assessing special population - aging
TRANSCRIPT
PED4470ASSESSING SPECIAL POPULATIONS - AGING
Kinesiology and Sports Studies Department
Ovande Furtado, M.S.
“If you wait to do everything until you're sure If you wait to do everything until you're sure it's right, you'll probably never do much of it's right, you'll probably never do much of anything.” (Win Borden)anything.” (Win Borden)
Chapter 11 Outline Aging and Fitness Effect of Aging on
Fitness Aerobic Fitness Body Composition Strength Evaluation of Adult
Fitness Evaluation of
Functional Fitness
Aging and Fitness U.S. population is aging
Median age (1990) = 32.9 years Median age (2000) = 35.3 years
1990-2000 saw increase in older adults (65+ years) from 32 million to 35 million
Baby boomers will start retiring from 2011
Need to promote physical activity in order to improve quality of life Need to promote physical activity in order to improve quality of life and independence of older adultsand independence of older adults
Aerobic Fitness Declines with age during adulthood Decline in maximal heart rate is major
contributing factor Other factors: decline in physical activity,
reduction in muscle mass, increase in fat mass Cross-sectional data: decline is 0.4-.05
ml/kg/year Longitudinal data: decline is 0.04 to 1.43
ml/kg/year
Body Composition Body weight and body fatness increase
during adulthood BMI levels off around 45 years in men, and
55 years in women Percent fat levels off during 50s Increase in percent fat:
combination of fat mass increase fat-free mass decrease (especially muscle
mass)
Strength Maximal strength Maximal strength attained between 20 and
30 years of age Gradual decline thereafter (WHY?) Decline in activity appears to be major
factor Manual workers appear to maintain
strength during middle and later adult years Sedentary older adults can gain strength
from training (Tai Chi)
Evaluating Adult Fitness YMCA test battery (all adults) Army Physical Fitness Test (military
personnel) AAHPERD Test (older adults) Senior Fitness Test (older adults) Groningen Test (older adults)
Y’s Way to Physical Fitness Fitness test battery Comprehensive fitness training program Normative database from over 20,000 adults Aerobic fitness
3-minute step test submaximal cycle ergometer test (multistage)
Body composition sum of 3 skinfolds (converted to percent fat) sum of 4 skinfolds (converted to percent fat)
Y’s Way to Physical Fitness Muscular strength
submaximal bench press test to fatigue Muscular endurance
1-minute timed sit-up Flexibility
trunk flexion test
U.S. Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) Maintenance of fitness a requirement of
military personnel APFT consists of three tests Criterion-referenced standards, provided for
age and gender groups Alternative tests are available for medically
excused personnel Personnel over 40 years require
cardiovascular screening prior to testing
Army Physical Fitness Test Push-up test
self-determined cadence maximum in 2 minutes
Sit-up test self-determined cadence maximum in 2 minutes
2-Mile Run test walking permitted, but discouraged
Army Physical Fitness Test Alternate tests:
800-yard swim test 6.2-mile cycle ergometer test, 2 kilopond
resistance 6.2-mile bicycle test 2.5-mile walk test
Body composition not part of APFT, but must meet percent fat
standards, or go on weight-loss program
Functional Fitness Important for older adults Capacity to meet demands of everyday
functional activities Activities of daily living (ADLs)
Dressing, bathing, cooking, mobility Important to independent living,
reduction in health care costs
Functional Fitness Functional capacity categories:
Physically dependent Physically frail Physically independent Physically fit Physically elite
AAHPERD Test Developed by committee appointed by
AAHPERD Council on Aging and Adult Development
Body composition Ponderal index
Lower body flexibility Trunk/Leg flexibility test
Agility Agility/Dynamic balance test
AAHPERD Test Fine motor abilities
“Soda Pop” Coordination test Upper body strength
Seated Biceps Curl test Aerobic fitness
880-yard walk
Senior Fitness Test Developed over several years, as part of
LifeSpan Project Extensive data collected to evaluate reliability
and validity, and provide norms Detailed description given of test development,
reliability and validity procedures, and theoretical rationale
Thorough consideration given to 11 important test development criteria
Senior Fitness Test Lower body strength
Chair Stand test Upper body strength
Arm Curl test Lower body flexibility
Chair Sit-and-Reach test Upper body flexibility
Scratch test
Senior Fitness Test Aerobic fitness
6-Minute Walk test 2-Minute Step-in-Place test
Agility, dynamic balance 8-Foot Up-and-Go test
Body composition Body Mass Index
Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly Used in longitudinal study of age-related
fitness changes in older adults (Netherlands)
Concurrent validity data obtained by correlating with laboratory tests
Aerobic fitness Walking Endurance test
Upper body strength Grip Strength test
Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly Lower body flexibility
Hip Flexibility test Upper body flexibility
Shoulder Flexibility test Agility and/or Balance
Balance Platform test Fine motor abilities
Manual Dexterity test Reaction Time test
Test Battery ComparisonFitness Component AAHPERD Test Senior Fitness Test Groningen Test
Aerobic fitness 880-yard walk 6-minute walk 2-min step-in-place
walking endurance
Upper body strength
Arm curl Arm curl Grip strength
Lower body strength
None Chair stand None
Upper body flexibility
None Scratch test Shoulder flexibility
Lower body flexibility
Sit-and-reach Chair sit-and-reach Sit-and-reach
Agility/balance Agility/dynamic balance
8-foot up-and-go Balance platform
Body composition Ponderal index Body mass index None
Fine motor abilities
“Soda pop” None Manual dexterity
Computer Applications Important for adult fitness settings Database management Recording workouts Monitoring progress Providing feedback (norm- or criterion-
referenced) Exercise prescription
Biological Decline (Regression) Chronological vs. Biological aging Body is aging continuously (conception death) After about age 30
Regression in some form develops Many theories attempting to explain
Gerontology Video
Biological Theories of Advanced Aging Def.: is the diminished capacity to
regulate the internal environment, which results in a reduced probability of survival
1Gabbard (2004)
Biological Regression and Motor Performance
Biological Regression and Motor Performance Motor Behavior
Peak Performance (25-30) Maximum motor performance in several activities
Regression Usually develops after the age of 30 Most physiological functions begins to show
decrements General rate at of 0.75 to 1 percent a year. Art of aging(video)
Fighting aging Reasons of this loss physiological function:
Inactivity Poor health habits
Late adulthood Deterioration in movement patterns
Walk, run, jump How can it be delayed ? (Video Japan)