ASTM's steel standards are instrumental in classifying, evaluating, and specifying the material, chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of the different types of steels, which are primarily used in the production of mechanical components, industrial parts, and construction elements, as well as other accessories related to them. The steels can be of the carbon, structural, stainless, ferritic, austenitic, and alloy types. These steel standards are helpful in guiding metallurgical laboratories and refineries, product manufacturers, and other end-users of steel and its variants in their proper processing and application procedures to ensure quality towards safe use.

List of steel standards developed by ASTM:

Jump to:Architectural Metal Fence Systems

Architectural Metal Fence Systems

Designation TitleF2408 - 11 Standard Specification for Ornamental Fences Employing Galvanized Steel Tubular PicketsF2453 / F2453M - 14

Standard Specification for Welded Wire Mesh Fence Fabric (Metallic-Coated or Polymer Coated) for Meshes of 6 in. 2 ? [3871 mm 2 ] or Less, in Panels or Rolls, with Uniform Meshes

F2548 - 12 Standard Specification for Expanded Metal Fence Systems for Security PurposesF2589 - 11 Standard Specification for Ornamental Fences Employing Steel Tubular PicketsF2919 / F2919M - 12

Standard Specification for Welded Wire Mesh Fence Fabric (Metallic-Coated or Polymer Coated) with Variable Mesh Patterns or Meshes Greater than 6 in. 2 [3871 mm 2 ] in Panels

F2957 - 13 Standard Specification for Ornamental Aluminum Fence Systems

Bars

Designation Title

A29 / A29M - 12e1Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought

A108 - 13 Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-FinishedA125 - 96(2013)e1 Standard Specification for Steel Springs, Helical, Heat-TreatedA255 - 10 Standard Test Methods for Determining Hardenability of Steel

A304 - 11Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Bars Subject to End-Quench Hardenability Requirements

A311 / A311M - 04(2010)

Standard Specification for Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved Carbon Steel Bars Subject to Mechanical Property Requirements

A322 - 13 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Standard GradesA355 - 89(2012) Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloys, for Nitriding A400 - 69(2012) Standard Practice for Steel Bars, Selection Guide, Composition, and Mechanical Properties

A434 - 06(2012)Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought or Cold-Finished, Quenched and Tempered

A499 - 89(2008) Standard Specification for Steel Bars and Shapes, Carbon Rolled from “T” RailsA575 - 96(2013)e1 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Quality, M-GradesA576 - 90b(2012) Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality A663 / A663M - 12 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Quality, Mechanical Properties

A675 / A675M - 14Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical Properties

A689 - 97(2013)e1 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Bars for Springs

Designation Title

A696 - 90a(2012)Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought or Cold-Finished, Special Quality, for Pressure Piping Components

A702 - 13 Standard Specification for Steel Fence Posts, Hot Wrought

A739 - 90a(2012)Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought, for Elevated Temperature or Pressure-Containing Parts, or Both

A914 / A914M - 92(2011)

Standard Specification for Steel Bars Subject to Restricted End-Quench Hardenability Requirements

A920 / A920M - 07Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Microalloy, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical Properties

A921 / A921M - 93(2011)

Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Microalloy, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, for Subsequent Hot Forging

A1040 - 10Standard Guide for Specifying Harmonized Standard Grade Compositions for Wrought Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Alloy Steels

A1075 - 12 Standard Specification for Flanged Steel U-Channel Posts

E618 - 07(2013)Standard Test Method for Evaluating Machining Performance of Ferrous Metals Using an Automatic Screw/Bar Machine

Bearing Steels

Designation TitleA295 / A295M - 09 Standard Specification for High-Carbon Anti-Friction Bearing SteelA485 - 09 Standard Specification for High Hardenability Antifriction Bearing SteelA534 - 09 Standard Specification for Carburizing Steels for Anti-Friction BearingsA756 - 09 Standard Specification for Stainless Anti-Friction Bearing SteelA866 - 09 Standard Specification for Medium Carbon Anti-Friction Bearing SteelA892 - 09 Standard Guide for Defining and Rating the Microstructure of High Carbon Bearing Steels

E588 - 03(2009)Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method

Carbon Steel Tubular Products

Designation Title

A53 / A53M - 12Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless

A106 / A106M - 14 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceA134 - 96(2012) Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16 and Over)A135 / A135M - 09(2014)

Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe

A139 / A139M - 04(2010)

Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and Over)

A178 / A178M - 02(2012)

Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes

A179 / A179M - 90a(2012)

Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes

A192 / A192M - 02(2012)

Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service

A210 / A210M - 02(2012)

Standard Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes

A214 / A214M - 96(2012)

Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes

Designation TitleA252 - 10 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe PilesA254 / A254M - 12 Standard Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel Tubing

A381 - 96(2012)Standard Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use With High-Pressure Transmission Systems

A423 / A423M - 09(2014)

Standard Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel Tubes

A450 / A450M - 10 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Tubes

A498 / A498M - 14Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins

A500 / A500M - 13Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes

A501 - 07 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural TubingA512 - 06(2012) Standard Specification for Cold-Drawn Buttweld Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing

A513 / A513M - 14Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing

A519 - 06(2012) Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing

A523 - 96(2012)Standard Specification for Plain End Seamless and Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Pipe-Type Cable Circuits

A524 - 96(2012)Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures

A530 / A530M - 12 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel PipeA556 / A556M - 96(2012)

Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes

A587 - 96(2012)Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Low-Carbon Steel Pipe for the Chemical Industry

A589 / A589M - 06(2012)

Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon Steel Water-Well Pipe

A595 / A595M - 14Standard Specification for Steel Tubes, Low-Carbon or High-Strength Low-Alloy, Tapered for Structural Use

A618 / A618M - 04(2010)

Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing

A671 / A671M - 14Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures

A672 / A672M - 14Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Service at Moderate Temperatures

A691 / A691M - 09(2014)

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-Welded for High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures

A733 - 13Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples

A787 / A787M - 14Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Metallic-Coated Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing

A795 / A795M - 13Standard Specification for Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for Fire Protection Use

A822 / A822M - 04(2010)

Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Tubing for Hydraulic System Service

A847 / A847M - 14Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance

A865 / A865M - 06(2012)

Standard Specification for Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded or Seamless, for Use in Steel Pipe Joints

A972 / A972M - 00(2010)

Standard Specification for Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Pipe Piles

Designation TitleA1005 / A1005M - 00(2010)

Standard Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Longitudinal and Helical Seam, Double Submerged-Arc Welded

A1006 / A1006M - 00(2010)

Standard Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Laser Beam Welded

A1020 / A1020M - 02(2012)

Standard Specification for Steel Tubes, Carbon and Carbon Manganese, Fusion Welded, for Boiler, Superheater, Heat Exchanger and Condenser Applications

A1024 / A1024M - 02(2012)

Standard Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Seamless

A1037 / A1037M - 05(2012)

Standard Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Furnace-Butt-Welded

A1065 / A1065M - 09(2014)

Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Electric-Fusion (Arc) Welded High-Strength Low–Alloy Structural Tubing in Shapes, with 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield Point

A1076 / A1076M - 13

Standard Specification for Cold Formed Carbon Structural Steel Tubing Made from Metallic Precoated Sheet Steel

A1085 - 13Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded Carbon Steel Hollow Structural Sections (HSS)

Castings

Designation TitleA27 / A27M - 13 Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA99 - 03(2009) Standard Specification for FerromanganeseA100 - 07(2012) Standard Specification for Ferrosilicon A101 - 04(2009) Standard Specification for FerrochromiumA102 - 04(2009) Standard Specification for FerrovanadiumA128 / A128M - 93(2012)

Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese

A132 - 04(2009) Standard Specification for FerromolybdenumA144 - 04(2009) Specification for FerrotungstenA146 - 04(2009) Standard Specification for Molybdenum Oxide ProductsA148 / A148M - 08 Standard Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Purposes

A216 / A216M - 14Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Service

A217 / A217M - 12Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature Service

A297 / A297M - 14Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for General Application

A323 - 05(2010) Standard Specification for FerroboronA324 - 08(2013) Standard Specification for FerrotitaniumA351 / A351M - 14 Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing PartsA352 / A352M - 06(2012)

Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature Service

A356 / A356M - 11Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines

A389 / A389M - 13Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature Service

A426 / A426M - 13Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

A447 / A447M - 11Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service

Designation TitleA451 / A451M - 06(2010)

Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

A481 - 05(2010) Standard Specification for Chromium MetalA482 / A482M - 11 Standard Specification for Ferrochrome-SiliconA483 / A483M - 10 Standard Specification for SilicomanganeseA487 / A487M - 14 Standard Specification for Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure ServiceA488 / A488M - 12 Standard Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and PersonnelA494 / A494M - 14 Standard Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA495 - 06(2010) Standard Specification for Calcium-Silicon AlloysA550 - 06(2010) Standard Specification for FerrocolumbiumA560 / A560M - 12 Standard Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA601 / A601M - 10 Standard Specification for Electrolytic Manganese Metal

A608 / A608M - 12Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel High-Alloy Tubing for Pressure Application at High Temperatures

A609 / A609M - 12Standard Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof

A610 - 79(2009) Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Ferroalloys for Determination of SizeA636 - 08(2013) Standard Specification for Nickel Oxide SinterA660 / A660M - 11 Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceA701 / A701M - 10 Standard Specification for Ferromanganese-SiliconA703 / A703M - 13a Standard Specification for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts

A732 / A732M - 14Standard Specification for Castings, Investment, Carbon and Low Alloy Steel for General Application, and Cobalt Alloy for High Strength at Elevated Temperatures

A743 / A743M - 13ae1

Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General Application

A744 / A744M - 13Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe Service

A747 / A747M - 12 Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Hardening

A757 / A757M - 10Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing and Other Applications, for Low-Temperature Service

A781 / A781M - 14aStandard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use

A799 / A799M - 10Standard Practice for Steel Castings, Stainless, Instrument Calibration, for Estimating Ferrite Content

A800 / A800M - 14 Standard Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802 / A802M - 95(2010)e1

Standard Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Visual Examination

A835 / A835M - 10 Standard Specification for Sizes of Ferroalloys and Alloy AdditivesA872 / A872M - 07a(2012)

Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe for Corrosive Environments

A890 / A890M - 13Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application

A903 / A903M - 99(2012)

Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Inspection

A915 / A915M - 08(2013)

Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, and Alloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades

A922 - 05(2010) Standard Specification for Silicon Metal

A957 / A957M - 13Standard Specification for Investment Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use

A958 / A958M - 14 Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Requirements,

Designation TitleChemical Requirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades

A985 / A985M - 13Standard Specification for Steel Investment Castings General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts

A990 / A990M - 14Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Nickel-Chromium and Nickel Alloys, Specially Controlled for Pressure Retaining Parts for Corrosive Service

A995 / A995M - 13Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts

A997 - 08(2012) Standard Practice for Investment Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Visual ExaminationA1001 - 01(2010) Standard Specification for High Strength Steel Castings in Heavy SectionsA1002 - 10 Standard Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered AlloyA1025 / A1025M - 10

Standard Specification for Ferroalloys, General Requirements

A1062 - 10 Standard Specification for Steel Castings SamplingA1067 / A1067M - 12a

Standard Specification for Test Coupons for Steel Castings

A1080 - 12Standard Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy Castings

Chain Link Fence and Wire Accessories

Designation TitleA392 - 11a Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence FabricA491 - 11 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence Fabric

A824 - 01(2012)Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated Steel Marcelled Tension Wire for Use With Chain Link Fence

F552 - 02(2013) Standard Terminology Relating to Chain Link FencingF567 - 14 Standard Practice for Installation of Chain-Link FenceF626 - 14 Standard Specification for Fence FittingsF654 - 07(2012) Standard Specification for Residential Chain Link Fence Gates

F668 - 11Standard Specification for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Other Organic Polymer-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence Fabric

F900 - 11 Standard Specification for Industrial and Commercial Swing GatesF934 - 96(2013) Standard Specification for Standard Colors for Polymer-Coated Chain Link Fence MaterialsF1043 - 13 Standard Specification for Strength and Protective Coatings on Steel Industrial Fence Framework

F1083 - 13Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded, for Fence Structures

F1183 - 96(2011) Standard Specification for Aluminum Alloy Chain Link Fence FabricF1184 - 05(2010) Standard Specification for Industrial and Commercial Horizontal Slide Gates

F1345 - 10aStandard Specification for Zinc-5 % Aluminum-Mischmetal Alloy-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence Fabric

F1379 - 95(2013) Standard Terminology Relating to Barbed TapeF1553 - 11 Standard Guide for Specifying Chain Link Fence

F1664 - 08(2013)Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Other Conforming Organic Polymer-Coated Steel Tension Wire Used with Chain-Link Fence

F1665 - 08(2013)Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Other Conforming Organic Polymer-Coated Steel Barbed Wire Used With Chain-Link Fence

F1910 - 98(2013) Standard Specification for Long Barbed Tape ObstaclesF1911 - 05(2010) Standard Practice for Installation of Barbed TapeF3000 / F3000M - 13

Standard Specification for Polymer Privacy Insert Slats for Chain Link Fabric and Privacy Chain Link Fabric Manufactured Containing Pre-Installed Privacy Slats

Computer Applications

Designation TitleF1716 - 96(2008)

Standard Guide for Transition and Performance of Marine Software Systems Maintenance

F1756 - 97a(2008)

Standard Guide for Implementation of a Fleet Management System Network

F1757 - 96(2008)

Standard Guide for Digital Communication Protocols for Computerized Systems

F2001 - 01(2006)

Standard Guide for Vessel-Related Technical Information for Use in Developing an Electronic Database and Ship Safety Record

F2017 - 00(2006)

Standard Guide for Database Structure of Electronic Data Interchange Between Ship Owner and Shipyard for Contract Administration

F2218 - 02(2008)

Standard Guide for Hardware Implementation for Computerized Systems

F2446 - 04(2010)

Standard Classification for Hierarchy of Equipment Identifiers and Boundaries for Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) Performance Data Exchange

Corrugated Steel Pipe Specifications

Designation Title

A742 / A742M - 13Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic Coated and Polymer Precoated for Corrugated Steel Pipe

A760 / A760M - 13 Standard Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated for Sewers and Drains

A761 / A761M - 13bStandard Specification for Corrugated Steel Structural Plate, Zinc-Coated, for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches

A762 / A762M - 08 Standard Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Polymer Precoated for Sewers and Drains

A796 / A796M - 13aStandard Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and Sanitary Sewers and Other Buried Applications

A798 / A798M - 13Standard Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications

A807 / A807M - 13Standard Practice for Installing Corrugated Steel Structural Plate Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications

A849 - 10Standard Specification for Post-Applied Coatings, Pavings, and Linings for Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe

A862 / A862M - 98(2014)

Standard Practice for Application of Asphalt Coatings to Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe

A926 - 03(2008)Standard Test Method for Comparing the Abrasion Resistance of Coating Materials for Corrugated Metal Pipe

A930 - 09Standard Practice for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Corrugated Metal Pipe Used for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits

A964 / A964M - 03(2011)

Standard Specification for Corrugated Steel Box Culverts

A978 / A978M - 08(2013)

Standard Specification for Composite Ribbed Steel Pipe, Precoated and Polyethylene Lined for Gravity Flow Sanitary Sewers, Storm Sewers, and Other Special Applications

A979 / A979M - 03(2009)

Standard Specification for Concrete Pavements and Linings Installed in Corrugated Steel Structures in the Field

A998 / A998M - 12Standard Practice for Structural Design of Reinforcements for Fittings in Factory–Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications

A1042 / A1042M - 04(2009)

Standard Specification for Composite Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Drains

Editorial

Designation Title

A994 - 13Standard Guide for Editorial Procedures and Form of Product Specifications for Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys

E527 - 12 Standard Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys in the Unified Numbering System (UNS)

Editorial and Terminology

Designation TitleA902 - 13b Standard Terminology Relating to Metallic Coated Steel Products

Electrical

Designation TitleF1003 - 02(2012)e1

Standard Specification for Searchlights on Motor Lifeboats

F1014 - 02(2012)e1

Standard Specification for Flashlights on Vessels

F1134 - 12Standard Specification for Insulation Resistance Monitor for Shipboard Electrical Motors and Generators

F1198 - 92(2012)e1

Standard Guide for Shipboard Fire Detection Systems

F1207M - 12Standard Specification for Electrical Insulation Monitors for Monitoring Ground Resistance in Active Electrical Systems [Metric]

F1507 - 99(2011) Standard Specification for Surge Suppressors for Shipboard UseF1669M - 12 Standard Specification for Insulation Monitors for Shipboard Electrical Systems [Metric]F1755M - 96(2012)e1

Standard Specification for Solid State Bargraph Meters for Shipboard Use [Metric]

F1835 - 97(2012)e1

Standard Guide for Cable Splicing Installations

F1836M - 09(2013)

Standard Specification for Stuffing Tubes, Nylon, and Packing Assemblies (Metric)

F1837M - 97(2012)e1

Standard Specification for Heat-Shrink Cable Entry Seals (Metric)

F1883 - 03(2013) Standard Practice for Selection of Wire and Cable Size in AWG or Metric UnitsF2044 - 09(2013) Standard Specification for Liquid Level Indicating Equipment, Electrical

F2045 - 00(2011)Standard Specification for Indicators, Sight, Liquid Level, Direct and Indirect Reading, Tubular Glass/Plastic

F2046 - 00(2011) Standard Specification for Tachometers, Various

F2070 - 00(2011)Standard Specification for Transducers, Pressure and Differential, Pressure, Electrical and Fiber-Optic

F2071 - 00(2011)Standard Specification for Switch, Position Proximity (Noncontact) or Limit (Mechanical Contact), Fiber-Optic

F2361 - 03(2013)Standard Guide for Ordering Low Voltage (1000 VAC or Less) Alternating Current Electric Motors for Shipboard Service—Up to and Including Motors of 500 Horsepower

F2362 - 03(2013) Standard Specification for Temperature Monitoring Equipment

Flat-Rolled and Wrought Stainless Steel

Designation Title

A176 - 99(2009)Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip

A240 / A240M - 14Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications

A276 - 13a Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesA313 / A313M - 13 Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Spring WireA314 - 13a Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Billets and Bars for ForgingA368 - 95a(2013) Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Wire StrandA478 - 97(2013) Standard Specification for Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Weaving and Knitting Wire

A479 / A479M - 14Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels

A480 / A480M - 14aStandard Specification for General Requirements for Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip

A484 / A484M - 14Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings

A492 - 95(2013) Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Rope Wire

A493 - 09(2013)Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods for Cold Heading and Cold Forging

A555 / A555M - 05(2014)

Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods

A564 / A564M - 13Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes

A565 / A565M - 10 Standard Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Bars for High-Temperature ServiceA580 / A580M - 13b Standard Specification for Stainless Steel WireA581 / A581M - 95b(2014)

Standard Specification for Free-Machining Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods

A582 / A582M - 12e1 Standard Specification for Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars

A638 / A638M - 10Standard Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service

A666 - 10Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar

A693 - 13Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip

A705 / A705M - 13 Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel ForgingsA793 - 96(2014) Standard Specification for Rolled Floor Plate, Stainless Steel

A887 - 89(2014)Standard Specification for Borated Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Nuclear Application

A895 - 89(2009) Standard Specification for Free-Machining Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and StripA947M - 13 Standard Specification for Textured Stainless Steel Sheet [Metric]

A959 - 11Standard Guide for Specifying Harmonized Standard Grade Compositions for Wrought Stainless Steels

A968 / A968M - 96(2014)

Standard Specification for Chromium, Chromium-Nickel, and Silicon Alloy Steel Bars and Shapes for Corrosion and Heat-Resisting Service

A1010 / A1010M - 13

Standard Specification for Higher-Strength Martensitic Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip

A1028 - 03(2009) Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars for Compressor and Turbine AirfoilsA1069 / A1069M - 11

Standard Specification for Laser-Fused Stainless Steel Bars, Plates, and Shapes

General Requirements

Designation TitleF906 - 85(2014) Standard Specification for Letters and Numerals for ShipsF956 - 91(2012) Standard Specification for Bell, Cast, Sound SignallingF957 - 91(2012) Standard Specification for Gong, Sound SignalingF1097 - 91(2012) Standard Specification for Mortar, Refractory (High-Temperature, Air-Setting)F1099M - 98(2011) Standard Specification for Rat Guards, Ship's (Metric)F1138 - 98(2014) Standard Specification for Spray Shields for Mechanical JointsF1145 - 05(2011) Standard Specification for Turnbuckles, Swaged, Welded, Forged

F1166 - 07(2013)Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities

F1179 - 88(2014)Standard Practice for Inspection Procedure for Use of Anaerobic Thread Locking Compounds with Studs

F1182 - 07(2013) Standard Specification for Anodes, Sacrificial Zinc AlloyF1270 - 97(2013) Standard Practice for Preparing and Locating Emergency Muster Lists

F1297 - 90(2012)Standard Guide for Location and Instruction Symbols for Evacuation and Lifesaving Equipment

F1312 - 90(2013) Standard Specification for Brick, Insulating, High Temperature, Fire Clay

F1332 - 99(2011)Standard Practice for Use of SI (Metric) Units in Maritime Applications (Committee F25 Supplement to IEEE/ASTM SI 10)

F1337 - 10Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities

F1347 - 91(2012) Standard Specification for Manually Operated Fueling Hose ReelsF1348 / F1348M - 91(2013)

Standard Specification for Pneumatic Rotary Descaling Machines

F1546M - 96(2012)e1 Standard Specification for Fire Hose NozzlesF1546 - 96(2012)e1 Standard Specification for Fire Hose NozzlesF1547 - 09 Standard Guide for Listing Relevant Standards and Publications for Commercial ShipbuildingF1808 - 03(2013) Standard Guide for Weight Control Technical Requirements for Surface ShipsF1878 - 98(2009) Standard Guide for Escort Vessel Evaluation and SelectionF1994 - 99(2011) Standard Test Method for Shipboard Fixed Foam Firefighting Systems

F2016 - 00(2012)Standard Practice for Establishing Shipbuilding Quality Requirements for Hull Structure, Outfitting, and Coatings

F2039 - 00(2012) Standard Guide for Basic Elements of Shipboard Occupational Health and Safety Program

F2192 - 05(2011)Standard Test Method for Determining and Reporting the Berthing Energy and Reaction of Marine Fenders

F2876 - 10Standard Practice for Thermal Rating and Installation of Internal Combustion Engine Packages for use in Hazardous Locations in Marine Applications

High Security Fences and Perimeter Barriers

Designation Title

F1712 - 11Standard Specification for Steel Chain-Link Fencing Materials Used for High Security Applications

F2611 - 11 Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Chain Link Security FencingF2780 - 09(2014)

Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Expanded Metal Security Fences and Barriers

F2781 - 10Standard Practice for Testing Forced Entry, Ballistic and Low Impact Resistance of Security Fence Systems

F2814 - 09Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Ornamental Steel Picket Fence Systems for Security Purposes

Insulation/Processes

Designation Title

F683 - 10Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Thermal Insulation for Piping and Machinery

F2087 - 13 Standard Specification for Packing, Fiberglass, Braided, Rope, and Wick

F2154 - 13Standard Specification for Sound-Absorbing Board, Fibrous Glass, Perforated Fibrous Glass Cloth Faced

F2168 - 13Standard Specification for Packing Material, Graphitic, Corrugated Ribbon or Textured Tape, and Die-Formed Ring

F2191 / F2191M - 13 Standard Specification for Packing Material, Graphitic or Carbon Braided YarnF2877 / F2877M - 13e1

Standard Test Method for Shock Testing of Structural Insulation of A-Class Divisions Constructed of Steel or Aluminum

Machinery and Piping Systems

Designation TitleF681 - 82(2008) Standard Practice for Use of Branch ConnectionsF682 - 82a(2008) Standard Specification for Wrought Carbon Steel Sleeve-Type Pipe CouplingsF704 - 81(2009) Standard Practice for Selecting Bolting Lengths for Piping System Flanged JointsF707 / F707M - 94(2011)

Standard Specification for Modular Gage Boards

F708 - 92(2008) Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Rigid Pipe HangersF721 - 81(2008) Standard Specification for Gage Piping AssembliesF722 - 82(2008) Standard Specification for Welded Joints for Shipboard Piping SystemsF841 - 84(2011) Standard Specification for Thrusters, Tunnel, Permanently Installed in Marine Vessels

F856 - 97(2008)Standard Practice for Mechanical Symbols, Shipboard—Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

F885 - 84(2011) Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Bronze Globe Valves NPS ¼ to 2F986 - 86(2008) Standard Specification for Suction Strainer BoxesF992 - 86(2011) Standard Specification for Valve Label PlatesF993 - 86(2011) Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices

F994 - 86(2011)Standard Specification for Design and Installation of Overboard Discharge Hull Penetration Connections

F998 - 12 Standard Specification for Centrifugal Pump, Shipboard UseF1000 - 13 Standard Practice for Piping System Drawing Symbols

F1005 - 91(2013)Standard Practice for HVAC Duct Shapes; Identification and Description of Design Configuration

F1006 - 86(2008) Standard Specification for Entrainment Separators for Use in Marine Piping Applications

F1007 - 86(2014)Standard Specification for Pipeline Expansion Joints of the Packed Slip Type for Marine Application

F1020 - 86(2011) Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for Marine ApplicationsF1030 - 86(2008) Standard Practice for Selection of Valve Operators

F1075 - 97(2008)Standard Specification for Dehumidifier, Shipboard, Mechanically Refrigerated, Self-Contained

F1076 - 87(2010) Standard Practice for Expanded Welded and Silver Brazed Socket Joints for Pipe and TubeF1098 - 87(2010) Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Butterfly Valves-NPS 2 to 24

F1120 - 87(2010)Standard Specification for Circular Metallic Bellows Type Expansion Joints for Piping Applications

F1121 - 87(2010) Standard Specification for International Shore Connections for Marine Fire Applications

Designation TitleF1122 - 04(2010) Standard Specification for Quick Disconnect Couplings (6 in. NPS and Smaller)F1123 - 87(2010) Standard Specification for Non-Metallic Expansion JointsF1139 - 88(2010) Standard Specification for Steam Traps and DrainsF1155 - 10 Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Piping System MaterialsF1172 - 88(2010) Standard Specification for Fuel Oil Meters of the Volumetric Positive Displacement Type

F1173 - 01(2012)Standard Specification for Thermosetting Resin Fiberglass Pipe Systems to Be Used for Marine Applications

F1199 - 88(2010)Standard Specification for Cast (All Temperatures and Pressures) and Welded Pipe Line Strainers (150 psig and 150°F Maximum)

F1200 - 88(2010)Standard Specification for Fabricated (Welded) Pipe Line Strainers (Above 150 psig and 150°F)

F1201 - 88(2010) Standard Specification for Fluid Conditioner Fittings in Piping Applications Above 0°F

F1245 - 89(2012)Standard Specification for Faucets, Single and Double, Compression and Self-Closing Type, Shipboard

F1271 - 90(2012)Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure Protections Applications

F1273 - 91(2013) Standard Specification for Tank Vent Flame ArrestersF1298 - 90(2012) Standard Specification for Flexible, Expansion-Type Ball Joints for Marine ApplicationsF1311 - 90(2012) Standard Specification for Large–Diameter Fabricated Carbon Steel FlangesF1330 - 91(2012) Standard Guide for Metallic Abrasive Blasting to Descale the Interior of PipeF1333 - 91(2013) Standard Specification for Construction of Fire and Foam Station Cabinets

F1338 - 91(2013)Standard Guide for Main Propulsion Medium Speed Marine Diesel Engines Covering Performance and Minimum Scope of Assembly

F1370 - 92(2011) Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Water Systems, ShipboardF1386 - 92(2010) Standard Guide for Construction of a Sounding Tube and Striker Plate for Tank SoundingF1387 - 99(2012) Standard Specification for Performance of Piping and Tubing Mechanically Attached FittingsF1431 - 92(2010) Standard Specification for Water Trap for Diesel ExhaustF1433 - 97(2010) Standard Specification for Mechanically Refrigerated Shipboard Air Conditioner

F1476 - 07(2013)Standard Specification for Performance of Gasketed Mechanical Couplings for Use in Piping Applications

F1508 - 96(2010)Standard Specification for Angle Style, Pressure Relief Valves for Steam, Gas and Liquid Services

F1510 - 07(2013) Standard Specification for Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps, Ships UseF1511 - 13 Standard Specification for Mechanical Seals for Shipboard Pump Applications

F1548 - 01(2012)Standard Specification for Performance of Fittings for Use with Gasketed Mechanical Couplings Used in Piping Applications

F1565 - 00(2013) Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Steam Service

F1567 - 94(2013)Standard Specification for Fabricated or Cast Automatic Self-Cleaning, Fuel Oil and Lubricating Oil Strainers

F1685 - 00(2013) Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Manifolds for Air or Nitrogen SystemsF1718 - 01(2013) Standard Specification for Rotary Positive Displacement Distillate Fuel PumpsF1791 - 00(2013) Standard Specification for Filters Used in Air or Nitrogen SystemsF1792 - 97(2010) Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen Service

F1793 - 97(2010)Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves (Also Known as Excess Flow Valves, EFV) for Air Or Nitrogen Service

F1794 - 97(2010)Standard Specification for Hand-Operated, Globe-Style Valves for Gas (Except Oxygen Gas), and Hydraulic Systems

F1795 - 00(2013) Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Air or Nitrogen SystemsF1985 - 99(2011) Standard Specification for Pneumatic-Operated, Globe-Style, Control ValvesF2014 - 00(2013) Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Extruded Tee Connections for Piping Applications

Designation TitleF2015 - 00(2013) Standard Specification for Lap Joint Flange Pipe End Applications

F2798 - 09Standard Specification for Sealless Lube Oil Pump with Oil Through Motor for Marine Applications

F2934 - 12Standard Specification for Circular Metallic Bellows Type Expansion Joint for HVAC Piping Applications

Marine Environmental Protection

Designation TitleF1322 - 90(2009) Standard Guide for Selection of Shipboard IncineratorsF1323 - 08 Standard Specification for Shipboard IncineratorsF1799 - 97(2009) Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management AuditsF2283 - 12 Standard Specification for Shipboard Oil Pollution Abatement SystemF2363 / F2363M - 12 Standard Specification for Sewage and Graywater Flow Through Treatment Systems

Mechanical and Chemical Testing and Processing Methods of Steel Products and Processes

Designation TitleA370 - 13 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA751 - 14 Standard Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA991 / A991M - 10

Standard Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel Products

A1033 - 10Standard Practice for Quantitative Measurement and Reporting of Hypoeutectoid Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Phase Transformations

A1058 - 12b Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products—Metric

Methods of Corrosion Testing

Designation Title

A262 - 13Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels

A380 / A380M - 13

Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems

A763 - 93(2009) Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Ferritic Stainless Steels

A923 - 14Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels

A967 / A967M - 13

Standard Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts

A1084 - 13Standard Test Method for Detecting Detrimental Phases in Lean Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels

Methods of Testing

Designation Title

A90 / A90M - 13Standard Test Method for Weight [Mass] of Coating on Iron and Steel Articles with Zinc or Zinc-Alloy Coatings

A239 - 14Standard Practice for Locating the Thinnest Spot in a Zinc (Galvanized) Coating on Iron or Steel Articles ,

A309 - 01(2012) Standard Test Method for Weight and Composition of Coating on Terne Sheet by the Triple-

Designation TitleSpot Test

A428 / A428M - 10Standard Test Method for Weight [Mass] of Coating on Aluminum-Coated Iron or Steel Articles

A754 / A754M - 11Standard Test Method for Coating Weight (Mass) of Metallic Coatings on Steel by X-Ray Fluorescence

A1030 / A1030M - 11

Standard Practice for Measuring Flatness Characteristics of Steel Sheet Products

A1073 / A1073M - 14

Standard Practice for Using Hand Micrometers to Measure the Thickness of Nonmetallic and Metallic-Coated Steel Sheet

A1087 / A1087M - 13

Standard Practice for Using Hand Calipers to Measure the Width of Steel Sheet

Other Fence Systems and Components

Designation TitleF537 - 01(2007)

Standard Specification for Design, Fabrication, and Installation of Fences Constructed of Wood and Related Materials

F2630 - 07 Standard Guide for Self-Closing/Self-Latching General-Purpose Gates

Outfitting and Deck Machinery

Designation TitleF670 - 02(2012) Standard Specification for Tanks, 5 and 10-Gal (20 and 40-L) Lube Oil DispensingF765 - 93(2012)e1 Standard Specification for Wildcats, Ship Anchor ChainF782 - 01(2012) Standard Specification for Doors, Furniture, MarineF783 - 88(2013) Standard Specification for Staple, Handgrab, Handle, and Stirrup RungF821 / F821M - 01(2012)

Standard Specification for Domestic Use Doors and Frames, Steel, Interior, Marine

F822 - 93(2010) Standard Specification for Chest of Drawers (Chiffonier), Steel, MarineF823 - 93(2010) Standard Specification for Desk, Log, Marine, Steel, with CabinetF824 - 93(2010) Standard Specification for Tables, Mess, Marine, SteelF825 - 93(2010) Standard Specification for Drawers, Furniture, Marine, SteelF826 - 94(2010) Standard Specification for Tops, Furniture, Marine, SteelF985 - 00(2012) Standard Specification for Panama Canal Pilot PlatformF987 - 04(2010) Standard Specification for Portable Intermediate Flush Deck StanchionF1018 - 87a(2010) Standard Specification for Steel Emergency Gear Stowage LockerF1019M - 00(2012) Standard Specification for Steel Deck Gear Stowage Box [Metric]

F1068 - 90(2012)Standard Specification for Doors, Double, Gastight/Airtight, Individually Dogged, for Marine Use

F1069 - 87(2012)Standard Specification for Doors, Watertight, Gastight/Airtight and Weathertight, Individually Dogged, for Marine Use

F1070 - 87(2012) Standard Specification for Doors, Non-Tight, for Marine UseF1071 - 94(2012) Standard Specification for Expanded-Metal Bulkhead PanelsF1072 - 94(2012) Standard Specification for Expanded-Metal Doors

F1073 - 87(2012)Standard Specification for Door Fittings, for Watertight /Gastight /Airtight, Weathertight, and Non-Tight Doors, for Marine Use

F1074 - 87(2012) Standard Specification for Cleats, Welded Horn TypeF1085 - 10 Standard Specification for Mattress and Box Springs for Use in Berths in Marine VesselsF1092 - 04(2010) Standard Specification for Fiberglass (GRP) Pultruded Open-Weather Storm and Guard,

Designation TitleSquare Railing Systems

F1106 - 87(2012) Standard Specification for Warping Heads, Rope Handling (Gypsy Head, Capstan Head)

F1142 - 98(2012)Standard Specification for Manhole Cover Assembly, Bolted, Semi-Flush, Oiltight and Watertight

F1143 - 98(2012) Standard Specification for Manhole Cover Assembly, Bolted, Raised, Oiltight and Watertight

F1144 - 98(2012)Standard Specification for Manhole Cover Assembly, Bolted, Semi-Flush, Oiltight and Watertight, Hinged

F1196 - 00(2013) Standard Specification for Sliding Watertight Door AssembliesF1197 - 00(2012) Standard Specification for Sliding Watertight Door Control SystemsF1244 - 08(2013) Standard Specification for Berths, Marine

F1309 - 98(2012)Standard Practice for Installation Procedures for Fitting Chocks to Marine Machinery Foundations

F1331 - 91(2012)Standard Practice for Installation Procedures of Vinyl Deck Coverings on Portable Plates in Electrical and Electronic Spaces

F1385 - 07(2012) Standard Practice for Platforms in Cargo Tanks

F3040 / F3040M - 13Standard Test Method for Mechanical Static Load Testing of Non-Structural Marine Joiner Bulkheads

Rigid Polymer Fence Systems

Designation Title

F964 - 13Standard Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Exterior Profiles Used for Fencing and Railing

F1999 - 00(2006)

Standard Practice for Installation of Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Fence Systems

Sheet Specifications

Designation TitleA308 / A308M - 10

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Terne (Lead-Tin Alloy) Coated by the Hot-Dip Process

A459 - 08(2013) Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Flat Steel Armoring TapeA463 / A463M - 10

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Aluminum-Coated, by the Hot-Dip Process

A653 / A653M - 13

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process

A755 / A755M - 11

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic Coated by the Hot-Dip Process and Prepainted by the Coil-Coating Process for Exterior Exposed Building Products

A792 / A792M - 10

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 % Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process

A875 / A875M - 13

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-5?% Aluminum Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process

A879 / A879M - 12

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc Coated by the Electrolytic Process for Applications Requiring Designation of the Coating Mass on Each Surface

A917 - 08 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Coated by the Electrolytic Process for Applications Requiring Designation of the Coating Mass on Each Surface (General Requirements)

A918 - 06(2011)Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Nickel Alloy Coated by the Electrolytic Process for Applications Requiring Designation of the Coating Mass on Each Surface

A924 / A924M - 13

Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process

Designation TitleA929 / A929M - 01(2013)

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process for Corrugated Steel Pipe

A1003 / A1003M - 13b

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Carbon, Metallic- and Nonmetallic-Coated for Cold-Formed Framing Members

A1004 / A1004M - 99(2014)

Standard Practice for Establishing Conformance to the Minimum Expected Corrosion Characteristics of Metallic, Painted-Metallic, and Nonmetallic-Coated Steel Sheet Intended for Use as Cold Formed Framing Members

A1046 / A1046M - 14

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process

A1057 / A1057M - 08(2014)

Standard Specification for Steel, Structural Tubing, Cold Formed, Welded, Carbon, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) by the Hot-Dip Process

A1063 / A1063M - 11a

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Twin-Roll Cast, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) by the Hot-Dip Process

A1079 - 13e2Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Complex Phase (CP), Dual Phase (DP) and Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP), Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process

Specific Applications

Designation TitleF969 - 11 Standard Practice for Construction of Chain-Link Tennis Court FenceF1908 - 08(2013)

Standard Guide for Fences for Residential Outdoor Swimming Pools, Hot Tubs, and Spas

F2000 - 10 Standard Guide for Fences for Baseball and Softball Fields

F2049 - 11Standard Safety Performance Specification for Fences/Barriers for Public, Commercial, and Multi-Family Residential Use Outdoor Play Areas

F2200 - 13e1 Standard Specification for Automated Vehicular Gate ConstructionF2409 - 10 Standard Guide for Fences for Non-Residential Outdoor Swimming Pools, Hot Tubs, and Spas

F2631 - 07Standard Practice for Installation of Chain-Link Fence for Outdoor Sports Fields, Sports Courts and Other Recreation Facilities

F2698 - 08(2013)

Standard Guide for Fences for Above-Ground and In-ground Skate Park Facilities

F2699 - 08(2013)

Standard Guide for Fences for Commercial and Public Outdoor Water Spray/Play Areas

Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products

Designation TitleA209 / A209M - 03(2012)

Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes

A213 / A213M - 14Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes

A249 / A249M - 14Standard Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes

A250 / A250M - 05(2009)

Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes

A268 / A268M - 10Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service

A269 / A269M - 14e1

Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service

Designation Title

A270 / A270M - 14Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic and Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing

A312 / A312M - 14Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes

A333 / A333M - 13Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service and Other Applications with Required Notch Toughness

A334 / A334M - 04a(2010)

Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service

A335 / A335M - 11 Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

A358 / A358M - 14aStandard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General Applications

A369 / A369M - 11Standard Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service

A376 / A376M - 13 Standard Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

A409 / A409M - 13Standard Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature Service

A511 / A511M - 12 Standard Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical TubingA554 - 13 Standard Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing

A632 - 04(2009)Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing (Small-Diameter) for General Service

A688 / A688M - 12Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes

A778 - 01(2009)e1 Standard Specification for Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubular ProductsA789 / A789M - 13ae1

Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service

A790 / A790M - 14 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe

A803 / A803M - 12Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes

A813 / A813M - 09 Standard Specification for Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel PipeA814 / A814M - 08 Standard Specification for Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel PipeA908 - 03(2013) Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Needle Tubing

A928 / A928M - 13Standard Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal

A943 / A943M - 01(2014)

Standard Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes

A949 / A949M - 01(2014)

Standard Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe

A999 / A999M - 14 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe

A1012 - 10Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic, Austenitic and Duplex Alloy Steel Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes With Integral Fins

A1015 - 01(2014) Standard Guide for Videoborescoping of Tubular Products for Sanitary ApplicationsA1016 / A1016M - 14

Standard Specification for General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Tubes

A1047 / A1047M - 05(2014)

Standard Test Method for Pneumatic Leak Testing of Tubing

A1053 / A1053M - 12e1

Standard Specification for Welded Ferritic-Martensitic Stainless Steel Pipe

Steel Chain

Designation TitleA391 / A391M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Grade 80 Alloy Steel Chain

A413 / A413M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Chain

A466 / A466M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Weldless Chain

A467 / A467M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Machine and Coil Chain

A906 / A906M - 02(2010)

Standard Specification for Grade 80 and Grade 100 Alloy Steel Chain Slings for Overhead Lifting

A952 / A952M - 02(2010)

Standard Specification for Forged Grade 80 and Grade 100 Steel Lifting Components and Welded Attachment Links

A973 / A973M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Grade 100 Alloy Steel Chain

Steel Forgings and Billets

Designation TitleA266 / A266M - 13 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel ComponentsA275 / A275M - 08(2013)

Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

A288 - 91(2013)Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators

A289 / A289M - 97(2013)

Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for Generators

A290 / A290M - 05(2010)

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears

A291 / A291M - 05(2010)

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears

A336 / A336M - 10a Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature PartsA372 / A372M - 13 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsA388 / A388M - 11 Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel ForgingsA418 / A418M - 10 Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor ForgingsA427 / A427M - 10 Standard Specification for Wrought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and Hot ReductionA456 / A456M - 08(2013)

Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings

A469 / A469M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors

A470 / A470M - 05(2010)

Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts

A471 / A471M - 09Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels

A472 / A472M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings

A473 - 13 Standard Specification for Stainless Steel ForgingsA503 / A503M - 01(2011)

Standard Specification for Ultrasonic Examination of Forged Crankshafts

A504 / A504M - 08(2013)

Standard Specification for Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels

A508 / A508M - 14 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel

Designation TitleForgings for Pressure Vessels

A521 / A521M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use

A531 / A531M - 13 Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine-Generator Steel Retaining RingsA541 / A541M - 05(2010)

Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components

A551 / A551M - 08(2013)

Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Tires for Railway and Rapid Transit Applications

A579 / A579M - 04a(2009)

Standard Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings

A592 / A592M - 10Standard Specification for High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure Vessels

A604 / A604M - 07(2012)

Standard Practice for Macroetch Testing of Consumable Electrode Remelted Steel Bars and Billets

A646 / A646M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings

A649 / A649M - 10 Standard Specification for Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper MachineryA668 / A668M - 13e1 Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial UseA711 / A711M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Steel Forging Stock

A723 / A723M - 10Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component Application

A729 / A729M - 09e1Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Axles, Heat-Treated, for Mass Transit and Electric Railway Service

A745 / A745M - 12 Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel ForgingsA765 / A765M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Mandatory Toughness Requirements

A768 / A768M - 05(2010)

Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts

A788 / A788M - 13 Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

A833 - 08aStandard Practice for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Comparison Hardness Testers

A837 / A837M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applications

A859 / A859M - 04(2009)

Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components

A891 / A891M - 10Standard Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels

A909 / A909M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use

A939 / A939M - 12 Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination from Bored Surfaces of Cylindrical ForgingsA940 / A940M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors

A956 - 12 Standard Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products

A965 / A965M - 14Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts

A966 / A966M - 08(2012)

Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current

A982 / A982M - 10 Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine AirfoilsA983 / A983M - 06(2011)e1

Standard Specification for Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines

Designation TitleA986 / A986M - 01(2011)

Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings

A1021 / A1021M - 05(2010)

Standard Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service

A1038 - 13Standard Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method

A1048 / A1048M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Forgings, Alloy Steel, Higher Strength Chromium-Molybdenum-Tungsten for Elevated Temperature Service

A1049 / A1049M - 10Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings, Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex), for Pressure Vessels and Related Components

A1090 / A1090M - 14Standard Specification for Forged Rings and Hollows Produced from Steels with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance

Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications

Designation TitleA105 / A105M - 13

Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications

A181 / A181M - 13

Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping

A182 / A182M - 14a

Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service

A193 / A193M - 12b

Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applications

A194 / A194M - 14

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both

A234 / A234M - 13e1

Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service

A320 / A320M - 14

Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for Low-Temperature Service

A350 / A350M - 13

Standard Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components

A403 / A403M - 13a

Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings

A420 / A420M - 13

Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service

A437 / A437M - 12

Standard Specification for Stainless and Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service

A453 / A453M - 12

Standard Specification for High-Temperature Bolting, with Expansion Coefficients Comparable to Austenitic Stainless Steels

A522 / A522M - 13

Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service

A540 / A540M - 11

Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Bolting for Special Applications

A694 / A694M - 13

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service

A707 / A707M - 13

Standard Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low-Temperature Service

A727 / A727M - 13

Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness

Designation TitleA758 / A758M - 13

Standard Specification for Wrought-Carbon Steel Butt-Welding Piping Fittings with Improved Notch Toughness

A774 / A774M - 13

Standard Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures

A815 / A815M - 13a

Standard Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings

A836 / A836M - 13

Standard Specification for Titanium-Stabilized Carbon Steel Forgings for Glass-Lined Piping and Pressure Vessel Service

A858 / A858M - 13

Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Fittings for Low-Temperature and Corrosive Service

A860 / A860M - 13

Standard Specification for Wrought High-Strength Ferritic Steel Butt-Welding Fittings

A960 / A960M - 14

Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Wrought Steel Piping Fittings

A961 / A961M - 13

Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications

A962 / A962M - 14

Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Bolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep Range

A988 / A988M - 13

Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service

A989 / A989M - 13

Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service

A1014 / A1014M - 10

Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Bolting (UNS N07718) for High Temperature Service

A1082 / A1082M - 12

Standard Specification for High Strength Precipitation Hardening and Duplex Stainless Steel Bolting for Special Purpose Applications

Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels

Designation TitleA20 / A20M - 13 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure VesselsA203 / A203M - 12 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Nickel A204 / A204M - 12 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Molybdenum A225 / A225M - 12 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Manganese-Vanadium-Nickel A263 - 12 Standard Specification for Stainless Chromium Steel-Clad PlateA264 - 12 Standard Specification for Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel-Clad PlateA265 - 12 Standard Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy-Clad Steel Plate

A285 / A285M - 12Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile Strength

A299 / A299M - 09(2014)

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Manganese-Silicon

A302 / A302M - 12Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Manganese-Molybdenum and Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel

A353 / A353M - 09(2014)

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Double-Normalized and Tempered 9% Nickel

A387 / A387M - 11 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-MolybdenumA435 / A435M - 90(2012)

Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates

A455 / A455M - 12a

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, High-Strength Manganese

Designation Title

A515 / A515M - 10Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Intermediate- and Higher-Temperature Service

A516 / A516M - 10Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate- and Lower-Temperature Service

A517 / A517M - 10Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, High-Strength, Quenched and Tempered

A533 / A533M - 09(2014)

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered, Manganese-Molybdenum and Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel

A537 / A537M - 13Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Heat-Treated, Carbon-Manganese-Silicon Steel

A542 / A542M - 13Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Quenched-and-Tempered, Chromium-Molybdenum, and Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium

A543 / A543M - 09(2014)

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum

A553 / A553M - 10Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered 8 and 9 Percent Nickel

A562 / A562M - 10Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Manganese-Titanium for Glass or Diffused Metallic Coatings

A577 / A577M - 90(2012)

Standard Specification for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination of Steel Plates

A578 / A578M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Plates for Special Applications

A612 / A612M - 12Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, High Strength, for Moderate and Lower Temperature Service

A645 / A645M - 10Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Five Percent Nickel Alloy Steel, Specially Heat Treated

A662 / A662M - 12Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon-Manganese-Silicon Steel, for Moderate and Lower Temperature Service

A724 / A724M - 09(2013)

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon-Manganese-Silicon Steel, Quenched and Tempered, for Welded Pressure Vessels

A734 / A734M - 12Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel, Quenched-and-Tempered

A735 / A735M - 12Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Low-Carbon Manganese-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloy Steel, for Moderate and Lower Temperature Service

A736 / A736M - 12Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Low-Carbon Age-Hardening Nickel-Copper-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloy Steel

A737 / A737M - 09(2013)

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steel

A738 / A738M - 12a

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Heat-Treated, Carbon-Manganese-Silicon Steel, for Moderate and Lower Temperature Service

A770 / A770M - 03(2012)

Standard Specification for Through-Thickness Tension Testing of Steel Plates for Special Applications

A832 / A832M - 10Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium

A841 / A841M - 13Standard Specification for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels, Produced by Thermo-Mechanical Control Process (TMCP)

A844 / A844M - 09Standard Specification for Steel Plates, 9 % Nickel Alloy, for Pressure Vessels, Produced by the Direct-Quenching Process

A1017 / A1017M - 11

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum-Tungsten

Steel Rails and Accessories

Designation TitleA1 - 00(2010) Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Tee RailsA2 - 02(2014) Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Girder Rails of Plain, Grooved, and Guard TypesA3 - 01(2012) Standard Specification for Steel Joint Bars, Low, Medium, and High Carbon (Non-Heat-Treated)

A49 - 12Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Joint Bars, Microalloyed Joint Bars, and Forged Carbon Steel Compromise Joint Bars

A65 - 07(2013) Standard Specification for Steel Track SpikesA66 - 07(2013) Standard Specification for Steel Screw SpikesA67 - 00(2010) Standard Specification for Steel Tie Plates, Low-Carbon and High-Carbon Hot-WorkedA183 - 03(2009)

Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Track Bolts and Nuts

A759 - 10 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Crane Rails

Steel Reinforcement

Designation TitleA184 / A184M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement

A416 / A416M - 12a

Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete

A421 / A421M - 10 Standard Specification for Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire for Prestressed ConcreteA615 / A615M - 14 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA648 - 12 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Hard-Drawn for Prestressed Concrete Pipe A704 / A704M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for Welded Steel Plain Bar or Rod Mats for Concrete Reinforcement

A706 / A706M - 14Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

A722 / A722M - 12 Standard Specification for Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bars for Prestressing ConcreteA767 / A767M - 09 Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA775 / A775M - 07b(2014)

Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars

A779 / A779M - 12Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Seven-Wire, Uncoated, Compacted for Prestressed Concrete

A820 / A820M - 11 Standard Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteA821 / A821M - 10 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Hard-Drawn for Prestressed Concrete Tanks

A881 / A881M - 10Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Indented, Low-Relaxation for Prestressed Concrete Railroad Ties

A882 / A882M - 04a(2010)

Standard Specification for Filled Epoxy-Coated Seven-Wire Prestressing Steel Strand

A884 / A884M - 14 Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement

A886 / A886M - 12Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Indented, Seven-Wire Stress-Relieved for Prestressed Concrete

A910 / A910M - 12Standard Specification for Uncoated, Weldless, 2-Wire and 3-Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete

A911 / A911M - 11 Standard Specification for Uncoated, Stress-Relieved Steel Bars for Prestressed Concrete TiesA933 / A933M - 14 Standard Specification for Vinyl-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire ReinforcementA934 / A934M - 13 Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars

A944 - 10Standard Test Method for Comparing Bond Strength of Steel Reinforcing Bars to Concrete Using Beam-End Specimens

Designation TitleA951 / A951M - 11 Standard Specification for Steel Wire for Masonry Joint Reinforcement

A955 / A955M - 14Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

A970 / A970M - 13a

Standard Specification for Headed Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

A981 / A981M - 11Standard Test Method for Evaluating Bond Strength for 0.600-in. [15.24-mm] Diameter Steel Prestressing Strand, Grade 270 [1860], Uncoated, Used in Prestressed Ground Anchors

A996 / A996M - 14Standard Specification for Rail-Steel and Axle-Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

A1022 / A1022M - 13

Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless Steel Wire and Welded Wire for Concrete Reinforcement

A1032 - 04(2010)Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance for Steel Wire Hard Drawn Used for Prestressing Concrete Pipe

A1034 / A1034M - 10a

Standard Test Methods for Testing Mechanical Splices for Steel Reinforcing Bars

A1035 / A1035M - 14

Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain, Low-Carbon, Chromium, Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

A1044 / A1044M - 05(2010)

Standard Specification for Steel Stud Assemblies for Shear Reinforcement of Concrete

A1055 / A1055M - 10e1

Standard Specification for Zinc and Epoxy Dual-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars

A1060 / A1060M - 14

Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete

A1061 / A1061M - 09

Standard Test Methods for Testing Multi-Wire Steel Strand

A1064 / A1064M - 13

Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete

A1078 / A1078M - 12

Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Dowels for Concrete Pavement

A1081 / A1081M - 12

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Bond of Seven-Wire Steel Prestressing Strand

Steel Rod and Wire

Designation TitleA227 / A227M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Cold-Drawn for Mechanical Springs

A228 / A228M - 14 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Music Spring QualityA229 / A229M - 12 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Quenched and Tempered for Mechanical Springs A230 / A230M - 05(2011)e1

Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Oil-Tempered Carbon Valve Spring Quality

A231 / A231M - 10 Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring WireA232 / A232M - 05(2011)e1

Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Valve Spring Quality Wire

A401 / A401M - 10 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Chromium-Silicon AlloyA407 - 07(2013) Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Cold-Drawn, for Coiled-Type Springs

A510 / A510M - 13Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel, and Alloy Steel

A679 / A679M - 06(2012)

Standard Specification for Steel Wire, High Tensile Strength, Cold Drawn

Designation TitleA713 - 04(2010) Standard Specification for Steel Wire, High-Carbon Spring, for Heat-Treated ComponentsA853 - 04(2010) Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Carbon, for General Use

A877 / A877M - 10e1Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Chromium-Silicon Alloy, Chrome-Silicon-Vanadium Alloy Valve Spring Quality

A878 / A878M - 05(2011)

Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Modified Chromium Vanadium Valve Spring Quality

A899 - 91(2014) Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Epoxy-CoatedA905 - 04(2010) Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Pressure Vessel WindingA931 - 08(2013) Standard Test Method for Tension Testing of Wire Ropes and StrandA938 - 07(2013) Standard Test Method for Torsion Testing of WireA1000 / A1000M - 11 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Carbon and Alloy Specialty Spring QualityA1007 - 07 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Wire for Wire RopeA1023 / A1023M - 09e1 Standard Specification for Stranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes

Steel Sheet and Strip

Designation TitleA109 / A109M - 14

Standard Specification for Steel, Strip, Carbon (0.25 Maximum Percent), Cold-Rolled

A414 / A414M - 14

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy for Pressure Vessels

A424 / A424M - 09a

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain Enameling

A505 - 12Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for

A506 - 12Standard Specification for Alloy and Structural Alloy Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled

A507 - 12 Standard Specification for Drawing Alloy Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled and Cold-RolledA568 / A568M - 13ae1

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for

A606 / A606M - 09a

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance

A635 / A635M - 13

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy-Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Alloy, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, and High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, General Requirements for

A659 / A659M - 12

Standard Specification for Commercial Steel (CS), Sheet and Strip, Carbon (0.16 Maximum to 0.25 Maximum Percent), Hot-Rolled

A684 / A684M - 12

Standard Specification for Steel, Strip, High-Carbon, Cold-Rolled

A749 / A749M - 08

Standard Specification for Steel, Strip, Carbon and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled, General Requirements for

A794 / A794M - 12

Standard Specification for Commercial Steel (CS), Sheet, Carbon (0.16   % Maximum to 0.25   % Maximum), Cold-Rolled

A805 / A805M - 09

Standard Specification for Steel, Flat Wire, Carbon, Cold-Rolled

A980 / A980M - 11

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Ultra High Strength Cold Rolled

A1008 / A1008M - 13

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable

A1011 / Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength

Designation TitleA1011M - 14 Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength

A1018 / A1018M - 10

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy-Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Commercial, Drawing, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength

A1031 / A1031M - 12

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy-Thickness Coils, Alloy, Drawing Steel and Structural Steel, Hot-Rolled

A1039 / A1039M - 13

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Hot Rolled, Carbon, Commercial, Structural, and High-Strength Low-Alloy, Produced by Twin-Roll Casting Process

A1083 / A1083M - 12

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, Produced by Twin-Roll Casting Process

A1088 - 13Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Complex Phase (CP), Dual Phase (DP) and Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP)

F1267 - 12 Standard Specification for Metal, Expanded, Steel

Structural Shapes and Hardware Specifications

Designation TitleA123 / A123M - 13 Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products

A143 / A143M - 07Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting Embrittlement

A153 / A153M - 09 Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel HardwareA384 / A384M - 07(2013)

Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Warpage and Distortion During Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel Assemblies

A385 / A385M - 11 Standard Practice for Providing High-Quality Zinc Coatings (Hot-Dip)

A780 / A780M - 09Standard Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings

A896 / A896M - 09(2014)

Standard Practice for Conducting Case Studies on Galvanized Structures

A1059 / A1059M - 08(2013)

Standard Specification for Zinc Alloy Thermo-Diffusion Coatings (TDC) on Steel Fasteners, Hardware, and Other Products

A1068 - 10Standard Practice for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Corrosion Protection Systems on Iron and Steel Products

A1072 / A1072M - 11Standard Specification for Zinc-5 % Aluminum (Hot-Dip) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products

A1074 - 11 Standard Specification for Hot Tin and Hot Tin/Lead Dip on Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals

Structural Steel for Bridges, Buildings, Rolling Stock and Ships

Designation Title

A6 / A6M - 14Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling

A36 / A36M - 12 Standard Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA131 / A131M - 13 Standard Specification for Structural Steel for ShipsA242 / A242M - 13 Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural SteelA283 / A283M - 13 Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesA328 / A328M - 13a

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet Piling

A514 / A514M - 14Standard Specification for High-Yield-Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding

A529 / A529M - Standard Specification for High-Strength Carbon-Manganese Steel of Structural Quality

Designation Title05(2009)A572 / A572M - 13a

Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel

A573 / A573M - 13 Standard Specification for Structural Carbon Steel Plates of Improved Toughness

A588 / A588M - 10Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel, up to 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield Point, with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance

A633 / A633M - 13 Standard Specification for Normalized High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plates

A656 / A656M - 13Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled Structural Steel, High-Strength Low-Alloy Plate with Improved Formability

A673 / A673M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Sampling Procedure for Impact Testing of Structural Steel

A690 / A690M - 13a

Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Nickel, Copper, Phosphorus Steel H-Piles and Sheet Piling with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance for Use in Marine Environments

A709 / A709M - 13a

Standard Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges

A710 / A710M - 02(2013)

Standard Specification for Precipitation–Strengthened Low-Carbon Nickel-Copper-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloy Structural Steel Plates

A769 / A769M - 05(2010)

Standard Specification for Carbon and High-Strength Electric Resistance Forge-Welded Steel Structural Shapes

A786 / A786M - 05(2009)

Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled Carbon, Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy, and Alloy Steel Floor Plates

A827 / A827M - 14 Standard Specification for Plates, Carbon Steel, for Forging and Similar ApplicationsA829 / A829M - 14 Standard Specification for Alloy Structural Steel Plates

A830 / A830M - 14Standard Specification for Plates, Carbon Steel, Structural Quality, Furnished to Chemical Composition Requirements

A857 / A857M - 07(2013)

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet Piling, Cold Formed, Light Gage

A871 / A871M - 14Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate With Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance

A898 / A898M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Straight Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Structural Shapes

A913 / A913M - 14a

Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes of Structural Quality, Produced by Quenching and Self-Tempering Process (QST)

A945 / A945M - 06(2011)

Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate with Low Carbon and Restricted Sulfur for Improved Weldability, Formability, and Toughness

A950 / A950M - 11Standard Specification for Fusion-Bonded Epoxy-Coated Structural Steel H-Piles and Sheet Piling

A992 / A992M - 11 Standard Specification for Structural Steel ShapesA1043 / A1043M - 05(2009)

Standard Specification for Structural Steel with Low Yield to Tensile Ratio for Use in Buildings

A1066 / A1066M - 11

Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate Produced by Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process (TMCP)

A1077 / A1077M - 12

Standard Specification for Structural Steel with Improved Yield Strength at High Temperature for Use in Buildings

Structures

Designation TitleF718 - 07(2011)e1

Standard Specification for Shipbuilders and Marine Paints and Coatings Product/Procedure Data Sheet

Designation TitleF940 - 99(2013)

Standard Practice for Quality Control Receipt Inspection Procedures for Protective Coatings (Paint), Used in Marine Construction and Shipbuilding

F941 - 99(2013)

Standard Practice for Inspection of Marine Surface Preparation and Coating Application

F1130 - 99(2014)

Standard Practice for Inspecting the Coating System of a Ship

F1178 - 11Standard Specification for Performance of Enameling System, Baking, Metal Joiner Work and Furniture

F1321 - 14Standard Guide for Conducting a Stability Test (Lightweight Survey and Inclining Experiment) to Determine the Light Ship Displacement and Centers of Gravity of a Vessel

F1455 - 92(2011)

Standard Guide for Selection of Structural Details for Ship Construction

F2935 - 12 Standard Specification for Chocks, Panama, Mooring Cast SteelF2936 - 12 Standard Specification for Chocks, Ship Mooring, Cast SteelF2991 - 13 Standard Guide for Doubler Plate Repairs for Non-Classed Ship Structures

F3052 - 14Standard Guide for Conducting Small Boat Stability Test (Deadweight Survey and Air Inclining Experiment) to Determine Lightcraft Weight and Centers of Gravity of a Small Craft

Terminology

Designation TitleA941 - 13b Standard Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys

Tin Mill Products

Designation TitleA599 / A599M - 07(2012)

Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electrolytic Tin-Coated, Cold-Rolled Sheet

A623 - 11 Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, General RequirementsA623M - 11 Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements [Metric]A624 / A624M - 13 Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electrolytic Tin Plate, Single ReducedA625 / A625M - 13 Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, Black Plate, Single-ReducedA626 / A626M - 13 Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electrolytic Tin Plate, Double ReducedA630 - 03(2009) Standard Test Methods for Determination of Tin Coating Weights for Electrolytic Tin PlateA650 / A650M - 13 Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, Black Plate, Double Reduced

A657 / A657M - 13Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, Black Plate Electrolytic Chromium-Coated, Single and Double Reduced

A987 / A987M - 09 Standard Practice for Measuring Shape Characteristics of Tin Mill Products

Tool Steels

Designation TitleA561 - 08(2014) Standard Practice for Macroetch Testing of Tool Steel BarsA597 - 87(2010) Standard Specification for Cast Tool SteelA600 - 92a(2010) Standard Specification for Tool Steel High SpeedA681 - 08 Standard Specification for Tool Steels AlloyA686 - 92(2010) Standard Specification for Tool Steel, Carbon

Wire Specifications

Designation TitleA111 - 99a(2009) Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) "Iron" Telephone and Telegraph Line WireA116 - 11 Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated, Steel Woven Wire Fence FabricA121 - 13 Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated Carbon Steel Barbed WireA363 - 03(2009)e1 Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Overhead Ground Wire Strand

A390 - 06(2011)Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Poultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)

A411 - 08(2013) Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Low-Carbon Steel Armor WireA460 - 11 Standard Specification for Copper-Clad Steel Wire StrandA474 - 03(2013) Standard Specification for Aluminum-Coated Steel Wire StrandA475 - 03(2009)e1 Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Wire StrandA586 - 04a(2009)e1

Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Parallel and Helical Steel Wire Structural Strand

A603 - 98(2009)e1 Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Structural Wire RopeA640 - 97(2009)e1 Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Strand for Messenger Support of Figure 8 CableA641 / A641M - 09a

Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Carbon Steel Wire

A740 - 98(2014) Standard Specification for Hardware Cloth (Woven or Welded Galvanized Steel Wire Fabric)A741 - 11e1 Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated Steel Wire Rope and Fittings for Highway Guardrail

A764 - 07(2012)Standard Specification for Metallic Coated Carbon Steel Wire, Coated at Size and Drawn to Size for Mechanical Springs

A809 - 08(2013) Standard Specification for Aluminum-Coated (Aluminized) Carbon Steel WireA810 - 01(2009)e1 Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Pipe Winding Mesh

A817 - 12Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated Steel Wire for Chain-Link Fence Fabric and Marcelled Tension Wire

A818 - 06(2010) Standard Specification for Coppered Carbon Steel WireA854 / A854M - 08(2013)

Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated Steel Smooth High-Tensile Fence and Trellis Wire

A855 / A855M - 03(2009)

Standard Specification for Zinc-5% Aluminum-Mischmetal Alloy-Coated Steel Wire Strand

A856 / A856M - 03(2009)

Standard Specification for Zinc-5% Aluminum-Mischmetal Alloy-Coated Carbon Steel Wire

A925 - 03(2009)e1Standard Specification for Zinc-5% Aluminum-Mischmetal Alloy-Coated Steel Overhead Ground Wire Strand

A974 - 97(2011)Standard Specification for Welded Wire Fabric Gabions and Gabion Mattresses (Metallic Coated or Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Coated)

A975 - 11Standard Specification for Double–Twisted Hexagonal Mesh Gabions and Revet Mattresses (Metallic-Coated Steel Wire or Metallic-Coated Steel Wire With Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Coating)

1.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL DESIGN MATERIAL

The following advantages in general may be credited to steel as a structural design material:

1. High strength/weight ratio. Steel has a high strength/weight ratio. Thus, the dead weight of steel structures is relatively small. This property makes steel a very attractive structural material fora. High-rise buildingsb. Long-span bridgesc. Structures located on soft groundd. Structures located in highly seismic areas where forces acting on the structure due to an earthquake are in general proportional to the weight of the structure.

2. Ductility. As discussed in the previous section, steel can undergo large plastic deformation before failure, thus providing large reserve strength. This property is referred to as ductility. Properly designed steel structures can have high ductility, which is an important characteristic for resisting shock loading such as blasts or earthquakes. A ductile structure has energy-absorbing capacity and will not incur sudden failure. It usually shows large visible deflections before failure or collapse.

3. Predictable material properties. Properties of steel can be predicted with a high degree of certainty. Steel in fact shows elastic behavior up to a relatively high and usually well-defined stress level. Also, in contrast to reinforced concrete, steel properties do not change considerably with time.

4. Speed of erection. Steel structures can be erected quite rapidly. This normally results in quicker economic payoff.

5. Quality of construction. Steel structures can be built with high-quality workmanship and narrow tolerances.

6. Ease of repair. Steel structures in general can be repaired quickly and easily.

7. Adaptation of prefabrication. Steel is highly suitable for prefabrication and mass production.

8. Repetitive use. Steel can be reused after a structure is disassembled.

9. Expanding existing structures. Steel buildings can be easily expanded by adding new bays or wings. Steel bridges may be widened.

10. Fatigue strength. Steel structures have relatively good fatigue strength.

The following may be considered as disadvantages of steel in certain cases:

1. General cost. Steel structures may be more costly than other types of structures.

2. Fireproofing. The strength of steel is reduced substantially when heated at temperatures commonly observed in building fires. Also, steel conducts and transmits heat from a burning portion of the building quite fast. Consequently, steel frames in buildings must have adequate fireproofing.

3. Maintenance. Steel structures exposed to air and water, such as bridges, are susceptible to corrosion and should be painted regularly. Application of weathering and corrosion-resistant steels may eliminate this problem.

4. Susceptibility to buckling. Due to high strength/weight ratio, steel compression members are in general more slender and consequently more susceptible to buckling than, say, reinforced concrete compression members. As a result, considerable materials may have to be used just to improve the buckling resistance of slender steel compression members.