD 820, AD 844 ChbmsW¶v hyàamIp¶p. Cu c−v hÀj§fpw hrÝnIhymgw BsW¶ hkvXpX apIfnÂ `qan`qt]mbw {]m]y kw_Ôn¨v \mw F¯nt¨À¶ \nKa\¯n\v km[qIcWw \ÂIp¶p. Ncn{XKXnbnse bmZrÑnIXbtWm s]cpamÄ Ahtcm[¯nsâXmbn e`yam Ip¶ AD 820 epw AD 844 epw hrÝnI-hym-g-ØnXn? Ime-K-Xn-bnÂ Fs´ms¡ amä-§-fmImw alm-aLw BtLm-j- n\v h¶n-cn-¡pI? Xncp-\m-hmbpw Ipw -tIm-Whpw X½nÂ alm-a-L- nsâ ]c-kv]-c-_-Ô- n\v Imc-W-sa´v?

Ipw - nse aI- n\v (alm-a-Iw, tNmäm-\n-¡c aIw) tIc-f- n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ {]kàn Nn§- nse Xncp-thm-W-t¯-¡mÄ IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Ncn{Xw kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. kqcy³ Ipw - nepw N{µ³ Nn§- nepw \nÂs¡ D¯-c- m-cXw (Ipw- -ta-f) hymgw Aar-X-I-e-bmb N{µ-t\mSv tNcp¶ \nco-£-W- n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn BtLmjw \S- n-b-t¸mÄ, tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]m-c-¼-cy- n\v t]cp-tI« tIcfw hymgw AÀ²-cm-{Xn-bn-ep-Zn- v kqtcym-Z-b- nÂ D¨n-bn-se-¯p¶ Ime-amWv BtLm-j- n-\mbn \nÝ-bn- -sX¶v Icp-Xmw. {]`m-Xw, a[ym-Ów, kmbmÓw, AÀ[-cm{Xw F¶o \mev kÔy-I-fnse Kpcp-hnsâ ZÀi-\-amWv Ip - nse aIs¯ hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-I-fnÂ BtLm-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\v t{]c-I-am-b-Xv.

12 ae-_m-dnse \mb-·m-sc- än F.Fawcett F¶ kmbn-s -gp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-w


15

D -c- m-c-X- nÂ Ipw`-taf \S-¡p-¶Xv {]bm-K, lcn-Zzm-cw, DÖ-bn\n, \mknIv F¶o Øm\-§-fn-em-Wv. Z£n-W- m-c-X- nse ØnXn t\m¡n-bmÂ tIc-f-¯nsâ DÖ-bn-\n-bmWv Xncp-\m-hm-b (10N51, 75E45), DÖ-bn-\n-bpsS tcJmw-i-apÅ ]Ýn-a-Xp-d-ap-Jw. Xncp-\m-hm-bpsS AtX A£mwit¯msS {]bm-K-bpsS tcJmw-i- nÂ \nÂ¡p-¶-Xmbn ]g-b-Im-e¯v k¦Â]n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ Øe-amWv Ipw -tIm-Ww (10N55, 79E25).

V. Bcy- -S³ amam-¦- nsâ \m«nÂ

tIc-f-N-cn{Xw, amam¦w Ch kw_-Ôn¨ Ncv¨-bnÂ CXp-hsc tPymXnx-im-kv{X-¯nt\m Bcy- -St\m Imcy-amb {]kàn D−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Bcy- -Ssâ \nco-£-W-Øm\w 10N51BsW¶ Is−- Â Cu ØnXn¡v amäw hcp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. amam-¦- nsâ \m«nÂ ]ó-cm-−p-k- -I-fpsS ]Ým- -e- n-emWv Bcy- -Ssâ \qX-\-K-WnXw P·w-sIm−v Ipkp-a-]pcw hsc {]Jym-X-am-b-sX¶ Ncn-{X hkvXpX¡v Bdmw \qäm-−nse tIcfw sXfnhv \ÂtI−-Xp-−v. ]ó-cm−p k`, amam¦w Ch-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Xncp-\m-hm-bnse Bcy- -Sob¯nsâ ]nd-hn-bnÂ Cu kmaq-ln-I-L-S-I-§Ä bmsXmcp kzm[o-\hpw sNep- n-bntÃ?

Ien-hÀjw 3785 \Ss¡ (AD 683) CS-h-hym-g-¡m-es¯ ]ócm−pk` kw_-Ôn¨ sFXn-lyhpw i¦-c-hÀ½sâ ]cm-aÀihpw tIc-f- nse tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]m-c-¼cyw ]Ým- -e-ambn hni-I-e\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ \ap¡v hfsc {]m[m-\y-apÅ Nne DÄ¡m-gvN-IÄ e`n-¡p-¶p.

1. {_mÒ-W-\m-bn-cp¶ lcn-Z-¯sâ KWnXw ]c-lnXw F¶v hnh-£n-¡-s -«Xv hni-Zo-I-c-W-an-Ãm¯ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.

2. sXm−n (s]m-¶m-\n) Xpd-ap-J-\-K-cn-¡-Sp¯v ssP\-\m-bn-cp¶ Bcy- -S³ Ae-Ivkm-{−n-b-bnse hnÚm\w D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp¯n krjvSn¨ \qX\ hnjp-hm-kv]-Z-amb KWn-X- n-\mWv ]c-lnXw F¶ t]cv tbmPn-¡p-I.

3. Xsâ kztZ-i-amb Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ \S-¶n-cp¶ ]ó-cm-−p-k- -bpsS ]Ým-¯-e- n-emWv Bcy- -S³ Xsâ kn²m- -§Ä¡v cq]w \ÂIn-b-sX¶v Xmsg¸d-bp¶ hkvXp-X-IÄ kqNn- n-¡p-¶p.

(a) BcymÀ²-cm-{X-kn-²m- - nsâ Ic-Wm-cw`w Xpem-hym-g-amb KX-Ien 3600

(AD 499)F¶v \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xn\pw _m_n-tem-Wn-b³ kuc-hÀj-am-\-amb 365.25875 kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw t{]c-I-am-bXv hrÝn-I-hym-g-amb KX-Ien 3601 se (AD 500) ]ó-cm-−p-k- -bnÂ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p−mbn-cp¶ km²y-X-bm-Wv.

(b) KWn-X-]-c-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ BcymÀ²-cm-{X-kn-²m- -¯nsâ Ic-Wm-cw`w KX-Ien 3600 F¶ AD499 se taS-kqcy-a-[yakw-{Iaw BIp-¶p. F¶mÂ, Ien-bp-Km-Znbpw KX-Ien 3601 se (AD 500) Ipw -kw-{I-ahpw Bcy- -Ssâ kn²m- - nÂ A´Àeo-\-am-Wv. F§-s\-b-¶mÂ, 3600 kuc-hÀj-§Ä (3600x365.25875=1314931.5) ¡v 3601 kmb-\----- -- --þhÀj-§-fp-ambn (3601x


16

365.24219=1315237) D−m-Ip¶ hyXymkw 305.64 Zn\-§fpw chn-a-[y-a- n Â hyXymkw 301

015' Dw BIp-¶p. ]uj Aam-hmkn hsc Ignª Ien-

Zn\w 44538x 29.5305874 = 1315233.3, chn-a-[yaw = 297027'. B[p-\n-I-aqeyw

297034'. 300

0 kqcy-a-[y-a- n\v Ien-Zn\w = 1315233.3+2.5 =1315236, AXm-

bXv AD500- wmam−v P\p-hcn 20þmw Xob-Xn, hymgmgvN a[y-a-kq-tcym-Z-b-¯n\v kqcysâ Ipw -a-[yakw{Iaw F¶ KWn-X- n\v chn-kv^pSw 301

026'

AÀ²-cm-{Xn-I-]-£hpw B[p-\n-I-K-WnXw 301030' Dw \ÂIp-¶p. ChnsS

Ien-Zn-\-amb 1315236 s\ kmb\þhÀj-amb 365.2422 sIm−v lcn- mÂ êw 3600.99 ≈ 3601 BIp-¶p. AXm-bXv chn-a-[yaw iq\yw. Ien-bp-Km-Znbpw (þ3101CE, 18 s^{_p-hcn a[y-tam-Zbw 06:00) AD500-mam−nse kmb\ Ipw`kw{Iahpw X½nÂ 3601 kmb-\hÀj§fpsS hyXymkw hcn-I-bmÂ Ien-bp-KmZn bYmÀ°- nÂ kmb-\-Ipw- -kw-{I-a-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v sXfn-bp-¶p. Cu kmb-\-K-Wn-Xs¯ (3601EXp-kw-h-Õ-c-§Ä) _m_n-tem-Wn-b³ kuc-hÀj-am\w D]-tbm-Kn¨v 3601EXp-{ -a-W-§Ä = 3600.8333 \nc-b-\-am-¡n-bXv a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ Ien-Zn-\-amb 1315236 s\ Ønc-KXnhÀj-amb (Anomalistic year) 365.25875 sIm−v lcn- mÂ aXn. 1315236/

365.25875 = 3600.833 F¶v êw.

� \S- p-Ien 3601 se Ipw -kw-{I-a- nsâ asämcp {]tXy-IX Cu Ipw -kw-{Iaw KWn-X-ZrjvSym AD 215\v kam-\-am-Wv. kqcy-kn-²m´w bpKm-Zn-bnÂ 54

0 Ab-\mwiw \ÂIp¶p-sh-¶Xv {i²n-¡p-I. AD215 se KWn-X-bpàn

{i²n-¡pI þ KX-Ien 3316 \v EXp-kw-h-Õ-c-Zn-\-§Ä 1211143. Cu Ien-Zn-\s¯ 365.25875 F¶ kuc-hÀjw sIm−v lcn- mÂ êw 3315.85

AYhm chn-a-[yaw 3060 BIp-¶p. kqcy-kn-²m- - nsâ DÛhw Ien 3316

emsW¶v CXn-\mÂ hyà-am-Ip-¶p.

� Ien-bp-KmZn Is−- nb hÀjw

AÀ²-cm-{X-]-£- nsâ Ic-Wm-cw- -amb KXIen 3600 \v hnjp-hn-t\mSp tbmKw sNbvX tajmZn (00) bpKm-Zn-bnÂ hnjp-hn\v 50

0 ]Sn-ªm-dm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu 500

Ab\w KX-Ien 3600 \v \mw ImWp-¶Xv 600Bbn-«m-Wv. A[n-I-A-b-\-amb

100¡v ImcWw Ien-bp-Km-Zn-bnse Aam-hmkn AYhm kqcy³ bYmÀ°- nÂ

tajm-Zn-¡v 100 ]Sn-ªm-dm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv.13 Cu ASn-Øm-\- nÂ Nnń-¡p-

t¼mÄ KX-Ien taS-kw-{I-ahpw \S- p-Ien Ipw`-kw-{I-ahpw X½nÂ BcymÀ²-

13{Kl-a-[y-a-§sf kqcym-t]-£n-I-ambn \o−-Im-e-b-f-hp-I-fn-te¡v KWn-¡p-t¼m-fp-−m-

Ip¶ k¦oÀ®-X-bm-emWv. On The Origin of ‘Kaliyugadi’ Synodic Super-

conjunction, IJHS,Vol. 33 (3) 1998, p.193, INSA, New Delhi-2.


17

cm-{X-]-£- nÂ ImWp¶ bpàn D]-tbm-Kn¨v Ien-bp-Km-Zn-bpsS \nÀ®bw D−mb Imew Is−- mw.

\ne-hn-en-cn-¡p¶ \nc-b\ cmin-N-{I-k-¦Â]§f\p-k-cn¨v bpKm-Zn-bnse \yq\-Xa Ab\w 45

0 BIp-¶p. kn²m- n-I-ku-c-hÀj-am\w = 365.25875. (KX-Ien x EXp-kw-h-Õ-cw)/ 365.25875 = 300

0= \S- p-Ien Ipw`-kw-{Iaw = KX-Ien + 0.8333 Ien F¶v apI-fnÂ 60

0 Ab-\- n\v I− bpàn 450 Ab-\- n\v þ

(KX-Ien x EXp-kw-h-Õ-cw)/ 365.25875 = 3150 = KX-Ien + 0.875Ien F¶m-

Ip-¶p. Cu ka-hmIyw \nÀ²m-cWw sN¿p-t¼mÄ, KX-Ien 2761 {In.-ap. 340 emWv Ien-bp-KmZn \nÀ®bw F¶v D¯cw In«p-¶p.

500 Ab-\- n\v þ

(KX-Ien x EXp-kw-h-Õ-cw)/ 365.25875 = 3100 = KX-Ien + 0.8611Ien

F¶m-Ip-¶p. Cu ka-hmIyw \nÀ²m-cWw sN¿p-t¼mÄ, KX-Ien 3068 AYhm {InkvXp-hn\v ap¼v 32 emWv Ien-bp-KmZn \nÀ®bw F¶v D¯cw In«p-¶p. bpKmZn ASn-Øm-\-amb KWn-X- nsâ bpànbpw kuc-hÀj-am-\hpw Ipw`-kq-cyØnXnbpw Bkv]-Z-ambn bpKmZn \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸« hÀjhpw Nn{X- nÂ \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw (X Â Ien-hÀjw & Y Â Ipw`-kq-cy³).

300

302

304

306

308

310

312

314

316

318

2500 2700 2900 3100 3300 3500 3700 tIc-f- nÂ sF-Xn-ly-kn-²-amb Gähpw ]pcm-X-\-I-en-Zn\w {ioh-Ã- -t£{Xw kw_-Ôn¨ 1111526, 29.04.59 BC F¶ {]Xn-jvTm-Zn-\amIp-¶p. {In.-ap. 340 \Sp-t¯m, ]n¶o-Sp-−mb skeq-¡kv bpK- ntem _m_n-tem-WnÂ Dcp- n-cnª


18

bpKmZn k¦Â]-amWv hnhn[ Ime-b-f-hp-I-fnÂ tIc-f- nÂ ]cn-jvI-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.

amam-¦- nsâ AYhm Ipw -ta-f-bpsS ]Ým- -e- nÂ Bcy- -S-kn-²m´w bpKmZn \nÀ®-b- nsâ clkyw AYhm 'bpKmZn' \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸« Imew \ap¡v Im«n- -cp-¶p.

4. Ipw -kw-{I-aw (ku-c-am-L-kw-{I-aw), amL-a-Lw, Kpcp a[ymImiw

hrÝn-I-hymgw tIc-f- nÂ amL-a-L- n\v AYhm Ipw -ta-f¡v F´p-sIm-−v kzoI-cn¨p? F¶v tNmZn- mÂ Xt±-iob \nco-£-W- n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn F¶m-Wp- -cw.

� P\p-hcn 20, 500 CE, Ipw`kw-{I-aw, kqtcym-Zbw 06:27, Kpcphnsâ D¨n-ØnXn (Upper Transit) 06:29. kqtcym-Z-b- nÂ Kpcp-hnsâ a²ym-Im-i-kw-{I-aw (Upper Transit) Zriy-am-Ip-I-bn-Ã.

� amL-aIw, s^{_p-hcn 01, 500 CE, Ipw`kw-{I-aw, amL-]uÀ®-an, kqtcym-Zbw 06:26, Kpcphnsâ D¨n-ØnXn 05:45. Kpcp-hnsâ a²ym-Im-i-kw-{I-a¯n\v kqcy³ ] v Un{Kn-bn-tesd N{I-hm-f- n\v Xmsg-bm-I-bmÂ IjvSn¨v Zriy-amWv.

� GXp-Ø-e¯pw Xe¡v apI-fnÂ Zriy-am-Ip¶ a[ym-Im-i-kw-{Iaw Gähpw hnti-j-amb Xt±-is¯ \nco-£-W-am-Wv.

5. Bcy- -So-bw Kncn-Xpw-K- nÂ (KXIen 3623)

Bcymcv[cm{X-kn-²m- - nsâ Ic-Wm-cw`w Ignªv 23 hÀj-§Ä Ignªv I¶n-hym-g- n-emWv (522CE) Bcy- -So-b- nsâ (Zi-Ko-Xn-Im-kq-{X- nsâ) Ic-Wm-cw- w. 5 s^{_p-hcn 524 amL-a-Iw. 524 CE se ]´o-cm-−p-k` BcymÀ²cm-{X-kn-²m´w Xnc-kvI-cn¨v Bcy- -Sobw kzoI-cn- pthm? KX-Ien 3625se ]´o-cm−v k` AÀ[cm-{Xn-I-]£w Xnc-kvI-cn¨v HuZ-bn-I-]£w kzoI-cn- p-sh-¶-Xn\v Gähpw henb sXfn-hmWv BcymÀ²cm{Xkn-²m- - nsâ tIc-f- nÂ \n¶p-apÅ k¼qÀ® Xntcm-[m-\w. BcymÀ²-cm-{X-kn-²m- s¯ B[p-\nI temIw Adn-bp-¶Xv alm`mkvI-cob¯nse kw{K-lw, {_Ò-Kp-]vXsâ JWvU-Jm-Zy-I-w Chbneq-sSbpw hcm-l-an-ln-c³ ]cn-jvI-cn¨ kqcy-kn-²m- - n-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. Bcy- -So-b- n\v tIc-f- nÂ ]e hymJym-\-§-fp-s−¦nepw AÀ[-cm-{X-]-£- nsâ em©\ t]mepw tIc-fob tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]m-c-¼-cy- n-en-Ã. aäp sXfn-hp-I-sf- mWv?

� AÀ[-cm-{X-]£w bh-\-k-Ôysb14 B{i-bn-¡p¶ Zn\-K-W-\-bm-Wv. `mc-X-¯nse Zn\-K-W\ kqtcym-Zbw ASn-Øm-\-am-bm-Wv.

14

Sunset at Yavanapura, Alexandria (31N11, 30E00). bh-\-cpsS kmbwkÔy¡v Gg-c-\m-gnI A[n-I-amWv DÖ-bn-\o-tc-J¡v ka-bw.


19

� AÀ[-cm{Xn bh-\À¡v t]mepw Zn\m-cw- -tam, IcWm-cw- tam B-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. bh-\-þ-JÂZmb KWn-X- nÂ kmbw-k-Ôy-bmWv Zn\-K-W-\¡v D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.

� BNm-c-hn-cp-²-amb AÀ²-cm-{X-Zn-\-K-W\ tIc-f- nÂ \n¶pw \o¡p-¶-XnÂ AYhm DZ-b-Zn-\-K-W\ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ ]´o-cm-−p-k- -bpsS CS-s]-SÂ XoÀ¯pw km²-am-Wv.

VI. sImÃ-hÀjhpw tPymXnx-imkv{Xhpw

sImÃhÀjhpw tPymXnx-im-kv{Xhpw F¶v tI«mÂ kmam\y P\-X-Xn¡v PnÚmk tXm¶m-sa-¦nepw ]WvUn-X-temIw ]pcnIw Npfn-¡p¶ kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-¶-Xn-bmWv C¶v tIc-f- nsâ apJ-ap-{Z. sImÃ-hÀjw Bcw- n- n«v 67 hÀj-§Ä Ign-ªp-−mb Xcn-km- Ån imk-\-§-fnepw {InkvXp-hÀjw 866 se ]mÀYn-h-ti-J-c-]pcw imk-\- nepw sImÃ-hÀjw D]-tbm-Kn- n-«n-sÃ¶pw sImÃhÀjw BZy-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp- n-¡m-Wp¶ imk\w sIm.-h. 149 se ({In.-]n. 973) se am¼-Ån- -«-b-am-sW¶pw sI. inh-i-¦-c³ \mbÀ Xsâ thWm-Snsâ ]cn-Wmaw F¶ IrXn-bnÂ kaÀ°n¨p ImWp-¶p. sImÃ-hÀj- nsâ Cu A`m-h- n\p Imc-W-ambn At±lw ]d-bp-¶Xv {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hÀj-am-bn-cp¶p sImÃ-hÀj-sa-¶m-Wv 15 . {InkvXym-\n-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn- p-sh-¶-Xn\v tcJ-IÄ D²-cn¨p ImWp-¶p-an-Ã. tPymXnx-im-kv{X- nsâbpw KWn-X- n-sâbpw {XntIm-W-an-Xn-bp-sS-bp-sams¡ Gähpw al- mb ]mc-¼cyw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶ tIc-f- nÂ {io. \mbÀ ]d-bp¶ emL-h-t¯msS Bbn-cn-¡ptam Hcp ]pXnb kwh-Õ-c-K-W\ \S- m-bXv? A§-s\-bm-Im³ Hcn-¡epw Xc-an-Ã. {InkvXp-hÀjw Bdmw \qäm-−nÂ Bcy- -S³, Ggmw \qäm-−nÂ lcn-Z- ³, H³]Xmw \qäm-−nÂ tKmhnµkzmanbpw i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W\pw... C§s\ Ime-¯n\v ambn-¡m-\m-Im¯ hn[w tPymXnx-im-kv{X- n\v kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂInb alm-tX-P-kzn-I-fpsS \m«nÂ Hcp ]pXnb kwh-Õ-c-K-W\ D−m-bXv {InkvXy³ hWn-¡p-I-tfmSv ISw-sIm-−-Xm-sW¶v F§s\ IcpXmw?

sImÃ-hÀjw aebmf¯nsâ X\Xmb ImeKW\bmWv. tIcfNcn{X¯nÂ GXm−v a²ymImesa¶v hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ {InkvXphÀjw 825 Â sImÃ ¯v Cu ImeKW\¡v cq]w \ÂIs¸«Xv kw_Ôn¨v hnhn[ sFXnly§Ä \ne\nÂ¡p¶p.16

� hnhn[ k¦Â]§Ä

1. slÀ½³ Kp−À«nsâ A`n{]mb¯nÂ sImÃ¯v inht£{Xw Øm]nX ambXnt\mS\p_Ôn¨v Bcw`n¨ ImeKW\bmWv sImÃhÀjw. aX]c

15

sI. inh-i-¦-c³ \mbÀ, thWm-Snsâ ]cn-Wm-aw, Idâv _pIvkv ]pdw 31 16

Śarma, KV., Kollam Era, Indian Journal of History of Science, 31 (1), 1996, pp. 93-

99 INSA, New Delhi-2.


20

amb Cu k¦Â]w BZyIme¯v s]mXpsh kzoIcn¡s¸«nsÃ¶pw ]nÂ ¡me¯v sImÃw {]apJ hmWnPytI{µambtXmSp IqSnbmWv sImÃhÀj ¯n\v kzoImcyX D−mbsX¶pw tIcfkÀ¡mcnsâ HutZymKnI sh_v sskänÂ ImWp¶p.

2. 'BNmcyhmKt`Zy' F¶ IenZn\w (1434160) sImÃhÀjmcw`w Ipdn¡p¶ XmsW¶pw thWmSv cmPmhmbncp¶ DZbamÀ¯mWvUhÀ½ hnfn¨p Iq«nb ]WvUnX kZÊnsâ Xocpam\{]ImcamWv ]pXnb kwhÕcw \S¸m¡nbsX¶pw Hcp Iq«À hnizkn¡p¶p. IS]bmZnbnepÅ A£c kwJy ASnØm\am¡n NneÀ BZni¦cmNmcycpsS km¶n²yhpw {InkvXp hÀjw 825 Â k¦Â]n¡p¶p.

3. c−v Bbnc§Ä \o¡s¸« ]cipcma AYhm `mÀ¤hm_vZamWv sImÃ hÀjsa¶ sFXnlyw, Cu ImeKW\bpsS Bcw`s¯ {InkvXphÀjw 825 Â \n¶pw {InkvXphn\v ap¼v 1175þmwam−nemsW¶v Ahyàamb [mcW \ÂIp¶p.

4. ssihkn²\mbncp¶ kpµcaqÀ¯n \mb\mcpsS (tNcam³ s]cpamÄ \mb\mcpsSsb¶v asämcp ]£w) acWw Ipdn¡p¶XmWv {InkvXphÀjw 825 AYhm sImÃhÀjwmcw`sa¶pw sFXnly§Ä \ne\nÂ¡p¶p.

5. {InkvXphÀjw 823 Â sImÃ¯p h¶nd§nb I¨hS¡mcmb kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIfmcw`n¨XmWv sImÃhÀjsa¶v NneÀ ]dbp¶p.

6. sImÃw XpdapJ¯nsâ AYhm ]«W¯nsâ Øm]\amWv {InkvXp hÀjw 825 F¶ Nn´mKXn¡v hncp²ambn sImÃs¯ kw_Ôn¨v hfsc ]pcmX\amb k©mcnIfpsS tcJs¸Sp¯epIÄ e`yamWv.

sImÃhÀjmcw`w KWnXZrjvSnbnÂ

hccpNn, Bcy`S³, `mkvIc³, lcnZ¯³, tKmhn-µ-kzm-an, i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W³ C§s\ {]JymXcmb tPymXnximkv{XÚ·mÀ sImÃhÀjmcw`amb {InkvXp hÀjw H³]Xmw \qäm−nse sImÃhÀjmcw`¯n\v (AD 825) ap¼v Xs¶ aebmf`qan¡v tPymXnximkv{XcwK v A\izcJymXn \ÂInbncp¶p. i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W³ chn-hÀ½-Ip-e-ti-J-csâ B{in-X\pw atlm-Z-b-]pcw hm\-\n-co-£-W-tI-{µ- nsâ ta[m-hn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p (AD 869se kqcy-{K-l-W-\n-co-£Whpw Ipe-ti-J-cs\ i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W³ hmKv -h-_o-P- nsâ kq£vaX t_m²y-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXpw 17 tIc-f-K-Wn-X-]m-c-¼-cy- nÂ hfsc {]kn-²-amWv). A§s\ tPymXnx-imkv{Xw t]mjn- n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ Hcp Ime¯v kuchÀjKW\tbmsS \S¸nÂ h¶ sImÃhÀjw Hcn-¡epw Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn {]N-cn¨ Hcp \m«p-\-S-¸n\v kwh-Õ-c-K-W\ F¶ AwKo-Imcw \ÂIn-b-X-Ã. ]mc-¼-cym-[n-jvT-amb Hcp \qX\ kwh-Õ-c-K-W\ kw_Ôn¨ tPymXnximkv{X]camb ssIs¿m¸v tIcf¯nsâ Ncn{X¯nÂ AYhm sFXnly§fnÂ e`yambncn¡Ww.

17 An Early Eclipse record of Indian Astronomy, IJHS, 37(4), 2002, pp.331-336.


21

C¯cpW¯nÂ 'BNmcyhmKt`Zym' F¶ ]cÂt]cnsâ KWnX]camb XobXnbpw tPymXnx imkv{X]camb {]tXyIXIfpw hfsc {]kàamWv. • 'BNmcyhmKt`Zym', IenZn\w 1434160, Pqenb³ Zn\KW\ (Pqenb³

Zn\w {Ko³hn¨v a²ymÓ¯n\v 2022625.5, sImÃ¯v shÅnbmgvN {]`mXw) A\pkcn¨v BKÌv 25. AD 825 shÅnbmgvN BIp¶p. `m{Z]Zip¢\hanbpw aqew \£{Xhpw tNÀ¶ Zn\w kn²m´KWnXw A\pkcn¨v I¶namkw H¶mw XobXn Bbncp¶p. an¡ teJI·mcpw tcJs¸Sp¯n ImWp¶Xpt]mse sImÃhÀjmcw`w BKÌv 15. AD 825 t\m Nn§amkw H¶mw XobXntbm AsÃ¶ kqN\bmWv BNmcyhmKt`Zym F¶ IenZn\w \ÂIp¶Xv. adn¨v B Znhkw I¶namkw H¶mw XobXnbpw alm\hanbpw aqew \£{XhpamIbmÂ inh{]XnjvTmZn\hpw sImÃhÀjmcw`hpw BsW¶ sFXnly¯n\v Du¶Â \ÂIp¶p.

• ]cÂt]cv sImÃw 1 I¶n H¶ns\ {]Xn\o[oIcn¡p¶Xn\mÂ sImÃ hÀjmcw`w kqNn¸n¡p¶XmWv ]cÂt]sc¶ Imcy¯nÂ kwibanÃ.

• i¦cmNmcycpambn Cu sImÃhÀjmcw`¯n\v _Ôapt−m? F¶ tNmZy¯n\v D¯cw tXSpt¼mÄ \½psS {i²bnÂ s]Sp¶ i¦cImew AD788 – 820 BIp¶p. 32 hbÊpam{Xw Pohn¨ i¦cmNmcyÀ AD 788 emWv P\n¨sX¦nÂ AD 825 Â At±lw Pohn¨ncn¡pI km²yaÃtÃm? ]cÂt]cv ]dbp¶Xn\pÅ kuIcya\pkcn¨v cq]w \ÂIp¶XmsW¶ Xn\mÂ BNmcyhmKt`Zym F¶Xn\v aäp sXfnhpIfpsS A`mh¯nÂ i¦cmNmcy_Ôw IÂ]nt¡−XnÃ.18

cmPm¡·mcpsS ]mc¼cyhmgvN ]{´−v hÀjw AYhm hymgh«¡mes¯ \nbXs¸Sp¯nbncp¶ s]cpamÄ hmgvN¡v sImÃhÀjmcw`¯nt\mSSp¯v amäw h¶Xmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶p.

AD 825 F´psIm−v sImÃhÀjmcw`¯n\mbn sXcsªSp¯p? AD 215 Dw Bbn Fs´¦nepw s]m¡nÄsImSn _Ôw AD 825 \pt−m? 610 hÀj§fpsS hyXymkamWv \ap¡v e`n¡p¶Xv. 610 kn²m´kuchÀj§Ä 222808

Zn\§fmWv. 7545 N{µamk§Ä AS§nbncn¡p¶p. AXmbXv, kqcyþN{µ ·mcpsS ØnXnIÄ BhÀ¯n¡p¶ ImeL«amWv. AYhm kucamk kw{IaXnYnIÄ AD 215 epw AD 825 epw kqcykn²m´w A\pkcn¨v kam\ ambncp¶p. 605 kn²m´kuchÀj§fpsS 220982 Zn\§fnÂ 554 _mÀlkv]Xy kwhÕc§Ä kq£vaambn AS§nbncn¡p¶psh¶ KWnXw AD 820 se s]cpamfhtcm[¯n\pw AD 215 Dw BbpÅ s]m¡nÄsImSn _Ôs¯ km[qIcn¡p¶p.

18


22

tIcfob kwkvIrXnbpsS ImeKW\

]e Ncn{XImc·mcpw tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnIamb DbÀ¨sb {_mÒWcp sS BKa\hpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n H³]Xmw \qäm−p apXemWv Ncn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯n¡mWp¶Xv. IenZn\kwJyIfpsS ]n¶nse imkv{XobX a\Ênem¡n AhbpsS XobXnIÄ¡v Ncn{XcN\bnepÅ A\ntj[yamb {]kàn Bcpw Xs¶ hyàam¡n ImWp¶nÃ. sNdnb Ien-Zn-\-kwJy AYhm ]cÂt]-cp-I-fpsS ImeL«§fnÂ Ncn{XanÃ, tcJIfnÃ AXn\mÂ ]mc¼cykn²amb ]cÂt]cpIÄ s]mfnbmsW¶ kao]\amWv tIc-f-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. AD 215 emcw`n¨v AD 500, AD 524 F¶o ]´ocm−p k`IfpsS IS¶v lcn-Z- sâ alm-Øew (Ien 3785) AD 820, AD 825, AD

844 C§s\ XmcXtay\ \qX\ImeL«hpambn tPymXnÀKWnX¯neqsS _Ôs¸«p \nÂ¡p¶ Hcp tIcfNcn{Xw s]cpamfhtcm[¯nsâ ap¼v \ÂInb `qau- q-t]mbw {]m]ym F¶ IenZn\hpw sImÃ-hÀjm-cw- -amb BNm-cy-hm-K-t`Zym F¶ Ien-Zn-\hpw kqNn¸n¡p¶p. tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI Ncn{Xw sImÃhÀj¯n\v Bdp \qäm−v aps¼¦nepw Bcw`n¨ncp¶psh¶v hyàamb sXfnhv ]cÂt]cpIfpw tPymXnximkv{Xhpw \ÂIp¶p. tIcf¯n se t£{X§Ä¡pw s]cpamÄhmgvN¡pw tPymXnximkv{X¯n\pw sshZn-I-]m-c-¼-cy-t¯-¡mÄ ]g-¡-ap-s−¶ kqN-\bpw ]cÂt]cpIÄ \ÂIp¶p.

`qau- q-t]mbw {]m]ym (215CE), BNm-cy-hm-K-t`Zym (825CE) – kmay-sa- p-sIm−v?

KWn-X- nse kwJy-I-Ä Df-hm-¡nb bmZr-Ñn-I-X-bmtWm apI-fnÂ kqNn- n¨ AD 215 sebpw AD 825 sebpw I¶ym-Zn-bmb kuc-hÀj-§-fpsS kmay-X¡v ImcWw? ]pXp-h-Õ-c- n-dhn F´v tPymXnx-im-kv{Xm-Sn-Øm-\- n-emWv \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-«Xv? B[p-\nI kq{X-§-f-\p-k-cn¨v Sn hÀj-§-fnse ]pXp-h-Õca[ym-Ó- n\v kqcy-ØnXn Xmsg \ÂIpw hn[amWv. � 27 BKÌv 215CE,06:00, chn kmb-\-kv^pSw = 152:07, N{µ³ = 335:19. \nc-

b\ I¶n-kw-{I-ahpw ]uÀ®-am- -þ- m-{Z-]-Z- nsâ IrjvW-{]-Xn-]-Z-hp-ambn ]pXp-h-Õcw ]nd-¶p. Cu hÀj-K-W-\-bpsS Øew Xncp-\m-hm (10N51), ae-_mÀ BIp-¶p.

� 25 BKÌv 825 CE, 06:00, chn kmb-\-kv^pSw λ = 155:18, \nc-b-\-kv^pSw =

150:30 (kn²m´ Ab-\mwiw KX-Ien 3623 \v tijw 60 hÀj-§Ä¡v Hcp Un{Kn). Cu hÀj-K-W-\-bpsS Øm\w atlm-Z-b-]pcw (10N00) AYhm sImÃw (09N00) BIp-¶p.

� Cu kqcyØnXn-IÄ kam-\-am-Ip-¶-sX-§s\? kmb-\-kv^pSw c−v Ime¯pw A©vUn{Kn hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cns¡ F´v kam-\-X-bmWv ImWp-¶Xv?


23

� kam-\X CsÃ-¦nÂ sImÃ-hÀjs¯ ae-_mÀ hÀjw F¶v hnfn- n-cp-¶-sX´v? 19

� C¶pw ae-_m-dnse kuc-hÀj-K-W\ I¶n-bm-Zn-bm-sW-¶Xv {i²n- mÂ BNm-cy-hm-K-t`Zym \ÂIp¶ I¶n H¶mw XobXn D -c-tI-c-f- nse kwh-Õ-c-K-W-\-sbbpw ]pXp-hÀj- n-d-hn-sbbpw Z£nWtIc-f- n-te¡v sIm−p-h-¶-XmImw sImÃ-hÀjw F¶v \ap¡v Duln-¡mw.

� F´-Sn-Øm-\- n-emWv kwh-Õ-c-K-W-\-bpsS, Ie-−-dnsâ Cu ]p\À\nÀ ®bw?

VII. tIc-f- nsâ ]pXp-h-Õ-c-bpàn

Cý-bpsS hnhn-[- m-K-§-fp-ambn X«n¨p t\m¡p-t¼mÄ kuc-þ-I-e-−À {]Nm-c-¯n-en-cn-¡p¶Xv tIc-f- nepw ]g-b-tN-c-km-{am-Py- nsâ `mK-am-bn-cp¶ Xr¨n-\m- -Ån-bpsS {]m -§-fnepw am{X-am-Wv. bh-\-cp-ambpw JÂZm-b-cp-ambpw {InkvXp-hn-\p-ap¼v Xs¶ tNc-km-{am-Py- n-\p-−m-bn-cp¶ k¼À¡- m-emWv kqcym-kv]-Z-amb Ime-K-W\ tIc-f- nÂ thcp-]n-Sn- -Xv. sak-s¸-t«m-an-b-bnÂ \n¶pw ISÂI-S-s¶¯n tIc-f- nÂ Z£n-W-]-Ýn-a-Xocw hmk- q-an-bm-¡nb {Zmhn-U-cmtWm20 tIc-f- nse P\-XXn F¶ kwi-b- n\pw tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb s]m¡nÄsImSn-_Ôw hgn- sX-fn-¡p-¶p. sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy- n-ep-S-\o-f-ap-ÅXpw sshZn-I-kzm-[o-\- nÂ D¯-tcýbnemsI ImW-s -Sp-¶Xpw Nm{µ-K-W-\bpw EXp-kw-h-Õ-c-hp-am-Wv. cmin-N{Iw sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy- nÂ ]c-amÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-an-Ã. kuchÀj-K-W-\-bp-sSbpw cmin-N-{I- n-sâbpw khn-ti-j-amb ]mc-¼-cy-apÅ tIc-f- nÂ ]pXp-h-Õ-c- n-d-hn¡pw X\-Xmb \nco-£-

W-bpàn D−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v AD 215 sebpw AD 825 sebpw I¶ym-Zn-bmb kuc-hÀjKW\ kqNn- n-¡p-¶p.

kqcysâ a[ymImi-kw-{Iaw þtN-csâ X\-Xmb bpàn

\½psS kwh-Õ-c-K-W-\-bpsS, I¶n H¶n\v ]pXp-h-Õ-c- n-d-hn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-bpàn kqcysâ a[ym-Im-i-kw-{I-a-am-Wv (Zenith transit) 21 . Xmsg \ÂIp¶ ]«nI {i²n-¡p-I.

19

tUm.-sI.-hn.-iÀ½-bpsS sImÃ-hÀjw F¶ apI-fnÂ D²-cn¨ teJ-\- nÂ C¡mcyw ]d-bp-¶p-−v. 20

{ZmhnSw = {Zm + CSw, {Umt¡m F¶ kÀ¸- nsâ \mSv F¶ hni-I-e\w tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS injy-\mb tae-§¯v \mcm-b-W³Ip«n \ÂIn-¡m-Wp¶p. _m_n-tem-Wn\pw tIc-f- n\pw Cu hnti-jWw kmÀ°-I-am-Wv. kÀ - nsâ \mSv tNc-\m-Sv. 21

AÀ°w hni-Z-am-Ip¶ ae-bm-f-]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\mWv {iaw. kqcy³ a[ym-Ó- nÂ t\tc Xe¡p apI-fnÂ D¨n-bn-se- p¶ Znhkw F¶mWv AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv.


24

kqcy]c-a-{Imń ω = 240 A£mwiw

φ λ1 for δ = φ λ2 for δ = φ

12 30.74 149.26

11 27.98 152.02

10.85 27.57 152.43

10 25.27 154.73

9.5 23.94 156.06

9 22.62 157.38

8 20.01 159.99 � 27 BKÌv 215CE,06:00, chn kmb-\-kv^pSw = 152:07, N{µ³ = 335:19.

kqcy-{Imń Xncp-\mhmbpsS A£mw-i- n\v Xpey-am-I-bmÂ Cu ]pXp-h-Õ-c-Zn\w `m{Z-]-Z-Ir-jvW-{]-Xn-]Zw Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ kqcysâ a[ym-Im-i-kw-

{I-a- o-bXn (Zenith transit)BIp-¶p. AXm-bXv Cu Znhkw a[ym-Ó-¯nÂ Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ i¦p-Omb iq\y-am-bn-cp-¶p.

� 25 BKÌv 825 CE, 06:00, chn kmb-\-kv^pSw λ = 155:18, kqcy-{Imń

09047' BI-bmÂ Gähpw kq£va-ambn Fd-Wm-Ip-f- n\v (φ = 10:00)

AÂ]w sX¡v kqcy³ a[ym-Imiw XcWw sNbvX Znh-k-am-Wv. \nco£-W- nsâ ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ sh¨p-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ Xr¡m-¡c hma-\-t£{Xw Cu KW-\¡v thZn-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Duln-¡mw. KWnXw AÂ]w Øqe-ambn F¶-\p-am-\n- mÂ Ipe-ti-J-c³ i¦p-Omb \nÀ®-bn- n- Xv Xr¡m-¡-c-bnepw kq£va-am-sW¶v A\p-am-\n- mÂ N§-\m-tÈcn hmg- Ån inh-t£-{X-22hp-am-bn-cp¶p kqcy-\n-co-£W- nsâ thZn.

Bcy- -Ssâ _Ô-s¸« {]amWw

tKmf-]mZw tÇmIw 32:

£nXn-Pm-Zp-¶-X- m-Km\mw bm Pym km ]tcm `th-È¦px a[ymÓ \X- m-KPym Ombm it¦mkvXp Xsskyh

a[ymÓkqcysâ (bmtaym- -ckw{Iaw) D¶-Xmwi¯n\v (Altitude) `pP-Pymhv hcp- p-¶Xv, ]c-a-i-¦phpw \Xmw-i- n\v `pP-Pymhv hcp- p-¶Xv i¦p-Om-b-bp-am-Ip-¶p.

22

hmg- Ån inh-t£-{X- nse Ipe-ti-J-c-en-JnXw {]kn-²-am-Wv. {InkvXp-hÀjw 800 F¶v sI. inh-i-¦-c³ \mbÀ (th-Wm-Snsâ ]cn-Wm-aw) Imew \ÂIp-¶p. sImÃ-hÀj-¸n-d-hn-bpsS Znhkw a[ym-Ó- n\v kqcy-{Imń hmg- -Ån-bpsS A£mw-i- n\v Gähpw Xpey-am-bn-cp-¶p. \nco-£-W-¯nse ØqeX ]cn-K-Wn- mÂ thZn Xr¡m-¡c Bbn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw A\p-am-\n-¡mw.


25

AXm-bXv D¶-Xmiw i¦p-Omb iq\y-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v 900 BIp-¶p. a[ym-Ó-

¯nÂ \Xmwiw = φþδ AYhm 23 φ+δ BIp-t¼mÄ D¶-Xmwiw = 900-

\Xmwiw. Rsine D¶-Xmwiw = Rsine (900-\Xmw-iw) = --Rcos \Xmw-iw (]c-a-i-¦p).

Rsine \Xmwiw = Rsine (φþδ AYhm φ+δ). AXmbXv φ = δ BIp-t¼mÄ

\Xmwiw ]qPyw, D¶-Xmwiw 900 BIpIbpw Omb iq\y-am-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

VIII. Xncp-thm-Whpw ]pXp-h-Õ-c-bpànbpw

ImÀjn-tIm-Õ-h-am-Wv, hnf-sh-Sp- p-Õ-h-amWv, amth-en-bpsS Fgp-s¶-Å- mWv Fs¶ms¡bpÅ [mc-W-IÄ t]mse {]kn-²-asÃ-¦nepw Xncp-thmWw ]pXp-h-Õ-cm-tLm-j-amsW¶ Nn´m-KXn km{¼-Zm-bn-I-ambn \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-−v. GXp-Im-e¯v FhnsS HmWw ]pXp-h-Õ-c-am-bn-cp¶p? Xncp-thm-Wm-tLm-j- nsâ Ncn{Xw t\m¡n-bmÂ kwL-Im-e¯v a[p-c-bnepw HmWw BtLm-jn- n-cp-¶p-sh¶v ImWp-¶p. AXp-sIm−v BtLmjw BhnÀ -hn¨ Imew IrXy-ambn \nÀ®-bn-¡pI km²y-a-Ã. \nc-b-\-cm-in-N{Iw _m_n-tem-WnÂ {In.-ap. aq¶mw \qäm-−nÂ \ne-hn-en-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\v AhnsS J\\w sNbvXp In«nb skeq-¡kv bpK- nse Ifn-a¬ -e-I-§Ä sXfnhp \ÂIp-¶p. kmb-\-K-Wn-X¯nsâbpw Ønccmin k¦Â]¯nsâbpw Ncn{X§Ä Ahy-à-am-Wv. I¶n-bm-Zn¡v 150

0bntesd kmb-\-kv^pSw hcp-t¼mÄ am{Xta tIc-f- nse A£mw-i-§Ä¡v δ = φ F¶ ØnXn kwPm-X-am-Ip-I-bp-Åp. I¶n-bmZn¡v 150

0 kmb-\-kv^pSw AYhm 12

0 bnÂ Xmsg {Imń hcp-¶Xv {InkvXp-hÀjw 215

se kwh-Õ-c-K-W-\-bnem-Wv. ap¼v \mw I− `m{Z-]-Z-Ir-jvW-{]-Xn-]Zw 27

BKÌv 215CE, 06:00, chn kmb-\-kv^pSw = 152:07 F¶ ØnXn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-

t¼mÄ `m{Z-]-Z-ip-¢-Zzm-Zin¡v (\mev Znhkw ap¼v) δ = φ AXm-bXv {Imń ]{´−v Un{Kn-bnÂ IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. AXp-t]mse, alm-aLw ]uÀ®-am- -am-k-K-W\ kqNn- n-¡p-I-bmÂ ]qÀ®-ambpw KWnXkuc-amkw ASn-Øm-\-amb Hcp kn²m- -þ-I-e-−À cmin-N-{I- nsâ KWn-Xm-hn-jvI-cWw hsc D−m-Im-\n-S-bn-Ã.

cmin-N-{I- nsâ KWn-Xm-hn-jvI-cWw \S¶ Imew

CXv hnhmZhn-j-b-am-Wv. Ime-N-{I- nÂ ]e {]Xn- m-k-§fpw BhÀ -\-hn-t[-b-am-b-Xp-sIm−v ]e Ime-§Ä Cu tNmZy- n\v D -c-am-bp-−m-Imw. DZm-l-c-W- n\v JÂZm-bcpw bh-\cpw Ønc-cm-in-N{Iw {InkvXp-hn\v ap¼v aq¶mw

23

Ab\ tcJ¡v sX¡v, AXm-bXv DÖ-bn-\n¡v sX¡v (φ-δ) F¶-XmWv icn. kqcy-Nm-c- nÂ {Kojva-{Im- n¡v ]n¶nepw ap¶nepw Hmtcm Øm\-§-fnÂ tIc-f- nÂ

kqcy\v {Imń A£mwiXpey-am-Ip-¶p. Ch-bmWv λ1, λ2 F¶v apI-fnÂ ]«n-I-bnÂ \ÂIn-b-Xv.


26

\qäm-−nepw AXn\p ap¼pw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp- n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\v tcJ-bp-−v. `mc-X- nÂ Ønc-cm-in-N{Iw e`y-amb IrXn-I-f-\p-k-cn¨v BZy-ambn ImWp-¶Xv KX-Ien 3332 AYhm 231CE Â BIp-¶p. kqcy-kn-²m´w D]-tbm-Kn¨v e`y-am-Ip¶ KWn-X-aq-ey-am-Wn-Xv. 24 ssN{X-ip-¢-{]-Xn-]-Zhpw tajm-Zn kqcy-kw-{I-ahpw Hcp-an¨ Cu hÀj-¯nse I¶n kw{Iaw ]cn-tim-[n- mÂ þ

25 BKÌv 231CE, 12:00 (75E45), JD = 1805667.0, chn-kv pSw λ = 150:31, N{µ³ = 275:54 F¶v B[p-\n-I-K-Wn-X-{]-Imcw e`n-¡p-¶p. Ien-Zn\w = 1217201.25.

chn{Imń 11:24' BI-bmÂ c−mw Znhkw Ahn«- n\v Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ {Imń A£mw-i- n\v Xpey-am-Ip-¶p.

� HmW- nsâ NS-§p-IÄ

HmW- nsâ ]e NS-§p-Ifpw tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-am-Wv. DuªmÂ kqcysâ D -c-þ-Z-£nW Ab-\-§-fpsS {]Xo-I-am-Imw. D -tcm- cw Db-c- nÂ X«v X«mbn hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ ]q¡fhpw tI{µ- nÂ \m«p¶ apfbpw i¦p Ombm\nÀ®-b- nsâ {]Xo-Im-ß-IXbmWv. ]pen-Ifn (Xan-gnÂ ]pen-sb-¶mÂ knwl-am-Wv) knwl-cm-insbbpw Ic-Sn-Ifn k]vXÀjn-I-fpsS Great Bear F¶ \mam- -c-s¯bpw A\p-kva-cn- n-¡p-¶p.

Nn§- nse ]¯v Znh-ks¯ HmWm-tLmjw \mw Cub-h-k-c- nÂ {i²n-¡-Ww. i¦p-Omb iq\y-am-Ip¶ Znhkw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ sshj-ayw, \Xmwiw Ipdbpw tXmdpw OmbbpsS \ofw Ipd-bpw. ]pcm-X\ Imes¯ KWn-X-\n-co-£-W-Øq-e-X-Isf IW-¡n-se-Sp- mÂ A¯w apXÂ Xncp-thmWw hsc Omb \nco-£n¨ncp-¶p-sh¶v Icp-Xmw. lrkz-amb kqcysâ AYhm hnjvWp-hnsâ Omb-bm-sWtÃm an¯p-I-fnse hma-\³. A\p-Zn\w a[ym-Ó-¯nÂ Omb lrkz-am-bn-sIm-−n-cns¡ i¦p-Om-b-bpsS iq\yX F§s\ kq£va-ambn \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-«p? Xncp-\mhm \ap¡v D¯cw \ÂIp-¶p.25

Xncp-\m-hm-bnse aWn-¡n-Wdpw Xncp-am-\w-Ip¶v `K-h-Xnbpw

24 Sidereal Zero point – a Mathematical Solution, IJHS, 35 (2), 2000, pp.117-122,

INSA, New Delhi-2

25

We can find the following historical information from the Cultural Heritage of

Kerala by A. Sreedhara Menon: Tradition current in South and Central Kerala links

the festival with the Purānic legend of Vāmana defeating the legendary king Mahābali

while in North Kerala the tradition is associated with the Māmānkam (Mahāmaghā) festival. There are references to Onam in ancient literature and inscriptions and the

festival was popular in Madurai during the Sangham age. Onam was celebrated at

Trkkākkara during the ages of Kulaśekharas of Mahodayapuram 800-1100CE under

imperial auspices and it gave a new impetus to the Vaisnava movement.


27

Xncp-\m-hm-bnse amam-¦-¯n\v kmaq-Xncn Ipdn¨ cà-]-¦n-e-amb A²ym-b-¯nsâ sFXn-ly-§-fn-eqsS \mw Adn-bp-¶p, AhnsS Nmth-dp-I-fpsS ihw B\-sb-s¡m-s−-Sp- n-Sp-hn-¨n-cp¶ Hcp aWn-¡n-WÀ D−v. \mem-¦Â IrjvW-]n-Å-bp-sSbpw amam¦w kw_-Ôn¨ aäv D]-\ym-k-§-fn-ep-sams¡ Cu aWn-¡n-W-dnsâ IY ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v. hÅp-h-\m-«nse Xncp-am\w Ip¶v `K-h-Xn- (]nÂ¡m-e¯v Xncp-amÔmwIp¶m-bn)26 bpsS Nmth-dp-Isf ]©o-I-cn¡p¶-Xn\v `qan-tZ-hn-bpsS aSn-bn-te¡v Xmgv nb aWn-¡n-WÀ. Cu sFXn-ly- nse Xncp-am\wIp¶n\pw aWn-¡n-W-dn\pw tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp Ncn-{X-ap-−v. Xncp-am\wIp¶v apf-\m«n \ngef¶n-cp¶ kn²- q-an-bm-Wv. I¶n-bnse BZy ] v Znh-k-§Ä kqcy-{Imń tIc-f- nse A£mw-i-§Ä¡v Xpey-am-Ip¶ Zn\-§-fm-Wv. Omb-iq-\y-am-Ip¶ Cu Ime- n\v ap¼v \nco-£-W- n-eqsS i¦p-Om-b-bpsS am\w \nÀ®-bn¨ncp¶- Øe-amWv Xncp-am\wIp¶v. Cu ]Xnhv \nÀ¯nbnt«m AÃm-sXtbm `K-h-Xnsb {]Xn-jvTn- -tXm, Xncp-am\wIp¶nse ssP\-cpsS Nmap-WvUnsb s]cp-am-fnsâ ]n´p-W-tbmsS ssI¿-S-¡p-Itbm sNbvX Xob-Xn-bmWv sN¼-I-tZ-ti-c-tay þ 1258116, IenhÀjw 3445 \S¡p¶ XnÂ I¶namk¯nse ]qbw \£{Xhpw Zian XnYnbpamWv. AD 343 sk]väw-_À 1 hymgm-gvN-bm-Wn-Xv. chn-kv^pSw 158

0 bpw {Imń 08040'Dw BIp-¶p.

`m{Z-]-Z-IrjvW{]Xn-]-Z- nt\mSv tNÀ¶ I¶n-kw-{Iaw ]pXp-h-Õ-c- n-d-hn-bmbn-cp-¶p. Zi-anbpw ]qbhpw {]Xn-jvT¡v Xnc-sª-Sp- -Xm-Imw.

aWn-¡n-WÀ iq\y-Om-bm-Zn\w Is−- p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]m-[n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXm-bXv a[ym-Ó- nse kqcy\v \Xmwiw iq\y-am-Ip-t¼mÄ kqcy³ D¨n-bn-em-bn-cn-¡pw. At¸mÄ InW-änÂ t\m¡n-bmÂ kqcy³ t\tc-ap-I-fn-em-I-bmÂ ASn-h«-amsI shbnÂ X«n-¡m-Wmw. aWn-¡n-WÀ (Clock Well) F¶v t]cv h¶Xv Xs¶ Cu D]-tbm-K- nÂ \n¶p-am-Wv. aWn-¡n-WÀ Nmth-dp-I-fpsS ih-an«v \nd¨ kmaq-Xn-cnsb Xncp-am-\w-Ip¶v `K-hXn ]mTw ]Tn- n- Xnsâ ê-am-sWtÃm ]nÂ¡m-es¯ kmaq-Xn-cn¡v27 tImhn-eIw I¯n¨v Bßm-lpXn \S-t¯−n h¶-Xv.

Bcy- -Ssâ Ime¯v Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ Xncp-thm-Ww

Xncp-\m-hm-bnse \mhm-ap-Ip-µ³ hnjvWp AYhm kqcy-\m-Wv. Xncp-\m-hm-bnse {imh-W-\-£{XamtWm Xncp-thm-W-ambXv? GXm-bmepw Bcy- -Ssâ Ime v Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ Xncp-thmWw {][m-\-am-bn-cn-¡p-hm³ tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Imc-W-§-fp-−v. Xmsg \ÂIp¶ ]«nI {i²n-¡p-I. Nn§wþI¶n kÔn-bnse Idp¯hmhv apXÂ kqcyþN-{µ-Øn-Xn-IÄ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. BKÌv 23 cm{Xn

26

\mem-¦Â IrjvW-]n-Å, alm-t£-{X-§Ä¡v ap¶nÂ, ]pdw 136, ]g-b-tc-J-I-fnÂ Xncp-am-Ômw-Ip-¶n\v Xncp-am\mwIp¶v F¶mWv ]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv, DÅq-cnsâ A`n-{]mbw

tcJ-s -Sp- n-bn-«p-−v. Un.kn._pIvkv (1998) 27

amam¦w \n¶Xv kw_-Ôn¨ Ncn{Xw ImcWw ]d-bp-¶Xv Sn¸phnsâ ssP{X-bm{XbmWv. {io. kn.-cm-[m-Ir-jvWsâ Xo¡-SÂ ISªv Xncp-a-[pcw Nmth-dp-I-fpsS IY ]d-bp-¶p. aWn-¡n-WÀ ih-an«v \nd-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶ kmaq-Xn-cn-amÀ Fgp- -Ñsâ t¢i-\nÀ`-c-amb Pohn-X- n\pw Imc-W-am-bn-cp-¶p.


28

A¯w \£-{X- n-emWv N{µs\ ImWp-hm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. A¯- nÂ N{µ-s\-¡−v ]¯mw Znhkw Xncp-thm-Ww. A¯w ]t¯mWw F¶ sNmÃv Cu Bcy- -S-hÀj- nse I¶n-bnÂ \n¶v ]IÀ¯n-sb-Sp- -Xm-sW¶v tXm¶p-¶ntÃ?

XobXn Ien-Zn\w chn-a-[yaw chnkv^pSw chn{Imń N{µ³

499/08/22 06 1315085 151.29 149°23' 11°47' 141°33'

499/08/23 06 1315086 152.28 150°22' 11°26' 155°09'

499/08/24 06 1315087 153.27 151°21' 11°05' 169°01'

499/08/25 06 1315088 154.25 152°19' 10°44' 183°04'

499/08/26 06 1315089 155.24 153°18' 10°23' 197°16'

499/08/27 06 1315090 156.22 154°17' 10°01' 211°33'

499/08/28 06 1315091 157.21 155°15' 09°40' 225°51'

499/08/29 06 1315092 158.19 156°14' 09°18' 240°07'

499/08/30 06 1315093 159.18 157°13' 08°56' 254°18'

499/08/31 06 1315094 160.17 158°12' 08°34' 268°22'

499/09/01 06 1315095 161.15 159°11' 08°12' 282°18'

499/09/02 06 1315096 162.14 160°10' 07°49' 296°04'

I¶n-a-[y-a-kw-{I-a- n\v chna[y{Imń t\m¡n-bmÂ D¨n-bn-emWv Xncp-\m-hm-bnse a[y-a-kq-cy³. kv^pS-{Im- n-bp-am-bpÅ hyXymkw chn_nw_-I-e-tbmfw

am{Xam-Wv. ]g-b-Im-es¯ KWn-X- nsâ kq£vaX, ±_nw_mÀ²-Ie(15') BIp-¶p. i¦p-Om-bm-K-Wn-X- nÂ a[y-{Im- nbpw kv^pS-{Im- nbpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw \nco-£n- -dn-bp-¶Xv ]caaµ- -e- n-sâbpw atµm- - n-sâbpw kq£vaX Xn«-s -Sp-¶-Xn\v D]m-[n-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Xr¡m-¡c t£{X- nsâ Øm]\w

Xr¡m-¡-c-bnse (10N00) hma-\-t£{Xw, Xncp+ImÂ+Ic, ImÂ \m«n \ngÂ Af-¶n-cp¶ Øe-am-Wv. Xncp-am\wIp¶nsâ Z£n-W-tI-cf cq]w. Cu ImÂ\m-«p-IÀ½-amImw ]n¶oSv sImSn-tbäw Bbn- oÀ¶-Xv. C{µ-[zPw F¶v _rl-Õw-ln-X-bnÂ hcm-l-an-ln-c\pw ]pcm-W-§fpw ]d-bp¶ {Kojva-{Imń BtLmj¯nsâ an¯ns\ tIc-f- nse kam-\-amb \nco-£-W- n-\p-taÂ NmÀ¯n-b-XmWv HmWw kw_-Ôn¨ hma-\-þ-_en sFXn-lyw. t£{X- nÂ e`y-amb enJn-X-a-\p-k-cn¨v Ien-hÀjw 3705Â kÀÆm-XnYyw \S-¶p-sh¶v ImWp-¶p28. sshjvW-hÀ {ZmhnU Xncp-thm-W- n-t\mSv alm-_en sFXnlyw tNÀ¯v 3705 IenhÀj- nÂ Xncp-ImÂI-c-bnÂ hma\t£{Xw ]WnXpsh¶v Icp-Xmw. \S- p-Ien 3705, {InkvXp-hÀjw 603-am−v I¶n-am-km-cw- - nse kqcy-N-{µ-Øn-Xn-IÄ Cu hkvXpX hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

28

tae-§¯v \mcm-b-W³ Ip«n, kwL-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, ]pdw 129.


29

XobXn Ien-Zn\w chnkv^pSw chn{Imń N{µ³ hntijw

603/08/20 06 1353069 148°14' 12°10' 246°11'

603/08/21 06 1353070 149°12' 11°49' 258°47'

603/08/22 06 1353071 150°11' 11°29' 271°05'

Ab\mwiw

-01021'

603/08/23 06 1353072 151°09' 11°08' 283°10' HmWw

603/08/24 06 1353073 152°08' 10°47' 295°06' Ahn«w

603/08/25 06 1353074 153°06' 10°26' 306°56' NXbw

603/08/26 06 1353075 154°05' 10°04' 318°44'

Ab-\mw-iw, Kncn-XpwKw (3623) Ignª 81 hÀj-§Ä¡v 01021' BIp-¶p.

Xncp-\m-hm-bnse kqcysâ D¨n-ØnXn (Zenith transit) Xs¶-bmWv ChnsS Ah-ew-_w. 23.08.603 CE , I¶n kw{Iaw a²ym-Ó- nepw kqcy-{Imń At¸mÄ A£mw-i-Xp-ey-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v ]«nI hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

s]cp-am-¡-·m-cpsS Xe-Øm\w C¡m-es¯ sXm−n AYhm s]m¶m\n Bbn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Cu Ien 3705 se Cu t£{X-Øm-]\w kqNn- n-¡p-¶p.

lcn-Z- sâ Imehpw I¶n-bm-Zn-bmb kwh-Õ-c-K-W-\bpw

kmb\kv^pSw 152:30 \mWv Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ kqcysâ kv^pS-{Imń A£mw-i-Xp-ey-am-Ip-¶-Xv. CubSnØm\- nÂ kq£va-ambn t\m¡n-bmÂ I¶n kw{Ia¯n\v kqcysâ \Xmwiw iq\y-am-bXv c−-c-U-{Kn-tbmfw Ab-\mw-i-ap-−m-bn-cp¶ Ime- m-Wv. lcn-Z- -Im-e-amb -Ien aµ-Øew (3785, CE684)

ChnsS {]k-à-am-Ip-¶p. hnti-j-Zn-h-k-ambn BtLm-jn¨p h¶ δ = φ Zn\w ASn-Øm-\-ambn I¶n-amkw BZn-bmb kwh-Õ-c-K-W\ Hcp ]s£ Bcw- n-¨Xv Ien 3785 emImw.

� sImÃ-hÀjm-cw`w þ lcn-Z-¯-Imew = 3926 þ 3785 = 141 hÀj-§Ä.

� 141 Bcy- -S-hÀj-§Ä = 141x 365.2586806 = 51501.47396 Zn\-§Ä = 1744 Nm{µ-amk-§Ä.

AXm-b-Xv, kqcy-N-{µ-·m-cpsS ØnXn ]qÀ®-ambpw BhÀ¯n- -t¸m-gmWv sImÃ-hÀjmcw`w \nÝ-bn-¨-Xv. C§-s\-b-ÃmsX asämcp \nK-a\w km²y-a-Ã. ImcWw lcn-Z- \pw tKmhn-µ-kzm-anbpw i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W\pw Hcp imkv{X-]m-c-¼-cy- nsâ I®n-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cpsS Ime¯v Aim-kv{Xo-b-tam, aXn-bmb imkv{X-bpàn CÃm- tXm Bb Hcp Ime-K-W\ Akm-²y-am-bn-cp-¶p.

chn-kv p-Shpw {Imńbpw þ]p-Xp-h-Õ-c-¸n-dhn


30

XobXn chn-kv^pSw chn-{Imń N{µ³ kw{Iaw

lcn-Z¯þI¶ymZn]p-Xp-hÀj¸n-dhn-: A£mwiw = {Imń 10N00

684/08/20 06 149°35' 11°41' 196°59'

684/08/21 06 150°34' 11°20' 211°30' φ = 10N51

684/08/22 06 151°32' 11°00' 225°49'

684/08/23 06 152°31' 10°38' 239°53'

kw{Iaw

684/08/24 06 153°29' 10°17' 253°43'

684/08/25 06 154°28' 09°56' 267°17'

684/08/26 06 155°27' 09°34' 280°36' HmWw

sImÃ-hÀjw, ]p-Xp-h-Õcbpàn: A£mwiw = {Imń 10N00

825/08/21 06 151°24' 11°02' 196°37'

825/08/22 06 152°23' 10°41' 211°12'

825/08/23 06 153°21' 10°20' 225°27' φ = 10N00

825/08/24 06 154°20' 09°58' 239°19'

825/08/25 06 155°18' 09°37' 252°50'

kw{Iaw

825/08/26 06 156°17' 09°15' 266°00'

825/08/27 06 157°15' 08°53' 278°50' HmWw

825/08/28 06 158°14' 08°31' 291°25'

825/08/29 06 159°13' 08°09' 303°46'

ChnsS Hcp Imcyw hyà-am-Ip-¶p. lcn-Z- -Ime¯pw sImÃ-hÀjm-cw- - nepw I¶n-kw-{Iaw bYm-{Iaw Xncp-\m-hm-bn-sebpw Xr¡m-¡-c-bn-sebpw kqcysâ a[ym-Im-i-kw-{I-a-hp-ambn (Zenith transit) s]mcp- -s¸-Sp- n-bmWv ]pXnb hÕ-c-K-W-\¡v cq]w \ÂIn-b-Xv. Xncp-thmW¯n\v iq\y-Om-bm-Zn\w F¶ ]Zhn Nm{µ-am-k-K-W\ A\p-k-cn¨v CS-bv¡nsS e`n-¡p-sa-¦nepw ]pXp-h-Õ-c- n-d-hn-sb¶ Øm\w \jvSambn. kqcy-kw-{I-as¯ hÀj- n-d-hn-bm-¡p¶ kuc-I-e-−À \S- m-¡n-b-Xp-aq-e-amWv Cu amäw D−m-b-Xv.

IX. HmW-¡m-es¯ BImihpw \mtSmSn k¦Â]-§fpw

HmW-¡m-es¯ BImiw A¶pw C¶pw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. \£-{X-§-sfÃmw Ah-cpsS Øm\-§-fn-Â Xs¶. EXp-N{I¯n\v AÂ]w amäw Ing¡v \n¶v ]Sn-ªm-tdm-«p-−m-bn. HmW-¡me¯nsâ {]tXy-IX tIc-f- n-s\-s´¶v apI-fnÂ \mw ImWp-I-bp-−m-bn. HmW-kq-cy³ tIc-f- n\v Xe-sXm-«- -\m-Wv. A¯w apXÂ ]¯v Znhkw sIm−v {Imń c−-c-Un{Kn Ipdªv a[y-tI-c-f-s¯-bmsI HmW-kq-cy³ D¨n-bnÂ \n¶v A\p-{K-ln-¡p-¶p. kmb-\-kv^p-S-a-\p-k-

cn¨v I¶n-bnse BZy-]¯v Znhkw sIm−v (km-b\ λ =150-1600) kqcy³

hS¡p 120N apXÂ sX¡v 8

0N I\ymIp-amcn hsc \½psS D¨n-sXm«v t]mIp-

¶p. \½psS InW-dp-I-fpsS ASn-h«¯nÂ HmW- q-¡fw t]mse {]Im-i-[m-c-


31

sbm-gp¡n a−-¡m-«-½-sbbpw I\ym-Ip-am-cn-tZ-hn-sbbpw hW§n sXt¡m«v

t]mIp-¶p. Cw¥ojv Ie-−À A\p-k-cn¨v C¡mew BKÌv 20 apXÂ Hcp -]-£-¡mew AYhm ]Xn-\-©p-Zn-h-k-am-Wv. C§-s\-bpÅ HmW-¡m-es¯ BIm-i-¡m-gvN-IÄ \½psS kwkvIm-c¯nepw \mtSmSnk¦Â]-§-fnepw {]Xn- -en-¡p-¶pthm?

1. HmWw hnf-sh-Sp- p-Õ-h-am-Wv. I¶n-am-k- nse aIw AcnbpsS ]nd-¶m-fmWv29. I¶n kw{Iaw `m{Z-]Zip¢-{]-Xn-]Zt¯mSv tNcp-t¼mÄ I¶n aIw c−v Znhkw ap¼v (IrjvW13-14 XnYn-I-fnÂ) {]`m-X-k-Ôy¡v N{µ-¡-e-bpsS Ah-km\ Zriy-am-Wv. ^mÂKp-\-þ-ao-\-kw-{I-a- n\v ap¼v IrjvW-{X-tbm-Z-inbpw NXpÀ±-inbpw DÅ inh-cm{Xn Zn\w t]mse Ime-K-W-\-¡v, kuc-þ-Nm-{µ-K-W-\-Isf cRvPn- n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp¶ \nco-£-WamIp¶p CXv. AXp-t]m-se, ap¼v kqNn- n¨Xpt]mse I¶n-kw-{Iaw 150

0 kmb-\-kv^pSw AizXn \£-{X- n-em-sW-¦nÂ aIw ]¯mw \£-{X-am-I-bÂ kmb-\-kv^pSw 160

0 Dw {Im´n I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bpsS A£mw-i-¯n\v ka-hp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. \m©n-\m-«nse \mtSmSn k¦Â]-am-bmWv I¶n-þ-aIw Acn-bpsS ]nd-¶m-fmbn i¦-c³ \mbÀ D²-cn¨p I−-Xv.

2. Fd-Wm-Ipfw Cc-b-\mÀ Ipfw AYhm Cc-b-\mÀ (inh³) Ipe-am-sW¶v XanÄ ]mc-¼-cy- nÂ \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw. F¶mÂ, Ejn-þ-\m-K-Ip-f-am-sW¶pw sFXnlyw ]d-bp-¶p. CXn-se-s´-¦nepw kXy-apt−m? shdpw samgn-am-ä- nsâ AYhm kwkvIr-X-h-XvI-c-W- nsâ ^e-amtWm Ejn-\m-K-Ipfw F¶ k¦Â]w?

HmW-¡m-es¯ {]`m-X-k-Ôy¡v AÂ]w ap¼v Ing-¡³ N{I-hm-f- n-te¡v H¶v t\m¡n-bmÂ D¯-c-am-bn. sImÃ-hÀjm-cw- - nse ØnXn DZm-l-c-W- n\v t\m¡mw. i¦-c-\m-cm-b-Wsâ C¡m-e¯v atlm-Z-b-]p-c¯v \£-{X-_w-¥m-hp-−m-bn-cp-¶p-shtÃm?

25 BKÌv 825 CE, kqtcym-Zbw 05:50 DÖ-bn\n ka-bw. c−-c-\m-gnI DZ-bmÂ ]qÀÆw kqcy³ GXm−v 15

0.70 N{I-hm-f-ko-a¡v Xmsg \nÂs¡, N{I-hm-tfm-

]cn aIw \£v{X-t¯m-sSm¸w hS¡v k]vXÀjn-I-fnse {IXphpw ]pe-l\pw

sX¡v Bbn-ey- nse ImÀt¡m-S-I\pw (αþHydrae) Zriy-am-Wv. sslt{U F¶ \£-{X-]p-RvP- n\v ]änb ae-bm-f-\maw \oÀt¡men F¶-Xm-Wv. Ejn-þ-\m-K-Ipfw F¶ t]cn\v ASn-Øm\w HmW-¡m-e¯v k]vXÀjnIfpw \mKhpw kqcy\v hgn-Im-«n-I-fmbn Ing¡v DZn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv. Heliacal rise F¶ Cu {]Xn- mkw FÃm ]pcm-X-\-\m-K-cn-I-X-I-fnepw \mtSmSn k¦Â]-§Ä¡v P·w \ÂIn-bn-«p-−v. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v kndn-bkv F¶ \£-{X- nsâ kqtcym-]cn DZbw CuPn-]vänse Ime-K-W-\-bpsS aqe-¡-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu kndn-bkv \£{Xw Gähpw {]Imiw IqSn-bXpw Dog Star F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xp-am-Ip-

29

tPymXn-Ý{Iw F¶ Cu teJ-Isâ IrXn-bnÂ Cu hnj-bw, k]vXÀjn-IÄ apX-emb Zriy-§Ä NÀ¨ sNbvXn-«p-−v.


32

¶p. alm- m-c-X- nÂ ]c-aÀin¡-s¸-Sp¶ ss\an-jm-c-Wy- nse Ejn-bmb iu\I³ Cu \£-{X-am-Wv.

25 BKÌv 825 AD: kqtcym-Z-b- n\v ap¼v Ejn-\m-K-Ip-f¯v (10N00) k]vXÀjn-Ifpw \mKhpw DZn-¡p-¶p. a[ym-Ó-kq-cy³ Xe¡p t\tc apI-fnÂ hcp¶ sImÃ-hÀjw Bcw-`n¨ Znh-k-am-Wn-Xv.

� B−ptXmdpw HmW-¡m-e¯v hcp¶ alm-_en: hma-\\pw hn{I-amÀ¡\pw

HmWw hni-Z-ambn NÀ¨ sNbvXp. hma-\³, hnjvWp-hm-Wv, kqcy-\mWv, kqcysâ HmW¡m-es¯ IpÅ-\mb \ng-em-Wv. Cu IpÅ³ Nhn-«n- m-gv¯p¶ alm-_-en-sb¶ Akpc N{I-hÀ¯n BcmWv? BIm-i¯v tZhm-b-\hpw Akp-cm-b-\hpw D−v. Akp-cm-b-\s¯ ]nXr-bm-\-sa¶v t]cv amän ]d-bp-¶p. kqcy- nsâ D¯-cm-b\w tZh-tem-Ihpw Z£n-Wm-b\w ]mXm-f-hp-am-Wv. ssl{U F¶ \oÀt¡m-enbpw {Umt¡m F¶v {Zmhn-U-cpsS A\- \pw Hs¡ ]mXm-f- nse \mK-§-fm-Wv. Aip- -sa¶v s]mXpsh ]d-b-s¸-Sp¶ Z£n-Wm-b-\- n-em-sWtÃm HmWw BtLm-jn-¡p-¶-Xv. C¡m-e¯v B−p-tXmdpw hncp-¶p-h-cp¶ Nnc-RvPohnbmb N{I-hÀ¯n, Nn§w cmin-bnse aIw \£-{X-am-Wv. B−p-]n-d-hn-bpsS I¶n kqcy³ tPymXnx-imkv{Xw A\p-k-cn¨v aIw AYhm Regulus, α-Leonis F¶ \£-{X- nsâ DZ-bmÀ¡-\m-Wv. ss{IkvX-h-an- p-I-

k]vXÀjn \mKw

N{I-hmfw chn


33

fnse Zmho-Zn-s\bpw tkmf-a-s\bpw t]mse Igp-X-IÄ (]q-bw) hen-¡p¶ h−n-bn-emWv alm-_-en-bpsS Fgp-s¶-Å- v.

HmWhpw alm-_-enbpw

aIw \£-{X-amWv alm-_-en-bmb BIm-i- nse Akp-c-N-{I-hÀ¯n. aI]uÀWan alm-a-L-ambn BtLm-jn-¡p-¶p. Bcy- -Ssâ Imes¯ Cu

BIm-i-Nn{Xw {i²n-¡p-I. 24 BKÌv.- {In. h. 500. a[ym-Ó-kq-cy³ Xe¡p t\tc apI-fnÂ hcp¶ ka-b¯v (\ng-en-Ãm¯ a[ym-Ó-§-fpsS ]p-Xp-h-Õ-c-Im-ew) kqtcym-]cn aIw \£{Xw DZ-b- n\v c−-c-\m-gnI ap¼v. alm-_enbmb aIw C¡m-e¯v ]pXp-hÀj- n-d-hn-bpsS kqN\ \ÂIn. ip{I\pw C¡m-e¯v kmam-t\y\ aI- n\v H¸w DZn¨p I−n-cp-¶-Xn-\m-tem, ip{Is\ Ime-K-W-\-bnÂ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp- n-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mtem BWv ip{I³ Akp-c-Kp-cphpw alm-_-en-bpsS Kpcphpw Bb-Xv. D¯c A£mw-i-§-fnÂ Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-¯mImw _Ô-s¸« sFXn-ly-§-fpsS ]nd-hn.

24 BKÌv 500 CE, kqtcym-Zbw 05:49 DÖ-bn\n ka-bw. c−-c-\m-gnI DZ-bmÂ ]qÀÆw kqcy³ GXm−v 15

0 N{I-hm-f-ko-a¡v Xmsg \nÂs¡, N{I-hm-tfm-]cn

aIw \£v{Xw GXm−v 80 Db-c- nÂ ImWmw. XpSÀ¶pÅ ka-b¯v {]`m-X-k-

N{I-hmfw

kqcy³

aIw Xmc-KW

aIw Xmc

aIw


34

Ôy¡v ap¼v Cu alm-_enbpsS D¶-Xmwiw IqSn-¡qSn \t`m-a-[y- n-te-¡p-b-cp-¶p. kqcy³ hrÝn-Im- y- n-se- p-t¼m-tg¡pw (16 \hw-_À 500 CE, Sun λ =236

0) Nn§- nse Cu cmPmhv kqtcym-Z-b- n\v c−-c-\m-gnI ap¼v D¨- n-se- p-¶p. 500 CE KX-Ien 3601 ØnXn t\m¡n-bmÂ Kpcp-_p-[-ip-{I-·mÀ¡v AkvXw `hn- -Im-e-am-Wn-Xv. XpSÀ¶v kqcy³ 1P\p-hcn 501CE ¡v Xncp-thmWw Rmäp-th-e-bn-se- p-t¼mÄ aIw \£-{Xhpw Nn§w cminbpw Xmtg¡v ]Xn-¡p-I--bm-Wv. Xncp-thm-W-kq-cy³ Nhn-«n- m-gv p-¶-Xp-t]mse Xs¶. AkvXw- -hn-¨n-cp¶ Kpcp _rl-kv]Xn DZn- p-b-c- nepw. FÃm-hÀjhpw \S-¡p¶ hma-\m-h-Xmc IY CXm-Wv. I¶n-bnse D{Xkq-cy\v \ng-en-Ã, hm-a-\\pw(Dwarf

Shadow) aI-c- nse Xncp-thm-W-kq-cy³, hn{I-amÀ¡\v {Im´n Z£n-Whpw ]c-a-hp-am-I-bmÂ \ng-en\v ( -qan-bnse hnjvWp-]-Z-amWv \ngÂ) Gähpw ZoÀLX hcp-¶p. hma-\sâ _rl-Zm-Imcw ]mZ- nÂ, \ng-enÂ {]I-S-am-bn.

alm-_en kzÀ¤w Iog-S-¡p-¶p. \hw-_À 16, 500CE: kqcy³ A\p-cm[ (sF-{µ-\-£-{Xw) bnÂ Ncn-¡p-t¼mÄ aIw \£{Xw AXn-cm-hnse D¨n-bn-se- p-¶p.

Xncp-thmWw \£-{X- nÂ kqcy\v ]c-a-{Im- n-bp-−mb {In.-ap. \memw \qäm−v Ime¯mWv Cu an¯v cq]w sIm−-sX¶v hma-\³ hn{I-amÀ¡-\m-Ip¶ IYm X´p-hnÂ \n¶v \ap¡v A\p-am-\n-¡mw. Xncp-thmWw \£-{X- n\v {Xnhn-{I-a-s\¶v t]cp-−v.

aIw


35

aIw \£-{X- nsâ kqtcym-]cn Zriy-X-bpsS Cu hnti-j-X-I-fmWv tIc-f-¯nsâ ]pXp-hÀjs¯ alm-_-en-bpsS ]pcm-W-I-Y-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp- p-¶-Xv. HmW¡me I¶n-þ-]p-Xp-h-Õc kqcy³ (hn-jvWp) tIc-f- nÂ a[ymÓ\ngÂ hogv n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. A]-cm-Ó- n-emWv sNdnb \ngÂ hoW-Xv. hma-\-aqÀ¯n. aI-sa¶ alm-_-ensb ]mXm-f- n-te¡v Ab-¡p¶ `oam-Im-c-\mb hnjvWp inin-c-{Im- n-bnse ({im-hW \£-{Xw) Gähpw henb \ngÂ hogv p¶ kqcy-\m-Wv. Cu {imh-W-kq-cys\ N{µ-\p-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n `m{Z-]-Z-Zzm-Z-in-bnse hma-\-kq-cy³ alm-_-ensb ]mXm-f- n-te-¡-b- -Xmbn sFXnlyw ]d-bp-¶p. Imem- -c- nÂ imkv{Xo-b-amb an¯p-IÄ¡v tem]w h¶-Xm-Imw. kqcy³ {imhW \£-{X- n-se- p-t¼mÄ (inin-c-{Im- n) D¨n-bnse Nmcw Ignª aIw \£{Xw ]Sn-ªm-tdm«v Nmªv AkvX-an-¡p-¶p. P\p-hcn amk-¯nÂ AXncmhnse Cu ImgvN ImWmw.

3. imkvXmw-]p-cw (sN§-¶qcpw) Bcy- -S\pw

Nne- -Xn-Im-c- nÂ Cft¦m ASn-IÄ ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ sN¦-a-e-h-Ãn-bpsS ]¼m-Xo-cs¯ Nph¶ Ip¶n\v tPymXnximkv{X {]m-[m-\y-apt−m? sN§-¶qcpw i_-cn-a-ebpw N{a-h-«hpw IqSÂam-Wn-Iyhpw t]mse ]pcm-X\ ssP\-k-t¦-X-§-fm-tWm? tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]m-c-¼cyw AYhm Bcy- -S-]m-c-¼cyw C¡m-cy-¯nÂ Fs -¦nep sXfnhv \ÂIp-¶pthm? N{a-h-«hpw sN§-¶qcpw X½n-epÅ

aIw

N{I-hmfw


36

B²ym-ßnI _Ôw A[nIw {i²-bnÂs]-Sm¯ sN§-¶q-cnsâ imkvXmw-]pcw (Nm- mw-]p-dw) F¶ t]cnÂ Hfn-ªp-In-S-¡p-¶p. Cu _Ô- n\pw Bcy- -S-]m-c-¼-cy- n-\p-apÅ KWn-X-]-c-amb sXfn-hmWv ChnsS \ÂIp-¶-Xv.

]pcm-X\ t£{X-k-t¦-X-amb sN¦-a-e-h-Ãn-bpsS sN¦p¶v Adn-bmsX tIc-f-¯nsâ kwL-Ime Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-b-h-cp-−v. sN¦p-¶qÀ C¶s¯ sN§-¶qÀ, kwkvIr-X-am-¡n-bmÂ timWm{Zn, timWn-X-]p-cw, \nWsh Fs¶ms¡ ]d-bmw. Cu t]cp-I-fnÂ ]e Øe-§-fp-−m-Imw. Cft¦m ASn-IÄ ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ sN¦-a-e-hÃnbpsS k¶n[n sN§-¶qÀ Xs¶-bm-Wv. Cu sN§-¶q-cn\v tPymXnx-im-kv{X-hp-ambn F´p _Ôsa¶v tNmZyw hcnI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. NneÀ¡-dnbmw ]pen-bqÀ ]pcp-tjm- -a³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS \mSmWv, ]ns¶ ]m−-\mSv tKm]m-e-hm-cycpw aäpw.

tPymXnx-im-kv{X-hp-ambn sN¦-a-e-hÃn k¶n-[n-¡pÅ ]gb _Ôw kqNn- n-¡p¶ Hcp AWvUm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ30 Xd C¶pw AhnsS ImWmw. sFXnlyw ]d-bp-¶Xv s]cp- - \pw aI\pw IqSn ]WnXXpw Xo]n-Sn- p-t]m-b-Xp-amb \ngÂ hogm¯ Iq -¼ew AhnsS \n¶n-cp-¶p-sh-¶m-Wv. Hcn-¡epw \ngÂho-gm¯ Iq¯-¼ew kqcy-\p-Å-Im-e-t¯mfw km²y-a-sÃ¶v BÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-tX-bp-Åp. sN§-¶q-cnse A£mwiw 09

0N30 BI-bmÂ \ngÂ

hogm¯ c−v Znh-k-§sf ChnsS km²y-am-Iq. \ngÂ hogm¯ hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bpÅ Iq -¼ew bYmÀ°¯nÂ ]g-b-Im-es¯ ssP\-·mÀ \ng-e-f-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp¶ ImÂ\m-«n-bn-cp¶ Xd-bm-Wv. Cft¦m ASn-I-fpsS ]cm-aÀi- nÂ \n¶pw ssP\-cpsS CS-bnÂ Cu Øew {]kn-²-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v sXfn-bp-¶p. Cu k¶n-[nsb {]kn-²-am-¡nb tPymXnx-imkv{X LS-I-sa- mWv? sN§-¶qcpw Xncp-\m-hmbpw X½nÂ, ]¼bpw `c-X- p-gbpw X½nÂ F´mWv tPymXnx-imkv{X _Ôw?

30

IqÀ½m-IrXn F¶v \mem¦Â tcJ-s -Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. IqÀ½-N{Iw tPymXn-j-¯nse kmt¦-Xn-tIm-]m-[n-I-fn-sem-¶m-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-§-fn-te¡v ChnsS Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-a-Ãm-¯Xp sIm−v IS-¡p-¶n-Ã.


37

sN§-¶q-cnsâ A£mw-i-w φ = 090N30, ]e` 12xTan φ = 2.00. sN§-¶q-cnsâ

tcJmwiw 760B45', tZim- cw Hcp Un{Kn tcJmwi hyXym-k- n\v tbmP-\-IÄ

Bcy- -Ssâ `q]-cn[n A\p-k-cn¨v H³]-Xm-Ip-¶p. tZim- cw ka-b- nÂ \mev an\n-«m-Ip-¶p. e¦-þ-D-Ö-bn\oþXn-cp-\mhm bmtaym- c tcJ¡v. N{a-h-«- n\v kq£w Hcp Un{Kn amdnb k¶n-[n-bmWv sN¦-a-e-h-Ãn-bpsS ]pcw. ]¼-sbbpw `c-X- p-g-sbbpw ]änbpw Cu am\w Sn Øe-§sf Ah-ew-_n¨v ]d-bmhp¶-Xm-Wv. ]e` (hnjp-h-Omb) c−mb Øe- nsâ tPymXnx-imkv{X]c-amb {]m[m-\y-sa´v?

alm`mkvIcobw III.8 Â Bcy`S]mc¼cy¯nÂ tajmZn cminIfpsS Nc JWvU§Ä hyXykvX A£mwi§fnteXp ImWp¶Xn\v D]tbmKn¨ncp¶

kq{Xw ChnsS `mkvIc³þI hyàam¡p¶Xv: ]e` 1 \v NcJWvUw x ]e` (Øm\obw) F¶mWv. ]e` F¶mÂ hnjphÑmb. hnjpZn\¯nÂ ]{´−wKpew DbcapÅ i¦phnsâ a²ymÓOmbbmWv ]e`. ]e` 1 \v

A£mwiw 4046'30" Dw NcJWvU§Ä tajþhrj`þanYp\ {XntImW§Ä

¡v bYm{Iaw 240, 192, 81 ChbmIp¶p. Xmsg \ÂIp¶ ]«nIbnÂ \n¶pw A£mwiw A\pkcn¨v D−mIp¶ hyXymkhpw ap³]dª kq{X¯nsâ D]tbmKhpw a\Ênem¡mw.


38

NcJWvUw

]e` A£mwiw taSw CShw anYp\w

1.00 4.76 238 193 79

2.00 9.46 476 387 158

2.30 10.85 547 444 182

3.00 14.04 714 580 237

4.00 18.43 952 773 316

5.00 22.50 1183 961 393

5.00 22.62 1190 966 395

5.30 24.00 1271 1033 422

5.72 25.50 1362 1106 452

6.00 26.57 1428 1160 474

Cu KWn-X- nsâ ck-I-c-amb hiw ]e` H¶mb A£mwiw 4046'30" I\ym-

Ip-am-cn¡v sX¡v 30 bntesd IS-en-em-sW-¶-Xm-Wv. At¸mÄ ]e` H¶nsâ Nc-J-WvU-§Ä \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v F§s\ km[n- p? Cu tNmZy- n\v Gähpw imkv{Xo-b-amb D -c-amWv sN¦-a-e-h-Ãn-bpsS \ngÂ¯-d-bmb sFXn-ly-¯nse Iq¯-¼ew. Xncp-am\w Ip¶nse `K-h-Xn-sb-t¸mse sN¦-a-e-h-Ãnbpw {Zmhn-U-þ-ssP-\-]m-c-¼-cy- nse kn²-·mcpsS Ime-{In-bm-]m-Z- n\v km£n-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

e¦-þ-D-Ö-bn-\o- `c-X- pg tc-J¡v ]¼m-tc-J-bp-ambn tZim- cw Hcp Un{Knbpw A£mw-i-hy-Xym-k- mÂ cmiyp-Z-b-Im-e-§-fnse hyXymkw aq¶v hn\m-gn-I-tbmfhpw BIp-¶p. {Kl-Nm-cKWnXs¯ cmiyp-Z-b-Im-e-§-fp-ambn AYhm et¦m-Z-b-hp-ambn GtIm]n¸n¨v \nco-£-W-]-co-£-W-§Ä¡v (]e` Ah-ew-_-ambn apI-fnÂ ]dª coXn-bnÂ KpW\¯n-eqsS Nc-J-WvU-§Ä \nÀ®-bn-¡p-I-bmÂ) ]e` Ht¶m ct−m Bb Øe¯v \nco-£-WmÀ°w \nÝ-bn¨ cmiyp-Z-b-{]-am-W-§Ä Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. sN¦p-¶q-cn-emWv ssP\À CXv km[n- -sX¶ Imcyw hyà-am-sWtÃm? Iq -¼-e-¯nsâ Xd-bpsS hr -]-cn[n Af¶v hymkw \nÝ-bn- mÂ F{X ASn Db-c-apÅ ImemWv tI{µ- nÂ \m«n-bn-cp-¶-sX¶pw cmhnse F{X \mgnI apXÂ a[ymÓw Ignªv F{X \mgnI hsc-bmWv \ngÂ Af-¶n-cp-¶-sX¶pw \ap¡v AÂ]w KWn-X- n-eqsS a\-Ên-em-¡mw. ]¼-bpsS Ic-bnÂ Ip¶nsâ apI-fn-emWv t£{Xw. ssP\-cpsS Nmap-WvUn-bmb i_-cn-bpsS k¶n[nbmb i_-cn-ae sN§-¶q-cn\v t\tc Ing¡v Htc A£mw-i- nÂ (09N30) ØnXn sN¿p-¶p. ]e` i_-cn-k-¶n-[n-bnepw 2.0 Xs¶. ]¼ Ing¡v ]Sn-ªmdv ]e` c−n-\pÅ A£mwitcJ t]mse InS-¡p-¶p. tNc-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cmÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸« `ph-t\-iz-cn-bmWv sN¦-a-e-hÃn F¶v \mem-¦Â tcJ-s¸-Sp- n-bn-«p-−v. sN§-¶q-cn\p Npäp-apÅ BÄhm-c-·mÀ ]mSn-]p-I-gv nb Xncp-h³h-−q-cm-Zn-bmb Bdp t£{X-§-fp-−v.


39

sN§-¶q-cnse kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS Ime- -g-¡- n\pw {]m[m-\y- n\pw Ch sXfn-hm-Wv.

� Bcy- -Ssâ `q]-cn[n aqey- n\v sN§-¶qcnse \nco-£Ww Ah-ew-_tam?

i¦p-Om-bm-K-Wn-X- nÂ ssP\-\-·m-cpsS {]mhoWyw {]kn-²-am-Wv. lc- m-þ-tam-l-RvsP-Zm-tcm-hnÂt¸mepw i¦p-Om-bm-K-WnXw \ne-hn-en-cp¶p \K-c-]m-X-I-fpsS Znim-Pym-anXn kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. N{a-h-«hpw sN§-¶qcpw ]pcm-X\ ssP\-k-t¦X§fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶mÂ Hcp ]s£ Cu c−p Øe-§fpw Bcy- -S³ KWn-X- n\v B{i-bn¨ Øe-§-fm-bn-¡qsS? KWn-X-bpàn sIm−v Bcy- -Ssâ kv]jvS `q]-cn[n aqeyw sN§-¶q-cns\ B{i-bn-¨mWv \nÀ®-bn- -sX¶v \ap¡v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

N{a-h«w A£mwiw φ = 10 N51 bmtay-m -c-tcJ 75E45

sN§-¶qÀ A£mwiw φ = 09N30 bmtay-m -c-tcJ 76E45

KX-Ien 3623, 522CE I¶n-amkw DZm-l-c-W-ambn FSp-¡mw. kqcy³ N{a-h«w apXÂ imkvXmw]pcw hsc t\tc Ing-¡p-Zn-¡p¶ Znh-k-§-fnse chn-kv^p-S-

hpw (λ), {Imńbpw(δ) HuZ-bn-Im-{Khpw (c−v ω, A¨p-X-−nsâ Ncn-hp-IÄ¡v) cmhnse a[y-a-kq-tcym-Zbw Bdp-a-Wn¡v Xmsg \ÂIp-¶Xv {i²n-¡p-I.

XobXn Ien-Zn\w chn λλλλ chn δδδδ

A{Kw

ω = 240

A{Kw

ω = 23

038'

522/08/23 1323487 150°47' 11°16' 11040' 11

029'

522/08/24 1323488 151°46' 10°55' 11018' 11

008'

522/08/25 1323489 152°44' 10°34' 10056' 10

046'

522/08/26 1323490 153°43' 10°13' 10034' 10

025'

522/08/27 1323491 154°42' 09°51' 10012' 10

003'

522/08/28 1323492 155°40' 09°30' 09049' 09

041'

522/08/29 1323493 156°39' 09°08' 09027' 09

018'

522/08/30 1323494 157°38' 08°46' 09004' 09

056'

522/08/31 1323495 158°37' 08°24' 08041' 08

033'

522/09/01 1323496 159°36' 08°01' 08018' 08

011'

HuZ-bn-Im{Kw þ kqcysâ Ing-¡v-þ-]-Sn-ªmdv tcJ-bnÂ \n¶pÅ hyXn-bm-

\amIp-¶p. kqcysâ ]c-a-{Imń AYhm A£-s¨-cn-hn\v (ω, Obliquity of

Earth's axis) kn²m- -tPym-Xn-j- nÂ kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn ImWp¶ aqeyw 240

BWv. Bcy- -Ssâ Ime v IrXy-amb aqeyw 23038' Bbn-cp-¶p. A{Kw KWn-

¡p-¶-XnÂ ω sâ Cu hyXymkw ImcWw 12 Ie-tbmfw hymXymkw hcmw.


40

Bcy- -So-bw tKmf-]mZw 31 þmw tÇmIw \mw ap¼v {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ]T-\- nsâ c−mw `mK- nÂ (sk-]vXw-_À 30) NÀ¨ sNbvXm-Wv.

km hnjphtÖym\m tNXv hnjphZpZ¥w_tI\ kwKpWnXm hnjphPybm hn`àm e_v[x ]qÀÆm]tc i¦px (30)

kqtcymZbmkvXab§Ä¡v N{Ihmf¯nÂ ]qÀÆþ]ÝnatcJbnÂ \n¶papÅ hyXnbm\amb A{Kw AYhm ZnKwiw KWn¡p¶sX§s\sb¶v tÇmIw 30 ]dbp¶p. kqcysâ `pPPymhns\ (Rsine λ) ]ca{ImńPymhv (Rsine ω) sIm−v KpWn¨v

A£mwitImSnPymhv AYhm kztZiew_Iw (Rsine 90-φ) sIm−v lcn¡p

¶Xv A{Kw. i.e. α = (Rsine λ) *(Rsine ω) /(Rcosφ). XpSÀ¶v tÇmIw 31 Â ]dbp¶Xv þ B A{Kw A£Pymhnt\¡mÄ Ipdhmbncn¡pIbpw kqcy³ D¯cmÀ²tKmf¯nembncn¡pIbpw sN¿pt¼m Ä kqcy\v ]qÀÆþ]ÝnatcJbnepÅ D¶Xmwiw (prime vertical altitude of the

gnomon) A{Ks¯ kztZiew_Iw sIm−v KpWn¨v A£Pymhv sIm−v

lcn¨mÂ e`n¡p¶XmWv. i.e i.e. Rsine h = α* (Rcosφ /Rsineφ).

A£mwiw Ipd-hmb kml-N-cy¯nÂ kqcy-{Imńbpw A{Khpw ka-am-Ip-¶-Xn-\mÂ Bcy- -S³ {Imń¡v ]Icw A{KPym ASn-Øm-\-am¡n {]amWw \ÂIp-¶p. \nco-£-W- n-eqsS A{Kw \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶ coXn ssP\-tPym-Xn-j-Ir-Xn-bmb kqcy-{]-Úm]vXnbnÂ ({In.-ap. 200) e`y-am-Wv. kqcy-_nw-_- n\v 30 Ietbmfw hymkapÅ-Xn-\mÂ t\tc Ing-¡p-Zn-¡p-Ibpw A£mw-i- n\v {Imń-km-ayw-h¶v aqÀ²m-hnÂ kw{I-an-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Znhkw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-Â AÂ]w ØqeX hcmw. C\n Xmsg ]d-bp¶ KWnXw {i²n- mÂ imkvXmw-]p-damb sN§-¶qcpw imkvXmw-]p-d-amb N{a-h-«hpw F§s\ Bcy- -Ssâ KWn-X- nÂ A´Àeo-\-am-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

imkvXmw-]p-dhpw(sN-§-¶qÀ) N{a-h-«hpw X½n-epÅ A£mw-i-hy-Xymkw 81 Ie. Xncp-\mhmbnepw N{a-h-«¯pw (10

0N51') kqcy³ a²ym-Ó- nÂ aqÀ²m-

hnÂ kw{I-an-¡-sh, sN§-¶q-cnÂ (090N30') i¦p-Omb¡v kq£va-ambn \nÀ®-

bn- mÂ 01021' Ncn-hp-−m-tI-−-Xm-Wv. Cu Øe-§-fpsS tcJmw-i-hy-Xymkw

Hcp Un{Kn-bm-sW¶v \mw ap¼v ImWp-I-bp-−m-bn. Hcp Un{Kn tcJmw-i-hy-Xym-k- nÂ F¶mÂ 81 Ie A£mw-i-hy-Xn-bm-\-¯nÂ, HuZ-bn-IÀ¡m{Kw (amplitude of the rising Sun) Øqe-X-bmÂ Hcp Un{Kn F¶v e`n-¡p-¶p. Cu A{K-hy-Xym-ks¯ {ImńhyXym-k-ambn KWn¨v `q]-cn[n \nÝ-bn-¡p-I-bmWv Bcy- -S³ sNbvX-Xv. ssP\ imkvXr-k-¶n-[n-I-fpambn _Ô-s¸« Cu \nco-£-W- -e-amWv Bcy- -Ssâ `q]-cn[n aqey-§Ä¡v ASn-Øm-\w.


41

sN§-¶qcpw Xncp-\mhm AYhm N{a-h-«-hp-am-bpÅ AIew = 9 tbmP-\. ]g-b-Im-e¯v Øe-tc-Jmwiw F¶ k¦Â]w `mc-X- nÂ D−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. H³]Xv tbmP-\¡v Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ Xncp-thm-W- n\v (δ = φ) \ngÂ iq\y-am-Ip-t¼mÄ sN§-¶q-cnÂ \ng-en\v sNcnhv Hcp Un{Kn-. \ng-ensâ Hcp Un{Kn sNcnhv Omb iq\y-t¯m-S-Sp- n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ \nÀ®-bn-¡pI Akm-²y-am-sW-¶-Xn-\m-emWv DZ-bmÀ¡m{Kw \nco-£n¨v sNcnhv a\-Ên-em-¡n-b-Xv. Hcp Un{Kn Ncn-hn\v 9

tbmP-\-sb-¦nÂ 3600 ¡v F{X F¶ bpàn-bn-eqsS N{a-h-«¯v `q]-cn[n 3240

BsW¶v \nÝ-bn- p.

sN§-¶q-cnse imkvXmw-]p-d- n\v N{a-h-«-hp-am-bpÅ A£mw-i-hy-Xymkw Bcy- -S³ AÀ²-cm-{X-]-£- nse `q]-cn-[n-bmb 4860 (4948*Cos10.85)Â KqV-ambn A´Àeo-\-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v. `q]-cn[n 4860/360 = 13.5 tbmP-\. A£mwi hyXym-k- nsâ ]¯n-c-«n-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu aqeyw e`y-am-b-Xn\v ImcWw `c-X- p-g-bnÂ kqcy³ t\tc Ing-¡p-Zn-¡p-t\zmÄ ]¼-bnÂ A{Kw H¶-c-Un{Kn hS-¡m-Wv. Hcp Un{Kn tcJmw-iamWm hyXym-k-sa¶v \mw HmÀ¡-Ww. tKmf- nÂ tcJmw-i- n\pw A£mw-i- n\pw hyXy-kvX-s¸« tbmP\ ]än-Ã. H¼Xv tcJmwi tbmP-\¡v Hcp Un{Kn F¶v KWn- Xv A{Kw (=\n-g-ensâ Ncn-hv) H¶-c-Un{Kn F¶v Xn«-s¸-Sp- n-b-t¸mÄ 9x 1.5 = 13.5 Bbn. A£mw-iþtc-Jmw-i-§Ä krjvSn¨ Cu sshj-ay-amWv 3299, 4948 F¶n-§s\ c−v `qa-[y-]-cn-[n-aq-ey-§Ä \ÂIp-hm³ Bcy- -Ss\ \ncvº-Ôn- -Xv. `mc-Xob tPymXnx-im-kv{X-¯nse hni-Zo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sm-\m-Im¯ sshX-c-Wn-I-fn-sem-¶mWv `q]-cn-[n-bpsS hyXyØ aqey-§Ä.

sN§-¶q-cn-sebpw aäv ]e-Ø-§-fn-sebpw Iq -¼-e-§Ä AYhm I¯n \in-¨-Xmb sFXnlyw tIc-f- n-eq-S-\ofw ImWp-¶p. ssP\-]m-c-¼-cy- nÂ i¦p-Om-bm-K-Wn-X- n\v thZn-I-fm-bn-cp¶ 'aXn-e-I-§sf' ]nÂ¡m-e¯v t£{X-§Ä ssIt¿-dn-b-hÀ I¯n- p-I-f-ª-Xm-Imw. Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cmbn Icp-X-s¸-Sp¶ IWn-bm-·mÀ AYhm KW-I-·mÀ ]cÂ sh v Ien-Zn\w D]-tbm-Kn¨v {Kl-K-WnXw kq£va-ambn \S- n-bn-cp¶ tIc-f- nÂ, i¦p-Om-bm-K-Wn-X- n-\p-w Bcy- -S³ ]d-bp¶ \nco-£-W-§Ä \S- p-¶-Xn\p th− kmt¦-Xn-tIm-]m-[n-IÄ Ah-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W\v cmPmhv \£-{X-_w-¥mhv ]Wn-bn¨p sImSp- p. tPymXnx-imkv{Xw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn {]N-cn- n-cp¶ tIc-f- nse KW-I-·m-cpsS ]g-b-Ime \nco-£WØm\-§Äs¡- p-]-än?

X. \½psS ]c-ip-cm-a³ BIm-i¯p \n¶p-h¶pthm?

{iocm-a{ioIrjvW³am-sc- -än-bpÅ Ncn-{X-]-T-\-§-fnÂ ]e-t¸mgpw hnhmZw Xe-s]m-¡m-dp-−v. an¯p-I-fmÂ Bhr-X-ambn \nÂIp¶, Cuiz-cXzw k¦Â]n-¡p¶ Cu alXv hyàn-I-fp-sS-sbms¡ Pohn-X-Im-e- n\v ap¼v Xs¶ Ah-cpsS t]cn\v Imc-W-amb \mtSmSn IYm-I-Y-\-§Ä \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. Cu kml-N-cy-amWv cma-s\bpw IrjvW-s\-bp-sam¡ Ah-cpsS Ncn-{X-]-Ým- -e- n-\p-]-cn-bmb AXn-i-tbmàn IeÀ¶ IYm-I-Y-\-§-fpsS `mK-ambn \mw ]nÂ¡m-e¯v ImWm-\n-S-bm-Ip-¶-Xn\v Imc-Ww. Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-·msc ]e-scbpw C§s\ tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb an¯p-IÄ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-W-§-fnÂ Xf-


42

¨n-«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Cu Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb Iq«n-¡p-g-¡-en\p ImcWw AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb tPymXnx-im-kv{X- \n-co-£-W- Im-e-L-«-§Ä¡v tijw kw -hn¨ Ccp-−-bp-K-am-Wv. tPymXnx-imkv{X an¯p-Ifpw JÂZmb KWn-X- nse bpK-kw-Jy-Ifpw tNÀ¯v ]pcm-W-§fnsebpw CXn-lm-k-§-fn-sebpw Akw-_Ô Ncn-{X-c-N-\ D−m-bXv Kp]vX-Im-e-¯pw ]n¶oSpw \S¶ kwkvIr-X-h-XvI-cW¯neqsS km[n¨ Bcym-[n-\n-th-i-¯n-em-Wv. KtW-i\v B\- e sh¨p-sIm-Sp- v hnNn-{X-amb aqÀ¯nXzw \ÂInb -IY t]mse Ncn-{XhkvXp-X-Ifpw an¯pw Iq«n-¡p-g¨p−m-¡n-sb-Sp¯ tIc-fNcn-{X-IYmJymbn-I-bnse \mb-I-\mWv ]c-ip-cm-a³. F§s\ \mK-Ip-e-in-tcm-a-Wn-bmb `mÀ¤-h\v ]c-ip-cm-a³ F¶ t]À e`n¨p? Nnc-RvPo-hn-bmb atl-{µ-Kn-cn-bnse Cu X]-kznsb ImWp-hm³ Ign-bp-¶-sX-§s\?

1. ]c-ip-cm-asâ A£-b-Xr-Xo-b-bnse (ssh-im-J-ip¢ (3) P\\w

tIc-tfmÂ]- n-bnse sFXn-ly-a-\p-k-cn¨v Aln-Ñ-{X- nÂ \n¶pw {_mÒ-Wsc agp-sh-dnªv t\Snb tIcf¯nÂ sIm−p-h¶v Adp-]¯n \mev {Kma-§-fn-embn Xma-kn- n- Xv ]c-ip-cm-a-\m-Wv. s]cp-amiv Ah-tcm-[hpw aäv ]e {]Xn-jvT-Ifpw At±lw \S- n-b-Xmbn sFXnlyw ]d-bp-¶p. ]pcm-W-§Ä Nnc-RvPo-hn-bm-¡p¶ Cu ]c-ip-cm-asâ P\vahmÀjnIw sshim-J-ip-¢-Xr-Xo-b¡v \mw BtLm-jn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j\pw Nnc-RvPo-hn-bmb ]c-ip-cm-a\pw Hcm-fmtWm? \ap-s¡m¡ Adnbmw a\p-jy³ Nnc-RvPo-hn-bm-sW¶v kpt_m-[-ap-ff Bcpw Xs¶ Fgp-Xn-Ã. Nnc-RvPo-hnþ]-c-ip-cm-a\pw Bcy-£-{Xn-bsc Ccp-]-s¯m¶p {]mhiyw sIms¶m-Sp¡n `mc-Xs¯ c£n-s¨¶v ]pcm-W-§Ä ]d-bp¶ ]c-ip-cm-a\pw XoÀ¨bmbpw c−v hyàn-I-fm-Wv. GXv ]c-ip-cm-a-\p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-XmWv sshim-J-ip-¢-Xr-Xob F¶ P·-Zn\w F¶-XmWv \aps¡ms¡ PnÚm-k \ÂIp¶ asämcp kwK-Xn.

2. sshim-J-ip¢XrXo-b¡v ]n¶nse tPymXnx-imkv{Xw

kqcysâ iq\y-Om-bm-Zn\w, \Xn-iq-\y-Zn\w (δ =φ) kw_Ôn¨ ]«nI \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv ho−pw {i²n-t¡-−-Xp-−v.

kqcy]c-a-{Im´n ω = 240 A£mwiw

φ λ1 for δ = φ λ2 for δ = φ

12 30.74 149.26

11 27.98 152.02

10.85 27.57 152.43

10 25.27 154.73

9.5 23.94 156.06

9 22.62 157.38

8 20.01 159.99

Cu ]«n-I-bnse λ1 for δ = φ aqey-§Ä {i²n-¡p-I. apI-fnÂ hni-Z-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xp-t]mse DÖ-bn-\n¡v sX¡v, AXm-bXv A£mwiw kqcysâ ]c-am-{Im´n


43

AYhm A¨p-X-−nsâ sNcn-hn-s\-¡mÄ Ipd-hmb Øe-§-fnÂ kqcy³ aqÀ²m-hnÂ kw{I-an-¡p-¶, \ngÂ iq\y-am-Ip¶ c−v Znh-k-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. tIc-f-¯nse 12

0N ¡pw 08

0N ¡pw CS-bn-epÅ `mK¯v Cu Znh-k-§-fnse kqcy-

kv^pSw ]«n-I-bnÂ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. sshim-J-ip¢XrXob F§s\ 310

apXÂ Xmtgm«v 200 hsc kqcy-kv^p-S-hp-ambn tbmPn¨p hcmw?

Bcy- -S³ ]d-bp-¶Xv {i²n-¡p-I þ bpK-hÀj-am-k-Zn-hkmx kaw {]hr-¯mkvXp ssN{X-ip-¢mtZx þ AXm-bXv hÀjhpw amkhpw Znh-khp XpS-§p-¶Xv ssN{X-ip-¢-{]-Xn-]Zw taS-kw-{I-a- n-t\mSv tNcp-t¼m-gm-Wv. At¸mÄ ssN{Xm- n-I- nÂ kqcy\v 30

0kv^pSw F¶v hcp-¶p. kuc-Nm-{µ-hÀj-§-fnÂ 11 XnYn Ipd-bp-¶-Xn-\mÂ c−m-as¯ hÀj- nÂ sshimJ GIm-Z-in-¡mWv 30

0kqcykv pSw hcn-I. aq¶mw hÀjw sshim-J-Ir-jvW-k-]vX-an, XpSÀ¶v \memw hÀjw sshim-J-ip-¢-Xr-Xo-b¡v kqcy\v 30

0kv^pSamIp-¶p. kqcy-kv^pSw 20

0¡pw 300¡pw CS-bn-em-Ip¶ XnYn-bmWv sshim-J-ip-¢-Xr-Xob

F¶v ChnsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p. ap¼v \mw NÀ¨ sNbvX ]g-b-Im-es¯ Xncp-\m-hm-bnse HmWhpw B−p-]n-d-hnbpw t]mse, kqcy³ \½psS sIm¨p-tI-c-f-¯n\v \ngÂ hogv msX aqÀ²m-hneqsS IS-¶p-t]m-Ip¶ Zn\-§Ä. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v `qau- q-t]mbw {]m]y \ÂIp¶ s]cp-amÄ hÀj-¯nÂ þ

� 20 G{]nÂ 215 CE, 06:00 `c-X- p-g-bpsS ]X-\-Ø-e¯v 10N51, 75E45, λ1Sun

= 28020'. N{µ-kv^pSw 66

023' XnYn, ip¢-Xr-Xob cm{Xn-bnÂ Ah-km-\n- p.

]IÂ a²ym-Ó-kq-cy\v Xncp-\m-hm-bnÂ Omb iq\yw. ]«nI t\m¡p-I.

XobXn Ien-Zn\w chnkv^pSw chn{Imń N{µ³

215/04/12 06 1211222 20°37' 08°07' 330°26'

215/04/13 06 1211223 21°35' 08°29' 342°19'

215/04/14 06 1211224 22°33' 08°51' 354°11'

215/04/15 06 1211225 23°31' 09°13' 06°02'

215/04/16 06 1211226 24°29' 09°34' 17°56'

215/04/17 06 1211227 25°27' 09°56' 29°54'

215/04/18 06 1211228 26°24' 10°17' 41°56'

215/04/19 06 1211229 27°22' 10°38' 54°05'

215/04/20 06 1211230 28°20' 10°59' 66°23'

215/04/21 06 1211231 29°18' 11°19' 78°51'

19 G{]nÂ 215 CE cm{Xn-bn-emWv kq£va-ambn ]d-ªmÂ XrXo-b. F´p-sIm−v 19/20 G{]nÂ 215 CE Cu Znhkw ]c-ip-cm-a-P-bńsb¶v hnfn-¡-s¸«p? Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-\mb ]c-ip-cm-a\v ap¼v Xs¶bmWv Nnc-RvPo-hn-bptS-Xmb Cu ]c-ip-cma Pbń BtLmjw XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶-sX¶ Imcy- nÂ kwi-b-an-Ã.


44

3. sshim-J-ip-¢-Xr-Xo-bbpw BIm-i-\o-co-£-W-§fpw

ip\yOmbmZn\w AYhm aqcv²m-hnse kqcy-kw-{I-a- nsâ Cu XobXn bpambn _Ô-s¸« an¯p-I-fnse Nnc-RvPo-hn-bmb ]c-ip-cm-a-s\¶ IYm-]m-{X-am-cmWv? apI-fnÂ ]dª Xob-Xn¡v Ing-¡³ N{I-hm-f- n-te¡v H¶v t\m¡n-bmÂ aXn D¯-c- n-\v. s]Àkyqkv F¶ Xmc-]p-RvP-amWv ]c-ip-cm-a³. Cu

Xmc-]p-RvP- nse {][m\ Xmc-amWv α-þs]Àkyqkv (Imń-am\w1.82).

]c-ip-cm-a³ agp-sh-dn-bp¶ cq]-apÅ s]gvkyqkv Xmc-KWw. jj

20 G{]nÂ 215 CE, kqtcym-Zbw 05:46 DÖ-bn\n ka-bw. c−-v -\m-gnI DZ-bmÂ ]qÀÆw (04:58) kqcy³ GXm−v 11

0 N{I-hm-f-ko-a¡v Xmsg \nÂs¡, N{I-hm-

tfm-]cn s]gvkyqkv Zriya-Ã. α-þs]Àkyqkv (D-Zbw 04:58) N{I-h-mfs¯ kv]Àin¡p¶-tX-bp-Åp. {]`m-X-k-Ôy 04:33 (twilight hour) \v Bcw- n-¡p-¶-Xn-

\mÂ α-þs]Àkyqkv (D-Zbw 04:58) N{I-hmfs¯ kv]Àin-¡p-s¶-¦nepw Zriy-am-I-bn-Ã. Xncp-\m-hm-bpsS A£mwiw ]cn-K-Wn- mÂ -]g-b-Im-e¯v kqtcym-]cn

{]`m-XkÔy¡v ap¼v Zriy-am-bn-cp¶ α-þs]Àkyqkv s]cp-amÄIm-e-amb

{InkvXp-hÀj-w c−mw-\q-äm-−n-te¡v Zriy-a-Ãm-Xm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. α-þs]Àkyqkv (D-Zbw 04:58) {]`m-k-k-Ôy¡v ap¼v IjvSn v Zriy-am-bncp¶ ka-b-amWv kqcysâ tIc-f- nse aqÀ²v\n-kw-{I-aw. AXm-bXv kqcysâ {Kojva-{Im- n-

]qÀÆ-amb tIc-f- nse a²ymÓOmbm-c-ln-X-Zn-\-¯nÂ ( δ =φ, λ1) α-

þs]Àkyqkv AkvX-an-¡p-¶p. {In.ap 1175 apX-epÅ kqcy-sâbpw s]gvkyq-kn-sâbpw _Ô-s¸« hnh-c-§Ä Xmsg \ÂIp-¶p.

(Xmsg) 30 G{]nÂ 1175BC: ]c-ip-cm-am_vZw Bcw- n- p-sh¶v sFXnlyw ]d-bp¶ Cu Imew apXÂ {InkvXp-hn\v tijw aq¶mw \qäm−v hsc s]gvkyqkv \£{Xw A£-b-Xr-Xo-btbmS-Sp¯v cmhnse


45

kqtcym-]cn Zriy-am-bn-cp-¶p. `mÀ¤-h-s\¶ ip{I-t\m-sSm¸w ]c-ip-cm-as\ cmhnse ImWp-¶-XmWv Nn{Xw.

s]gvkyqkv 04:33 Imew chn λλλλ chn δδδδ D¶Xmwiw DZbw

-1174 28°28' 11°06' 08°14' 3:50

-974 28°26' 11°05' 07°31' 3:53

-774 28°24' 11°03' 06°47' 3:56

-574 28°22' 11°02' 06°03' 4:00

-374 28°20' 11°01' 05°18' 4:03

-174 28°18' 10°59' 04°33' 4:07

26 28°16' 10°58' 03°47' 4:10

226 28°15' 10°57' 03°01' 4:14

N{I-hmfw

`rKp

`rKp

N{I-hmfw

chn

`mÀ¤-h³


46

A£b XrXob s]gvkyqknsâ DZb Ime-am-Wv (Heliacal rise of α-Perseus). Cu Xob-Xn¡p ap¼mbn s]gvkyq-kns\ an¯p-I-fnse ]c-ip-cm-as\ ImWm-\m-hn-Ã. Bcy- -Ssâ AKkvXy {]am-W- n\v hn]-co-X-amWv ChnsS ØnXn. CS-h-kq-cy\v AK-kvXy³ AkvX-am-Ip-t¼mÄ ]c-Np-cm-a³ DZn-¡p-¶p.

XI. BZntN-c-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS Imew

XÀ¡-hn-XÀ¡-P-Sn-e-amb tNc-N-cn{Xw B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn ]d-bp-hm-\pÅ Adn-sh-\n-¡n-Ã. XoÀ¯pw A{]-Xo-£-ambn ]Xn-äp- - nsâ31 Hcp tIm¸nbpw AXnse tPymXnximkv{X-]-c-amb c−v ]cm-aÀi-§fpw s]cp-amÄ Ah-tcm-[hpw aäpw ]Tn- n-cp¶ L«- nÂ ssI¿n-se- p-I-bp-−m-bn. AÂ]w Nne IW-¡p-Iq-«-ep-IÄ Fs¶ hnkva-b-s¸-Sp- p-Ibpw XpSÀ¶v tIc-tfmÂ]¯n \ÂIp¶ s]cp-amÄ Ah-tcm-[Imes¯ ASn-Øm-\-ambn (215CE) BZntNc-·m-cpsS Imew Xn«-s¸-Sp- p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. ]Xnäp- - nse BIm-i-¡m-gvN-IÄ¡v icn-bmb hni-I-e\w e`y-am-b-Xn-\mÂ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS {i²-bnÂ s]Sp- p-¶-Xn-\mbn Hcp Ipdn-s -gp-Xp-I-bmWv Chn-sS. {io. Fw.-Pn.-F-kv. \mcm-b-Wsâ s]cp-amÄ Ncn{Xw F¶ IrXn e`y-a-Ãm- -Xp-sIm−v Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS s]cp-amÄ Ime-K-W\ F¶v apXÂ Bcw- n-¡p-¶p-sh¶v Xn«-s¸-Sp- m\pw Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. tae-§¯v \mcm-b-W³ Ip«nbpw aäv Nnecpw BZn tNc-·msc {InkvXp-hÀjw Bdmw \qäm-−nÂ k¦Â]n-¡p-¶p. sdman-e-Ym- -dp-sSbpw aäpw ho£Ww apI-fnÂ ]d-bp-I-bp-−m-bn 32 . ]Xn-äp- - nse ]¯v ]Xn-I-§-fnÂ Fs«-®-amWv e`y-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv. tXmÂhn kw -hn¨ cmPm-¡-·m-sc- -än-bpÅ ]Xn-I-§Ä \o¡w sN¿-s¸-«p-sh¶v A\p-am-\n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]Xn-äp- - nÂ e`y-amb BZn-tN-c-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS hwim-hen Xmsg \ÂIp-¶p.

31

Aiyyar, GV, Patittupattu verses along with Malayalam translation, Kerala Sahitya

Academy, Trichur, 1997.

32 http://www.tamilnadu.ind.in/tamilnadu_history/sangam_age/greek_and_roman_con

tacts_in_sangam_age.php. “Based on the literary, epigraphic and archaeological

sources, it is established by scholars that the Sangam Age flourished from Third

Century B.C. to Third Century A.D”. Kerala Government site is silent about the

date of the Cera rulers but the http://keralahistory.net/1b to 8b sites present some

chronological details of the Kings: http://keralahistory.net/4b.html places Uthiyan

Ceralathan who got defeated in the Venni War in 2nd

century CE, Nārmudi Ceral at

the middle of the 2nd

Century CE, Ceran Cenkuttuvan at the end of 2nd

century CE

by taking the reign of Gajabāhu of Lankā from 171-193CE. Account takes the last

of the reign of Ceras to the beginning of the 4th

century CE and dates given appear

to be inconsistent. Gajabāhu-I according to Kanakasabhā Pillai’s work ‘The

Tamils 1800 Years Ago’ (1904) lived during 113-134CE and the dating is based on

the Buddhist chronicle Dīpavamśa.


47

]XnIw tNc-N-{I-hÀ¯n hmgvNImew

1 s]cp-t©mdp DXn-bÂ tNcÂ BX³ --]XnIw CÃ

2 Ca-b-h-c-¼³ s\Spw tNcÂ BX³ 58

3 ]eymss\ sNÂsIgp Ip«p-h³ 25

4 If-¦m-bvI®n \mÀapSn tNcÂ 25

5 tNcÂ sN¦p-«p-h³ 55

6 BSp-tImSv ]m«p tNcÂ BX³ 35

7 sNÂh ISpwtIm Bgn BX³ 25

8 XIn-SqÀ Fdn´ s]cp-tN-cÂ Ccp-s¼mssd 17

9 ISpt¡m Cfw-tN-cÂ Ccp-s¼mssd 16

10 amćw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼mssd ]XnIw CÃ

]Xn-äp- - nse Cu hmgvN-¡m-e-§Ä ]eXpw Hcp Xe-ap-d-bpsS cmP-N-cn-{X-§-fnÂ AYhm hwim-h-en-I-fnÂ e`y-amb icm-icnhÀj-t¯-¡mÄ hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. F¶mÂ F«p cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS Imew \ÂIp¶ ]Xn-I-§-fnÂ IqSnb hÀj-amb 58 t]mse Ipdª Ime-amb 16 Dw 17 Dw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb hnh-c-amWv ]mW-·mÀ ]m«p-I-fnÂ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v hmgvN-¡m-e-§-fpsS Gä-¡p-d- n-enÂ \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw. sI. G. \oe-I-WvT-imkv{Xn apI-fnÂ \ÂInb 259 hÀj-§Ä tNc-Ncn{XIm-e-ambn AwKoIcn¡p-¶n-Ã. At±lw ]d-bp-¶Xv ZoÀL-amb Ime-§Ä Hcm-fpsS am{Xw hmgvN-¡m-e-a-Ã,33 Ipe-hm-gvN-bpsS Ahy-àX sIm−v Hcm-fp-tS-Xmbn FgpXn-t¸m-b-Xm-Wv.

imkv{Xn-I-fpsS hmZw kwLIhn-I-fpsS kmam-\y-_p-²nsb \ncm-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. DXn-b³ tNcÂ BX\pw CXcÀ¡pw A¶v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ kmaq-ly-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ hmÀ²-Iy- nepw Ipam-c-·m-cp-−mbn F¶v Icp-Xn-bmÂ Xe-ap-d-IÄ¡v ImWp¶ hfsc ZoÀL-Im-e-amb hmgvN-¡mew hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m-\m-Ipw. \ap¡v Cu hmgvN-¡m-e-§-fpsS clkyw a\-Ên-em-Im- Xp sIm−v Ah-bnÂ HmhÀem- nwKv Btcm-]n-¡p-¶Xv icn-bm-sW¶v tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. ChnsS Cu tNc-Ime NÀ -bpsS ASn-Øm\w tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb At\z-jWw BI-bmÂ HmhÀem- nwKv kzoI-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. ]Xn-äp- - nse tNc-Im-e-§fpw \memw ]m«nse KuX-a-\m-cpsSbpw ]pd-\m-\qdv ]pdw 229 sebpw BIm-i-\n-co-£-W-§fpw Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI km²ytam F¶-XmWv \½psS {]iv\w.

33

"The number of years they are said to have ruled totals 201 while another three

monarchs of the collateral line are said to have reigned for a further 58 years in all.

Their reigns surely cannot have been successive and we must therefore postulate a

very considerable degree of over lapping..." , KA Nilakantha Sastri, A History of

South India, p. 109.


48

1. tIc-tfmÂ]¯n \ÂIp¶ \mgn-I-¡Ãpw tNc-Im-ehpw

tIc-tfmÂ]¯n \ÂIp¶ tNc-þ-s]-cp-amÄN-cn-{X-§-fpsS \mgn-I-¡Ãv `qau- q-t]mƒbw {]m]ym F¶ ]cÂt]-cn-eqsS {InkvXp-hÀjw 215 BsW¶v \mw ap¼v ImWp-I-bp-−m-bn. Cu ASn-Øm-\-hÀj- n\v ap¼v tNc-hmgvN Ah-km-\n- p-sh¶ k¦Â]- nÂ ]Xn-äp- ¯v \ÂIp¶ hmgvN-¡mew D]-tbm-Kn v \ap¡v tNc-·m-cpsS Imew \nÀ®-bn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. \jvS-s¸-«p-t]mb ]¯mw ]m«nse tNcsâ Imew Adn-bn-sÃ-¶-Xn-\mÂ AÂ]w Ahy-àX kwPm-X-am-Ip-¶Xv Dulm-t]m-l- n-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xmsg \ÂIp¶ ]«n-I-bnÂ {ian- n-cn-¡p-¶p.

Ime-K-W\-I Ime-K-W\-II t]cp-IÄ

hmgvN Bcw`w

CE hmgvN CE –

Beginning

icn-bmb Ime-L«w-

s]cp-amÄ 215 215

tNc³ 10 10 205 2 213 213-215 CE

tNc³ 9 16 189 16 197 197-213 CE

tNc³ 8 17 172 17 180 180 – 197 CE

tNc³ 7 25 147 25 155 155 – 180 CE

tNc³ 6 35 112 35 120 120 – 155 CE

tNc³ 5 55 57 55 65 65 – 120 CE

tNc³ 4 25 32 25 40 40 – 65 CE

tNc³ 3 25 7 25 15 15 – 40CE

tNc³ 2 58 -51 58 -43 -43 to 15 CE

tNc³ 1 -43 to XX CE

]Xn-äp- -Xnse ]XnIw CÃm¯ ]¯mw tNc\v c−v hmg-N-¡mew \ÂIn Ime-K-W\ \S- n-b-XnÂ tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]m«p-I-fnse ]cm-aÀi-§Ä¡v icn-bmb km[q-I-cWw e`n-¡p-¶Xv amćw tNcen\v 215 CE Ah-ew-_-ambn c−v hÀjw \ÂIp-t¼m-gm-Wv. 213 CE Â Xs¶ At±-l- nsâ Xncp-\m-hm-bnse hmgvN Ah-km-\n- n-cn-¡mw. amam-¦- n\v ap¼v amćw tNcn-en\v Øm\-{`wiw D−m-I-bmÂ s]cp-am-fns\ hmgn- p-sh¶v Duln-¡mw.

2. Cu tNc-Im-e-K-W-\-bpsS km[pX

]Xn-äp- - nse \memw ]m«nepw ]pd-\m-\q-dnse ]pdw 229 epw ImWp¶ hm\-\n-co-£-W-]-c-amb {]kvXm-h-§sf KWn-X- n-eqsS a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ {ian- -Xnsâ hni-Zmw-i-§Ä Xmsg \ÂIp-¶p.

� ]m«v \mev þ ]eymss\ sNÂsIgp Ip«p-h³

Cu ]m«nse KuX-a-\m-cpsS ]cm-aÀi-an-Xm-Wv. shÅn \£{Xw hS¡v ag-¡-\p-Iq-e-amb {Kl-§-tfmSv IqSn \n¶n«pw ag- s]-¿m¯ C¡m-e¯v t]mepw tNc³


49

P\-X-Xnsb kar-²-ambn Du«n-t¸m-äp¶p. Cu \nco-£Ww D−m-bXv 8 sabv 34

CE BsW¶v \nÝ-bn-¡mw. Nn{Xw t\m¡p-I.

]Xn-äp- ¯v \memw ]¯nÂ KuX-a-\mÀ ]d-bp¶ Ing¡p I− ip -{K-

l-tbmKw þ ]eymss\ sNÂsIgp Ip«p-hsâ Imew. - 8 sabv 34 CE ({In.-hÀjw).

Cu Znhkw AkvX-a-\mZn c−c \mgn-I¡v ip{Is\ {Im´n-hr- - n\v hS¡v (D- -c-A-£mw-iw, Latitude +Ve) _p[³, N{µ³, ip{I³, Kpcp F¶ D¶-Xmwi {Ia- nÂ {Im´n-hr- - n\v hS¡v ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. BÀ{Z-{]-th-i- n\v 20

chn

N{I-hmfw

ip{I³

N{µ³

_p[³

Kpcp {In.-h. 34,

sabv 8


50

Znhkw am{Xw _m¡n \nÂs¡ tcmln-Wn-bnse kqcy\v ip -{K-l-§Ä D¯-tcm- cw Ing¡v \nÂs¡ Ime-hÀjw Bcw- n-¡m-Xn-cp¶ ka-bs¯¡pdn-¨mWv KuX-a-\mÀ kqNn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. apI-fnÂ \ÂInb Ime-K-W-\þII A\p-k-cn¨v ]eymss\ sNÂsIgp Ip«p-hsâ Imew 15 -45CE BI-bmÂ KuX-a-\m-cpsS \memw ]m«nse hm\-\n-co-£Ww At±-l- nsâ Ime- mWv \S-¶-sX¶v sXfn-bp-¶p.

� ]pd-\m-\qdv \ÂIp¶ Ifss¦ I®n \mÀapSn tNc-ensâ ac-W-¯o-bXn

]pd-\m-\qdv, ]pdw 229 A\p-k-cn¨v BIm-i- nÂ sImÅn-ao³ {]Xy-£-s¸«v Ggmw Znh-kw `qan-Ip-ep-¡hpw tNcsâ ac-Whpw D−m-bn. hfsc ck-I-c-amb Hcp hm\-\n-co-£-W-amWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv þ34

'kqcy³ taS- nÂ \nÂs¡ ImÀ¯n-I-Zn\w AÀ²-cm-{Xn-bnÂ, Ing¡v A\ng¯nsâ ]Ýn-a-Xmcw apXÂ ]Sn-ªmdv ]pWÀX- nsâ ]qÀÆ-Xmcw hsc Zriy-am-bn-cp-¶-p. ss]¦p\n (^mÂKp-\w) BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bnÂ aqÀ²m-hnÂ Ncn- n-cp¶ (Zenith transit) Xmcw Øm\w amdn-¡-mWp¶p. Cu ImÀ¯n-I-Zn-\- nÂ hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ BIm-i- nÂ Hcp sImÅn-ao³ {]Xy-£-ambn'

s]cp-ao³, sImÅn-ao³ AYhm hmÂ\-£{Xw F¶v I−v lmen-bpsS hmÂ\-£-{X-am-sW¶ \nK-a-\- nÂ 141CE BWv Cu aq¶mw tNcsâ Ime-sa¶ \nK-a\w {]Nm-c- n-ep-−v. 75-76 hÀjw Bhr- n-bnÂ ImW-s -Sp¶ lmen-bpsS hmÂ\£{Xw 141CE ¡v apt¼m ]nt¼m h¶n-cn-¡m-\pÅ km²yX XÅn-¡-f-bm-\m-In-Ã. {]tXy-In¨pw kwL-Imew kw_-Ôn¨v \qäm-−p-I-fpsS hyXym-k-apÅ hmZ-K-Xn-IÄ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ kml-N-cy- nÂ ]pdw 229 \ÂIp¶ hm\-\n-co-£-W- n\v ]qÀ®-amb hni-I-e\w km²y-am-bmÂ am{Xta lmen ASn-Øm-\-amb \nK-a-\-¯n\v km[p-X-bp-Åp. Xmsg \ÂIp¶ hni-I-e\w A\p-k-cn¨v 27 amÀ v 65CE ¡mWv hmÂ\-£{Xw ImW-s¸-«-sX¶pw G{]nÂ 2 \v Bbneyw \£-{X- nÂ tNc³ ac-W-s¸-«-Xmbpw a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

(a) ss]¦p\n AYhm ^mÂKp\ amkw BZy-]-IpXn ]uÀ®-am- -K-W-\-bnÂ IrjvW-]-£-am-Wv. hm\-\n-co-£-W- n\v Gähpw tbmPn- Xpw IrjvW-]£w Xs¶. 8 s^{_p-hcn 65CE apXÂ 21s^{_p-hcn hsc-bmWv C¡m-ew.

34

"In the first half of the month Painkuni a star (celestial body, may be a star or a

planet) was found to transit the zenith at midnight. As days passed and Sun entered

Āt�u or Med �am (Aries), midnight had the first star of Anurādhā on the Eastern horizon

and the last star of Pun�arvasu on the West. The zenithal body of the Painkuni first half

was now found to decline from zenith at midnight and at this time on the day when

Moon was in Kr�ttikā (Alcyone), a brilliant Comet lighted the North East…”


51

(b) ^mÂKp\ IrjvW-]-£-w AÀ²-cm-{Xn-bnse BImiw t\m¡n-bmÂ \ap-¡-dnbmw {it²-b-amb \£-{X-§-sfm¶pw Xs¶ Sn ]Xn-\©p Znh-k-§-fnÂ aqÀ²m-hnÂ (Zenith) kw{I-an-¡p-¶n-Ã. At¸mÄ tNcsâ IY ]d-bp¶ ]mW³ aqÀ²m-hnÂ I−Xv F´mWv? 8 s^{_p-hcn 65CE apXÂ 21s^{_p-hcn hsc aqÀ²m-hnÂ ]mW\v Zriy-amb {Klw i\n-bm-Wv. Nn{Xw {i²n-¡p-I. 18 s^{_p-hcn¡v i\n AÀ²-cm-{Xn-bnÂ aqÀ²m-hnÂ kw{I-an-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn.

If-¦m-bvI®n \mÀap-Sn-tN-c-ensâ ac-W-Im-es¯ i\n-bpsS Nmc-ØnXn 18

s^{_p-hcn 65 CE. ]pdw 229 (]pd-\m-\q-dv) Ipw`w-þ-ao\w amk-§-fnse i\n-bpsS AÀ[-cm-{Xn-bn-se, \t`m-a-[y-ØnXn ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. Ing¡pw ]Sn-ªmdpw I− \£-{X-§-sfbpw ]d-bp-¶p.

(c) Cu ka-b¯v Ipw`w-þ-ao\w kÔn-bnÂ kqcy³ (kmb\ λ =3280) \nÂs¡

AÀ²-cm-{Xn-bnÂ i\n \t`m-a[yw XcWw sNbvX-t¸mÄ Ing¡v A\p-cm-

i\n

]pWÀXw

A\ngw


52

[bnw (α-Scorpio) ]Sn-ªm-d³ N{I-hm-f- nÂ ]pWÀX- nsâ (γ-Geminorum ) Dw Zriy-am-bn-cp-¶p.

(d) Imew ChnsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p. kq£va-ambn Zn\-s - än ]mW³ kqNn- n-¡p-¶Xv \mw {i²n-¡-Ww. AÀ²-cm-{Xn¡v \t`m-a-[y- nÂ Ncn- n-cp¶ {Klw hyXn-N-en¨p ImWsh, taS-amk¯nse ImÀ¯nI Znhkw hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ Zni-bnÂ s]cp-ao³ ImW-s -«p. 27 amÀ¨v 65CE BWv Cu Znh-kw.

(e) If-ss¦-I®n \mÀapSn tNcÂ Ggmw Znhkw ac-W-s¸-«p. 2 G{]nÂ 65 CE, Bbneyw \£-{Xw.

(f) Cu XobXn \nÀ®-bs¯ lmen-bpsS hmÂ\-£{Xw ]n´p-W-¡p-¶p. ssN\okv hm\-\n-co-£-W-tc-J-I-f-\p-k-cn¨v lmen-bpsS hmÂ\-£{Xw (þ) 11CE Â {]Xy-£-s -«n-cp-¶p. ASp- -h-c-hnsâ tcJ-s¸-Sp- -emWv ]pd-\m-\q-dnse tNcsâ Ncn-{X- nÂ \mw ImWp-¶-Xv.

(g) 65CE tKmkv]-ep-IÄ (kp-hn-ti-j-§Ä) Fgp-X-s¸« Ime-ambn ]mÝmXy hnZzm-·mÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. \t`m-a[yw XcWw sN¿p¶ {Klw am{X-amWv Hcp Øe- n\v apI-fnÂ \n¶p F¶p ]d-bp-hm³ km[n-¡p-I. NmÂUn-b³ kn²-·mÀ¡v hgn-Im-«n-bmbn _Xvetlan\v apI-fnÂ Hcp \£{Xw sN¶v \n¶-Xmb sFXn-ly- n\v t{]cIw apI-fnÂ hyà-am-¡nb AÀ²-cm-{Xn-bnse i\n-bpsS \t`ma[y-kw-{I-a-am-Wv.

� Ncn-{X-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ

]Xn-I-§-fnse hmgvN-¡m-e-§Ä ASn-Øm-\-ambn apI-fnÂ \ÂInb tNc-Im-e-\nÀ®-b- n\v Xmsg ]d-bp¶ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb kwK-Xn-IÄ sXfnhv \ÂIp-¶p.

1. {ioe-¦-bnse KP_m-lp-hp-ambn (113-134 CE ) tNc³ sN¦p-«p-hsâ (65-

120CE ) ka-Im-eo-\-X.

2. Ccp-s¼mssd F¶ t]cpÅ Ah-km\ tNc-·m-cpsS Imew {InkvXp-hn\v tijw c−mw \qäm-−m-sW¶v enJn-X-§Ä ASn-Øm-\-ambn \nÀ®-bn- n-«p-Å-Xmbn sFcm-hXw alm-tZ-h³ ]d-bp-¶p. 35 XISqÀ Fdn- -s]-cp-tN-c-ensâ Imew ChnsS \nÀ®-bn- n-cn-¡p-¶Xv 180-197CE Sn \nÀ®-b-t¯mSv tbmPn-¡p-¶p.

3. hntZ-in-I-fpsS tcJ-IÄ. {Ìmt_m-bpsS `qan-imkv{Xw, ¹n\n-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-T-\w (77CE), AÚm-X-\m-am-hmb k©m-cn-bpsS Fcn-{Xn-b³ IS-ense

35 http://www.tamil.net/list/2000-12/msg00937.html

)http://www.harappa.com/script/mahadevantext.html#12, sFcm-hXw alm-tZ-hsâ A`n-apJw Cu sh_-ssk-äp-I-fnÂ e`y-am-Wv.


53

s]cn-¹-kv (62CE), tSmf-an-tbm-knsâ `qan-imkv{Xw Ch kwkvIm-c-k-¼-¶hpw hnI-kn-X-hp-amb tIc-f- n-\v, tdma-¡mcpw {Ko¡vImcpw aäp-ap-−m-bn-cp¶ I¨-h-S-_-Ô-s¯- -änbpw Øe-§-sf- -änbpw aXn-bmb hnh-c-§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. Ch-cpsS Ime- mWv tNc-·m-cpsS {]Xm-]-sa¶v AXn-\mÂ Duln-¡mw. kao-]-Im-e¯v Ipgn-s¨-Sp-¡-s¸« \mW-b-\n-[n-Ifpw kam-\-amb sXfnhv \ÂIp-¶p.

XII. Cu ]T\w ChnsS Ah-km-\n-¡p¶nÃ...

tIc-f-N-cn-{X-s¯- -än-bpÅ Cu NÀ¨ ChnsS Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶n-Ã. ssP\-]m-c-¼-cy- nÂ \njn-²-ambn H¶p-an-Ã. Hcp ]s£ hfsc ap¼v £tbm-·p-J-am-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xp-sIm−v C¶v \mw ImWp¶ Aim-kv{Xo-b-X-bp-sS t]¡q¯v ssP\-]m-c-¼-cys¯ sslµ-h-sa¶ ]mc-¼-cy-t¯mfw _m[n- n-«n-Ã. hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn \mw a\-Ên-em-¡n-bmÂ lc- m, taml-RvsP-Zm-tcmIfpsS Imew apX-epÅ tbmKm-ß-I, imkv{Xm-ßI kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS `mc-X-¯nse bYmÀ° ]n´p-SÀ¨-¡mÀ ssP\cpw _u²-cp-am-Wv.

`mc-X- nse P\-XXn GXv PmXn-bnÂ s]«-h-cm-bmepw _lp- q-cn-]-£hpw ssP\-_u-²-\m-K-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nsâ Ah-Im-in-I-fm-Wv. Ncn-{X- nsâ GtXm Ccp-fm− Imes¯ Bcy-kw-kÀ¤w ]utcm-ln-Xy¯n\v A{]-am-ZnXzw \ÂInb Hcp kmaqly hyhØsbbpw ]nWn-bm-f-·m-scbpw krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw ]ucm-Wn-I-ambn \ne-\n¶ kwkvImc¯n\p taÂ AXnsâ kzXzw Xncn¨dnbm-\m-Im¯ hn[w kwkvIr-X- nsâ Hcp aqSp-]Sw AWn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \½psS imkv{Xo-bhpw B²ym-ßn-I-hp-amb ]mc-¼-cys¯ tNmZyw sN¿p¶ B aqSp-]-Ss¯ \mw Noń-sb-dn-tb− Imew AXn-{I-an¨p Ign-ªp.

kwkvIr-X- nse ]mWvUnXyw sIm−pw XÀ¡-hn-XÀ¡-§-fpsS C{µ-Pmew sIm−pw B[p-\nI a\-Ên\v XS-bn-Sm-\m-In-Ã. hkvXp-X-IÄ¡pw C{µn-bhpw AXo-{µn-b-hp-amb A\p- -h-§Ä¡pw hmKvt²m-cWn sIm−v A{]-am-ZnXzw kn²-am-bn-cp¶ Imew Ign-ªp. tbmK-Ýn- -hr¯n \ntcm[w F¶ \mK-]-X-RvPen ]d-ª-Xn\v t\Àhn-]-co-X-ambn hnIÂ]m-ßI t]¡q- p-IÄ sIm−v ]mhw a\p-jys\ ab-¡n-s¡-Sp- p¶ C¶s¯ B²ym-ßnI ]mc-¼-cy-aÃ \½psS bYmÀ° ]mc-¼-cyw. hkp-tZ-h-Ir-jvW-\n-eq-sSbpw _p²-\n-eq-sSbpw ssP\-\n-eq-sSbpw \Ip-eo-i-\n-eq-sSbpw I]n-e-\n-eq-sSbpw lçm Imew hsc, {InkvXp-hn\v ap¼v aqhm-bn-c-am−v hsc ]n¶n-te¡ InS-¡p¶ ]mc-¼-cy- n\v Ah-Im-in-I-fmWv \mw. sslµ-h-sa¶ t]cn-s\´p {]kàn? t]cp-I-fp-sSbpw AXn-cp-I-fp-sSbpw A¸p-d-amWv lc- m. t]cpw AXn-cp-Ifpw \½psS hnIÂ] krjvSn-bm-Wv. FÃm t]cp-I-fnepw t]cn-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p¶ GI k¯sb km£vXvI-cn-¡p-I-bm-sWtÃm `mc-X- nsâ B²ym-ßnI ktµiw. cmjv{So-b- nsâ t]cp-hn-fn-IÄ¡pw t]mÀhn-fn-IÄ¡pw AXo-X-am-bn, a\-Êp-Isf CSp-§nb Nn´m-K-Xn-I-fnÂ Xf- n-Sp¶ hnIÂ]-hr- n-IÄ¡-Xo-X-ambn kXys¯ Adn-bp-hm³ B{K-ln-¡p-t¼mÄ Pn\-s\-t¶m, _p²-s\-t¶m, inh-s\t¶m Hs¡-bpÅ t]cp-IÄ X\nsb amªp t]mIp-¶p. \mam-Xo-X-amb k¯sb¶ e£y- n-te¡v hncÂ Nq−p¶ Kpcp-¡-·m-cm-Wn-h-sc-Ãmw.


54

\½psS ssP\-_u-²-]m-c-¼-cy-§-sf- än IqSp-X-e-dn-bp-¶-Xn-eqsS am{Xta D]-\n-j- p-¡-fnse ZÀi-\-§-fp-sSbpw tbmK-im-kv{X- n-sâbpw Ncn-{X-]-Ým- ew hkvXp\njvT-ambn \ap¡v a\-Ên-em-¡m-\m-Iq. FÃmw sshZn-I-am-Wv, A²ym-ß-hn-Zy-bpsS sImSp-apSn i¦-cm-ssZz-X-amWv Fs¶ms¡ Nn¯-hr¯n sNbvX-hÀ A²ym-ßn-I-X-bpsS Hcp aqV-kzÀ¤w ]Wn-XoÀ¯n-«p-−v. kwL-Im-e-s¯- än \ap¡v H¶p-a-dn-bn-Ã, ssP\-þ-_u-²þssih-kn-²-sc- än \ap¡v H¶p-a-dn-bn-Ã, \Ip-eo-i\pw hncÂan-−\pw hnÚm-\- n-£phpw \ap¡v A\- n-a-X-cm-Wv, i¦-cm-Nm-cyÀ am{X-am-sW-Ãmw. ]utcm-ln-Xy- nsâ PoÀ®X k½m-\n¨ Cu sIm¡q-WnÂ \n¶pw \mw ]pd¯p hc-Ww. Bcy- -Ssâ ktµ-i-an-Xm-Wv.

tIc-f- n-sâbpw `mc-X- n-sâbpw bYm-X-Y-amb imkv{Xob ]mc-¼-cyhpw B²ym-ßnI ]mc-¼-cyhpw a\-Ên-em¡n \Ã-Xns\ kzoI-cn¨v ]Xncv XÅn [\yX tXSp-I-bmWv \mw sNt¿-−-Xv. PmXn-bnepw t]cnepw tZl- nepw A`n-am-\n-¡p-Ibpw ss\\w Onµń ikv{XmWn F¶v - K-hZvKoX Dcphn-Sp-Ibpw ac-Ws¯ t]Sn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p þF{X henb sshcp-²y-am-Wn-Xv. imkv{X-t¯m-Spw kXy-t¯mSpw AYhm hkvXp-X-I-tfm-SpapÅ kao-]-\¯nÂ t]mepw hnIr-X-Nn- -hr- n¡v hnt[-b-cm-sW-¶-Xn\v CXnÂ]cw Hcp sXfn-sh- mWv th−Xv?

tbmK-im-kv{X-amWv `mc-Xob imkv{X-§-fpsS sImSp-ap-Sn. FÃm `mc-Xob ZÀi-\-§-fp-sSbpw ASn-Øm\w tbmK-hr- n-bm-Wv. C¶s¯ `mcXhpw temIhpw I−mÂ ssP\-þ-_p-²þ]X-RvP-en-amtc-¡mÄ henb Ah-Xm-c-§-tfm F¶v \ap¡v tXm¶n-t¸m-Ipw. tbmKn¡v \nÀÆ-N-\-an-Ã. tbmKo-iz-csâ `mhw Imfn-Zm-k\v am{Xta hnh-cn-¡p-hm³ Ign-ªn-«pÅp. tbmK-þ-kn-²-]m-c-¼cyw inYn-e-am-Im-Xn-cn-¡p-hm³ Nne IÅ-\m-W-b-§sf \mw Xncn¨dn-bWw. Nn -hr¯n IqSmsX AXv km[y-a-Ã. icn-bmb Nn¯-hr- n¡v GhÀ¡pw t{]c-I-am-Ip¶ Imfn-Zm-ksâ AÂ]w Nne hm¡p-IÄ D²-cn¨v Cu NÀ¨ Ah-km-\n- n-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

Ipam-c-kw- -h- nÂ tbmKo-iz-c-\mb inh-s\- än Imfn-Zm-k-s\-gp-Xnb tÇmI-¯nsâ ZÀi\ kuc`w hm¡p-IÄ¡-Xo-X-am-Wv.

X{Xm-án-am-[mb kan-Õ-an²w kzta-h-aqÀXy- -c-a-jvS-aqÀ¯nx kzbw hn[mXm X]kx êm\mw tI\m]n Imta\ X]-Ý-Nmc (1.57)

]cn- mj \ÂIp-¶n-Ã, e`y-amb ]mT-§Ä am{X-sa-gp-Xp-¶p. tbmKoiz-c³ AjvS-aqÀ¯n-bm-Wv. Xt]m- -e-¯nsâ hn[m-Xmhv, Xt]m- ew sImSp-¡p-¶Xv At±lw Xs¶. A§-s\-bpÅ Hcp tbmKn X]-Êp-sN-¿p-I-bm-Wv. tbmKn Bsc X]Êp sN¿p-hm³? Imfn-Zm-k-{]-Xn` ]d-ªXv þ AjvS-aqÀ¯n-bmb Xsâ Xs¶ aqÀ¯n-Xz-amb Aánsb Pzen- n¨v X]Êp sNbvXp. Fń\v? Imfn-Zm-k³ \½psS Nne alm-I-hn-am-sc-t¸mse Dulm-t]mlw hyà-am-¡m³ {ian- n-Ã. ]d-ªXv \mw {i²n-¡-Ww. tbmKnsb BÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-¡m-\m-In-Ã. AXp-sIm−v `ph-t\-iz-cn-bpsS ASn-a-bmb Zmk-s\-gpXn þ tI\m]n Imta\ X]-Ý-Nm-c þ GtXm CjvS-Im-cy- n-\m-bn-s¡m−v X]w sNbvXp.

tamln-\n-bpsS thjw sI«n tXmäp Xp¶w ]mSn tbmKn-\n-bmbn amdnb Ip¶n³a-IÄ, tbmKnsb¸än A]-hmZw ]dª {]Ñ-¶-h-Sp-hn-t\mSv {]Xn-I-cn- p.


55

AInw-N\ kw{]- hx k k¼Zmw {Xntem-I-\mYx ]nXrk-Qva-tKm-Ncx k `oa-cq]x inh CXyp-Zo-cytX \ k´n bmYmÀ°y-hnZx ]n\m-In\x ]n¨-¡mcs\¦nepw kÀÆ-k-¼- p-¡-fp-sSbpw Dd-h-nSamWv. NpSp-Im-«n-e-e-bp-Ibpw Dd-§p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-sh-¦nepw {Xntem-I-\m-Y-\m-Wv. hncq-]-s\-¦nepw awK-f-Im-cn-bmWv. ]n\m-In-bpsS kXyw Adn-bp-¶-hÀ hnc-f-am-Wv. hn`q-j-tWm-Ûm-ky-]y-\-L-t`mKo hm KPm-Pn-\m-ew_n ZpIq-e-[mcn hm I]men hm kyZ[ N{µ-ti-Jcw \ hniz-aqÀt²-c-h-[m-cytX h]px hn`q-j-Wm- q-j-W-§-sfm-s¡-b-Wn-tª-¡mw, Icn-t´mtem, ]t«m, ]mt¼m, Xe-tbm-«n-tbm, N{µ-s\- -s¶tbm Ah³[-cn-¡pw. hniz-aqÀ¯n-¡mcp−v N«w sh¡phm³? Cu tbmKn inh-\mImw, Pnt\{µ alm-ho-c-\m-Imw, _mlp-_-en-bm-Imw, IrjvW-\m-Imw. t]cnÃ AYhm FÃm t]cp-Ifpw B k -bp-tSXp Xs¶. tbmKn-bpsS Cu hÀ®\ Imfn-Zm-k\p am{Xw km²y-am-b-Xm-Wv. CXv an¯-Ã. C¶v \s½ `cn-¡p¶ [mc-W, XmSn \o«n, ImWn-Isf tamln- n-¡m-\pÅ I¬sI-«p-Im-csâ ssÌenÂ IYm-{]-kwKw \S- n tImcn- -cn- n-¡p-¶-h-s\ms¡ B ]gb kn²-]m-c-¼-cy- nsâ DbnÀs -gp-t¶Â¡p¶ I®n-I-fm-sW-¶m-Wv. AsX, tbmKn-IÄ \nÀÆ-N-\m-Xo-X-cmWv þ AXmWv \½psS anÌnIv ]mc-¼cyw þ Cu ]mc-¼-cy- nsâ ]Ým- -e- nÂ tamln-\n-am-tcm-sSm¸w \r¯w sNbvXv temIs¯ tamln- n¨ `kvam-kp-c³ t]mepw \ap¡v tbmKo-iz-c\m-Wv. ]e kplr- p-Ifpw BhÀ¯n- m-hÀ¯n¨v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A²ym-ß-hnZy imkv{X-amtWm? XmSn \o«n-b-hsâ t]¡p- p-I-sf-Ãmw A²ym-ß-hn-Zy-bm-tWm, imkv{X-amtWm? imkv{X-am-sW-¦nÂ AXnsâ kXym-ß-IX t_m²y-s¸-Sm³ ]mc-¼-cy- nÂ hn[n-I-fntÃ? D−v. ssP\-\m-I-s«, _p²-\m-I-s«, sshjvW-h-\m-I-s«, ssih-\m-I-s«, tbmKnbpsS kXy- n\v Htcsbmcp sXfnhv IWvTm- -c-W-amb aqÀJ³ am{X-am-Wv. C¡m-cy- nÂ kwibw th−v. tXhn-Sn-Èn-IÄ¡n-S-bntem, NpSp-Im-«ntem Iq¯m-Sp-¶-h-s\-¦nepw Ahsâ Igp- n\v aqÀJ³ B -c-W-sa-¦nÂ ImÂ¡Â hoWp-sIm-Åp-I. Nn -hr¯n {]I-Sn- n¨v \mS-I-am-Sp¶ asäm-cp- \pw tbmKn-b-Ã, hnIÂ]-w _m[n- -h\m-Wv, tbmK-{ -jvS-\m-Wv ---þ DZ-c-\n-an¯w _lp-Ir-X-thjw þ-- Hcp Xcw {`m´m-Wv. bYmÀ°-tbm-Kn-bpsS IY {Ko¡v Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. {In.-ap. \memw \qäm-−nÂ kn¡-µÀ IqsS sIm−p-t]mb Ie-t\mkv _m_n-tem-WnÂ Hcp Znhkw NnX-Iq«n AXnsâ taen-cp¶v Xo I¯n-¡m³ BÚm-]n- p. N{I-hÀ¯n Xs¶ t\cnÂ h¶v At]-£n- n«pw Ie-t\mkv Iq«m-¡n-bn-Ã. P\-XXn t\m¡n \nÂs¡ Xo Bfn-¡- n. {Ko¡v Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ tcJ-s -Sp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv, Xo\mf-§Ä Ie-t\m-knsâ ico-cs¯ hngp-§n-b-t¸mÄ Hscmä Ah-bhtam I¬t]m-f-Itfm t]mepw A\-§n-bn-sÃ-¶m-Wv. GXv t]cpw \ÂIq, A§-s\-bpÅ kn²-]p-cp-j-·msc krjvSn¨ ]mc-¼-cy- n\v þ AXmWv \ap¡v th−-Xv, imkv{Xo-b-X-bpsS FÃm am\-§-


56

sfbpw ImänÂ ]d¯n cma-þ-tk-Xp-hnsâ t]cnÂ ]mh-§sf _en Ign-¡p¶ kwkvIm-c-amWv sslµ-h-kw-kvIm-c-sa-¦nÂ AXv Dt]-£n¨v \mw \½psS icn-bmb ssP\-þ-_u² thcpIiv tXtS−Xm-Wv. icn-bmb XoÀ°-Øm-\-§-sf-hn-sS-bmWv? Cuiz-csâ A[n-jvTm-\-amb ico-c-¯n-emWv bYmÀ° XoÀ°-§Ä? DZm-l-c-W- n\v KwK-bpsS Ic-bnse Imin `c-X- p-g-bpsS Ic-bnse {ZmhnU\v F§s\ XoÀ°-ambn? ]©-X- z-§-fn-sem-¶nsâ aqÀ¯-cq-]-amWv Pew. A§-s\-bpÅ Pew Hgp-Ip¶ FÃm \Zn-Ifpw FÃm-bn-S¯pw, Ah-bpsS Ic-bnse Hmtcm Ime-Snbpw XoÀ°-am-Wv. hcp-W, Akn Ch ]pcn-I-§-fpsS t]cm-Wv. Ch-bpsS a[y-amWv {`qa-[yw. Cu {`qa-[y-amWv Iminbpw Ipcp-t£-{X-hpw, iw`p AYhm ØmWp, tbmK-aqcv¯n ChnsS \nh-kn-¡p-¶p. A¼- n-sbm¶v iàn-]o-T-§fpw ]{´−v tPymXnÀenw-K-§fpw \½psS ico-c- nÂ tbmKm-\p- -h-I-c-ambn Zriy-am-Wv. `mc-X- nse imkv{Xob ]mc-¼-cy- n-sâ \nZÀi-\-§-fm-Wn-h. Aao_ F¶ GI-tIm-i-Po-hn-t]mepw P·w-sIm-Åm-Xn-cp¶ Ime¯v D−m-bn-cp¶ IS-ense ]md-¡q-«s¯ ico-c-¯nse {]mW-kz-cq-]n-bmb cmasâ t]cnÂ tkXp-hm-¡p-¶-XÃ \½psS imkv{X]mc-¼-cyw. ]mc-¼-cy- nsâ t]cnÂ ]mIn-Øm-\nÂ \n¶pw hcp¶ Aªq-dp-cq]m t\m«p-t]mse IÅw hn¡m-\n-d-§p-¶-h-cmWv \½psS imkv{X-]m-c-¼-cy- n\v I−w sh¨-Xv. \Ã-cm-a-·mÀ tkXp kz´w ico-c- nÂ tXS-Ww. Imin-bnse A¼-e- nsâ DS-a-I-fm-bn-cp¶ XanÄsN-«n-IÄ Bcym-[n-\n-th-i- mÂ sXs¡m«v ]em-b\w sNbvX-t¸mÄ inh-enw-Khpw FSp- p-sIm-−mWv t]m¶-Xv. A§-s\ Imin-bnse sN«n-IÄ sX¡-cm-b-t¸mÄ iw`p-hns\ cma-\m-Y³ ({]m-W-þ-\m-Y³) F¶v t]Àhn-fn¨v ISÂ¡-c-bnÂ {]Xn-jvTn- psh¶-ÃmsX asäm¶pw hkvXp-X-b-Ã. iw`p-hn-s\-t¸mse hnÔy-hm-kn-\n¡pw sXt¡m«v htc-−n-h-¶pþ \½psS hnÔy-hm-kn-\n-bmWv tNmäm-\n-¡-c-bnÂ tIc-f- n\v Ipe-tZ-hn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cuim-hm-ky-anZw kÀÆw... FÃmw ]pWy-amWv ]hn-{X-am-Wv. cma-tk-Xp-hn-s\-¡mÄ \½psS {i² ]Xn-tb-−Xv lc- m, taml-RvsP-Zm-tcm-hn-em-Wv. Ah-bmWv \½psS bvYmÀ° ]pWy- -qan-IÄ. ]mIn-Øm-\nepw _w¥m-tZ-inepw F{X iàn-]o-T-§Ä \jvS-ambn? Imivao-cn-se{X \mK-þ-kq-cy-t£-{X-§Ä \jvS-am-bn? IS-ense Bcpw ImWm- GtXm ]md-bn-Sp-¡ns\ kwkvIm-c- n-sâbpw CXn-lm-k- n-sâbpw {]Xo-I-am¡n kwc-£n-¡Ww? Cu kwkvIm-c- nÂ \n¶pw \ap¡v ]nt¶m«v t]mbn Bcy- -Ss\ \ÂInb B Ime-L-«- nsâ kwkvIrXn \ap¡v hos−-Sp-¡-Ww. kXym-·-IX t_m²y-s -Sm³ hn[n-bn-Ãm¯ H¶pw imkv{X-a-Ã. Bcy- -Ss\ temIw HmÀ¡p-¶Xv \nco-£n¨pw ]co-£n¨pw kXyw t_m²y-s¸«v imkv{X-¯nsâ ]mX sXfn-¡p-hm³ am\-h-cm-in¡v \ÂInb Blzm-\- ntâ t]cn-em-Wv. sI. N{µ-lcnx

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