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Assessing and Evaluating Sources
A Discussion With Mike Palmquist
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General Housekeeping
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Mike Palmquist
Professor of English and Associate Provost at Colorado State University
Some Starting Points
• This approach is strongly rooted in the conversation metaphor.
• Evaluating sources is a critical writing and research skill.
• My approach has been fairly standard – a rhetorical riff on the
CRAAP Model (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and
Purpose).
• But times have changed.
Key Question
What role does source-based writing play at a
time when it has become increasingly difficult to
discern distinctions among facts, “alternative
facts,” and “fake news?”
What Do We Need to Consider As We Assess and Evaluate Sources?
Information, Misinformation, and Disinformation
What Do We Need to Consider?
Author and Publisher Biases and Agendas
What Do We Need to Consider?
The Lure of New and Exciting Information
Vosoughi, Roy, and Aral (2018) reported in Science on 126,000
rumors circulated on Twitter over more than a decade: false
information spread far more widely, with up to 100 times more
people seeing tweets about rumors than about fact-based stories.
What Do We Need to Consider?
The Impact of Information Bubbles • Be Skeptical
• Seek Alternative Perspectives
• Consume News Differently
An Expanded Approach
Based strongly in the conversation metaphor
Preserves some of the elements of the earlier approach
Four-Part Process
1. Assess Connections to Your Conversation
2. Read Laterally to Assess Credibility and Fit
3. Read Closely to Evaluate the Source
4. Engage in Rhetorical Listening
1. Assess Connections to Your Conversation
It’s all about relevanceIt should be quick – skimming is the key reading strategy at this
stage.
Read Laterally to Assess Credibility and Fit
Lateral reading, a concept developed by researchers Sam
Wineburg and Sarah McGrew, is based on what fact checkers do
to assess a claim.
It involves examining how the information, ideas, and argument in
the source fits within the sources addressing an issue.
It also reflects the process of opening related tabs in a browser
window.
Key moves: seeking information about the authors and publishers,
following links, conducting additional searches
Conduct Initial Search
Open a Promising
Source
Look for Info about the
Author
Search for the Author
View Info about the
Author
View Info about the
Author
View Info about the Publisher
Search for the Article Title to
View Reactions and
Republications
Follow Links in the Article
Follow Links in the Article
Read Closely to Evaluate the Source
• Relevance
• Evidence
• Author
• Publisher
• Timeliness
• Comprehensiveness
• Genre
Engage in Rhetorical Listening
Does what you’ve learned from the source
suggest that you might want to change your
position on the issue?
Engage in Rhetorical Listening
Engage in Conversation Collaboratively – Not
Aggressively
It need not be an agree/disagree situation. • Wayne Booth’s “Listening Rhetoric” in The Rhetoric of
Rhetoric: The Quest for Effective Communication
• Krista Ratcliffe’s “Rhetorical Listening” with its focus on
gender, race, ethnicity, and culture
• Sonja Foss’ “Invitational Rhetoric” (co-developed with my
colleague Cindy Griffin)
• Cheryl Glenn’s “Rhetoric of Silence” with its grounding in
gender and race
Assessing and Evaluating Sources
1. Assess Connections to Your Conversation
2. Read Laterally to Assess Credibility and Fit
3. Read Closely to Evaluate the Source
4. Engage in Rhetorical Listening
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Q&A with Mike Palmquist
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