gesa vadksa ds ckjs esadSls irk pyk\

vkbftd ,sflekso

fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

2

HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT NUMBERS?By: Isaac Asimov

Hindi Translation : Arvind Gupta

3

gesa vadksa ds ckjs esa dSls irk pyk\vkbftd ,sflekso

fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

1 vad vkSj maxfy;ak

vkt ls gtkjksa lky igys ^fdruh gSa\* iz'u iwNus ls igys yksxksadks vadksa dh vo'; t:jr iM+h gksxhA

eku yhft, vki HksM+ksa dh fxuuk pkgrs gSa ftlls fd vxj dksbZHksM+ [kksbZ gks rks vkidks mldk irk py ldsA fdlh ?kVuk dks chrs gq, fdrusfnu xqtjs 'kk;n ;g Hkh vki tkuuk pkgrs gksaA ;k fiQj vkids f'kfoj dh vksjfdrus vutku O;fDr c<+ jgs FksA

yksx vklkuh ls viuh phtsa fn[kk ldrs Fks vkSj mudk o.kZu Hkhdj ldrs FksA vxj dksbZ iwNrk fd dchys ds yksxksa us fdrus fnu igys Hkkywdk f'kdkj fd;k] rks vki dg ldrs Fks] ^fiNys fnu ls] ,d fnu igys] ls,d fnu igys] ls ,d fnu igysA*

ij ;g ,d my>k vkSj vViVk rjhdk FkkA blesa 'kk;n yksx fnuksadh fxurh gh Hkwy tkrsA

vki bldh rqyuk ,d vU; pht ls dj ldrs gSaaA vkius 'kk;nunh ds fdukjs yxs isM+ksa dh drkjksa ij xkSj fd;k gksxkA ogak ,d isM+] ,dvkSj isM+] ,d vkSj isM+] ,d vkSj isM+ vkSj 'kk;n ,d vkSj isM+ gksxkA vki;g Hkh dg ldrs Fks fd dchys }kjk Hkkyw dk f'kdkj fd, ftrus fnu xqtjs]mrus gh isM+ unh ds fdukjs yxs FksA

mlls iz'u dk mRrj fey tkrkA isM+ksa dks ns[kdj dksbZ Hkh O;fDrHkkyw ds f'kdkj ds ckn chrs fnuksa dk vPNk vankt yxk ldrk FkkA

ij gj ckj mlh la[;k ds isM+ksa dk lewg] iQwyksa] iRFkjksa ;k flrkjksadk lewg ftldk igys ftØ gqvk gks fey ikuk cgqr eqf'dy FkkA D;kvkidks vius vklikl ges'kk ,d ,slk lewg feysxk ftls ns[kdj vki dgldsa] ^ns[kks mrus!*

4

vxj vyx&vyx la[;k ds lewg vki vius vklikl tqxkM+ ldrsrks cgqr vPNk gkssrkA fiQj tc dHkh Hkh ^fdrus* dk iz'u mBrk] rc vkilgh lewg dh vksj maxyh mBk dj dg ldrs Fks ^mrus*A

ftl O;fDr us lewgksa dh vklkuh ij fparu fd;k gksxk mldh utjfuf'pr gh vius gkFk dh maxfy;kas ij xbZ gksxhA balku ds nksuksa gkFkksa ls lqfo/ktud Hkyk vkSj D;k gks ldrk gSA

tjk vius gkFkksa ij utj MkysaA gjsd gkFk esa vkidks ,d maxyh],d vkSj maxyh] ,d vkSj maxyh] ,d vkSj maxyh vkSj ,d vkSj maxyhfn[ksxhA vki viuk gkFk mBkdj mafxy;ksa dh vksj bafxr dj dg ldrs gSa fd^ns[kks dchys }kjk vkf[kjh Hkkyw dks ekjs mrus fnu xqtjs gSa ftruh maxfy;ak esjsgkFk esa gSaA*

vki izR;sd maxyh dks uke Hkh ns ldrs gSaA tks lcls vyx dksckgj dh vksj fudyh gS ml maxyh dks vaxwBk dgrs gSaA vaxwBs ds ikl okyhmaxyh rtZuh gksrhs gSA mlds ikl okyh maxyh eè;ek ;k eè; maxyh gksrh gSAmlds ikl okyh maxyh ftlesa vaxwBh igurs gSa dks vukfedk dgrs gSa vkSjmlds ikl okyh vafre vkSj lcls NksVh maxyh dks dfu"Bk dgrs gSaA

vki euethZ ls fturh maxfy;ak pkgsa mUgsa mBk ldrs gSaA vki pkgsarks rtZuh maxyh dks [kM+k djds ckdh lHkh maxfy;ksa dks uhps dj ldrs gSavkSj dg ldrs gSa] ^bruh*A ;k fiQj vki rtZuh vkSj eè;ek dks [kM+k djdg ldrs gSa] ^bruh*A vki ,d gkFk dh lHkh maxfy;ksa dks [kM+k dj nwljsgkFk dh rtZuh dks [kM+k dj dg ldrs gSa] ^bruh*A vkfnA

ij vxj maxfy;ksa ds lewg fn[kkus ds fy, vkidks maxfy;ak ughamBkuh iM+rha rks fdruk vPNk gksrkA gks ldrk gS vki gkFk es dqN lkekumBk, gksa ftlls maxfy;ksa dks mBkuk eqf'dy gksA ;k ckgj ciQZ iM+ jgh gksvkSj vki viuh maxfy;ksa dks BaMh gok ls cpkuk pkgrs gksaA ;k fiQj jkr dkle; gks vkSj dksbZ vkidh maxfy;ksa dks ns[k gh u ldsA

vki maxfy;ksa ds vyx&vyx lewgksa ds fy, dqN 'kCn jp ldrsgSaA rtZuh maxyh dks mBkdj dgus dh ctk,] ^bruh* dh txg vki dgldrs gSa] ^,d*A fiQj rtZuh maxyh mBkdj dgus dh ctk,] ^ns[kks esjs iklbrus pkdw gSa]* vki dg ldrs gSa] ^ns[kks esjs ikl ,d pkdw gS*A vki ;gckr vius gkFkksa dks tscksa esa Mky dj] ;k jkr ds va/sjs esa Hkh dg ldrs gSavkSj fiQj Hkh yksx vkidh ckr dks le> tk,axsA

5

vki ^,d* 'kCn gh bLrseky D;ksa djsa\ vkSj dksbZ 'kCn D;ksa ugha\blds ckjs eas fdlh dks dqN irk ughaA ^,d* 'kCn dk tUe gtkjksa lky igysgqvk vkSj gesa bldh mRifRr ds ckjs esa dqN irk ughaA ;g 'kCn vk/qfud;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa ls cgqr igys fodflr gqvk FkkA gj vk/qfud ;wjksih; Hkk"kkbl 'kCn ds vyx&vyx laLdj.k mi;ksx djrh gS ij vly esa os lHkh ,dgh gSaA

gjsd maxyh dk uke

vaxwBk

rtZuh

eè;ekvukfedk

(vaxwBh okyh maxyh)

dfu"Bk

(lcls NksVh maxyh)

6

vaxzsth esa ge ^ou*] Úsap eas ^mu*] teZu esa ^vkbZu*] ySfVu esa^;wul*] xzhd esa ^eksuksl* cqykrs gSaaA lHkh 'kCnksa esa ^,u* fuf'pr :i lsbLrseky gksrk gSA ;g lHkh 'kCn fdlh ewy 'kCn ls vkrs gSa ftlds ckjs esa vcgesa dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gSA

njvly ewy 'kCn vkSj vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCnksa ls gesa dqN iQdZugha iM+sxkA ge dsoy viuh gh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn gh mi;ksx djsaxs D;ksafd gemuls T;knk ifjfpr gSaA

rtZuh vkSj eè;ek dh tksM+h dks ge ^nks* dgsaxsA rtZuh] eè;ek vkSjvukfedk gksaxh ^rhu*A mlds ckn esa ge pkj] iakp] Ng] lkr] vkB] ukS vkSjnl maxfy;kas ds lewg Hkh cuk ldrs gSaA

^nl* rc gksxk tc ge nksuksa gkFk mQij dj mudh lHkh maxfy;ksa dksmBk,axs vkSj dgsaxs] ^ns[kks] esjh bruh maxfy;ak gSaA*

tc yksx bu 'kCnksa ds vH;Lr gks tkrs gSa rks fiQj ^fdrus* dk o.kZudjuk cgqr vklku gks tkrk gSA vki dg ldrs gS] ^eSaus vkidks Ng fnuigys ns[kk Fkk]* ;k fiQj ^vkx tykus ds fy, vkB ydfM+;ak ykvks* ;k fiQj]^eq>s nks rhj nksA*

vkSj vxj rHkh dksbZ vkids iSjksa ds ikl rhjksa dk ,d xV~Bk Mkydj dgs] ^ns[kks] ;gak dqN rhj gSa] ijUrq dqy fdrus rhj gSa ;g eq>s irkugha*A rc vki mUgsa fxu ldrs gSaaA vki ,d rhj dks mBkdj dg ldrs gSa]^,d*A vki nwljs dks mBkdj dg ldrs gSa ^nks*A vki vafre rhj dks mBkdjdg ldrs gSa] ^lkr*A blds eryc dqy lkr rhj gksaxsA D;ksafd vkids gkFkksaesa nl maxfy;ak gSa blfy, vkids ikl ^fdrus* okys iz'u ds mRrj esa nl'kCn gksaxsA bu 'kCnksa dks vad dgrs gSaA

vc nl ls vf/d phtksa ds lewg cukuk Hkh vklku gksxkA eku ysavkids ikl rhjksa dk ,d xV~Bk gS vkSj vki mUgsa ,d&,d djds fxu jgs gSaAvki ^nl* rd fxu pqds gaS ij fiQj Hkh dqN rhj vHkh Hkh tehu ij iM+s gSaAvc vki D;k djsaxs\ vkidks vkSj vadksa dh t:jr gksxhA vxj vki u,vadksa ds vyx&vyx uke x<+saxs rks fiQj mUgsa ;kn j[kuk cgqr eqf'dy gkstk,xkA nl vyx&vyx vad & ,d] nks] rhu] pkj] iakp] Ng] lkr] vkB]ukS vkSj nl dks ;kn j[kuk gh dkiQh gSA

ij vxj vki u, vadksa dks iqjkus vadksa dk mi;ksx dj gksf'k;kjh lsx<+sa] rks\ rc fiQj bu u, vadksa dks ;kn j[kuk dkiQh vklku gksxkA

7

,d nks rhu pkj

iakp Ng

lkr vkB

ukS nl

8

gks ldrk gS fd nl rhjksa dks mBkus ds ckn vkidks tehu ij ,dvkSj rhj iM+k gqvk fn[kkbZ nsA vki dg ldrs gSa] ^,d rhj NwVk gSA* vaxzsthdk 'kCn ^bysfou* ,d iqjkuk vaxzsth 'kCn gS ftldk eryc gksrk gS]^,d&NwVk*A

blh izdkj ^V~osYo* Hkh ,d iqjkuk vaxzsth 'kCn gS ftldk erycgksrk gS ^nks&NwVs*A

mlds ckn ekeyk vkSj Hkh vklku gks tkrk gSA rsjg ;k ^FkjVhu*FkksM+k my>k rjhdk gS ^Vsu vkSj Fkzh* fy[kus dkA vxj vki ^Fkzh&Vsu* fy[ksaxsrks mldk mPpkj.k dqN&dqN ^FkjVhu* gksxkA pkSng ;kuh ^iQksjVhu* vly essa^Vsu vkSj iQksj* ds vkSj Hkh djhc gSA vkSj blh rjg fiQÝVhu (ianzg) flDlVhu(lksyg) lsfouVhu (l=kg) vkSj ,sV~Vhu (vV~Bkjg) dk flyflyk tkjh jgsxkAukbuVhu (mUuhl) eryc (ukbu vkSj Vsu)A mlds ckn vkrk gS ^Vsu vkSjVsu* ;kuh ^Vw&VsUl* (nks&nl) D;ksa gS u\ njvly mUuhl ds ckn dk vadV~osUVh (chl) ,d iqjkuk 'kCn gS ftldk eryc gksrk gS ^Vw&VsUl*A

mlds ckn vkrk gS ^V~osUVh&ou* tks fd ^Vw&VsUl vkSj ou* gksrk gSAmlds ckn V~osUVh&Vw] V~osUVh&Fkzh vkfn V~osUVh&ukbu rd gksrs gSaA mlds ckn dkvad FkVhZ (rhl) ;kuh ^Vw&VsUl vkSj Vsu* tks vly esa ^Fkzh&VsUl* ;k FkVhZ gksrkgSA

vxj ge bl izdkj ls cM+s vadksa ds fy, 'kCn cukrs tk,a rks fiQjmupkfyl ds ckn iQksjVh ;kuh ^iQksj&VsUl* gksxkA blh izdkj ge fiQÝVh]flDlVh] lSfoUVh] ,sV~Vh vkSj ukbuVh (uCcs) rd tk,axsA

var esa ge ^ukbuVh&ukbu* (fuU;kuos) ij vk,axs tks ^ukbu&VsUlvkSj ukbu* gksxkA mlds ckn dk vad gaMªsM (lkS) ;k ^Vsu&VsUl* gksxkA gj ckjnl vadksa ds ckn vkidks ,d u, vad dk btkn djuk iM+sxkA (vad nlblfy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd gekjs nksuksa gkFkksa esa nl maxfy;ak gh gksrhgSa)A bl otg ls ^Vsu&VsUl* gaMªsM ;k ^lkS* dgykrk gSA bldk ewy 'kCn cgqriqjkuk gS vkSj mldk ge vc mi;ksx ugha djrs gaSA

bl izdkj ge cM+s vadksa dk fuekZ.k tkjh j[k ldrs gSA blh izdkjge ,d&lkS X;kjg] ,d&lkS rsarhl] ,d&lkS fN;klh dh ckr dj ldrs gSaA,d&lkS fuU;kuos ds ckn dk vxyk vad gksxk nks&lkSA

blh izdkj ge rhu&lkS] pkj&lkS rd tk ldrs gSaA nl&lkS rdigqapus rd gesa ,d u, 'kCn dh vko';drk gksxhA nl&lkS dks vaxzsth esaFkkmtsaM vkSj fgUnh esa gtkj dgrs gSaA blh izdkj ge nks&gtkj] rhu&gtkjvkfn rd tk ldrs gSaA

9

blls cM+s vadksa ds Hkh 'kCn gSa ijUrq mudk fuekZ.k vk/qfud dkyeas gh gqvk gksxkA iqjkus tekus esa gtkj ls vkxs tkus dh cgqr de gh t:jriM+rh gksxhA blfy, ge ;gha ij jQdsaxsA

2 vad vkSj ys[ku

vadksa dk vkfo"dkj dc gqvk ;g fdlh dks ugha irk ij fuf'prgh mudk btkn ys[ku ls dgha igys gqvk gksxkA ,d le; ,slk vk;k tcyksxksa dks 'kCnksa dks fpUgksa ls vafdr djus dh vko';drk eglwl gqbZA ;gvkt ls yxHkx 5000 gtkj igys ftl LFkku ij gqvk ogak vkt bZjkd ns'kclk gSA bl bykds esa nks ufn;ak cgrh gSa & ;wiQjsV~l vkSj fVxfjlA tgak ;sufn;ak leqnz esa feyrh gSa ogak ,d izkphu ns'k Fkk ftldk uke Fkk lqesfj;kAlqesfj;k ds yksxksa us gh lcls igys fy[kkbZ dh 'kqjQvkr dhA mlds cknphfu;ksa vkSj feL=kokfl;ksa us Hkh fy[kkbZ dk mi;ksx fd;kA vkSj fiQj /hjs&/hjsdjds fy[kkbZ lkjh nqfu;k esa iQSy xbZA

tc fy[kkbZ dk vkfo"dkj gqvk ml le; lqesfj;k vkSj feL=k esa'kgj vkSj eafnj Fks vkSj ogak [ksrksa esa flapkbZ gksrh FkhA bl izdkj dh mUurlH;rk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, cgqr ls yksxksa dks feytqy dj dke djuk iM+rkFkkA blds fy, mUgsa vFkd iz;kl djuk iM+rk gksxkA ml tekus esa yksxksa dksVSDl Hkh vnk djuk iM+rk FkkA

VSDl Hkjus ds fy, yksxksa dks ckdk;nk fjdkMZ (nLrkost) rS;kj djusiM+rs FksA vkSj fjdkMZ j[kus dh lkjh ftEesnkjh eafnj ds iqtkjh dh gksrh FkhAfdl O;fDr us fdruk VSDl tek fd;k gS ;g tkudkjh iqtkjh ds fy, t:jhFkhA iqtkjh bl tkudkjh dks daBLFk dj ldrk FkkA ij vxj oks mls Hkwytkrk rks fiQj okn&fookn gksrkA ,sls gkykr esa VSDlksa dh HkjikbZ ds ckjs esa Bksl:i ls dqN fpUgksa dks gksuk t:jh FkkA okn&fookn dh ukScr vkus ij yksxfpUgksa dks ns[k ldrs FksA

fy[kkbZ ds vkfo"dkj ds le; iqtkjh izR;sd 'kCn ds fy, ,dvyx fpUg cukrk FkkA blls cgqr lkjs fpUgksa dks daBLFk djuk iM+rk Fkk vkSjmlls fy[kkbZ&i<+kbZ dk dke cgqr eqf'dy gks tkrk FkkA blfy, izkphu dkyesa dsoy iqtkjh yksx gh fy[kuk&i<+uk tkurs FksA

ml le; iqtkfj;ksa dks vadksa ds fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ fpUg jpus iM+rsFksA D;kasfd VSDl ds nLrkostksa esa vadksa dh Hkjekj gksrh Fkh] bruk VSDl iQyak

10

us vnk fd;k] bruk VSDl ml ij ckdh gSA

ij D;ksafd maxfy;kas dks vad&'kCnksa ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk rksD;ksa u maxyh dks ,d lh/h js[kk ls n'kkZ;k tk,\ feL=kokfl;ksa us fcYdqy ;ghfd;kA mUgksaus ,d [kM+s MaMs dk fpUg cuk;k vkSj mls ^,d* dk f[krkc fn;kA

ftl la[;k dks fpUg ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gS mls ^vad* (U;wejy) dgrsgSaA blfy, [kM+k MaMk] ,d feL=k vad dk mnkgj.k gSA vU; yksxksa us ;k rksmlh fpUg dk mi;ksx fd;k ;k vius fpUg cuk, tks ns[kus esa maxyh dsleku ,d [kM+s MaMs tSls gh FksA

izkphu feL=koklh fxurh ds fy, [kM+s MaMs cukrs Fks

11

lgh fpUg dkSu lk gS blls dksbZ [kkl iQdZ ugha iMs+xkA ijegRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd mudk mi;ksx dSls gqvkA vxj ge ifjfpr fpUgksadk bLrseky djsa rks ge mUgsa T;knk csgrj le> ik,axsA vad ,d ds fy, ge,d [kM+s MaMs dk (I) mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

^nks* dk fpUg dSls fy[ksaxs\ mlds fy, u;k fpUg btkn djus dhctk, ge D;ksa u nks MaMs cuk,a (II)\ oks fpUg ns[kus esa nks maxfy;ksa tSlkfn[ksxk (II)A

mlds ckn ds dqN vad fy[kuk vklku gksxkA rhu ds fy, (III)Apkj ds fy, (IIII)A iakp ds fy, (IIIII) vkSj ukS ds fy, (IIIIIIIII)A

bl rjg ge ,d gh rjg ds MaMksa dks fxudj dqy la[;k tkuldrs FksA ij blesa ,d fnDdr Hkh FkhA tc cgqr lkjs [kM+s MaMs gksrs rks yksxmUgsa fxurs&fxurs Fkd tkrsA cgqr lkjs MaMksa ds fy[kus vkSj i<+us nksuksa esaxyrh gks ldrh FkhA

feL=koklh tks fpUg fy[krs Fks muesa ,d izdkj dk uewuk gksrk FkkAiakp ds fy, oks iakp [kM+h js[kk,a (IIIII) ugha cukrs Fks ij igys rhu(III) vkSj fiQj mlds uhps nks (II) js[kk,a cukrs FksA rhu vkSj nks [kM+hjs[kkvksa dks iakp js[kkvksa ds eqdkcys igpkuk vklku FkkA blh izdkj oks ukSdks (IIIIIIIII) bl izdkj fy[kus dh ctk, os bl izdkj (III) dh rhutksfM+;ak cukrs Fks ftuesa ,d&tksM+h nwljh ds uhps gksrh FkhA

ij tSls&tSls la[;k,a cM+h gksrha] oSls&oSls mUgsa NksVs lewgksa esa cakVusls dke ugha pyrk FkkA tjk blh rtZ ij tjk pkSou fy[k dj nsf[k, &mlds fy, vkidks 54 [kM+s MaMs cukus iM+saxs(IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII)A

feL=kokfl;ksa us nl ds fy, ,d u;k fpUg btkn fd;kA mlds fy,mUgksaus vaxzsth v{kj ^;w* dks mYVk fd;kA vly esa gesa feL=k esa btkn fpUgdk mi;ksx djus dh t:jr ugha gSA eku ysa ge nl ;k ^Vsu* ds fy, vaxzsthds v{kj ^T* dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ;g ,d rkfdZd dne gksxk D;ksafd vaxzsthesa ^Vsu* 'kCn ^T* ls 'kq: gksrk gSA

vc vki X;kjg dks TI ;k fiQj IT tSls fy[k ldrs gSaA vki mlsdSls fy[ksa blls dqN iQdZ ugha iM+rk gSA vki nl vkSj ,d fy[k ldrs gSa];k fiQj ,d vkSj nl fy[k ldrs gSaA nksuksa gh ckj vad X;kjg gh gksxkA ckjgds fy, vki TII] ;k IIT ;k fiQj ITI fy[k ldrs gSaA gj fLFkfr esa la[;kckjg gh gksxhA

12

D;k bldh ctk, dksbZ fu;fer rjhdk mi;ksx djuk csgrj gksxk\/hjs&/hjs yksx bl fu;fer rjhds ds vH;Lr gks tk,axs vkSj fiQj os vadksa vkSjla[;kvksa dks vklkuh ls le> ik,axsA ge lkjs cM+s vadksa dks ck;ha vksj vkSjNksVs vadksa dks nk;ha vksj fy[kus dk fu;e cuk ldrs gSaA bl rjg rsbl dksTTTIII] ,slk fy[kk tk ldrk gSA pkSgRrj ,sls TTTTTTTIIII fy[kk tkldrk gSA vkSj fuU;kuos TTTTTTTTTIIIIIIIII bl izdkj fy[kk tkldrk gSA ;gak T vkSj I dks ,d [kkl uewus ds vuqlkj fy[kk x;k gS ftllsfd mUgsa fxuuk vklku gksA

feL=koklh nl ds fy, T fpUg dk mi;ksx djrs gq,

13

feL=kokfl;ksa us fu.kZ; fy;k fd os ,d&tSls ukS ls vf/d fpUg ughafy[ksaxs vkSj u gh fxusaxsA blfy, gj ckj tc fdlh fpUg dks nl ckj fxuukiM+rk rks os ,d u;k fpUg btkn djrsA

lkS dks fy[kus ds fy, vkidks nl ds fpUg T dks nl ckj ,slsTTTTTTTTTT fy[kuk iM+sxkA ,slk djus dh ctk, feL=kokfl;ksa us ,du;k fpUg btkn fd;k tks lkS n'kkZrk FkkA oks fpUg ns[kus esa vaxszth ds NksVsv{kj ^th* tSlk fn[krk FkkA

gesa mls mi;ksx djus dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA mldh ctk, ge lkSdks vaxzsth ds v{kj ^H* ls n'kkZ ldrs gSa D;ksafd vaxzsth esa lkS ;k gaMªsM dkigyk v{kj ^H* gksrk gSA

rhu lkS rsarhl dks vc HHHTTTIII tSls fy[kk tk ldrk gSAlkr lkS vV~Bkjg dks HHHHHHHTIIIIIIII tSls fy[kk tk ldrk gSAvkSj vkB lkS uCcs dks HHHHHHHHTTTTTTTTT tSls fy[kk tkldrk gSA vki bu rhuksa fpUgksa dk mi;ksx dj ukS lkS fuU;kuosHHHHHHHHHTTTTTTTTTIIIIIIIII rd dh la[;kvksa dkss fy[kldrs gSaA

ukS lkS fuU;kuos rd ds vadksa dks tkuus ds fy, vkidks fliQZ rhufpUgksa dks ;kn j[kuk gksxk vkSj gjsd fpUg dks ukS ls T;knk ckj ugha fxuukgksxkA ,d gtkj ds fy, vkidks lkS ds fpUg ^H* dks nl ckj fy[kuk gksxkAblfy, vc vkidks ,d u;k fpUg btkn djuk gksxkA blh izdkj nl gtkjds fy, ,d vU; u;k fpUg vkSj ,d yk[k ds fy, ,d vkSj u;k fpUgbtkn djuk gksxkA

bl izdkj vki cM+h vkSj cM+h la[;kvksa rd tk ldrs gSaA cl gjckj tc ,d fpUg nl ckj vk, rc vki mlds fy, ,d u;k fpUg btkndjsaA

14

3 vad vkSj jkseoklh

feL=kokfl;ksa dh vad iz.kkyh us nl ds vad dks lcls vf/d egRoblfy, fn;k D;ksafd gekjs gkFkksa esa dqy feykdj nl maxfy;ak gh gksrh FkhaA

ij nf{k.kh esfDldks dh ek;u lH;rk ds yksxksa us chl ds vad dksizkFkfedrk nhA bldk dkj.k & gkFkksa vkSj iSjksa esa dqy feykdj maxfy;ksa gksrhgSaA vaxzsth esa chl dks ^Ldksj* dgrs gSaA ge ipiu yksxksa ds lewg dks ^VwLdksj ,aM iQksjVhu* cqyk ldrs gSaA xsfVlcxZ eas jk"Vªifr fyadu us viuk Hkk"k.k^iQksj Ldksj ,aM lsou b;lZ* ;kuh ^lRrklh o"kZ* ds lEcks/u ls 'kq: fd;kA

ij ge pkgsa rks ckjg dks Hkh fo'ks"k egRo dk vad eku ldrs gSaAdbZ ek;uksa esa ckjg dk vad nl dh rqyuk esa T;knk lqfo/ktud gSA nl dksdsoy nks vkSj iakp ls gh Hkkx fn;k tk ldrk gSA vxj vki phtksa ds ^nl*ds lewg cuk,a rks fiQj mUgsa ,d&frgkbZ ;k ,d&pkSFkkbZ esa cakVuk lEHko ughagksxkA ckjg dks vki vklkuh ls nks] rhu] pkj vkSj Ng Hkkxksa esa cakV ldrs gSaA

ckjg dk egRo bl ckr esa Hkh gS fd ge cgqr ckj ^ntZu* dkmi;ksx djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge ,d ntZu vaMksa dk mYys[k djrs gSaAvk/k ntZu Ng gksrs gSa] ntZu dk ,d&frgkbZ pkj] ,d&pkSFkkbZ rhu] vkSjntZu dk NBoak Hkkx nks gksrk gSA ge phtksa dks ntZu&ds&sntZu esa casprs gSaA,d ntZu&ntZu ,d lkS pokyhl gksrk gSA bl la[;k dks ge vaxzsth esa ^xzkWl*dgrs gSaA Úsap esa bldk eryc gksrk gS cgqr cM+kA

lqesfj;kokfl;ksa us lcls vf/d egRo lkB ds vad dks fn;kA lkBdks rks ckjg dh vis{kk vkSj vf/d rjhdksa ls cakVk tk ldrk gSA vius thouesa Hkh ge lkB ds vad dks dkiQh egRo nsrs gSaA ,d feuV esa lkB lsd.Mgksrs gSa] vkSj lkB feuV dk ,d ?kaVk gksrk gSA

gekjh iz.kkyh ftrus vf/d cM+s vad ij vk/kfjr gksxh gesala[;kvksa dks fy[krs le; mrus gh T;knk fpUgkssa dks fxuuk iM+sxkA eku ysa fdfeL=kokfl;ksa us u;k fpUg] nl dh ctk, ckjg ckj ,d fpUg ds vkus ds cknpquk gksrkA rc gesa ukS dh ctk, X;kjg fpUg fxuus iM+rsA chl ;k lkB dhiz.kkyh esa gesa vkSj vf/d fpUgksa dks fxuus ds fy, etcwj gksuk iM+rkA

vxj ge nl ls de vad okyh iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx djsa rks\mnkgj.k ds fy, ge iakp dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa D;ksafd gekjs ,d gkFk esaiakp gh maxfy;ak gksrh gSaA

vkt ls 2000 o"kZ iwoZ ;wjksi ds cM+s Hkkx] ,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk ij

15

jkseu lkezkT; Nk;k FkkA jkseu lkezkT; ^iakp* ij vk/kfjr vad iz.kkyh dkmi;ksx djrk FkkA blds fy, jkseoklh viuh o.kZekyk ds v{kjksa dk fpUgksatSls mi;ksx djrs FksA HkkX;o'k ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk ds yksx Hkh D;ksafd jkseufyfi dk bLrseky djrs Fks blfy, ge jkseu fpUgksa ls voxr gSaA

jkseokfl;ksa us ,d dks I ls n'kkZ;kA nks] rhu] pkj ds fy, mUgkasus II]III] vkSj IIII fy[ksA vHkh rd ;g feL=kokfl;ksa dh iz.kkyh tSlk gh gSA ijUrqjkseokfl;ksa us ,d izdkj ds fpUg dks dsoy pkj ckj gh fy[kus dh btktrnh vkSj mlds ckn mUgksasus u;k fpUg btkn fd;kA mUgksaus iakp dks feL=kokfl;ksadh rjg IIIII tSls u fy[k dj mls V tSls fy[kkA

Ng dks IIIIII tSls fy[kus dh ctk, mUgksusa mls VI tSls fy[kkAukS dks VIIII tSls fy[kkA vxj oks nl dks VIIIII tSls fy[krs rks iakp I gkstkrs vkSj mlls jkseokfl;ksa ds fu;e dk mYya?ku gksrkA blfy, mUgksaus nl dsfy, ,d u, fpUg ^X* dk mi;ksx fd;kA

jkseu lkezkT; 400 o"kZ bZlk iwohZ

egklkxj,VyakfVd

jkse

CySd&lh

eSfMVjsfu;u leqnz

16

,d ls gtkj rd ds jkseokfl;ksa ds fpUg bl izdkj FksA

I = ,d

V = iakp

X = nl

L = ipkl

C = ,d&lkS

D = iakp&lkS

M = ,d&gtkj

iakp] ipkl vkSj iakp&lkS ds fy, fo'ks"k fpUg mi;ksx djus ds cknjkseokfl;ksa dks dHkh Hkh fdlh fpUg dks & ,d] nl vkSj lkS vkfn dks] pkj lsT;knk ckj ugha bLrseky djuk iM+kA

ckbZl dks mUgksaus XXII ,sls fy[kkA rsgRrj dks LXXIII blizdkj fy[kkA pkj&lkS vV~Bkjg dks CCCCXVIII ,sls fy[kkA ,d gtkjukS&lkS fuU;kuos dks MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII bl izdkj fy[kkA

vxj vki ,d gtkj ukS&lkS fuU;kuos dks feL=kokfl;ksa dh iz.kkyh}kjk fy[kus dh dksf'k'k djsaxs rks vkidks mlds fy, ,d gtkj fpUg bLrsekydjus gksaxs ftlesa ^lkS*] ^nl* vkSj ^,d* ds ukS fpUg 'kkfey gksaxsA tcfdjkseu iz.kkyh esa dsoy 16 fpUg gh mi;ksx djus iM+saxsA

feL=kokfl;ksa dh iz.kkyh dsoy pkj gh fpUgksa dk mi;ksx djrh Fkhtcfd jkseu iz.kkyh lkr fpUgksa dk bLrseky djrh FkhA jkseu iz.kkyh esafxuuk de iM+rk Fkk ij ;kn T;knk j[kuk iM+rk FkkA

jkseu vadksa ds btkn ds le; mUgsa fdl Øe esa j[kk tk, bllsdksbZ iQdZ ugha iM+rk FkkA vki pkgsa XVI] ;k XIV] ;k IXV fy[ksa & lHkhdk eryc lksyg gksrk FkkA vki pkgsa fdlh Hkh Øe esa nl] iakp vkSj ,ddks tksM+sa mudk eku ges'kk lksyg gh gksrk FkkA

ij la[;kvksa dks fpUgksa dks vxj fdlh rkfdZd Øe fy[kk tk, rksmUgsa tksM+uk T;knk vklku gksrk gSA ;gak ,d izdkj ds lHkh fpUgksa dks,d&lkFk j[kk tkrk gSA lcls cM+h la[;k n'kkZus okyk fpUg ck;sa vksj vkSjmlds ckn mlls NksVs vkSj mlls NksVs fpUgksa dks j[kk tkrk gSA bl i¼fr dsvuqlkj vV~BRrj dks LXXXVIII ,sls fy[kk tk,xk ftlesa L ds ckn Øeesa X] V] vkSj I vk,axsA

ckn eas jkseokfl;ksa dks la[;kvksa ds fpUgksa dks de djus dh ,dcf<+;k ;qfDr le> esa vkbZA fpUgksa dks ges'kk dh rjg ck;sa ls nk;sa fy[kks] ij

17

dHkh&dHkh mudk Øe cny nks\

tc cM+s fpUg ds ckn NksVk fpUg vkrk gS rks vki mu nksuksa dkstksM+rs gSaA blfy, VI dk eryc gksrk gS 5 vkSj 1 dk ;ksx ;kuh NgA ijtc NksVk fpUg] cM+s fpUg ds ck;ha vksj yxk;k tkrk gS rks vki cM+s esa lsNksVs dks ?kVkrs gaSA bl izdkj IV dk eryc ^iakp esa ,d ?kVkuk* ;kuh pkjgksxkA

pkj dks IV tSls fy[kus vkSj IIII tSls u fy[kus ls vkidks pkjdh txg dsoy nks gh fpUg i<+us iM+saxsA ij vkidks mudh fLFkfr dks è;ku lsxkSj djuk gksxk vkSj mUgas vkil esa tksM+us dh ctk, mUgsa ?kVkuk gksxkA

blh izdkj XL pkyhl vkSj LX lkB gksxkA XC uCcs vkSj CX

,d&lkS nl gksxkA CM ukS&lkS gksxk vkSj MC ,d&gtkj lkS gksxkA

1973 ds o"kZ dks MDCCCCLXXIII dh ctk,MCMLXXIII tSls fy[kk tk ldrk gS & vc ckjg dh ctk, fliQZ ukSgh fpUg bLrseky djus gksaxsA ,d gtkj ukS lkS fuU;kuos dksMDCCCCLXXXXVIIII dh txg MCMXCIX tSls fy[kk tkldrk gS & l=kg dh ctk, dsoy lkr fpUgksa easA

gak ,d ckr ij xkSj ls è;ku nsuk gksxkA ?kVkus okyh iz.kkyh dkmi;ksx 'kq: djus ds ckn vki fiQj fpUgksa ds Øe ds lkFk NsM+NkM+ ughadj ik,axsA rc gjsd fpUg vius fuf'pr LFkku ij gh vk,xkA

jkseu lkezkT; dk nf{k.kh fgLlk dksbZ 1500 o"kZ igys èoLr gks x;kAij nf{k.kh ;wjksi ds yksx jkse ds èoLr gksus ds 700 lky ckn rd jkseu vadksadk mi;ksx djrs jgsA

18

4 vad vkSj v{kj

feL=k vkSj jkseu nksuksa iz.kkfy;ksa esa fpUgksa dks ckj&ckj fy[kuk iM+rkFkkA muesa ges'kk bl izdkj dh tksfM+;ak III] ;k XX] ;k TTTTTT] fn[krhFkhaA mu fpUgksa dks fxuuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj fxuus esssa yksx xyrh dj ldrs FksA

D;k dksbZ ,slk rjhdk Fkk ftlls dh fdlh Hkh fpUg dks ,d lsvf/d ckj mi;ksx ugha djuk iM+s\ ij ,slk gksus ls cgqr lkjs fpUgksa dkmi;ksx djuk gksrkA vxj ge II dks nks ugha ekurs gSa rks gesa mls ,d fo'ks"kfpUg nsuk gksxkA blh rjg geas rhu] pkj vkfn ds lkFk Hkh djuk gksxkA

;g dksbZ cgqr gksf'k;kj iz.kkyh ugha yxrh gS D;ksafd blesa gesa cgqrlkjs fpUgksa dks jVuk iM+sxkA ij vxj ge dsoy mUgha fpUgksa dk mi;ksx djsatks gesa igys ls gh ;kn gSa rks\

3400 o"kZ igys fiQ;ksuhf'k;u uke ds yksx esfMVsjsfu;u leqnz dsiwohZ rV ij yscuku uke ds ns'k esa jgrs FksA mUgksaus ,d uk;kc o.kZekyk btkn

ukS&lkS fuU;kuos ds fy, jkseu fpUg

19

dh ftlesa izR;sd v{kj dh vyx vkokt FkhA bu v{kjksa ls vyx&vyx 'kCncuk, tk ldrs FksA

;g v{kj pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa iQSysA ;gwfn;ksa vkSj ;wukfu;ksa esa Hkh mudkizlkj gqvkA bu v{kjksa }kjk vc fy[kkbZ cgqr ljy gks xbZA fy[kkbZ lh[kusokys gj O;fDr dks o.kZekyk ds lHkh v{kjksa dks ;kn djuk iM+rk FkkA fofHkUuHkk"kkvksa esa v{kjksa ds uke Hkh vyx&vyx FksA blfy, gj fo'ks"k lewg dsyksx viuh Hkk"kk ds v{kjksa dks ;kn djrs FksA

ghczw i<+us okys ;gwnh cPps bl izdkj ds v{kjksa dks ;kn djrs%,fyiQ] csFk] fxfey] nkysn] gs;] oqo vkfnA ;wukuh cPps bu v{kjksa dks daBLFkdjrs% ,YiQk] chVk] xkek] MsYVk] ,Ilk;yu] tsVk] ,sVk vkfnA vaxzsth lh[kusokys cPps bu v{kjksa dks ;kn djrs% ,s] ch] lh] Mh] bZ] ,iQ] th vkfnA

viuh o.kZekyk yksxksa dks bruh vPNh rjg ;kn gksrh gS fd mlsfy[krs le; mUgsa dksbZ Hkh fnDdr ugha vkrh gSA gjsd v{kj dh o.kZekyk esa,d fuf'pr fLFkfr gksrh gS vkSj gjsd dk vyx fpUg gksrk gSA

D;ksa u v{kjksa ds fpUgksa dks gh vadksa ds fpUg tSls mi;ksx fd;ktk,\ igys v{kj dks igys vad] nwljs v{kj dks nwljs vad vkSj rhljs v{kjdks rhljs vad tSls mi;ksx dj ldrs FkkA blds fy, yksxksa dks ,d Hkh u;kfpUg ;kn djus dh t:jr ugha iM+rh D;ksafd mUgsa lHkh fpUg igys gh ghdaBLFk gksrsA

fiQ;ksuhf'k;u v{kj vkSj vad

20

ghczw vkSj ;wukuh v{kj vaxzsth v{kjksa ls cgqr fHkUu gksrs gSa ijUrq gesabl ckr ls ijs'kku gksus dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA gekjh jQfp vadksa dks fy[kusdh ml i¼fr esa gS ftldk ;gwnh vkSj ;wukuh mi;ksx djrs FksA ml i¼fr dsfy, ge viuh o.kZekyk ds v{kjksa dk vklkuh ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

;wukuh o.kZekyk;gwnh o.kZekyk

21

vaxzsth ds v{kjksa dk bLrseky djds ge dg ldrs gSa%

A = ,d

B = nks

C = rhu

D = pkj

E = iakp

F = Ng

G = lkr

H = vkB

I = ukS

J = nl

vxj ge bl rjg vkxs c<+rs jgs rks ge NCchl ij vkdj jQdtk,axs D;ksafd vaxzsth o.kZekyk esa dqy 26 gh v{kj gksrs gSaA

ij vc ge bUgas vkil esa tksM+ Hkh ldrs gSaA ge X;kjg dks^nl&,d* ;k JA tSls fy[k ldrs gSaA ckjg dks ^nl&nks* JB tSls fy[k ldrsgSaA rsjg JC gksxk] pkSng JD gksxk] ianzg JE gksxk] lksyg JF gksxk] l=kg JE

gksxk] vV~Bkjg JF gksxk] mUuhl JG gksxk vkfnA

ge chl dh txg JJ fy[k ldrs gSa ij vc ge fpUgksa dks nksgjkjgs gkssaxsA mldh ctk, ge vxys v{kj K dks chl eku ldrs gSaA vc K ls'kq: dj ge bl izdkj vkxs c<+ ldrs gSaa%

J = nl

K = chl

L = rhl

M = pkfyl

N = ipkl

O = NkB

P = lRrj

Q = vLlh

R = uCcs

S = lkS

T = nks&lkS

U = rhu&lkS

22

V = pkj&lkS

W = iakp&lkS

X = Ng&lkS

Y = lkr&lkS

Z = vkB&lkS

vc ge vkf[kjh v{kj ij igqap x, gSa ij ukS lkS rd igqapus dsfy, ge ,d vU; fpUg(!) btkn dj ldrs gaSA

vadksa dh bl iz.kkyh }kjk ge gtkj rd dk dksbZ Hkh vad fy[kldrs gSa & fliQZ ,d] nks] rhu fpUgksa dk mi;ksx djds vkSj mlesa fdlh Hkhvad esa dksbZ fpUg nks ckj ugha vk,xkA

rc PE iNRrj gksxk] ,d&lkS NIiu] SNF gksxk] vkB&lkS nks]!RI gksxkA bl rjg vki ,d ls ukS&lkS fuU;kuos rd ds lHkh vadksa dks bliz.kkyh }kjk fy[k ik,axsA vkidks ;g rjhdk cgqr vklku yxsxkA

ukS&lkS fuU;kuos ds vkxs tkus ds fy, vkidks fo'ks"k fpUgksa dht:jr gksxhA fdlh vad ds uhps ,d js[kk yxk nsus ls oks ml vad dks gtkjls xq.kk dj nssxhA blls A ,d&gtkj] B nks&gtkj gks tk,xkA iakp&gtkjvkB lkS bDdhl dks vki EZKA tSls fy[k ik,axsA

v{kjksa dks vadksa tSls mi;ksx djus esa ,d gh ijs'kkuh gSA mlesa dbZckj vad] v{kjksa tSls fn[kus yxrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, vaxzsth ds v{kjksa dk mi;ksx dj iakp&lkS iSalB dksWOE tSls fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g vaxzsth dk ,d ekU; 'kCn gS ftldkeryc ^nq[k* gksrk gSA blls dgha yksx iakp&lkS iSalB dks ,d v'kqHk la[;k ueku cSBsaa!

vadksa ds 'kCnksa esa ek;us D;k gSa bl vk/kj ij yksx ;g fu.kZ; u ysafd iQyak vad 'kqHk vkSj iQyak v'kqHk gSA ;gwfn;ksa vkSj ;wukfu;ksa us blh izdkjdh Hkzked ̂ U;wejkSyth* fodflr dh tks fcYdqy cscqfu;kn vkSj cjckn gSA

bl izdkj dh ^U;wejkSyth* vkt Hkh ekStwn gSa vkSj cgqr ls yksxmuesa ;dhu Hkh djrs gSaA blds ihNs ,d gh dkj.k gS & ;gwfn;ksa vkSj ;wukfu;ksa}kjk v{kj&s'kCnksa dk vad&fpUgkas tSls mi;ksx 'kq: djukA

leku fpUgksa dks v{kjksa vkSj vadksa tSls mi;ksx djus ls dHkh&dHkhvad 'kCnksa tSls yxrs gSaA

23

,d gh fpUg dks vad vkSj v{kj tSls mi;ksx djus ls dqN

vad 'kCnksa tSls fn[k ldrs gSa

24

5 vad vkSj ^'kwU;*

o.kZekyk ds v{kjksa dh ctk, vxj ge vadksa ds fy, fHkUu fpUgpqurs rks 'kk;n T;knk vPNk gksrkA eku ysa fd vadksa ds fy, ge fcYdqyfHkUu fpUg btkn djrs] rks\

Hkkjr eas jgus okys fgUnqvksa us vadksa ds fy, tks fpUg btkn fd,mUgsa ge vkt Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSaA ge vkt tks vad mi;ksx djrs gSa mudk:i lSdM+kas lky igys fgUnqvksa }kjk btkn fd, vadksa ls dkiQh fHkUu gksxkA ijvxj ge fgUnqvksa ds vadksa ij utj Mkysa rks gesa muesa orZeku esa mi;ksxfd, tkus okys vadksa dh >yd feysxhA

1 = ,d

2 = nks

3 = rhu

4 = pkj

5 = iakp

6 = Ng

7 = lkr

8 = vkB

9 = ukS

;g vad vius ekSfyd :i esa Hkkjr esa 2200 o"kZ igys btkn gq,A

vkidks vk'p;Z gksxk fd ge fgUnqvksa }kjk btkn vadksa dk mi;ksxvkf[kj D;ksa dj jgs gSaA D;k os fpUgksa dk ,d nwljk lewg ugha gSa\ yksxizkphu jkseu fpUgksa ds vH;Lr gks pqds FksA fiQj yksxksa us mUgsa D;ksa NksM+s\

gak] yksxksa us izkphu fpUgksa dks R;kx fn;kA tc rc yksxksa ls cu ldkmUgksaus iqjkus fpUgksa dk mi;ksx fd;k ij ckn esa mUgsa NksM+ fn;kA fgUnq fpUgksadk izpkj&izlkj nwj&njkt rd blfy, gqvk D;ksafd fgUnqvksa ds fpUg izkphujkseu fpUgksa ls dgha csgrj FksA

'kq: esa gh fgUnqvksa us feL=kokfl;ksa dh gh rjg ukS ls cM+s vadksa dsfy, u, fpUg btkn fd,A nl] chl] rhl vkfn vadksa ds fy, muds ikl u,fpUg Fks vkSj blh rjg lkS] nks&lkS] rhu&lkS vkfn ds fy, HkhA

25

ij rc fdlh us t:j iwNk gksxk & vkSj ;g gesa ugha irk fdfdlus iwNk fd bl lcdh D;k t:jr FkhA nks&lkS ds vad dk eryc nks^,d&lkS* gksrk gSA chl dk eryc nks ^nl* gksrs gSaA gj ckj vFkZ gksrk gS &ml pht dk nksxqukA

dYiuk djsa & gj ckj lcls nk;ha vksj okyk vad fdrus ^,d* gSa;g n'kkZ,xkA mlds ck;ha vksj okyk vad fdrus ^nl* gSa oks n'kkZ,xkA mldsnk;ha vksj okyk vad fdrus ^lkS gSa ;g n'kkZ,xk vkfnA vc fpUg dh vkSdkrmldh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djsxhA bl izdkj fliQZ ukS fgUnq vadksa & 1] 2] 3] 4]5] 6] 7] 8] 9 gh i;kZIr gksaxsA

eku ysa vkids ikl vad 354 gSA lcls nk;ha vksj okyk vad^bdkbZ* n'kkZ,xk vkSj 4 gksssxkA mlds ck;ha vksj okyk vad 5 ^ngkbZ* ;kuhipkl fn[kk,xkA mlds ck;ha vksj okyk vad 3 ^lSdM+s* ;kuh rhu&lkSfn[kk,xkA bl izdkj pkj] vkSj ipkl vkSj rhu&lkS tqM+us ds ckn rhu&lkSpkSou la[;k cusxh vkSj 354 mUgsa n'kkZ,xkA

fdlh Hkh vad dks bl izdkj i<+k tk ldrk gSA 18 la[;k ,d^nl* vkSj vkB ^,d* n'kkZ,xhA nl vkSj vkB dks tksM+us ds ckn vV~Bkjgla[;k cusxhA vad 999] ukS ^lkS*] 9 ^nl* vkSj 9 ^,d* n'kkZrk gS ftudk tksM+ukS&lkS fuU;kuos gksxkA

bl fgUnq iz.kkyh esa vki ftruh pkgsa mruh cM+h vkSj mQaph la[;krd tk ldrs FksA la[;k 87235 dks vxj vki nk;sa ls ck;sa dh vksj i<+rs rksmldk eryc gksrk iakp (,d)] rhu (nl)] nks (lkS)] lkr (gtkj) vkSj 8(nl gtkj)A mu lc dks tksM+us ij lRrklh&gtkj nkS&lkS iSafrl dk ;ksxvk,xkA vki vHkh Hkh fliQZ ukS fgUnq vadksa ds vykok vkSj dqN mi;ksx ugha

jkseu fpUg vkSj fgUnq fpUg mi;ksx dj ukS&lkSfuU;kuos fy[kuk

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dj jgs gSaA ij blesa Hkh ,d leL;k gSA

eku yhft, vki nks gtkj vkSj rhu la[;k fy[kuk pkgrs gSaA oks nks(gtkj) vkSj rhu (,d) dk ;ksx gksxhA bl la[;k esa u rks dksbZ ^nl* vkSju gh ^lkS* gksxkA

D;k vki bls 23 tSls fy[k ldrs gSa tgak nks (gtkj) vkSj rhu(,d) ds fy, gks\ vxj vki ,slk djsaxs rkss vkidks ;g dSls irk gksxk fd2 ^gtkj* dk izfrfuf/ gS\ gks ldrk gS fd 2 ^lkS* ;k ^nl* dk izfrfuf/Rodjrk gks\

vki pkgsa rks 2 vkSj 3 ds chp esa nks fjDr LFkku NksM+ ldrs gSa &tSls 2 3A vc fdlh Hkh lkiQ utj vk,xk fd ^lkS* vkSj ^nl* okys LFkkufjDr gSa blfy, 2 dsoy ^gtkj* ds fy, gh gks ldrk gSA

ij dksbZ ;g dSls tku ldrk gS fd [kkyh txg eas nks fjDr LFkkugSa\ 'kk;n mlesa dsoy ,d gh [kkyh LFkku gks\ gks ldrk gS ogak ij rhu[kkyh LFkku gksa\

bl izdkj ds [kkyh LFkku NksM+us ls dke ugha pysxkA gekjs ikldksbZ ,slk fpUg gksuk pkfg, tks n'kkZ, ^nl dk LFkku [kkyh gS* ;k ^lkS dkLFkku fjDr gS*A

ij fjDr LFkku dks n'kkZus ds fy, fdlh fpUg dh dYiuk djuk,d cgqr eqf'dy dke FkkA euq"; }kjk vadksa ds mi;ksx ds gtkjksa lky cknfjDr LFkku ds fy, ,d ^'kwU;* ds fpUg dh vko';drk ,d cgqr eqf'dylksp FkkA

gesa ugha irk fd varr% bl fpUg ds ckjs eas fdlus lkspkA 'kk;n oksdksbZ fgUnq gksxkA gesa ;g Hkh ugha irk fd ;g dc gqvkA 'kk;n ;g fpUg1300 o"kZ igys [kkstk x;k gksA

vkt ge ^'kwU;* n'kkZus ds fy, ftl fpUg dk mi;ksx djrs gSa oksfliQZ ,d xksyk gS vkSj mlds vanj dqN ugha gSA fgUnq mls ^'kwU;* dgrs gSa &ftldk eryc gksrk gS ^blds vanj dqN Hkh ugha gS!*

tjk ns[ksa fd ^'kwU;* dSls dke djrk gSA vxj ge rsbZl fy[kukpkgrs gSa rks ge mls 23 fy[krs gSa ftlesa 2(nl) vkSj 3(,d) gksrs gSaA vxjge nks&lkS rhu fy[kuk pkgrs gSa rks mlesa 2(lkS)] dksbZ Hkh nl ugha] vkSj3(,d) gksaxsA mls ge 203 tSls fy[k ldrs gSaA

nks&gtkj rhl dks dSls fy[ksaxs\ blesa nks(gtkj)] 'kwU;(lkS)]rhu(nl) vkSj 'kwU;(,d) gksaxsA mls ge 2030 tSls fy[k ldrs gSaA

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nks&gtkj rhu&lkS & 2300 tSls D;ksa fy[kk tkrk gS blds ihNs dkrdZ vki [kqn gh lksp ldrs gSaA vkSj fiQj nks&gtkj vkSj rhu 2003 tSls D;ksafy[kk tkrk gS\

vc 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7] 8] 9 ds fgUnq fpUg vkSj mldslkFk&lkFk ^'kwU;* dk mi;ksx dj fdlh Hkh vad dks cgqr vklkuh ls fy[kktk ldrk gSA fdl LFkku ij dkSu lk vad gS blesa vc fdlh dks dHkh HkhdksbZ vM+pu ugha vk,xhA

6 vad vkSj fo'o

bl esa dksbZ 'kd ugha gS fd fgUnqvksa }kjk btkn fd, vadksa ds fpUgvkSj muds lkFk ^'kwU;* ,d egRoiw.kZ vkfo"dkj FkkA vc vki fdruh Hkh cM+hla[;k dks dsoy dqN gh fpUgksa }kjk fy[k ldrs Fks vkSj mlds fy, vkidksnl ls T;knk fpUgksa dks ;kn djus dh t:jr ugha FkhA vc v{kjksa ls vadfy[kus vkSj muls cus 'kCnksa dh my>u esa iQalus dh t:jr Hkh ugha FkhA

lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g Fkh fd vc fgUnq fpUgksa }kjk vadxf.krdjuk cgqr vklku gks x;k FkkA fgUnq iz.kkyh fdlh Hkh vU; iz.kkyh ls dghacsgrj FkhA

izkphu dky esa jkseu ;k ;wukuh vadksa dk mi;ksx dj xf.kr dkvè;;u vkSj mlesa Hkkx nsuk dsoy pan yksx gh dj ikrs FksA ijUrq fgUnqiz.kkyh ds mi;ksx ls Ldwy tkus okys lk/kj.k cPps Hkh cgqr vklkuh ls Hkkxdj ldrs FksA vxj vkidks yEcs rjhds ls Hkkx djuk eqf'dy yxrk gS rkstjk ,d ckj mls jkseu fpUgksa ls dfj,! rc vki mldh eqf'dyksa ls vPNhrjg okfdiQ gksaxs!

tc ,d ckj yksxksa dks fgUnq iz.kkyh dh ljyrk dk irk pyk rksfiQj mlds ckn ls fgUnq vadksa dh iz.kkyh nqfu;k Hkj esa iQSyhA

bZlk ds tUe ds 800 o"kZ ckn tc ^'kwU;* dk vkfo"dkj gqvk rksmlds ckn ls fgUnq vad Hkkjr ls mRrj vkSj if'peh Hkkxksa esa rsth ls iQSysAbu bykdksa esa vjch cksyus okys yksx jgrs FksA vjch cksyus okys yksx mRrjhvÚhdk vkSj Lisu eas Hkh jgrs FksA blls fgUnq vadksa dk vÚhdk vkSj Lisu esaHkh izlkj gqvkA

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fgUnq ftl fpUg dks ^'kwU;* & ;kuh ^dqN&ugha* cqykrs mls vjchyksx ̂ fliQj* dgrs FksA

bZlk ds tUe ds 820 o"kZ ckn ,d vjch xf.krK eksgEenvy&[okjfteh us xf.kr ij ,d egRoiw.kZ iqLrd fy[khA mlus vadxf.kr esafgUnq vadksa dk fdl izdkj mi;ksx fd;k tk, mlds iwjs funsZ'k fn,A

mlds lkS cjl ckn tsjcVZ uke ds ,d Úsap dh vyx&vyx LFkkuksals Kku cVksjus esa jQph tkxhA ml le; Úakl] baXyS.M vkSj teZuh ^va/sjs&;qx*esa FksA ml le; ogak cgqqr de Ldwy Fks vkSj fy[kus&i<+us dh Hkh cgqr defdrkcsa FkhaA ij ml le; vjcksa ds vk/hu Lisu us cgqrvf/d izxfr dh FkhA

tsjcVZ Lisu esa 967 (bZlk dh e`R;q ds ckn) esa igqapk vkSj mlusogak reke iqLrdksa dk vjch eas vè;;u fd;kA mls eksgEen vy&[okjfteh

jkseu vkSj vjch fpUgksa ds mi;ksx ls Hkkx djuk

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dh iqLrd Hkh feyh ftldh ljy vkSj lqfo/ktud iz.kkyh dks ns[kdj tsjcVZnax jg x;kA oks mu iqLrdksa dks vius lkFk Úakl yk;kA ;wjksi ds yksxksa us mUgsavjch&vad dgk D;ksafd oks vjch cksyus okys yksxksa ds ;gak ls yk, x, FksA;wjksi ds yksxksa dks bl ckr dk irk ugha Fkk fd vly esa oks iz.kkyh Hkkjr lsvkbZ FkhA vkt ge bu vjch&vadksa dks 1] 2] 3 vkfn ds uke ls cqykrs gSaA

D;ksafd 999 (bZlk dh e`R;q ds ckn) esa tsjcVZ & flYosLVj&2 dsuke ls iksi cuk] rks fiQj D;k ;wjksih; yksxksa us mldh ckr ekuh\ mUgksaus mlsvulquk fd;kA dqN i<+s&fy[ks yksxksa us vjch&vadksa ds mi;ksx dh fliQkfj'kdhA ij ml le; ;wjksi esa yksx jkseu vadksa dk mi;ksx dj jgs Fks vkSj oksmlds vH;Lr gks pqds FksA oks jkseu vadksa dh tfVyrk ls voxr Fks vkSj mulsvadxf.kr djuk cgqr eqf'dy dke FkkA ij mlds ckotwn oks jkseu vadksa lsfpids jgsA

bl rjg nks 'krkfCn;ak chr x;haA mlds ckn fy;ksukjnks fiQcksukph dkvkxeu gqvkA oks bVyh ds 'kgj ihlk esa jgrs FksA vius vÚhdh nkSjs ds nkSjkumUgksaus fgUnq vadksa dh tkudkjh gkfly dhA 1202 eas mUgksaus ,d iqLrd fy[khftlesa mUgksaus vjch&vadksa ds lkFk ^'kwU;* ds fpUg dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;kAmUgksaus vadxf.kr esa 'kwU; dk egRoiw.kZ mi;ksx Hkh fn[kk;kA

rc ;wjksi ^va/sjs&;qx* ls mcj jgk FkkA ogak ds yksx vc vf/dle`¼ vkSj i<+s&fy[ks FksA bVyh esa fo'ks"krkSj ij reke O;kikjh Fks ftUgsa vius/a/s ds fy, cgqr lkjk fglkc&fdrkc j[kuk iM+rk FkkA tc bVkyoh O;kikfj;ksadks vjch&vadksa dh lgtrk vkSj lqfo/k dk irk pyk rks mUgksaus jkseu&vadksadk mi;ksx R;kx fn;k vkSj os u;h iz.kkyh bLrseky djus yxsA mUgksaus vjch'kCn ̂ fliQj* dk mi;ksx fd;kA mUgksaus ̂ fliQj* dks ̂ >sihjks* cqyk;k D;ksafdmldk mPpkj.k T;knk ljy FkkA

^>sihjks* 'kCn vc cny dj ^>hjks* gks x;k gS vkSj ;g 'kwU; dsfpUg ds fy, bLrseky gksus okyk lcls vke 'kCn gSA

bVyh ls vjch&vad iwjh ;wjksi esa iQSyus yxsA ftl le; dksyEclus vejhdh rV ij viuk Msjk Mkyk ml le; ;wjksi ds lHkh ns'kksa esavjch&vad mi;ksx esa yk, tk jgs FksA

vkt Hkh ge dHkh&dHkh jkseu vad mi;ksx eas ykrs gSa & ij rHkhtc ge dqN fn[kkuk pkgrs gksa vkSj tc ge dksbZ vadxf.kr ugha dj jgs gksaAD;ksafd egkjkuh ,fytkcsFk bl uke dh nwljh fczfV'k egkjkuh Fkha blfy, mUgsa,fytkcsFk&II ds uke ls lacksf/r fd;k tkrk FkkA iksi iWky D;ksfd mlh ukeds NBosa iksi Fks blfy, mUgsa iksi iWky&VI cqyk;k tkrk FkkA

30

vkt ,slk ugha fd dsoy ;wjksi ds ns'k gh vjch&vadksa dk mi;ksxdjrs gksaA fiNyh 'krkCnh esa ;g vad lHkh ns'kksa esa iQSys gSaA ntZuksavthcks&xjhc Hkk"kkvksa esa] vyx&vyx fpUgksa esa vkidks ogh iqjkus 1] 2] 3]4] 5] 6] 7] 8] 9 vkSj 0 feysaxsA

vkSj ;g flyflyk dc 'kq: gqvk\ fdlh izkphu vkneh us tkuukpkgk fd mlds ikl fdruh dqYgkfM+;ak gSa vkSj fiQj mlus enn ds fy, viuhmaxfy;ksa ij utj MkyhA

var

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