Assessing the Role of Institutions in Urban

visioning: Case Study of Nyala, Darfur, Sudan

6th Annual EA Conference and Exhibition

UoN, Nairobi, kenyaADD Building23rd July 2015

Julius Coredo

Table of Contents Brief Historical Background of Darfur Conflict and City Context of Nyala Context of planning in Sudan Urban Growth and Conflict challenges of

Nyala Nyala: City Vision Stakeholders, Values and Processes Strategic Spatial Planning approach Current Realities Looking at the Future Conclusion

Sudan

Nyala, South Darfur Capital

Dar- Fur-land of the Fur

Area- 500,000 sq.km South Darfur-

130,000 sq.km Climatic Diversity-

Arid Sahara in the North to Dense savannah woodland in the South

Ethnic Diversity- Hamitic, Arabic and Sudanic

Darfur-The ContextKey conflict factors still

include: Historical political and economic

marginalization of the regio

Inter-communal competition over resources

Politicization of ethnic and tribal affiliations

Erosion of the authority of both native administration and traditional mechanisms of reconciliation and conflict resolution

Weak rule of law and security institutions, reflected also in growing crime rates

Capacity shortfalls within state institutions

etc

Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD)- The History

Date Place Agreement8 April, 2004 N’Djamena,

ChadThe Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement on the Conflict in Darfur & Protocol on the Establishment of Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur

28 May 2004 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The Agreement with the Sudanese Parties on the Modalities for the Establishment of the Ceasefire Commission and the Deployment of Observers in Darfur

9 November, 2004

Abuja, Nigeria the Protocol between the Government of Sudan, The Sudan Liberation Movement / Army and the Justice and Equality Movement on the Improvement of the Humanitarian Situation in Darfur

5 July, 2005 Abuja, Nigeria the Declaration of Principles for the Resolution of the Sudanese Conflict in Darfur

DDPD- The History…cont’d

Date Place Agreement5 May, 2006 Abuja, Nigeria The Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA)

17 February 2009

Doha, Qatar The Goodwill Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement,

23 February 2010,

Doha, Qatar The Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement

18 March 2010 Doha, Qatar; The Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement

18 March 2010,

Doha, Qatar The Ceasefire Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement

Nyala, a City of Contrast

Conflict, Displacement, arrival of huge humanitarian population

Modern housing constructions vs burlap bags shacks

IDPs Vs Cosmopolitan population Optimism vs Fear

Nyala: An Environmental Scan

SWOT Analysis…cont’d

Planning in Sudan State in charge of plan

making under central Ministry guidance

Physical planning and Land Disposal Act 1994; Local Govt. Act 2003

Environmental Conservation Act 1975

Several acts regulate settlements- land registration & surveying

Challenges- Lack of skilled manpower and adverse socio-political conditions

Informal settlements in major townsAdapted from Schall, 1994.

Nyala: Growth and Conflict Imperial interventions in the

19th and 20th C by Turks, Egyptians and British

Conflict between ‘Arab’ and ‘African’ tribes escalated in Urban and Rural areas

Famine and Desertification made towns attractive

Al Hajj Atta al Manan (Governor) order for people to settle in towns and cities

Conflict attracted foreign INGOs/UN

SOURCE: University of San Francisco, Landscape Ecology

and Ecosystem Research Laboratory.

Nyala: The Vision Master Plan 2006-2021 Process began in the 1990s

spearheaded by a Company Badia Passed in to Law by South Darfur Parliament in 2008 Governor El Haj Atta channeled political support from

Khartoum Process is Top-Down with little citizen participation

(Tokenism) Modern city with Multi-Story, Office Blocks and Ring

Roads Town Centre: Business and Commercial Heart with

infrastructure and Services Document does not incorporate DPA resolutions

Stakeholders, Values and Processes

New markets and services

Bars, restaurants, supermarkets, Guest Houses, IDP camps

Humanitarian ‘War Economy’

Size, shape and composition of city

Gentrification in the Town Centre

Strategic Spatial Planning…

Adapted from , Van Den Broeck, 2004.

Current Reality…. Increased organization within the private sector to

protect themselves against high taxes, poor services and delayed payments from government

Associations of Artisan’s Union and contractors union made up of 70 members (2011).

Increased presence of big businesses companies from outside Nyala especially construction contractors

The association of the economy with the current ruling party in Khartoum, National congress Party (NCP) e.g 2004-2007, during the reign of El Haj Ata Elmannan Idris, Nyala benefited from constant federal budget allocation

Current Reality…cont’d IDP camps new urban identity. Otash, Kalma,

Bileil, Dereig, El Saref, and Mosey account for more than 200,000 people (OCHA, 2007)

Govt. Initiatives: Conventional Area-Based Development ‘(Site and Service’) failed due to lack of infrastructure and land sensitivity

Govt. initiatives: ‘Model villages’ (Sunta, Ed Dain, Kilekil- Abusalama Srambanga etc) Approach not well received as a solution to resettlement due to insecurity and lack of trust

UN/INGOs: Durable solutions; Return, Reintegration and Resettlement

Proposal..

Making Strategic ChoicesScope: One thing or several issues?Complexity: Elaborate complex issues Conflict: Interests, Actors and Values Uncertainty: Political, ethnic tensions

Actors… Policy Funding Knowledge Information

Conclusions Daring approaches: Political, social, economic,

spatial The operationalization of the DDPD, with the

reflection of Darfur Regional Authority (DRA) Implementation framework that is to be

supported by All actors: Government, UNAMID, UN agencies, international organizations, civil society, Business community, Universities, Specilaised Institutions, citizens.

Coordination between National Govt. and The Land Commission and the Resettlement Commissions

Managing expectations

END

The Process?