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NTEL LABS EUROPE

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commitment to and alignment with European R&D. In addition to driving key technology innovations for Intel, ILEworks closely with academic, industry, and government institutions to advance innovations and strengthen

Europes technology leadership in the global community.

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IntroductionThe transportation industry today has to be on the move, constantly, in more ways thanone. It has to deal with the increasing demands of customers and suppliers, while

simultaneously trying to optimise the entire business operation at minimum cost. Tokeep pace with changing business paradigms, transporters need more than ever to use

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information technology, not merely as an enabler of operations but as a strategic driverand critical business tool.

Railways an Economical ScenarioRailway system is six times more energy efficient than the roads. It is an environment -friendly and economical. Despite all operational constraints, railways remained an energyefficient mode of transport, ideally suited for long distance travel. The railways hadalways been ecologically safe much less polluting atmosphere, compared to aircrafts andmotor vehicles. The Railways have performed the twin tasks of providing adequate

transport for industrial sustenance and growth and ensuring cheap and reliabletransportation for the population

Indian Railways: Present PerspectiveIndian Railways is the world's second-largest railway, with 6,853 stations, 63,028kilometers of track, 37,840 passenger coaches and 222,147 freight cars. Annually it

carries some 4.83 billion passengers and 492 million tons of freight. Of the 11 millionpassengers who climb aboard one of 8,520 trains each day, about 550,000 havereserved accommodations. Their journeys can start in any part of India and end in anyother part, with travel times as long as 48 hours and distances up to several thousandkilometers. The challenge is to provide a reservation system that can support such a

huge scale of operations regardless of whether it's measured by kilometers, passengernumbers, routing complexity, or simply the sheer scale of India. The main challenges infront of the Indian railways are:

Provide a reservation system that efficiently serves more than half a millionpeople each day

Ensure maximum uptime so reservation/ticketing/inquiry application is available24 x 7

Create a Web site that can accommodate more than one million hits per day

Traveling on High Technology Indian Railways is one of the most advanced ministriesin India, with an innovative and extensive IT environment and a leading-edge

reservation system powered by HP AlphaServer systems running the HP OpenVMSoperating system and HP Reliable Transaction Router (RTR) middleware. Consider thescope of the operation.

Good Technology means good service In 1986, the Ministry of Railways established

the Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS) as an umbrella for all computeractivities on Indian Railways. CRIS is responsible for designing, developing and

implementing all major computer systems for the Railways. With its own R&D effort,CRIS has become a frontrunner in its field. One of CRIS's key technical achievements isa sophisticated reservation and ticketing application called Country-Wide Network forEnhanced Reservation and Ticketing (CONCERT), which runs on the OpenVMSAlphaServer platform. According to Mr. S. K. Nanda, Director, Passenger ReservationSystem, Centre for Railway Information Systems at Indian Railways, "OpenVMS is an

extremely rugged and reliable operating system. Its built-in auditing feature provides uswith excellent security." The primary challenge for CRIS is to provide an efficientpassenger service by ensuring maximum uptime for its reservation/ticketing and inquiry

application. The Railway must prepare charts that map passengers with their seats, andmust post these charts outside each coach. CONCERT software enables the preparationof skeleton charts in advance for each train for the next three journey days. IndianRailway's current CONCERT application represents a steady progression of using thelatest technologies available. In the mid-1980s, Indian Railways first computerized itsreserved ticketing operation on VAX systems running VMS. This was done from five

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regional passenger reser- vation centres, each of which was a stand-alone site with itsown local database. During the mid- to late 1990s, CRIS introduced CONCERT, whichlinked the five passenger reservation centres so that reserved tickets from any station ofIndian Railways could be issued to any other station from a single window. Mr. Nandacites the importance of Reliable Transaction Router middleware in improving passengerservice. "CONCERT from CRIS has been able to improve the services to the passenger by

offering single-window service to the passengers. RTR gives the user locationtransparency for the distributed database system. Thus, the reservation from one stationto any other station can be given from a single window covering the round trip, whichmeans passengers only have to stand in one queue. Indian railways perform variousservices to the passengers by using information technology, these are

i. Passenger Reservation System Solutionii. Unreserved Ticketing System for Railwaysiii. Mobile Ticketing

iv. Web Ticketingv. Kiosk-based Ticketingvi. Centralized (Hybrid) Ticketing System

vii. Time Table and Scheduling Systemviii. Traffic Management Systemsix. Passenger Information Display System

Web Based Services www.indianrail.gov.in

As more and more people turned to the Web to find information about various services,Indian Railways decided to provide information related to passenger reservations to thepublic over the Internet. In 2000, CRIS designed and implemented Indian Railways' own

Web site, which receives a staggering 1.2 million hits per day. The site is hosted by CRISand runs on the OpenVMS AlphaServer platform.

Reservation System for Indian Railways

In 1985, CMC Software company (a subsidiary company of TATA Consultancy Services)developed IMPRESS, the railway reservation system based online transaction processing(OLTP), for the Indian Railways, which has been successfully operating it since 1987.

Since then, however, the system has undergone a major change for networking allnodes in the railway network. The current software is CONCERT, implemented by theCentre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS).

The impact of IMPRESS / CONCERT on the system's users as well as on the IndianRailways has been tremendous. The benefits include substantial savings in transportation

costs and in reservation time, telescopic fare benefits for cluster journeys, reducedmalpractice and, above all, a modern, efficient and convenient system.

For the Railways, there is substantial reduction in cost per ticket issued, manpowersavings (a 40 per cent increase in transactions handled per day), savings in spacerequired, less strenuous work, higher productivity and fewer errors in fare computation,concession calculations, etc.

IMPRESS is being enhanced proactively, using state-of-the-art relational databasemanagement systems on open systems. The enhanced IMPRESS is built around anRDBMS core and supports a full client-server architecture. It can also work on character-based terminals (used in the reservation and charting modules) in a host-basedenvironment.

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The application has been designed as an open distribution system, so that the data andtransaction volume can be segregated between multiple host sites. Networking is aninherent feature of the application.

The IMPRESS software can support both graphic user interface (GUI) and character-based terminals, which act as front-ends installed at the booking counters to cater topassenger requests.

This software conforms to open standards. Hence, it can be interfaced to otherapplications like airline reservation systems, hotel reservation systems, etc., which arealso based on open standards.

The IMPRESS software is 'parametric' in terms of data and business rules, for fare

computation, refund rules, cancellation, break journey rules, etc. Here, business rulesare also kept as data items in the back-end repository instead of being part of theapplication logic. Therefore, the system can absorb changes in business rulesimmediately, without having to regenerate the object code.

The application is secured against intrusion by two-level user authentications as thetopmost guard. Below it, the data is secured from external access through multiple-levelprivileges. A data encryption facility is available across the WAN to prevent hacking.

Benefits

* A route-based reservation system that facilitates the issue of journey-cum-reservationtickets, which can be issued from any station to any station.* Passenger journey to multiple laps of reservation can be handled from a singleterminal window.

* The reservation facility is offered round-the-clock (24 hours uninterrupted).* Changes in train profiles (train carriage addition, replacement, de-allocation), routestructures, etc., can be made effective immediately with the appropriate contingency

handling.* Dynamic definition of the advance reservation period is possible. This feature facilitatesdefining different advance reservation periods for different trains.* Any train running schedule can be accommodated. Even irregular trains, running on

only pre-defined dates, can be defined - for example, a train running every alternateday.* Provides on-line aggregation of EIS figures such as revenue, seat / berth utilisation,etc, and presentation of the summarised data in the form of visual analytics from the

operational system's information store. The data aggregation is done incrementally, toinflict minimal impact.* Provides automatic database recovery against all kinds of hardware and software

failures.* Complete audit trails for transactions and data access.* The application software is parametric, and standard railway business rules areincorporated in the form of data instead of being part of the logic.

Unreserved Ticketing for Indian Railways

Almost 14 million of the 15 million people whom the Railways transports every day travel

on unreserved tickets. Handling them has been a huge problem. Centre for RailwayInformation Systems (CRIS) introduced UTS (Unreserved Ticketing System) as a pilotproject at 23 stations around Delhi was taken in January 2002, and the inauguration ofthe same was done on August 15, 2002." Today, this project is showing a lot of benefits,and has been extended to 588 stations as of March 31, 2006. Further, the IndianRailways plans to cover 943 more stations in 2006-07, and ensure that a total of 6,000

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stations have UTS as of March 31, 2009. Unreserved tickets were earlier offered only twohours before the scheduled departure of trains. This not only caused inconvenience topassengers (as they wait in long queues to purchase their tickets) but it also affectedthe IR adversely in terms of loss in revenues, cumbersome reporting and in poordemand analysis. While some of the trains ran overcrowded, the others went partiallyvacant.

The implementation of UTS eliminated the earlier lapses in ticketing and helped the IR to

substantially control overcrowding. The system comprised a network of terminalswherefrom the passengers could buy unreserved tickets for any journey 30 days inadvance.

The Unreserved Ticketing System allowed advance planning and rational analysis ofpassenger demands for unreserved coaches. It also helped the IR to effectively monitor

sale of tickets on various trains and regulate the train capacities to the fluctuatingdemands of passengers. With an aggressive use of leading hardware, data managementand network technology, IR could successfully address the needs of the passengers ofunreserved trains.

Conclusion

Information Technology plays a vital role not only in a particular field, it provides various

kinds of solutions and services to the various problems prevailing in many fields. IndianRailways exploits information technology at the maximum extent. It uses the informationtechnology in an efficient way for providing better passenger services. The onlinereservation system and unreserved ticketing system helps to solve the every dayproblems of the world biggest Indian Railway network.

Indian Space Research Organization: The United States and India are committed to building closer ties in

space exploration, space science and earth observation. Both countries are dedicated to using their space

programs to expand the frontiers of scientific knowledge and produce tangible benefits for their populations. The

removal of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and subordinate agencies from the Entities List in

February 2011marked a significant step in eliminating remaining barriers to greater cooperation in space

exploration and research.

Civil Space Working Group: By exchanging and utilizing satellite-based scientific data about the Earth, its

climate, weather, and geophysical features, the United States and India are working together to share information

on tropical weather, monsoon forecasting and climate change. At the July 13-14 Civil Space Working Group, thetwo countries took steps towards their cooperation in this area by concluding substantive discussion on

Oceansat-II and Megha-Tropiques missions, which will help the countries refine scientific models and improve

understanding of global weather patterns.