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Assessing & Planning for

Active Assaults

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MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults

Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’

Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved.2

Introductory Video

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Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 3

Why civilians need

to be prepared

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Recent Active Assaults Trends

• 2000-2006- average of 6.4 incidents annually.

• 2007-2013- average of 16.4 incidents annually.

• 2014- 20 incidents.

• 2015- 20 incidents.


Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 4Blair, Schweit

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Incidents Were Resolved By



Shooter's Inititive

90

Unarmed Citizen

37

Armed Citizen5

Police45

160 INCIDENTS BETWEEN 2000-2013

Shooter Initiative-56%

Police- 28%

Citizens- 26%

Blair, Schweit

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Incidents Were Resolved By



Shooter's Inititive16 suicide

Unarmed Citizens restrained attacker

6

Armed Citizenengaged in gunfire

with assailants2

Police14 killed by police12 apprehended

40 INCIDENTS BETWEEN 2014-2015

1 unarmed citizen killed in unsuccessful

attempt to stop attack.1 armed citizen killed in unsuccessful

attempt to stop the attack.Shooter Initiative-40%Police- 65%Citizens- 20%

Schweit

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Three Imperatives

• Since it is not possible to prevent all active assaults,civilians need to be trained to respond.

• Community entities must prepare for suchchallenges.

• Law enforcement officers must be equipped toassist community entities to respond to thesechallenges.



IMPACT

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Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved.8

Testimonial

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The Bottom Line

• “Even when law enforcement was

present or able to respond within

minutes, civilians often had to

make life and death decisions,

and therefore, should be engaged

in training and discussions on

decisions they may need to make

and actions they may need to

take.”Blair, J. Pete, and Schweit, Katherine W. (2014)



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Threat

Assessment

Why civilians need

to be prepared

18-003 Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’

Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved.

Pathway to Violence Video

11

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Pathway To Violence



RESOURCE E

Calhoun, Weston

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Warning Behaviors



• Pathway Warning Behavior

• Fixation Warning Behavior

• Identification Warning Behavior

• Leakage Warning Behavior

• Energy Burst Warning Behavior

• Novel Aggression Warning Behavior

• Last Resort Warning Behavior

• Directly Communicated Threat Warning Behavior

ASSESSMENTS B

Meloy, Hoffman, Guldimann, James

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Risk Factors



Violence preoccupation

Intent & threats

Others are concerned

Losses, recent, impending or significant stress

Entitlement & negative attitudes

Noncompliant or menacing behaviors

Capacity & actions preparatory for violence

Extreme moods

Real provocations or destabilizers

Irrational thinking

Substance abuse

Known history of violence, criminality, conflictASSESSMENTS C

White, Meloy

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Bottom Line

• Threat assessments provide a way to recognize and

possibly interdict emerging threats.

• Assessments provide a structured process designed

to identify and articulate threat indicators and

warning signs.

• Assessments are most effective when conducted by

an informed and experienced multidisciplinary team.



ASSESSMENTS A

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Threat

Assessment

Why civilians need

to be prepared

Physical / Operational

Security Assessments

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Exterior Environment



• What is the exterior environmental design?

• In what type of setting is the entity located?

• What external environmental features would

allow an unmonitored approach?

• What features facilitate unimpeded access

into the structure?

ASSESSMENTS D

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Access Control

• Security locks, doors, “rat traps”- (two lockable security doors

separated by a vestibule requiring independent operation of

the interior door.)



• Remotely operated, card-accessed, keyed, or code

accessed doors.

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Facility Monitoring

• How is alarm monitored and reported, and

to whom?

• Are exterior and interior CCTV cameras,

recording and monitoring devices present?

• Are passive and active detectors used?

• Is an intrusion / emergency alarm system

used?



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Security Force

• Type of security force

• Number of personnel

• Armed/unarmed

• Scope of duties



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Response Force Assumptions

• Civilian security authority

• Authority to take law enforcement action

• Number of personnel available to respond

during peak times

• Number of personnel available to respond

during non-peak times

• Amount of time required to respond to scene of

disturbance

• Weapons possessed



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Levels of Physical Protection

• High Level of Security

• Moderate Level of Security

• Average Level of Security

• Minimal Level of Security

• Minimal or No Security



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Operational Security

• Identify operational vulnerabilities

• Develop Emergency Action Plan

• Train staff on EAP and procedures

• Involve all stakeholders in planning /

training



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Emergency Action Plan



• Written agreement with entities other than emergency

responders?

• Emergency needs coordinated with local (police, fire,

EMS)?

• Threat / security-related information from an external

source?

• Does the entity share threat / and security related

information?

• Are personnel trained on the plan?

• Is the plan practiced? If so, how often? In what ways?

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Staff Training

• Ensure facility has at least two evacuation

routes

– Display evacuation routes with current

location indicators

• Include local police EMS/Fire in training

exercises

• Encourage emergency responders to train for an

active shooter scenario at your location



RESOURCES C RESOURCES D

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Employee Screening

• Initial & periodic background

checks on all employees

• Establish Termination

Procedures (Human

Resources responsibility)

• Human resources support to

stressed employees

• Stress management services

available to employees



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Referral Sources

• Pennsylvania Office of Homeland Security717-346-4460.

• Pennsylvania State Police, Risk and VulnerabilityAssessment Team (RVAT) 717-346-2695.

• U.S. Department of Homeland Security NationalProtection & Programs Directorate, InfrastructureProtection:

• Western PA- Bob Winters [email protected]

• Central PA- Jim Cratty [email protected]

• Eastern PA- Rich [email protected]



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Threat

Assessment

Countermeasures &

Preparation

Why civilians need

to be prepared



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“Low Hanging Fruit”

• Identify countermeasures and

improvements that can easily

be accomplished immediately.



• Identify countermeasures and improvements

that can be accomplished in the near future.

• Identify countermeasures and improvements

that can be accomplished in the long term.

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Culture of Security

• Be aware of your environment, its sights, smells,

sounds, activities, and conditions.

• Be aware of the people in your environment.

• Take note of the nearest exits in any facility.

• Be aware of potential warning signs and

behaviors of those in your environment.



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Components of an Emergency Action Plan

• A preferred method for reporting emergencies

• An evacuation policy and procedure

• Emergency escape procedures and route

assignments

• Contact information for individuals and their

responsibilities under the EAP

• Information concerning local medical centers

• An emergency notification system.



PREPAREDNESS B

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Components of Training Programs

• Develop a sense of situational awareness

• Recognize the sound of gunshots

• React quickly when gunshots occur

• 911 notification procedures

• React when law enforcement arrives

• Adopt the survival mindset



PREPAREDNESS C

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Emergency Casualty Care Staff Training

• Stop The Bleed (US DHS)

– Bleeding Control for the Injured

(B-Con) (NAEMT)



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Hemorrhage Control Kits



• Pressure Dressings (Israeli Bandage)

• Tourniquets

• Combat Gauze

• Chest Seals

PREPAREDNESS D

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Human Resources’ Responsibilities

• Conduct employee screening & background

checks.

• Create system to address potential violence.

• Provide counseling services to employees.

• Develop EAP addressing active assaults.

• Develop procedure for discharging employees.

• Develop provisions to assist people with

disabilities.



PREPAREDNESS E

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Facility Manager Responsibilities

• Institute access controls

• Distribute critical items to appropriate personnel

• Coordinate with security

• Assemble crisis kits



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Floor Plans / Response Information

• Floor plans & response information placed near

entrances for emergency responders.

• Emergency access device distributed to local

emergency services.

• DVD containing a video tour of the facility

provided to local emergency services.

• Designate individuals who can activate the

emergency notification system.



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Location Aids

• Laminated card identifying one’s current location

with building number / name, floor, and room

provided.



You are in the “Mellon Building”

First Floor, Suite C

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Door / Numbering or Labeling

• Number or label entrance doors

• Number or label interior doors from

outside and inside room.



Outside

Inside

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Manager / Supervisor Responsibilities

• Take immediate action

• Remain calm

• Lock and barricade doors

• Evacuate staff and customers via a preplanned

evacuation route to a safe area



PREPAREDNESS A

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Managing Consequences

• Accountability

• Rendering Aid

• Reunification

• Notifications

• Assessments



RESOURCES F

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Civilian Response to

Active Assaults

Threat

Assessment

Countermeasures &

Preparation

Why civilians need

to be prepared



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Only Seconds to Act

• Average police responsetime about 3-6 minutes.

– This does not include the timerequired to locate andneutralize the threat afterarrival (about 4 minutespossible).

• Civilians caught in an activeassault will need to takeappropriate actions.



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ALICEElement Description Commonality

Alert Initial alert may be the sound of gunshots, PA announcement, etc.

Lockdown Indoor environments-close, lock and barricade doors when possible.Locate items in the environment that can be used as weapons todefend yourself. Identify possible escape routes.

CRASE-Deny;DHS-Hide

Inform Communicate real-time information on shooter location with cleardirect language. Inform employees, students, etc. of assault. Call 911.

Counter If actor is penetrating your defenses, or posing an imminent threat toyour safety, exercise your right to defend yourself. Commit toaggressively defending yourself.

CRASE-Defend; DHS-Fight

Escape Know your environment’s ingress and egress routes. Evacuate thearea, building or place as quickly as possible. Use items and zones ofcover. Encourage others to evacuate, but do not impede your escapewhen others hesitate. Leave personal belongings.

CRASE-Avoid;DHS-Run

SpecialNotes:

ALICE elements are not intended to be chronologically sequential.Any of the elements can be implemented at any time, as needed.

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Importance of Escape

• Escape enables individuals to survive an incident.

• Escape reduces the potential “victim pool.”

• Escape removes individuals from the scene who

could potentially be misidentified by police as

aggressors.



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ALERRTCivilian Response to an Active Shooter Event

Element Description Commonality

Avoid Know your environment’s ingress and egress routes. Evacuate thearea, building or place as quickly as possible. Use items and zones ofcover. Encourage others to evacuate, but do not impede your escapewhen others hesitate. Leave personal belongings.

ALICE-Escape; DHS-Run

Deny Indoor environments-close, lock and barricade doors when possible.Locate items in the environment that can be used as weapons todefend yourself. Identify possible escape routes.

ALICE-Lockdown;DHS-Hide

Defend If actor is penetrating your defenses, or posing an imminent threat toyour safety, exercise your right to defend yourself. Commit toaggressively defending yourself.

ALICE-Counter; DHS-Fight

RESPONSE B

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U.S. Department of Homeland SecurityElement Description Commonality

Run Know your environment’s ingress and egress routes. Evacuate thearea, building or place as quickly as possible. Use items and zones ofcover. Encourage others to evacuate, but do not impede your escapewhen others hesitate. Leave personal belongings.

ALICE-Escape;CRASE-Defend

Hide Indoor environment-close, lock and barricade doors when possible.Locate items in the environment that can be used as weapons todefend yourself. Identify possible escape routes.

ALICE-Lockdown;CRASE-Deny

Fight If actor is penetrating your defenses, or posing an imminent threat toyour safety, exercise your right to defend yourself. Commit toaggressively defending yourself.

ALICE-Counter;CRASE-Defend

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Comparison of Response Models

• Run

• Hide

• Fight



• Avoid

• Deny

• Defend

• Alert

• Lockdown

• Inform

• Counter

• Escape

DHSALERRTCRASE

ALICE

RESPONSE A

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Precautions for Armed Citizens

• Likelihood of Success

• Assumption of Risk

• Actions Justified

• Mistaken as Assailant

• Weapon Deployment



RESPONSE C

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Civilian Response to

Active Assaults

Threat

Assessment

Countermeasures &

Preparation

Why civilians need

to be prepared

Police Response to

Active Assaults



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Police Responsibilities

• Stop the Killing– Locate and stop the threat.

– Officers will not stop to assist injured until the threat isstopped.

• Stop the Dying– Facilitate Rescue Team entry to treat and evacuate

injured.

• Secure the scene for processing



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How to React When Police Arrive 1



• Be where you will be easily visible.

• Raise your hands, spread your fingers.

• Keep hands empty, visible at all times.

• Avoid making any quick movements toward officers.

• If armed, keep hands visible and advise officers that

they have a concealed weapon.

RESPONSE D

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How to React When Police Arrive 2



• Remain calm, follow officers’ instructions.

• Avoid pointing, or screaming.

• Do not ask officers for help or direction when

evacuating.

• Do not get upset or argue with an officer.

• Do not resist, if handcuffed, searched.

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