assistant laboratory animal technician · 2014-05-09 · technician (alat) certification...
TRANSCRIPT
AmericAn AssociAtion for LAborAtory AnimAL science
9190 Crestwyn Hills DriveMemphis, Tennessee 38125
Phone: 901-754-8620 • Fax: 901-753-0046Email: [email protected]
www.aalas.org
Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician TRAINING MANUALA
ssistant Laboratory Anim
al TechnicianTraining M
anual®
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Preface
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORy ANIMAL SCIENCE (AALAS) IS A nonprofit association that serves as a forum for the exchange of information and expertise in the care and use of laboratory animals. Since 1950, AALAS has been dedicated to the humane care and treatment of laboratory animals and has supported the advancement of science benefiting people and animals. AALAS members are people and organizations concerned with the humane care and use of animals in research.
First published in 1989, the Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician Training Manual is the first in the series of AALAS technician training manuals. The primary purpose of the series is to assist laboratory animal technical personnel in gaining the knowledge that will allow them to attain a high degree of professionalism in their field and to prepare for the AALAS technician certifica-tion examinations. This manual focuses on basic information about the field of laboratory animal science, animal care and husbandry, animal health, research techniques, and information about common laboratory animal species. The material covered in this manual reflects the knowledge level and skills that are expected of assistant laboratory animal technicians, based on the 2005 AA-LAS Job Analysis Survey, and must be mastered prior to taking the Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician (ALAT) certification examination.
Each chapter of the manual includes an Additional Reading section with supplemental material, such as books or journal articles, that provides more in-depth information about the topics cov-ered in the chapter.
ALAT certification candidates should study both the manual and the materials included on the ALAT Reference List, which is set by the AALAS Certification and Registry Board. Please refer to the Technician Certification page on the AALAS website (http://www.aalas.org/certification/tech_cert.asp) for the list of resources to study for the ALAT exam. Because these items are sub-ject to change, it is important to view the current list when beginning to prepare for an AALAS technician certification exam.
Any suggestions or comments about this manual should be addressed to [email protected].
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Unit One: Introduction to Laboratory Animal Care 1Chapter 1: The Field of Laboratory Animal Science 3
The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 3Why Are Animal Models Used? 4Members of the Laboratory Animal Research Team 4Interpersonal Relationships at Work 5Career Opportunities in Laboratory Animal Science 5
Chapter 2: The Animal Research Environment 9Animal Research Regulations 9The Development of Regulations & Guidelines 9The Guide 9Facility Accreditation 10Federal Regulations 10Other Guidelines & Regulations 14Bioethics & the 3Rs Principle 14
Chapter 3: Facility Security & Emergencies 17The Disaster Plan 17The Security Plan 18Emergency Response 19
Chapter 4: Occupational Health & Safety 21The Health Screen 21Personal Health & Safety 22Types of Hazards 23Signage 26Handling Injuries & Accidents 26
Unit Two: The Animal Facility Environment 29Chapter 5: Facility Equipment 31
Sanitization & Disinfection Equipment 31Husbandry Equipment 33
Fume Hoods 34Biological Safety Cabinets 35Autoclaves 35Vacuums 36Tissue Digesters 36Incinerators 36Scales & Balances 37
Chapter 6: Caging Systems 39Caging Materials 40Caging Systems 40Large Animal Caging 42Aquatic Caging 44Cubicles 44Agricultural Housing 44Specific-Use Cages 44Space Requirements 45
Chapter 7: The Laboratory Animal Environment 47Microenvironment & Macroenvironment 47Animal Rooms: The Macroenvironment 47Animal Room Design 50Barrier Facilities: Bioexclusion & Biocontainment 50Quarantine & Isolation Rooms 51Feed & Bedding Storage 51Equipment Storage 52Personnel Areas 52Procedure Rooms 52
Chapter 8: Housekeeping Tasks & Contamination Control 55
Microorganisms Affecting Animal Health 55Safety First 55Sanitization 56Disinfection 56Sterilization 56Room & Equipment Cleaning 56Waste Management 58Pest Control 59
Chapter 9: Feed & Nutrition 61Water 61
Contents
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Nutrients 62Forms of Feed 63Types of Diets 64Reward, Enrichment, & Behavior Modification 65Shelf Life of Feed 65
Chapter 10: Husbandry 67Recordkeeping 67Feeding 68Watering 70Bedding 71Environmental Enrichment 72Animal Identification 72Daily Cage & Room Monitoring 75Urgent or Emergency Situations 77
Unit Three: Animal Health 79Chapter 11: Animal Procurement & Quarantine 81
Microbiological Status 81Animal Procurement 82Approved Vendors & Animal Transport 82Receiving 83Examination 84Animal Identification 84Quarantine, Acclimation, & Conditioning 84
Chapter 12: Medications 87Types of Drugs 87Controlled Substances 88Drug Forms 89Drug Expiration Dates 89Drug Storage Conditions 89Routes of Administration 90Drug Treatment Records 91
Chapter 13: Colony Health Surveillance 93Health Surveillance 93Animal Observation 93Causes of Diseases 95Transmission of Infection 96Sentinel Animals 97Diagnosis of Disease 97Detecting Parasites 97Vaccinations 98Tuberculosis Testing in NHPs 98Isolation 98Dead Animals 98
Chapter 14: Euthanasia 101The Need for Euthanasia 101AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals 101Methods of Euthanasia 102Verification of Death 104Learning to Perform Euthanasia 104
Unit Four: Research Techniques 107Chapter 15: Introduction to Science & Metrics 109
Scientific Terminology 109Units of Measurement 109Temperature: Fahrenheit & Celsius Scales 111Basic Chemistry Concepts 112
Chapter 16: Experimental Design & Methodology 117Animal Models 117The Research Process 117Types of Scientific Research 119
Chapter 17: Heredity & Breeding 121The Basis of Genetics: Genes & Chromosomes 121Mutations 122Genetically Engineered Rodents 122Reproduction 123Pregnancy Confirmation in Rodents 123Breeding Colonies & Schemes 124Mating Systems 124Maintenance of Breeding Animals 125Breeding Records 126
Unit Five: Species-Specific Information 127Chapter 18: Mice 129
Taxonomy 129Outbred Stocks & Inbred Strains 129Anatomy & Physiology 130Sexing & Reproduction 131Handling & Restraint 132Identification Methods 132Behavior 133Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 133Husbandry & Diet 134Environmental Enrichment 134Euthanasia 134
Chapter 19: Rats 137Taxonomy 137Outbred Stocks & Inbred Strains 137Anatomy & Physiology 137Sexing & Reproduction 138Handling & Restraint 139Identification Methods 139Behavior 139Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 140Husbandry & Diet 140Environmental Enrichment 140Euthanasia 140
Chapter 20: Hamsters 141Taxonomy 141Anatomy & Physiology 141Sexing & Reproduction 142Handling & Restraint 143Identification Methods 143
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Behavior 143Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 144Husbandry and Diet 144Environmental Enrichment 144Euthanasia 144
Chapter 21: Gerbils 145Taxonomy 145Anatomy & Physiology 145Sexing & Reproduction 145Handling & Restraint 146Identification Methods 146Behavior 146Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 146Husbandry & Diet 146Environmental Enrichment 147Euthanasia 147
Chapter 22: Guinea Pigs 149Taxonomy, Stocks & Strains 149Anatomy & Physiology 149Sexing & Reproduction 150Breeding Characteristics 150Handling & Restraint 151Identification Methods 151Behavior 151Signs of Pain, Distress or Illness 151Husbandry & Diet 151Environmental Enrichment 151Euthanasia 152
Chapter 23: Rabbits 153Taxonomy 153Anatomy & Physiology 153Sexing & Reproduction 154Handling & Restraint 154Identification 155Behavior 155Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 156Husbandry & Diet 156Environmental Enrichment 156Euthanasia 157
Chapter 24: Cats 159Taxonomy 159Anatomy & Physiology 159Sexing & Reproduction 159Handling & Restraint 160Identification Methods 160Behavior 160Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 161Husbandry & Diet 162Environmental Enrichment 162Euthanasia 162
Chapter 25: Dogs 163Taxonomy 163Anatomy & Physiology 163Sexing & Reproduction 163
Handling & Restraint 164Identification Methods 164Behavior 165Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 165Husbandry & Diet 165Environmental Enrichment 166Euthanasia 166
Chapter 26: Swine 167Taxonomy & Breeds 167Anatomy & Physiology 167Sexing & Reproduction 168Handling & Restraint 168Identification Methods 169Behavior 169Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 170Husbandry & Diet 170Environmental Enrichment 171Euthanasia 171
Chapter 27: Ruminants 173General Characteristics of Ruminants 173Sheep 173Goats 176Cattle 178
Chapter 28: Nonhuman Primates 181Taxonomy 181Anatomy & Physiology 181Sexing & Reproduction 181Handling & Restraint 184Identification Methods 185Behavior 185Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 186Husbandry & Diet 186Environmental Enrichment 186Euthanasia 187
Chapter 29: Birds 189Taxonomy 189Anatomy & Physiology 189Sexing & Reproduction 190Handling & Restraint 191Identification Methods 193Behavior 193Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 193Husbandry & Diet 193Use of Non-domestic Species 194Environmental Enrichment 195Euthanasia 195
Chapter 30: Amphibians 197Anatomy & Physiology 197Sexing & Reproduction 198Handling & Restraint 199Identification Methods 200Behavior 200Signs of Pain, Distress, or Illness 200
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Husbandry & Diet 200Environmental Enrichment 201Euthanasia 201
Chapter 31: Fish 203Taxonomy 203Anatomy & Physiology 203Sexing & Reproduction 204Procurement 204Handling & Restraint 205Identification Methods 205Behavior 205Aquatic Rooms 205Types of Holding Systems 206Water Quality 206
Husbandry & Diet 207Environmental Enrichment 208Euthanasia 208
Chapter 32: Less Common Research Animals 209Ferrets 209Horses 211Reptiles 213Other Species 217
Glossary 219Abbreviations & Acronyms 239Appendix 241Index 247