1. Blaise Pascal - Mechanical Calculator

Blaise Pascal along with Wilhelm Schickard was one of two inventors of

the mechanical calculator in the early 17th Century. Pascal made his invention in

1642. He was spurred to it when participating in the burden of arithmetical labor

involved in his father's official work as supervisor of taxes at Rouen. First called

the Arithmetic Machine, Pascal's Calculator and laterPascaline, his invention

was primarily intended as an adding machine which could add and subtract two

numbers directly, but its description could, with a bit of a stretch, be extended to a

"mechanical calculator, in that at least in principle it was possible, admittedly rather

laboriously, to multiply and divide by repetition.

2. Jose Marie Jacquard – Punch Card

Joseph-Marie Jacquard was not the inventor of the programmable loom, as many

people imagine, actually he created an attachment to the loom, which played a very

important role not only in the textile industry, but also in development of other

programmable machines, such as computers, for example the Analytical

Engine ofCharles Babbage. One of the first improvements of Jacquard was to

eliminate the paper strip from Vaucanson's mechanism and to return to Falcon's

chain of punched cards. Then, he tried to avoid the expensive metal cylinders of

Vaucanson. In fact, the term Jacquard loom is a misnomer, actually Jacquard's

invented an attachment (head), that adapts to a great many type of looms, that allow

the weaving machine to create the intricate patterns often seen in Jacquard weaving.

Thus any loom that uses the attachment is called a Jacquard loom.

Each position in the punched card of the loom corresponds to a hook, which can

either be raised or stopped dependant on whether the hole is punched out of the card

or the card is solid. The hook raises or lowers the harness, which carries and guides

the warp thread so that the weft will either lie above or below it. The sequence of

raised and lowered threads is what creates the pattern. Each hook can be connected

via the harness to a number of threads, allowing more than one repeat of a pattern.

For example, a loom with a 500-hook head might have four threads connected to

each hook, resulting in a fabric that is 2000 warp ends wide with four repeats of the

weave going across.

3. Charles Babbage – Mechanical Computer

Charles Babbage, FRS was an English polymath. He was a mathematician,

philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, who is best remembered now for

originating the concept of a programmable computer.

Considered a "father of the computer",Babbage is credited with inventing the

first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. His varied

work in other fields has led him to be described as "pre-eminent" among the many

polymaths of his century.

Parts of Babbage's uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science

Museum. In 1991, a perfectly functioning difference engine was constructed from

Babbage's original plans. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the

success of the finished engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have

worked.

4. Augusta Ada Byron – Computer Programming

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, born Augusta Ada Byron and now

commonly known as Ada Lovelace, was an English mathematician and writer

chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose

computer, theAnalytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognised

as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. Because of this, she is

often described as the world's first computer programmer.

5. Konrad Zuse – Freely Programmable Computer

Konrad Zuse was a German inventor and computer pioneer. His greatest

achievement was the world's first programmable computer; the functional program-

controlledTuring-complete Z3 became operational in May 1941. Thanks to this

machine and its predecessors, Zuse has often been regarded as the inventor of the

modern computer.

Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process-

controlled computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941,

producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer. From

1943[5] to 1945[6] he designed the first high-levelprogramming

language, Plankalkül.[7] In 1969, Zuse suggested the concept of a computation-

based universe in his book Rechnender Raum (Calculating Space).

Much of his early work was financed by his family and commerce, but after 1939

he was given resources by the Nazi German government. Due to World War II,

Zuse's work went largely unnoticed in the United Kingdom and theUnited States.

Possibly his first documented influence on a US company wasIBM's option on his

patents in 1946.

There is a replica of the Z3, as well as the original Z4, in the Deutsches

Museum in Munich. The Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin has an exhibition

devoted to Zuse, displaying twelve of his machines, including a replica of

theZ1 and several of Zuse's paintings.

6. John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry – Computing Biz ABC

The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital

computer, an early electronic digital computing device that has remained somewhat

obscure. To say that it was the first is a debate among historians of computer

technology. Most would probably credit John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert,

creators of the ENIAC, with the title. Still, other would argue that the credit

undisputedly belongs to Iowa State mathematics and physics professorJohn Vincent

Atanasoff for his work with the 'ABC,' with the help of graduate student Clifford

Berry. Conceived in 1937, the machine was not programmable, being designed only

to solve systems of linear equations. It was successfully tested in 1942. However,

its intermediate result storage mechanism, a paper card writer/reader, was

unreliable, and when John Vincent Atanasoff left Iowa State College for World War

II assignments, work on the machine was discontinued. The ABC pioneered

important elements of modern computing, including binary arithmetic andelectronic

switching elements, but its special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable, stored

program distinguish it from modern computers. The computer was designated

an IEEE Milestone in 1990.

Atanasoff and Berry's computer work was not widely known until it was

rediscovered in the 1960s, amidst conflicting claims about the first instance of an

electronic computer. At that time, the ENIAC was considered to be the first

computer in the modern sense, but in 1973 a U.S. District Court invalidated the

ENIAC patent and concluded that the ENIAC inventors had derived the subject

matter of the electronic digital computer from Atanasoff (see Patent dispute).

7. Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper - Harvard Mark I Computer

Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and later obtained his PhD

in physics at Harvard University in 1939.During this time, he

encountered differential equations that he could only solve numerically. He

envisioned an electro-mechanical computing device that could do much of the

tedious work for him. This computer was originally called the ASCC (Automatic

Sequence Controlled Calculator) and later renamed Harvard Mark I. With

engineering, construction, and funding from IBM, the machine was completed and

installed at Harvard in February, 1944. Grace Hopper joined the project in July of

that year.In 1947, Aiken completed his work on the Harvard Mark IIcomputer. He

continued his work on the Mark III and the Harvard Mark IV. The Mark III used

some electronic components and the Mark IV was all-electronic. The Mark III and

Mark IV used magnetic drum memory and the Mark IV also had magnetic core

memory.

Aiken was inspired by Charles Babbage's difference engine.

Aiken accumulated honorary degrees at the University of Wisconsin, Wayne State

and Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt. He was elected a Fellow of theAmerican

Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1947.He received the University of Wisconsin–

Madison College of Engineering Engineers Day Award in 1958, the Harry H.

Goode Memorial Award in 1964, the John Price Wetherill Medal in 1964, and

the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Edison Medal in 1970

"For a meritorious career of pioneering contributions to the development and

application of large-scale digital computers and important contributions to

education in the digital computer field."

In addition to his work on the Mark series, another important contribution of

Aiken's was the introduction of a master's program for computer science at

Harvard,nearly a decade before the programs began to appear in other universities.

This became a starting ground to future computer scientists, many of whom did

doctoral dissertations under Aiken.

8. John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly – 20,000 Vacuum Tubes

John Adam Presper "Pres" Eckert Jr. was anAmerican electrical

engineer and computer pioneer. With John Mauchly he invented the first general-

purpose electronic digital computer (ENIAC), presented the first course in

computing topics (the Moore School Lectures), founded the first commercial

computer company (the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation), and designed the

first commercial computer in the U.S., the UNIVAC, which incorporated Eckert's

invention of the mercury delay line memory.

9. Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn Manchester Baby & Williams Tube – Baby

and the Williams Tube

The Manchester Mark 1 was one of the earliest stored-program computers,

developed at the Victoria University of Manchester from theSmall-Scale

Experimental Machine (SSEM) or "Baby" (operational in June 1948). It was also

called the Manchester Automatic Digital Machine, or MADM. Work began in

August 1948, and the first version was operational by April 1949; a program written

to search forMersenne primes ran error-free for nine hours on the night of 16/17

June 1949.

The machine's successful operation was widely reported in the British press, which

used the phrase "electronic brain" in describing it to their readers. That description

provoked a reaction from the head of the University of Manchester's Department of

Neurosurgery, the start of a long-running debate as to whether an electronic

computer could ever be truly creative.

The Mark 1 was to provide a computing resource within the university, to allow

researchers to gain experience in the practical use of computers, but it very quickly

also became a prototype on which the design of Ferranti's commercial version could

be based. Development ceased at the end of 1949, and the machine was scrapped

towards the end of 1950, replaced in February 1951 by a Ferranti Mark 1, the

world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.

The computer is especially historically significant because of its pioneering

inclusion of index registers, an innovation which made it easier for a program to

read sequentially through an array of words in memory. Thirty-four patents resulted

from the machine's development, and many of the ideas behind its design were

incorporated in subsequent commercial products such as the IBM 701 and 702 as

well as the Ferranti Mark 1. The chief designers, Frederic C. Williams and Tom

Kilburn, concluded from their experiences with the Mark 1 that computers would be

used more in scientific roles than in pure mathematics. In 1951 they started

development work on Meg, the Mark 1's successor, which would include a floating

point unit.

10. John Bardeen Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley – Transistor

William Bradford Shockley Jr. was an American physicist and inventor. Along

with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, Shockley co-invented

thetransistor, for which all three were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prizein

Physics.Shockley's attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the

1950s and 1960s led to California's "Silicon Valley" becoming a hotbed of

electronics innovation. In his later life, Shockley was a professor at Stanford and

became a staunch advocate ofeugenics.

11. John Backus & IBM FORTRAN – High Level Programming Language

John Warner Backus was an American computer scientist. He directed the

team that invented the first widely used high-level programming

language (FORTRAN) and was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form (BNF), a

widely used notation to define formal language syntax. He also did research

in function-level programming and helped to popularize it.The IEEE awarded

Backus the W.W. McDowell Award in 1967 for the development of FORTRAN.

He received the National Medal of Science in 1975, and the 1977 ACM Turing

Award “for profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of

practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on

FORTRAN, and for publication of formal procedures for the specification of

programming languages.”

12. Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce – Integrated Circuit

Jack St. Clair Kilby was an American electrical engineer who took part (along

with Robert Noyce) in the realization of the first integrated circuit while working

at Texas Instruments (TI) in 1958. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics on

December 10, 2000. To congratulate him, US President Bill Clinton wrote, "You

can take pride in the knowledge that your work will help to improve lives for

generations to come."He is also the inventor of the handheld calculator and

the thermal printer, for which he has patents. He also has patents for seven other

inventions.

13. Steve Russell – First Computer Game (MIT Spacewar)

In 1962, Steve "Slug" Russell, a computer programmer working for the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), invented Spacewar!, the first popular

and earliest known digital computer game.

In 1961, Russell created and designed Spacewar!, with the fellow members of

the Tech Model Railroad Club at MIT, working on a DEC Digital PDP-1.

The precise origin of the "concept" of computer-based games in general has been

debatedSpacewar!, however, was unquestionably the first to gain widespread

recognition, and it is generally recognized as the first of the "shoot-'em' up" genre

14. Douglas Engelbart – First Computer Mouse and Windows

Douglas Carl Engelbart was an Americanengineer and inventor, and an early

computer and Internet pioneer. He is best known for his work on the challenges

of human–computer interaction, particularly while at his Augmentation Research

Center Lab in SRI International, resulting in the invention of the computer mouse,

and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors

to graphical user interfaces. These were demonstrated at The Mother of All

Demos in 1968. In the early 1950s, he decided that instead of "having a steady job"

(such as his position at NASA's Ames Research Center) he would focus on making

the world a better place, especially through the use of computers. Engelbart was

therefore a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers

and computer networks to help cope with the world’s increasingly urgent and

complex problems. Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab,

which he termed "bootstrapping strategy". He designed the strategy to accelerate the

rate of innovation of his lab.

15. Faggin, Hoff & Mazor Intel – First Microprocessor

Federico Faggin (born December 1, 1941) is an Italian-born and

educated physicist, naturalized US citizen, widely known for designing the first

commercial microprocessor. He led the 4004 (MCS-4) project and the design group

during the first five years of Intel's microprocessor effort. He was founder and CEO

of Zilog, the first company solely dedicated to microprocessors.

In 2010 he received the 2009 National Medal of Technology and Innovation, the

highest honor the United States confers for achievements related to technological

progress.

16. Alan Shugart – Floppy Disk

Alan Field Shugart was an American engineer, entrepreneur and business

executive whose career defined the modern computer disk drive industry.

With Shugart as Chief Executive Officer, Seagate became the world’s largest

independent manufacturer of disk drives and related components. In July 1998,

Shugart resigned his positions with Seagate.

In 1996 he launched an unsuccessful campaign to elect Ernest, his Bernese

Mountain Dog, to Congress. Shugart later wrote about that experience in a

book, Ernest Goes to Washington (Well, Not Exactly). He backed a failed ballot

initiative in 2000 to give California voters the option of choosing "none of the

above" in elections.

17. Robert Metcalfe – Xerox the Ethernet

Robert Melancton "Bob" Metcalfe is an electrical engineer from the United

States who co-invented Ethernet, founded 3Com and formulated Metcalfe's Law.

As of January 2006, he is a general partner of Polaris Venture Partners. Starting in

January 2011, he holds the position of Professor of Electrical Engineering and

Director of Innovation at The University of Texas at Austin.

Metcalfe was working at Xerox PARC in 1973 when he and David Boggs

invented Ethernet, a standard for connecting computers over short distances.

Metcalfe identifies the day Ethernet was born as May 22, 1973, the day he

circulated a memo titled "Alto Ethernet" which contained a rough schematic of how

it would work. "That is the first time Ethernet appears as a word, as does the idea of

using coax as ether, where the participating stations, like in AlohaNet or ARPAnet,

would inject their packets of data, they'd travel around at megabits per second, there

would be collisions, and retransmissions, and back-off," Metcalfe explained. Boggs

identifies another date as the birth of Ethernet: November 11, 1973, the first day the

system actually functioned.

18. Adam Osborne – First Portable Computer

Adam Osborne was a Thailand-born British-American author, book

and software publisher, and computer designer who founded several companies in

the United States and elsewhere.

Osborne was known to frequent the famous Homebrew Computer Club's meetings

around 1975. He was best known for creating the first commercially

available portable computer, the Osborne 1, released in April 1981. It weighed 24.5

pounds (12 kg), cost US$1795—just over half the cost of a computer from other

manufacturers with comparable features—and ran the popular CP/M 2.2operating

system. It was designed to fit under an airline seat. At its peak, Osborne Computer

Corporation shipped 10,000 units of "Osborne 1" per month. Osborne was one of

the first personal computing pioneers to understand fully that there was a wide

market of buyers who were not computing hobbyists: the Osborne 1 included word

processing and spreadsheet software. This was at a time when IBM would not

bundle hardware and software with their PCs, selling separately the operating

systems, monitors, and even cables for the monitor.

19. Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston – VisiCalc Spreadsheet

VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet computer program, originally released for

the Apple II. It is often considered the application that turned

the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a serious business

tool, and is considered the Apple II's killer app. VisiCalc sold over 700,000 copies

in six years, and as many as 1 million copies over its history.

VisiCalc was ported to numerous platforms, both 8-bit and some of the early 16-bit

systems. In order to do this, the company developed porting platforms that

produced bug compatibleversions. The company took the same approach when

the IBM PCwas launched, producing a product that was essentially identical to the

original 8-bit Apple II version. Sales were initially brisk, with about 300,000 copies

sold.VisiCalc used the A1 notation in formulas.

When Lotus 1-2-3 was launched in 1983, taking full advantage of the expanded

memory and screen of the PC, VisiCalc sales practically ended overnight. Sales

imploded so rapidly that the company was soon insolvent. Lotus

Development purchased the company in 1985, and immediately ended sales of

VisiCalc and the company's other products.

20. Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby WordStar – Word Processors

Seymour Ivan Rubinstein (born 1934) is a pioneer of

the PC software industry. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York, and after a six-year

stint in New Hampshire, later moved to California. Programs developed partially or

entirely under his direction include WordStar, HelpDesk, Quattro Pro, and

WebSleuth, among others. WordStar was the first truly successful program for the

personal computer (in a commercial sense) and gave reasonably priced access to

word processing for the general population for the first time.

Rubinstein began his involvement with microcomputers as director of marketing

at IMSAI.

Assignment

in

T.L.E

Submitted by:

Krizel Muñoz Sevilla

-Grade 7 Charity-

Submitted to:

Mr. Dennis Glenn R. Coronel

-T.L.E Teacher-