ASHRAE: Energy Efficiency/Audit Principles Producing Higher Performing Buildings

Ross D. Montgomery, P.E.

Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 2017

Who

ASHRAE and Energy Audits

What

Level 1,2,3 Energy Audits

1 5

Why

Are NZEB Possible???2

What

Videos and Publications

3

How

How do we perform energy audits

4

How

How do we find energy saving opportunities

6

Where

ECM Examples and Calculations8

How

How do we calculate savings

7

Learning ObjectivesAGENDA

2 IPRESENTER NAME COMPANY NAME

Are NZEB possible?

YES THEY ARE !!!>>>>

Net(Near)-Zero-Energy Buildings

Buildings which, on an annual basis, use no more energy than is provided by on-site renewable energy sources.

NREL Assessment of NZEBs

• USA - (National Renewable Energy Labs)

• “Not everyone can be Net-Zero”

– Maybe 10-30% goal

– Assuming 50% roof can be PV

– Technology that is available or nearly available in the market place

Energy Positive Bldg-Norway• An office building in

Norway has been renovated to produce (Net-zero +) more energy that it consumes.

Powerhouse Kjørbo is located near Oslo, and according to Powerhouse, it is Norway’s first energy-positive building and the first in the world to be renovated into an energy-positive structure.• June 2014 Newsletter; Vol. 2 Issue 6; ww.hpbmagazine.org

Net Zero Energy Buildings

Zero Net Energy ; Greenfield, Mass. USA.

• John Oliver Transit Center

• 24,000 SF

• $11M cost

Strategies: Chilled beams, GSHP’s, Solar, PV, Lighting, Lighting controls, Energy recovery, Variable speed drives, premium motors, demand controlled ventilation, automated shading.• http://www.csemag.com/single-article/case-study-zero-net-energy-transit-

center/6f8b2c1532aa3bfaf3e73a474994bf71.html

NZEB Case Studies

• Science House, Science Museum of Minnesota (2003)

– St Paul, Mn

• 0 net site energy use

• 1,530 ft²

• Geothermal, PV

• NEUI = 0 kBtu/ft²

NZEB Case Studies

• Oberlin College Lewis Center (2000)– Oberlin Oh

• Net zero site energy use

• 13,950 ft²– $535/ ft²

• 59 kW solar array

• Geothermal

• EUI = 32.94 kBtu/ ft²

• NEUI = - 0.52 kBtu/ ft²

Article in High

Performance Buildings

Winter 2011

NZEB Case Studies

• Cambria Office Center (2000)

– Ebensburg, Pa

• 66% energy cost savings

• 34,500 ft²

• Geothermal, 14.3 kW PV

• NEUI = 41.9 kBtu/ ft²

NZEB Case Studies

• Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF) (2000)

– Annapolis, Md

• LEED Platinum

• 32,000 ft²

• NEUI = 37.1 kBtu/ft²

NZEB Case Studies

• Thermal Test Facility (TTF) (1996)

– Golden Co

• 70% energy cost savings

• 10,000 ft²

• NEUI = 28 ktu/ft²

NZEB Case Studies

• Science House, Science Museum of Minnesota (2003)

– St Paul, Mn

• 0 net site energy use

• 1,530 ft²

• Geothermal, PV

• NEUI = 0 kBtu/ft²

Vision 2020

NZEBs by 2030

Contents of NZEB Video:

a. Water Heating

b. Biomass

c. Photovoltaics

d. Solar

e. Geo-thermal

f. Envelope

Energy Efficiency is an uphill struggle-Nothing comes easy without sacrifice

PRIMARY PUBLICATIONS WE USE

Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems,I-P & SI units

This book provides a thorough introduction and a practical guide to

the principles and characteristics of HVAC controls. It describes

how to use, select, specify and design control systems.

This book will help you understand:

• Control theory, the basics of electricity, input and output

devices, and the influence of input and output characteristics on

control possibilities and performance

• How to use written specifications, schedules, and control

diagrams to identify what is to be installed, how it is to be

installed, and how it is expected to operate

• DDC (direct digital controls) system components,

interoperability of controllers, network and data protocols

• Replacement, modification and maintenance of pneumatic and

electric controls

Visit www.ashrae.org/bookstore to purchase this publication.

ASHRAE’s “Green Book”

• 2nd Edition of "Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits“

• Recently updated by TC 7.6 – Building Energy Performance

• Source for information in this presentation

ASHRAE 211P• Basis of the New

ASHRAE Standard 211P

• Standard Methodology

• Consistent reports

• Credible requirements

• Reliable Basis and criteria

Relationship of ASHRAE Energy Audit Levels I, II, and III

Level I:

Walk Through

Level II:

Energy Survey & Analysis•End-use Energy breakdowns

•Cost & Savings analysis of major ECM measures

•O&M Changes

•Capital project outlines

•Detailed Analysis• Level III:

Detailed Analysis of Capital

Projects (includes modeling and

simulation) Refined Analysis, Additional

Measurements, Hourly Simulation, Detailed

Business and Investment Planning

Preliminary Energy

Use Analysis• Gather information

• Calculate kBTU/sf

• Compare to similar

•No cost/low cost items

•Rough costs and savings for EEM’s

•Identify Capital projects

24

Engineering Formulas and equivalents used:

HVAC ENGINEERING FORMULA (SI UNITS)AIR EQUATIONS• A. V = 1.414 ● (VP/d)½ where• V = Velocity• d = density, “d” = 3.48 (Pb/T)• B. V = (1.66 ● VP)½ for Std. air (d = 1.204 kg/m3)• C. TP = VP + SP• D. V = VM (d / 1.204)• E. Airflow Volume (L/s) = 1000 ● Area ● Volume

HVAC ENGINEERING FORMULA (IP UNITS)AIR EQUATIONS• A. V = 1096 • (VP/d)½ where• V = Velocity• d = density, “d” = 1.325 (Pb/T)• B. V = 4005 • (VP)½ for Std. air (d = .075 lbs/ft3)• C. TP = VP + SP• D. V = VM (d / 0.075)• E. Airflow Volume (cfm) = Area ● Volume

METRIC EQUIVALENTS

QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT IP RELATIONSHIP

• 1 m/s² = 3.281 ft/sec²

• 1 m³/s = 2118.88 cfm

• 1 L/s = 2.12 cfm

• 1 m³/hr = 0.589 cfm

• 1 m² = 10.76 ft²

• 1 mm² = 0.0016 in²

• 101.325 kPa = 29.92 in. Hg = 14.696 psi

• 1 Bar = 29.92 in. Hg = 14.696 psi

• 1 m = 3.281 ft.

• 1 m = 39.37 inches

• 1 mm = 0.039 inches, 1 inch = 25.4 mm

• 1 lux = 0.0929 fc

• 1 lm/m² = 0.0931 fc

• 1 Lm = 0.001496 watts

• 1000 Pascals 1 kPa = 0.296 in. Hg = 0.145 psi

• 1 Pa = 0.004015 in.w.g.

• °C = (°F – 32)/1.8

• 1 m/s = 196.9 fpm

• 1 m³ = 35.31 ft³

•

•

26 I

? You cannot Control what you

cannot measure ?

ENERGYANNUALENERGYTARGET

MONTH TO DATE ENERGY

YEAR TO DATE ENERGY

ELECTRIC KW 350 KWHR 31 KWHR 234 KWHR

NATURAL GAS 2M THERMS 156,000 THERMS 1,430,000 THERMS

KW THERMS BTU’S

PRESENTER NAMECOMPANY NAME

Energy Reports and Audits Table of Contents

– Part-1: Defining the “Levels of Effort” for Commercial Building Energy Audits

• Describes the Phases of an ASHRAE Energy Audit

– Preliminary; Level 1

– Level 2

– Level 3

– Part-2: Best Practices for Conducting Energy Audits• Process and Deliverables

– Part-3: Resources for Conducting Energy Audits• Forms to be used, References and Conversions

27

• Level 1 – establishing the building’s general energy savings potential

• Level 2 – provides enough detail to act on typical energy savings recommendations

• Level 3 – investigates capital-intensive measures and their life-cycle cost analysis

Building Audit Levels

Methods Used to Analyze EEMs

• Estimates of both energy and costs savings are necessary for all EEMs

• Calculation methods vary and typically should start at a ‘best-case’ feasibility evaluation and then to a more detailed estimate as needed.

• The greater the potential impact and implementation cost, the more attention and accuracy needed.

Single Electricity Calculations

– 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑦𝑟= 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡, 𝑘𝑊 ×

(𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, ℎ/𝑦𝑟)

• For determining power input, consider

– Direct power input measurements,

– Measure volts, amps, and estimated power factor, or

– Nameplate power, efficiency, and estimated load factor

• Multiple calculations for variable load system

• Careful not to overestimate actual operating hours

Single Fuel Calculations

– Manufacturer’s published system capacity/output data

• 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑦𝑟=

𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦× ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

– Equipment full-load nameplate input data

• 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑦𝑟= 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 × ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

• Note – be careful with conversion factors

2014

32 I

Summary=Level 1 ASHRAE Energy Audit

Level 1 Energy Audit

Identification of low-cost/no-cost energy improvement measures with estimated costs and savings

Recommended capital improvements with estimated costs and savings

Space function analysis and energy end use summary

Preliminary energy-use analysis (PEA) with review of utility bills, rates classes, and peak energy demand

PRESENTER NAMECOMPANY NAME

Forms that can be used in Energy Audits

www.ashrae.org/PCBEA

• Envelope

• Lighting

• Plug loads

• HVAC

• Domestic Hot Water

• Laundry

• Food Prep

• Refrigeration

• Pools , saunas, spas

• Process Loads

• Conveyers

33

Relationship of ASHRAE Energy Audit Levels I, II, and III

Level II:

Energy Survey & Analysis•End-use Energy breakdowns

•Cost & Savings analysis of major ECM measures

•O&M Changes

•Capital project outlines

•Detailed Analysis

34

Energy Audits-Level 2 (1 of 2)

• More detailed building survey and energy analysis. – Level II audit to verify the Level I assumptions

– Review mechanical and electrical system design, installed conditions, maintenance practices, and operating methods

– Detailed walk thru with photos and detailed notes

– Detailed examination of design drawings and specs

– Detailed study of control systems and sequences.

• Discusses any maintenance and operational changes required.

• Review staff knowledge and practices in energy conservation.

• Cont’d.

35

Level 2 Audits cont’d (2 of 2)• Level II audits :

▪ Provide the savings and cost analysis of all practical measures to meet the owners constraints, available technologies, and economic criteria.

▪ Lists more capital intensive improvements that will require more detailed data collection, site visits, and analysis in the future.o Includes a qualitative and quantitative analysis geared towards funds

appropriation; this analysis uses calculated savings and partial instrumentation measurements with a cursory level of analysis.

o Includes an in-depth analysis in which the most crucial assumptions are verified.

▪ The end product will be a group of “appropriation grade” energy and process improvement “Energy Conservation Measures” ECM’s, for funding and implementation.

37

Energy flows to the Process (Courtesy US Army)

38

Energy flows to the Building (Courtesy US Army)

Sample Graph of Energy Distribution

39

Lighting

Cooling

Heating

Pumps

Plug Loads

Fans

Other

• Computers, copiers, electronic devices, appliances, and the like can account for an average 50% of a commercial building’s total electricity use

• And because Building Teams are rarely involved in office equipment procurement decisions, the responsibility to keep these plug loads controlled correctly falls on the owner/facility manager.

Plug Load Energy Use

Relationship of ASHRAE Energy Audit Levels

I, II, and III

• Level III:

Detailed Analysis of Capital

Projects (includes modeling and

simulation): Refined Analysis, Additional

Measurements, Hourly Simulation, Detailed

Business and Investment Planning

41

Energy Audits – Level 3 (1 of 2)

• Finally, the Level III audit is a

• An integrated TEAM approach-very important !

• focuses on ideas identified during Level 1/2 audits.

• detailed engineering analysis/implementation with

– (M&V) measurement and verification assessment

– modeling

– fully instrumented diagnostic measurements (long term measurements)

– rigorous engineering analysis, design, alternative studies,

– utility incentives,

– economic costing, large capital project scoping, and exploration of financing options.

42

Energy Audits-Level 3 (2 of 2)

• Requires detailed project cost and savings calculations sufficient for major capital improvement decisions and approvals from Lending Institutions.

• Involves meeting with all owners and materially affected parties, consultants, designers and contractors, to advise options and financing alternatives, and to help make decisions.

• (For Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC) projects, the Level III audit is prolonged until the end of the contract to guarantee (and prove) that all installed systems and their components operate correctly over their useful lifetimes.)

Determining Cost Effectiveness

• Energy efficient technologies offer choices that need analysis

• Single project against company requirements• Project alternatives comparison

• Account for economic variables• Initial cost, operation, maintenance, repair, lifespan, inflation,

discount rate, disposal, …

• Common Feasibility Methods• Simple Payback• Present Worth• Internal Rate of Return• Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)

Resource: White, J A., et al., Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, 1st edition, Wiley, 2014

Simple Payback Method

• Very common metric for determining project threshold/hurdle

• Determines number of years required to recover initial investment through project returns

• Does not take into account time-value of money

Present Worth (PW) & Internal Rate of Return (IRR)• Present worth analyses can incorporate variable

cash flows and time value of money

• IRR is an iterative PW analysis that determines the discount rate which makes the present worth zero.

Example PW Analysis:

• Example: A constant volume HVAC system can be retrofitted for with a new VAV system for $100,000 and save 450,000 kWh/year for a considered economic life of 10 years. The cost of electricity is $0.06/kWh. The company’s discount rate (minimum attractive rate of return, MARR) is 10%. Determine the project’s present worth and IRR. Note – analysis does not include electrical demand savings.

Present Worth – HVAC System Change-Out Solution: Compute the present worth (PW) when

energy savings is $27,000 per year.

PW = -$100k + $27k(P/A10%,10) + $500(P/F10%,10)

= -$100k + $27k(6.1446)

= $65,904$27k $27k $27k $27k $27k $27k$27k $27k $27k$27k $27k$27k

$500

$100k

CASH FLOW DIAGRAM

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Conclusion:

Present worth (PW) well

exceeds $0 with MARR of

10%, thus this is a cost

effective project!

IRR calculations yield 24%.

Definition ; LCA; LCCA;Life Cycle Analysis• Life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle

analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis)[1] is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Designers use this process to help critique their products. LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental concerns by:

• Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases;

• Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs and releases;

• Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision

Simple Life Cycle Costing “elements”The total cost of ownership of an asset is often far greater than the initial capital outlay cost and can vary significantly between different alternative solutions to a given operational need. Consideration of the costs over the whole life of an asset provides a sound basis for decision-making. With this information, it is possible to:

• Assess future resource requirements (through projection of projected itemized line item costs for relevant assets);

• Assess comparative costs of potential acquisitions (investment evaluation or appraisal);

• Decide between sources of supply (source selection);

• Account for resources used now or in the past (reporting and auditing);

• Improve system design (through improved understanding of input trends such as manpower and utilities over the expected life cycle);

• Optimize operational and maintenance support; through more detailed understanding of input requirements over the expected life cycle)

• Assess when assets reach the end of their economic life and if renewal is required (through understanding of changes in input requirements such as manpower, chemicals, and utilities as the asset ages).

“Simple” Life Cycle of an Asset

What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis; LCCA?

Life Cycle Cost; Typical Comparison

Looking for Thermal Bridges/

Breaks and Energy Waste

Looking for the “perfect”

Building Performance

ANSWER…SIMPLY, AN APPROXIMATION OR

ESTIMATE OF THE TOTAL ENERGY

CONSUMPTION OF THE BUILDING FOR THE

YEAR EXPRESSED IN UNITS SUCH AS

KBTU(KW)/SQ FT(SM)/ YEAR

What are Energy targets?

Two Common Sense Issues

• The 80/20 rule as applied to energy assessments:

– 80% of the energy/utility savings comes from…

– 20% of the buildings and/or systems.

• Building characteristics need to be considered

– Type

– Age

– Systems

– Operation

– …

Understand Your Building Systems Energy Use -- Outcomes

Understand Your Building Systems Energy Use -- Outcomes

Target Audits

• A target audit is an energy assessment of a specific system or device or end use at a facility.

• It “targets” a narrow focus subject….

60

Target Measures for Energy Audits

Looking for WAYS to Save Energy and TARGETS for Energy Audits

Target Examples

IAQ,IEQ

HVAC

Renewables

Lighting

Refrigeration

Process Systems

Enclosures/

Envelope

What do the Acronyms mean?: EEM,ECM,ECO,EEO, ECRM, etc.

–Energy Efficiency Measure

–Energy Conservation Measure

–Energy Conservation Opportunity

–Energy Efficiency Opportunity

–Energy Cost Reduction Measure

63

Broad “Target ECM” Ideas for Consideration

• Controls The best opportunities related to controls include making systems automatic and with sequences that save energy

• Electrical Replacement of electric motors with high efficient ones and adding VFDs are always good ideas.

• Internal and Plug Loads Many opportunities to consider these to be able to turn off when not necessary

• HVAC Maintaining and repair/replacement of defective and in-efficient equipment including air handlers, fan coils, kitchen and make up hoods, ventilation devices, etc.

• Domestic Hot Water using energy efficient production equipment and deliver devices, and incorporating solar heating where applicable.

• Lighting. Lighting usually always pay back fast.

• Envelope. Tightening air leakage rates, and replacement of defective fenestrations including windows, doors, etc.

• Fuel changes. Consider using more efficient and cost-effective fuel types.

• Renewables Such as photovoltaics, solar heating, wind, bio-mass, cisterns, new products coming out every day. 64

Other Ideas for EEM’s to Consider• Photovoltaics-Add to roofs

• LED lighting change-outs from Fluorescents

• Re-Zoning of HVAC systems to match occupancy trends in practice at the building

• Utilize NG/Propane for water heating, cooking, drying where appropriate to reduce energy cost and efficiencies.

• Re-calculation of ventilation (and resultant Exhaust) loads to current ASHRAE Standard 62.1

• Adding motion detectors to regulate lights and loads

• Whole building Testing and Pressurizations

• Thermal Storage (Ice and Water)

Ideas for Consideration in Control Systems

- Temperature, Humidity, Pressure setpoint reset

- Night setbacks/ Morning warm-up/cool-downs + Optimal start-stop

- Outside air temperature reset

- CO2 based Demand based ventilation system

- Recalculation of ventilation requirements based on up to date standards, actual conditions at the site, and technology advances

- Energy recovery and transfer systems / Economizers / Natural ventilation

- Occupancy and non-occupancy/holiday scheduling

- Daylight Harvesting and Dimmers

• Variable Speed Drive tuning

EEMs to Consider (1/2)

• Annex E Energy Efficiency Measures from ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2015

• EEM Categories• Building Envelop (walls, roof, floor, windows, doors)

• HVAC Systems• Ventilation

• Distribution system

• Building automation and control

• Refrigeration

• Water Systems

EEMs to Consider (2/2)

• Annex E Energy Efficiency Measures from ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2015

• EEM Categories (CONTINUED)• Energy Generation and Distribution

• Boilers

• Chiller system

• Thermal storage and heat pumps

• Lighting

• Electrical Systems and Motors

• Appliances (i.e., plug loads)

Major Categories of EEM’s

• E1. BUILDING ENVELOPE– E1.1 Walls

– E1.2 Roofs

– E1.3 Floors

– E1.4 Windows

– E1.5 Doors

– E1.7 Moisture Penetration

• E2. HVAC SYSTEMS– E2.1 Ventilation

– E2.2 HVAC Distribution Systems

– E2.3 Building Automation and Control Systems

• E3. REFRIGERATION– E3.1 Reduce Loads

– E3.2 Improve System Operating Efficiency

• E4. WATER SYSTEMS– E4.1 Domestic Hot-Water Systems

– E4.2 Water Conservation

• E5. ENERGY GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION

– E5.1 Boiler System

– E5.2 Chiller System

– E5.3 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps

• E6. NONRESIDENTIAL LIGHTING– E6.2 Daylighting

– E6.3 Luminaire Upgrades

– E6.4 Signage

– E6.5 Lighting Controls

– E6.6 Exterior Lighting

– E6.7 Luminaire Layout

– E6.8 Other

• E7. RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING– E7.2 Interior

– E7.3 Exterior

• E8. ELECTRIC SYSTEMS, MOTORS

• E9. APPLIANCES

E1,2,3 Walls,Roofs,Floors

• E1.1 Walls

• E1.1.1 Insulate Walls. Retrofit insulation can be external and internal.

• E1.1.1.1 External post insulation makes large savings possible, as this type of insulation contributes not only to a reduction of the heat loss through large wall surfaces but also eliminates the traditional thermal bridges where floor and internal wall are anchored in the exterior wall.

• E1.1.1.2 Internal insulation is typically used when external insulation is not allowed (e.g., for historical buildings).

• E1.1.2 Insulate cavity walls using spray-in insulation.

• E1.1.3 Consider converting internal courtyard into an atrium to reduce external wall surface.

• E1.2 Roofs

• E1.2.1 Use “cool roof” (high-reflectance roofing material) with reroofing projects.

• E1.2.2 Determine roof insulation values and recommend roof insulation as appropriate.

• E1.2.3 Insulate ceilings and roofs using spray-on insulation.

• E1.2.4 Where appropriate, exhaust hot air from attics.

• E1.3 Floors

• E1.3.1 Insulate floors.

• E1.3.2 Insulate floors using spray-on insulation.

• E1.3.3 Insulate basement wall with a slab over unheated basement.

E1 Windows

• E1.4 Windows

• E1.4.1 Replace single-pane and leaky windows with thermal/operable windows to minimize cooling and heating loss.

• E1.4.2 Install exterior shading, such as blinds or awnings, to cut down on heat loss and to reduce heat gain.

• E1.4.3 Install storm windows and multiple glazed windows.

• E1.4.4 Use tinted or reflective glazing or energy control/solar window films.

• E1.4.5 Replace existing fenestration (top lighting and/or side lighting) with dual-glazed low-e glass wherever possible to reduce thermal gain.

• E1.4.6 Adopt weatherization/fenestration improvements.

• E1.4.7 Consider replacing exterior windows with insulated glass block when visibility is not required but light is required.

• E1.4.8 Landscape/plant trees to create shade and reduce air-conditioning loads.

E1 Doors, Moisture Protection

• E1.5 Doors

• E1.5.1 Prevent heat loss through doors by draft sealing and thermal insulation.

• E1.5.2 Install automatic doors, air curtains, or strip doors at high-traffic passages between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.

• E1.5.3 Use self-closing or revolving doors and vestibules if possible.

• E1.5.4 Install high-speed doors between heated/cooled building space and unconditioned space in the areas with high-traffic passages.

• E1.5.5 Install separate smaller doors for people near the area of large vehicle doors air leakage (see Informative Appendix E).

• E1.5.6 Seal top and bottom of building.

• E1.5.7 Seal vertical shafts, stairways, outside walls, and openings.

• E1.5.8 Compartmentalize garage doors and mechanical and vented internal and special-purpose rooms.

• E1.7 Moisture Penetration

• E1.7.1 Reduce air leakage.

• E1.7.2 Install vapor barriers in walls, ceilings, and roofs.

E2. HVAC SYSTEMS

• E2.1 Ventilation

• E2.1.1 Reduce HVAC systems outdoor airflow rates when possible. Minimum outdoor airflow rates should comply with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 or local code requirements.

• E2.1.2 Reduce minimum flow settings in single-duct and dual-duct variable-air-volume (VAV) terminals as low as is practical to meet ventilation requirements.

• E2.1.3 Minimize exhaust and makeup (ventilation) rates when possible by complying with the most stringent federal, state, and/or local code requirements.

• E2.1.4 When available, use operable windows for ventilation during mild weather (natural ventilation) when outdoor conditions are optimal. Confirm that the facility has been designed for natural ventilation and that control strategies are available to operate the facility in the natural ventilation mode.

• E2.1.5 Eliminate outside air ventilation during unoccupied building morning warm up.

• E2.1.6 Convert mixing air supply systems into displacement ventilation systems to create a temperature stratification in spaces with high ceilings and predominant cooling needs.

• E2.1.7 Consider replacement of all-air HVAC system with

• a combination of a dedicated outdoor air system coupled with radiant cooling and heating systems.

• E2.1.8 Convert constant-volume central exhaust systems

• into demand-based controlled central exhaust systems when possible.

• E2.1.9 Convert HVAC systems to provide ventilation in

• accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1

E2 Distribution

• E2.2 HVAC Distribution Systems

• E2.2.1 Convert a constant-air-volume system (CAV) (including dual duct, multizone, and constant-volume reheat systems) into a VAV system with variable speed drives (VFDs) on fan motors. A VAV system is designed to deliver only the volume of air needed for conditioning the actual load.

• E2.2.2 Control VAV system VFD speed based on the static pressure needs in the system. Reset the static pressure set point dynamically, as low as is practical to meet the zone setpoints.

• E2.2.3 Reset VAV system supply air temperature setpoint when system is at minimum speed to provide adequate ventilation.

• E2.2.4 If conversion to VAV from CAV systems is impractical, reset supply air temperatures in response to load.

• Dynamically control heating duct temperatures as low as possible, and cooling duct temperatures as high as possible, while meeting the load.

• E2.2.5 Use high-efficiency fans and pumps; replace or trim impellers of existing fans if they have excessive capacity relative to peak demand.

• E2.2.6 Install higher efficiency air filters/cleaners in HVAC system. Size ducts and select filter sizes for low face velocity to reduce pressure drop where available space permits.

• E2.2.7 Insulate HVAC ducts and pipes, particularly where they are outside the conditioned space. Ensure that duct insulation and vapor barrier is maintained or enhanced to ensure thermal performance and avoid water vapor intrusion.

• E2.2.8 Check for air leaks in HVAC duct systems, and seal ductwork as indicated.

• E2.2.9 Rebalance ducting and piping systems.

• E2.2.10 Provide cooling effect by creating air movement with fans.

• E2.2.11 Select cooling coils with a face velocity range of 300 to 350 fpm (1.5 to 1.75 m/s) to reduce the air pressure drop across the cooling coil and increase the chilled-water system temperature differential across the system.

E2 cont’d

• E2.2.12 Replace standard fan belts with fan belts designed for minimum energy losses, such as cog belts.

• E2.2.13 Eliminate or downsize existing HVAC equipment in an existing building or group of buildings when improvements in building envelope, reductions in lighting or plug loads, and other EEMs that reduce cooling or heating loads have been implemented.

• E2.2.14 Eliminate HVAC usage in vestibules and unoccupied spaces.

• E2.2.15 Minimize direct cooling/heating of unoccupied areas by system zone controls, occupancy sensors or by turning off fan-coil units and unit heaters.

• E2.2.16 Replace forced-air heaters with low- or medium temperature radiant heaters.

• E2.2.17 Replace inefficient window air conditioners with high-efficiency (i.e., high SEER rating) modular units or central systems.

E2 cont’d

• E2.2.18 Employ heat recovery from exhaust air and processes for preheating or precooling incoming outdoor air or supply air.

• E2.2.19 Install transpired air heating collector (solar wall) for ventilation air preheating.

• E2.2.20 Modify controls and/or systems to implement night precooling to reduce cooling energy consumption the following day.

• E2.2.21 Use waste heat (e.g., hot gas, return air heat, return hot water) as an energy source for reheating for humidity control.(Often air is cooled to dew-point to remove moisture and then must be reheated to desired temperature and humidity.)

• E2.2.22 Avoid temperature stratification with heating, either by proper air supply system design or by using temperature destratifiers(e.g., ceiling fans).

• E2.2.23 In humid climates, supply air with a temperature above the dew point to prevent condensation on cold surfaces.

• E2.2.24 Insulate fan-coil units and avoid their installation in unconditioned spaces.

• E2.2.25 Clean heat exchangers (to maintain heat exchange efficiency) in the evaporators and condensers of refrigeration equipment on a seasonal basis.

• E2.2.26 Use high-efficiency dehumidification systems based on either dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) or VAV systems.

• E2.2.27 Identify if there are any rogue zones (i.e., zones that determine the cooling or heating demand on the entire system) in a multiple-zone air-handling system, and modify them to eliminate their negative impact.

• E2.2.28 Modify supply duct systems to eliminate duct configurations that impose high friction losses on the system.

• E2.2.29 Convert three-pipe heating/cooling distribution systems to four-pipe or two-pipe systems. Eliminate simultaneous heating and cooling through mixed returns.

E2 cont’d

• E2.2.30 Convert steam or compressed air humidifiers to ultrasonic or high-pressure humidifiers.

• E2.2.31 Replace mechanical dehumidification with desiccant systems using heat-recovery regeneration.

• E2.2.32 Consider small unitary systems for small zones with long or continuous occupancy. Avoid running large distribution systems to meet needs of small, continuously occupied spaces.

• E2.2.33 Install thermostatic control valves on uncontrolled or manually controlled radiators.

• E2.2.34 Replace unitary systems with newer units with high-efficiency and high SEER ratings.

• E2.2.35 Install evaporative precooling for direct-expansion (DX) systems.

• E2.2.36 Install air-side heat recovery for systems using 100% makeup air (e.g., run-around piping or energy exchange wheels).

• E2.2.37 In reheat systems, making adjustments as necessary to minimize reheat energy consumption while maintaining indoor environmental quality.

• E2.2.38 In multiple-zone systems, identify any rogue zones that consistently cause the reset of system level setpoints in order to satisfy that one zone’s heating or cooling demands.

E2.3 Building Automation and Control Systems

• E2.3.1 Create building/air-conditioned space zones with separate controls to suit solar exposure and occupancy.

• E2.3.2 Use night setback, or turn off HVAC equipment when building is unoccupied.

• E2.3.3 Install occupancy sensors with VAV systems; set back temperatures and shut off boxes.

• E2.3.4 Install system controls to reduce cooling/heating of unoccupied space.

• E2.3.5 Lower heating and raise cooling temperature setpoints to match the comfort range prescribed in ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 55.8

• E2.3.6 Install an air-side and/or water-side economizer cycle with enthalpy switchover when compatible with the existing equipment, space occupancy, and distribution system

• E2.3.7 Schedule off-hour meetings in a location that does not require HVAC in the entire facility.

• E2.3.8 Retrofit multiple-zone VAV systems with direct digital controls (DDC) controllers at the zone level, and implement supply air duct pressure reset to reduce supply air duct pressure until at least one zone damper is nearly wide open.

• E2.3.9 Eliminate duplicative zone controls (e.g., multiple thermostats serving a single zone with independent controls).

• E2.3.10 Adjust hot-water and chilled-water temperature to develop peak-shaving strategies based on an outside air temperature reset schedule.

• E2.3.11 Adjust housekeeping schedule to minimize HVAC use.

• E2.3.12 Install programmable zone thermostats with appropriate dead bands.

• E2.3.13 Use variable-speed drives (VSDs) and DDC on water circulation pump and fan motors and controls.

• E2.3.14 Reduce operating hours of complementing heating and cooling systems. Ensure proper location of thermostat to provide balanced space conditioning.

• E2.3.15 Implement an energy management system (EMS) designed to optimize and adjust HVAC operations based on environmental conditions, changing uses, and timing.

E3. REFRIGERATION

• E3.1 Reduce Loads

• E3.1.1 Install strip curtains or automatic fast open and close doors on refrigerated space doorways.

• E3.1.2 Replace open refrigerated cases with reach-in refrigerated cases.

• E3.1.3 Replace old refrigerated cases with new high-efficiency models (improved glazing, insulation, motor efficiency, and reduced anti-sweat requirements).

• E3.1.4 Replace worn door gaskets.

• E3.1.5 Replace broken or missing automatic door closers.

• E3.1.6 Check defrost schedules and avoid excessive defrost.

• E3.1.7 Repair/install refrigeration piping insulation on suction lines.

• E3.1.8 Install humidity-responsive antisweat heating (ASH) controls on refrigerated case doors.

• E3.1.9 Install refrigerated case, walk-in, or storage space lighting controls (scheduled and/or occupancy sensors).

• E3.1.10 Install night covers to reduce infiltration in open cases.

• E3.1.11 Install low/no ASH refrigerated case doors.

• E3.1.12 Replace lights with LED strip lights with motion sensors in refrigerated cases and spaces.

• E3.1.13 Increase insulation on walk-in boxes and storage spaces that have visible moisture or ice on walls, corners, etc. Ensure that insulation and vapor barrier are maintained or enhanced to ensure thermal performance and avoid water vapor intrusion.

E3 cont’d

• E3.2 Improve System Operating Efficiency

• E3.2.1 Clean condenser coils.

• E3.2.2 Check the refrigerant charge and add when needed.

• E3.2.3 Reclaim heat from hot gas line for domestic water heating or space heating.

• E3.2.4 Install floating-head pressure controls, adjustable head pressure control valve, and balanced port expansion valves for DX systems.

• E3.2.5 Install floating suction pressure controls on DX systems.

• E3.2.6 Install evaporator fan motor VSDs and controllers in walk-ins and refrigerated storage spaces.

• E3.2.7 Replace single-phase, less than 1-hp evaporator fan motors with electrically

commutated motors.

• E3.2.8 Replace three-phase evaporator and condenser motors with premium efficiency motors.

• E3.2.9 Replace single compressor systems with multiplex systems and control system.

• E3.2.10 Install mechanical sub cooling.

• E3.2.11 Install mechanical unloaders on appropriate multiplex reciprocating semi hermetic compressors.

• E3.2.12 Install VFD on ammonia screw compressors.

• E3.2.13 Install high specific-efficiency (Btu/W) condensers.

• E3.2.14 Install hybrid air-cooled/evaporative-cooled condensers.

E4. WATER SYSTEMS

• E4.1 Domestic Hot-Water Systems

• E4.1.1 Lower domestic water setpoint temperatures to 120°F (49°C)

• E4.1.2 Install point-of-use gas or electric water heaters.

• E4.1.3 Install water-heater blankets on water heaters.

• E4.1.4 Where permitted by the manufacturer, and in conjunction with the manufacturer’s control system, install automatic flue dampers on fuel-fired water heaters.

• E4.1.5 Insulate hot-water pipes.

• E4.1.6 Reclaim heat from waste water, refrigeration systems, cogeneration, or chillers.

• E4.1.7 Install solar heating where applicable.

• E4.1.8 Replace dishwashers by installing low-temperature systems that sanitize primarily through chemical agents rather than high water temperatures.

• E4.1.9 Retrofit dishwashers by installing electric-eye or sensor systems in conveyor-type machines so that the presence of dishes moving along the conveyor activates the water flow.

• E4.1.10 Reduce operating hours for water-heating systems.

• E4.1.11 Install gray water heat recovery from showers, dishwashers, and washing machines.

• E4.1.12 Install low-flow dishwashing prewash spray nozzles.

• E4.1.13 Replace outdated laundry equipment with newer models.

E4 cont’d

• E4.2 Water Conservation

• E4.2.1 Replace faucets with units that have infrared sensors or automatic shutoff.

• E4.2.2 Install water flow restrictors on shower heads and faucets.

• E4.2.3 Install covers on swimming pools and tanks.

• E4.2.4 Install devices to save hot water by pumping water in the distribution lines back to the water heater so that hot water is not wasted. Install industrial waste/sewage metering.

• E4.2.5 Install water metering.

• E4.2.6 Install landscape irrigation timers to schedule sprinkler use to off-peak, night, or early morning hours when water rates are cheaper and water used is less likely to evaporate.

• E4.2.7 Use low-flow sprinkler heads for landscape irrigation instead of turf sprinklers in areas with plants, trees, and shrubs.

• E4.2.8 Use sprinkler controls for landscape irrigation that employ soil tensiometers or electric moisture sensors to help determine when soil is dry and to gauge the amount of water needed.

• E4.2.9 Use trickle or subsurface drip systems for landscape irrigation that provide water directly to turf roots, preventing water loss by evaporation and runoff.

• E4.2.10 Install low-flow toilets and waterless urinals

• E4.2.11 Use water reclamation techniques.

E5. ENERGY GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION

• E5.1 Boiler System

• E5.1.1 Install air-atomizing and low NOx burners for oil-fired boiler

• E5.1.2 Investigate economics of adding insulation on presently insulated or uninsulated lines. If pipe or duct insulation is missing, replace it with new material. Ensure that the pipe insulation and vapor barrier is maintained or enhanced to ensure thermal performance and avoid water vapor intrusion.

• E5.1.3 Review mechanical standby turbines presently left in the idling mode.

• E5.1.4 Review operation of steam systems used only for occasional services, such as winter-only tracing lines.

• E5.1.5 Review pressure-level requirements of steam-driven mechanical equipment to consider using lower exhaust pressure levels.

• E5.1.6 Survey condensate presently being discharged to waste drains for feasibility of reclaim or heat recovery.

• E5.1.7 Reduce boiler operating pressure to minimize heat losses through leakage.

E5 Chillers

• E5.2 Chiller System

• E5.2.1 Chiller retrofits with equipment that has high efficiency at full and part load.

• E5.2.2 Cooling tower retrofits including high-efficiency fill, VSD fans, fiberglass fans, hyperbolic stack extensions, fan controls, VSD pump drives, and improved distribution nozzles.

• E5.2.3 Install economizer cooling systems (HX between cooling tower loop and chilled-water loop before the chiller).

• E5.2.4 Install evaporative cooled, evaporative precooled, or water-cooled condensers in place of air-cooled condensers.

• E5.2.5 Isolate offline chillers and cooling towers.

• E5.2.6 Reduce over pumping on chilled-water systems.

• E5.2.7 Replace single compressor with multiple different size staged compressors.

• E5.2.8 Compressor motors.

• E5.2.9 Use of absorption chiller when there is cogeneration system, waste heat, or solar thermal available.

• E5.2.10 Install double-bundle chillers for heat recovery.

• E5.2.11 Free cooling cycle by piping chilled water to condenser during cold weather.

E5 cont’d

• E5.2.12 Prevent chilled water or condenser water flowing through the offline chiller. Chillers can be isolated by turning off pumps and closing valves.

• E5.2.13 For equipment cooling, control makeup water and reduce blowdown by adding temperature control valves to cooling water discharge lines in equipment such as air compressors and refrigeration systems.

• E5.2.14 For evaporative cooling systems, install drift eliminators or repair existing equipment.

• E5.2.15 For evaporative cooling systems, install softeners for makeup water, side-stream filtration (including nanofiltration, a form of low-pressure reverse osmosis), and side stream injection of ozone.

• E5.2.16 For evaporative cooling systems, install sub meters for makeup water and bleed-off water for equipment such as cooling towers that use large volumes of water.

• E5.2.17 Evaporative cooling systems control cooling tower bleed off based on conductivity by allowing bleed off within a high and narrow conductivity range. This will achieve high cycles of concentration in the cooling system and reduce water use in cooling towers.

• E5.2.18 Clean evaporator and condenser surfaces of fouling.

• E5.2.19 Optimize plant controls to raise evaporator temperature as high as possible while meeting system loads. Also optimize condenser water temperature control to achieve best combination of chiller and tower efficiency.

• E5.2.20 Optimize multiple chiller sequencing.

• E5.2.21 Control crankcase heaters off when they’re not needed.

• E5.2.22 Raise evaporator or lower condenser water temperature.

• E5.2.23 Optimize multiple chiller sequencing.

• E5.2.24 Use two-speed or variable-speed fans instead of water bypass to modulate the cooling tower capacity.

• E5.2.25 Balance water flow in the chilled-water system.

• E5.2.26 Use VFDs for the primary chilled-water pumps above 5 hp (3.7 kW). Consult chiller and tower manufacturers’ specifications to set appropriate minimum flow limits.

• E5.2.27 Apply cooling load-based optimization strategies.

• E5.2.28 Install water-source heat pumps (WSHPs) to augment the capacity of the hot-water boiler and to reduce the cooling load on the existing chiller systems when heat is required.

• E5.2.29 Trim impellers on all condenser water and chilled water pumps that are oversized.

• E5.2.30 Replace all pump and fan motors with premium efficiency motors.

E5 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps

• E5.3 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps

• E5.3.1 Install cool storage to reduce peak demand and lower electric bills.

• E5.3.2 Install hot-water storage to shave peaks of hot-water usage or to store reclaimed energy from combined heat and power systems or waste heat from chillers for later use.

• E5.3.3 Install add-on heat pumps.

• E5.3.4 Install secondary pumping systems.

• E5.3.5 Install VFDs on secondary pumps and replace most three-way valves with two-way valves.

• E5.3.6 With cool storage and VFDs on fans and pumps, consider use of low-temperature chilled water to reduce fan and pump energy.

• E5.3.7 Replace electrically powered air conditioning and heating units with heat pumps. Consider geothermal or ground-source heat pumps.

• E5.3.8 Replace electric water heaters with electric heat pump water heaters.

• E5.3.9 The application of cogeneration should be considered where use of both electrical and thermal energy can be achieved on a cost-effective basis.

E6 Lighting

• E6. NONRESIDENTIAL LIGHTING In implementing any of these EEMs, care should be taken to not compromise the photometric distribution or any required light levels.

• E6.1 General. Check the current IES recommended light levels for the tasks in the facility. They may be lower than when the original lighting system was designed. Use these current recommended light levels to help shape all future lighting decisions, including those enumerated here.

• E6.2 Daylighting

• E6.2.1 In any spaces with fenestration, evaluate opportunities for daylight harvesting by determining the spatial daylight autonomy(ssDA) in accordance with IES LM-83. In spaces where sDA300,50% is greater than 55%, consider installing daylight switching or daylight dimming controls (and appropriate ballasts if the lighting system is fluorescent or HID) to reduce use of electric lighting.

• E6.2.2 In any spaces with fenestration, evaluate the need for shading by determining the annual sunlight exposure (ASE) in accordance with IES LM-83. In spaces where ASE1000,250 is greater than 10%, interior and/or exterior shading should be installed to reduce solar heat gain and cut down on heat loss and control the amount of light entering the space from the exterior.

• E6.2.3 Install a skylight, tubular daylighting device, or sunlight delivery system to reduce the use of electric lighting and provide natural daylight to the internal spaces of the building.

• E6.3 Luminaire Upgrades

• E6.3.1 Upgrade incandescent lamps in existing luminaires with more effective sources, such as halogen, integrally ballasted compact fluorescent, solid state (LED), or metal halide retrofit lamps. Alternatively, replace incandescent luminaires with luminaires using these sources.

• E6.3.2 Upgrade T12 fluorescent luminaires with more effective sources, such as high-performance T8 or T5 systems, by replacing lamps and ballasts, utilizing luminaire upgrade kits, or installing new luminaires.

• E6.3.3 If the lighting system is already a high-performance fluorescent system, consider replacing the lamps with reduced wattage lamps (where appropriate).

• E6.3.4 For fluorescent lighting, install high-performance electronic ballasts that are multilevel or continuously dimmable with the appropriate controls.

• E6.3.5 Replace mercury vapor or probe-start metal halide HID luminaires with pulse-start metal halide or high-performance T8 or T5 fluorescent luminaires.

• E6.3.6 Upgrade task and display lighting, including lighting in refrigeration and freezer cases, to more effective sources such as LED.

E6 Signage

• E6.4 Signage

• E6.4.1 Evaluate upgrading standard fluorescent or neon

• signage with more effective sources, such as high-performance

• T8 or T5 fluorescent systems or solid-state (LED) systems.

• E6.4.2 Upgrade all exit signs to solid state (LED). Supplemental

• lighting may need to be added if the existing exit sign

• also provided general lighting.

E6 cont’d

• E6.5 Lighting Controls

• E6.5.1 Reduce lighting use through

management and controlled systems. In

general, consider bringing the lighting control

protocols for the building up to ASHRAE/IES

Standard 90.1-2010 (Section 9.4.1) standards;

this includes the following.

• E6.5.2 Reduce operating hours for lighting

systems through the use of controls and

building management systems. This includes

the use of shut-off controls, such as time

switches.

• E6.5.3 Use reduced lighting levels, including

off, when spaces are unoccupied, during

nighttime hours, for restocking, cleaning and

security. Whenever possible move restocking

and cleaning operations to normal operating

hours.

• E6.5.4 Use occupancy, vacancy, or motion sensors.

Wherever applicable, these sensors should either be

manual-on or turn lighting on to no more than 50% of

lighting power.

• E6.5.5 Use controls to provide multiple light levels or

dimming where appropriate.

• E6.5.6 Recircuit or rezone lighting to allow personnel to

only turn on zones based on use rather than operating

the entire lighting system.

• E6.5.7 Install personal lighting controls so individual

occupants can vary the light levels within their spaces.

• E6.5.8 Consider installation of lighting systems that

facilitate load shed requests from the electric utility or

energy aggregator.

• E6.5.9 Evaluate turning emergency lighting off or to a

lower level when a building or portion of a building is

completely unoccupied, without sacrificing safety

requirements.

E6 Lighting

• E6.6 Exterior Lighting

• E6.6.1 Use automatic controls that can reduce outdoor lighting levels or turn lights off when either sufficient daylight is available or when lighting is not needed. All façade and landscape lighting should be off from an hour after closing until an hour before opening. All other lighting should be reduced by at least 30% during that same time frame or when a motion sensor detects no activity for 15 minutes. These controls are not applicable to lighting for covered vehicle entrances or exits from buildings or parking structures where required for safety, security, or eye adaptation.

• E6.6.2 Reduce power levels or turn exterior signage off when appropriate.

• E6.6.2.1 Signs that are meant to be on for some part of daylight hours should be reduced in power by at least 65% during nighttime hours. All other sign lighting should automatically turn off during daylight hours and reduced in power by at least 30% from an hour after closing until an hour before opening. These controls are not applicable to sign lighting using metal halide, high-pressure sodium, induction, cold cathode, or neon lamps that are automatically reduced by at least 30% during nighttime hours.

• E6.6.3 When selecting new outdoor luminaires, consider the amount of backlight, uplight, and glare delivered by each luminaire type to improve functionality and minimize environmental impacts. See Section 5.3.3 of ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2011, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings.

E6 Luminaires

• E6.7 Luminaire Layout

• E6.7.1 Consider using lower levels of general illumination overall and then supplement with task lighting where needed.

• E6.7.2 Consider new layouts that may maximize efficiency and reduce the total connected lighting load. Consider plug and-play systems to provide flexibility as space use changes.

• E6.8 Other

• E6.8.1 Implement a plan to recycle lamps, ballasts, and luminaires removed from the building.

• E6.8.2 Consider updating lighting systems to provide for demand response capability so that lighting loads are reduced during periods of peak electricity demand. These types of systems can provide day-to-day energy savings in addition to demand response capability.

E7. RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING

• E7.1 General

• E7.1.1 Replace incandescent lamps with halogen, integrally ballasted compact fluorescent, or solid state (LED) retrofit lamps in existing luminaires.

• E7.1.2 Color temperature indicates the color appearance of the light produced by the lamp. Halogen lamps are a more energy-efficient form of incandescent technology and will deliver light similar to incandescent lamps. Linear fluorescent, compact fluorescent, and solid state (LED) lamps are available in a variety of color temperatures. Lamps with color temperatures of 2700 K and 3000 K will deliver the most incandescent-like light. Lamps with a color temperature of 3500 K deliver a neutral, white light. Lamps with color temperatures of 4000 K and higher will deliver cooler, white light; the higher the color temperature number, the cooler the light.

• E7.1.3 Select lamps appropriate for use in enclosed luminaires, outdoor applications, and cold temperature applications, and for use with dimming controls. Check the packaging or manufacturer’s website for guidance.

E7’cont.

• E7.1.4 Use energy efficient technologies such as fluorescent, compact fluorescent, or solid state (LED) in applications with the longest operating times.

• E7.1.5 Use a whole-home lighting control system that provides energy-saving features, such as dimming, occupancy sensing, and daylight harvesting, and allows occupants to turn all the lights off from a single location or remotely.

• E7.2 Interior

• E7.2.1 Replace on/off switches with dimming controls, vacancy sensors, or count-down timers. Use dimming controls, vacancy sensors, or count-down timers for lights or fans in bathrooms. Use vacancy sensors in garages, laundry rooms, closets, and utility rooms.

• E7.2.2 By replacing lamps and ballasts or installing new luminaires. Ballasts should be FCC rated for residential use.

• E7.2.3 Evaluate replacing incandescent and halogen luminaires with dedicated compact fluorescent or solid state (LED) luminaires.

• E7.2.4 When replacing fluorescent ballasts or installing new fluorescent luminaires, evaluate using electronic dimming ballasts with the appropriate dimming controls.

• E7.2.5 Evaluate adding daylight-sensing controls for general illumination lighting in rooms with windows or skylights. Use in combination with dimming systems so that the electric light level can be adjusted based on the amount of daylight available.

• E7.2.6 Install vacancy sensors to automatically turn off lighting in closets, storage, work rooms, garages, and exterior buildings when the space has been vacated for 15 minutes.

• E7.2.7 Add task lighting that utilizes energy-efficient technologies, such as fluorescent and solid state (LED), and reduce or eliminate overhead lighting.

• E7.3 Exterior

• E7.3.1 Install time switches and/or motion sensors to control outdoor lighting.

E8. ELECTRIC SYSTEMS, MOTORS

• E8.1 Install energy-efficient transformers. Use infrared cameras to identify high-heat-loss transformers.

• E8.2 Install electrical meters for sub metering lighting, elevators, plug loads, and HVAC equipment.

• E8.3 Reduce demand charges through load shedding, operational changes, and procedural changes.

• E8.4 Replace oversized electric motors with right-sized or slightly oversized motors.

• E8.5 Replace existing three-phase, 1 hp (746 W) and greater electric motors with premium-efficiency motors (often a better choice than rewinding motors).

• E8.6 Replace existing one-phase, 1 hp (746 W) and less motors with electrically commutated motors.

• E9. APPLIANCES

• E9.1 Install appliances (clothes washers, dehumidifiers, dishwashers, freezers, refrigerators, room air cleaners and purifiers, office equipment, and televisions) that are certified as ENERGY STAR® compliant.

• E9.2 Reduce plug loads, using devices to shut off equipment not being used (use occupancy sensors or timers).

• E9.3 Install vending-machine controllers.

ASHRAE Journal 2006

Coil Cleaning (Chemical) Saves Energy▪ 14% improvement

pressure drop across coil

▪ 25% increase in thermal efficiency of coil sensible heat transfer

▪ 10% increase in latent heat transfer

▪ Better “comfort” and set point approach for occupants

▪ De-fouling and cleaning of coil surfaces

▪ Large AHU resulted in $10K savings per year per AHU

ASHRAE Conference Paper 2015

Coil Cleaning (UVGI) “Ultra-violet germicidal irradiation” Saves Energy:Preliminary findings are:

o Approximate 12% decrease in pressure drops across coil

o De-fouling and cleaning of surface of coil

o UVC light inactivates biological organisms

o Increase in heat transfer coefficient of approximately 14%

Clean or replace Dirty Coils

Inspect Mechanical Rooms and Dirty Coils

During and After…..

EXAMPLES AND PHOTOS OF ECMS, EEMS, ETC.

101

DOAS setup (With Enthalpy Wheels)

VFD’s –Variable Speed Drives

• A VFD often is specified to reduce operational cost for pumps, fans, compressors, or any similar equipment with variable load profiles that may be found in a typical building. Power varies inversely as cube root of speed - ^ Big Savings^

Radiant Heating/Cooling-Slab and Panels

104

Radiant ceiling panels

Natural Ventilation

106

Natural Ventilation• During mild weather,

operable windows allow for natural ventilation.

• Automatic windows are controlled and operated primarily to support nighttime pre-cooling.

• Occupants are notified when conditions allow for manual windows to be opened.

Taj Mahal and Natural Ventilation

Energy Management is Essential

109

Labyrinth Thermal Storage

• Massive, staggered concrete structures in the basement crawl space stores thermal energy to provide passive heating and cooling of the building.

Thermal Storage (cold water)

Ice Storage

Seal Leaky pipes and holes in Enclosures

Adjust Hot water Distribution

Repair Broken AHU parts

Re-install disconnected parts

Schedule Dedicated Outside Air Unit timings, calibrations and dampering

Regulate Toilet and Kitchen Exhaust

Install Window, Door, Building Shading

Use Solar Thermal Water Heating when practical

Use Thermal Imaging to spot Energy Loss

“Renewables” Concept

??? Renewables ???

• Solar

• Wind

• Geothermal

• Biomass

• And others (including Hydroelectricity, Ocean Power, etc.)

Renewables such as Solar PV

Solar Water Heating

• Deliver hot water • Reliable, low maintenance• Low Temperature

– Swimming pool heating

• Medium Temperature– Domestic water and space

heating– Commercial cafeterias,

laundries, hotels– Industrial process heating

• High Temperature– Industrial process heating– Electricity generation

• Guideline for PV apply to solar thermal systems

Grid-connected PV System

Sou

rce:

Jim

Ley

sho

n, N

REL

• Photovoltaic cells directly transform solar energy to an electrical energy

• DC converted to AC by inverter

• Solid‐state electronics, no‐moving parts

• PV cell efficiency ranges by type

Single Crystal Multi-Crystal Thin Film Cadmium Telluride CIGS

14 to 23% 13 to 17% 6 to 11% 10% to 11% 12% to 14%

Photovoltaic System

Renewables such as Solar PV

• Direct Use - Using hot water from springs or reservoirs near the surface.

• Electricity generation – Using steam, heat or hot water from deep inside the earth to drive turbines.

• Geothermal heat pumps – Using the earth, groundwater, or surface water as a heat source and heat sink

Geothermal Technology Applications

Bioenergy Technology Applications

• Types of biomass– Organic matter (plants, residues from agriculture, forestry)– Organic components of municipal and industrial wastes

• Biomass technology breaks down organic matter to release stored energy

• Biomass can heat buildings and produce electricity.

• Consider this resource if there is a permanent, steady stream of biomass resource within a 80-km radius

• Especially good for Combined Heat and Power needs

Biofuels Innovations

Energy Systems Integration (Smart-Grid)

Daylighting

CALCULATIONS

Sample-Examples of calculations (1 of 6)

• Start Stop Savings (cooling) involves using the building thermal transmission factor x area x (Avg. summer setpoint-summer setpoint) x hrs/week x weeks of summer x rate of energy per ton of refrigeration x load factor, all divided by 12,000 BTU/hr conversion factor. Electricity cost is used at $0.07/kw-hr: 0.10 BTU/hr F sq ft x 41603 sq ft x (78-74) F x 56 hrs x 24 weeks x 1.5kw/ton x $0.07/kwhr/ 12,000 BTU/hr ton =$195/yr

• Start Stop Savings (heating) involves using the building thermal transmission factor x area x (Avg. winter setpoint-winter low limit setpoint) x hrs/wk x weeks of winter x load factor, all divided by heating efficiency of the system x energy value of the fuel used. Fuel cost is used at $2.89/gal:0.10 BTU/hr F sq ft x 41603 sq ft x (72-55) F x 56 hrs x 27 weeks x $2.89/ gal/0.7 x 145,000 BTU/ gal =$3,044/yr

• Start Stop Savings (Aux) involves using the cumulative horsepower of fans/pumps/motors x (0.746 kW/HP) x hrs/wk x (weeks of summer + winter) x load factor x fraction of availability x $0.07/kwhr: 25 HP x 0.746 kW/HP x 56 hours/week x 52 weeks/yr x.5 x.75 x $0.07/kwhr = $1,425/yr

• Cont’d.

134

More Samples-Examples of calculations (cont’ 2 of 6 )

• For hot water reset and optimization at the boilers, calculations use the Annual full-load equivalent hours of heating x factor of efficiency increase (0.04 as base) x maximum capacity of boiler/all divided by heating efficiency of the system x energy value of the fuel used. Fuel cost is used at $2.89/gal: 525 hours x 0.04 x 5.5MBTU/hr x $2.89/gal/0.65 x 145,000 BTU/gal = $354/yr

• Cont’d.

135

Adjust Hot Water Tempering Valves

More Samples-Examples of calculations (cont’ 2 of 6 )

• Outside air limit operations for these buildings are useful for the heating energy to be saved. Summer time does not offer much savings. For the winter curtailment operations, calculations use the average number of hours in daytime during the heating months when the OAT was above 65-70 °F x factor x HP affected x 0.746kw/HP x $0.07/kw-hr: 800 hours x.3 x 25HP x.746kw/HP x $0.07 = $313/yr

• Optimal Start-stop based on holding off cooling and heating operations until conditions are met are calculated to be the average number of hours saved from operating the cooling/heating equipment per building per yr, using $2.89 for fuel savings and $0.07/kw-hr electrical costs: 80 hours x (25HP x 0.746 kW/HP at pumps and fans) + (1M BTU/hr at boiler) + (20 ton at chiller) x $0.07 = $2,174/yr

• Cont’d.

137

More Samples--Examples of calculations (cont’ 3 of 6)

• For chiller water reset and chiller optimization at the chillers, calculations use the Annual full-load equivalent hours of cooling x factor of efficiency increase (0.022/°F as base) x # degrees of reset x maximum ton capacity of chiller x rate of energy per ton of refrigeration. Electricity cost is used at $0.07/kw-hr: 170 tons x 1.5 kW/ton x 0.022 x 2 °F x 762 hours x $0.07/kwhr=$598/yr

• Morning Warm-up can be calculated using, the amount of cfm of AHUs on the site x the percent OA average x (winter setpoint –average winter temperature) x 1.09 BTU/cfm-F-hr x days that warm up is required x (warm up hours -.25) hrs/divided by Heating efficiency x heating value of fuel: 300,000 cfm x.15 x (72-50) F x 1.08 BTU/cfm-hr-F x 234 days x (2-.25) hours x $2.89/gal /0.7 x 145,000 BTU/gal = $12,446/yr

• Cont’d. 138

More Samples--Examples of calculations (4 of 6)

• Economizer operations can be calculated as, 1.08 x cfm available at the air handling units x Delta T of the air (use 5 °F) x the# of hours during occupied times that the OAT is between 50-64 °F x $0.07 /kWh/divided by 3413 kW/BTU/hr: 1.08 x 20,000cfm x 5 °F x 320 hours/yr x $0.07/3413 kW/BTU/hr=$708/yr

• Maintenance and Alarming Savings can be calculated by, one-man-visit (2-4 hours) per major system per building: 4 hours x 12 major systems x $30/hour= 1,440/yr

• Common area energy savings due to turning on/off fan coil units are calculated using # of fan coil units x HP energy value saved x (0.746 kW/HP) x $0.07/kw-hr: 10 FCUs x 0.5 HP/FCU x.746kw/HP x 4 hours/day x 365 days/yr x $0.07/kwhr = $381/yr

139

More Samples--Examples of calculations (5 of 6 )

• Recalculation of ventilation requirements; involves recalculating ventilation requirements from one version of ASHRAE Std. 62.1 to another; Original ventilation required 4000 cfm; Recalculated at 2500 cfm. Savings is 1.08 x cfm available at the

(DOAS) air handling units x Delta T of the air (use average of 20 °F) x the# of hours during occupied times x $0.07 /kWh/divided by 3413 kW/BTU/hr: 1.08 x (4000-2500 cfm) x 20 °F x 2080 hours/yr x $0.07/3413 kW/BTU/hr=$1,382/yr

140

T-8 and T-5 Fluorescents (ceiling) Retrofits

More Samples--Examples of calculations (6 of 6 )

• Lighting savings (turned off) are calculated using, # kW of lights that can be saved x # of hours to save per day x 365 days per yr x $0.07/kw-hr: 2 kW x 10 hours/day x 365 days/yr x $0.07/kwhr=$511/yr

• Change of Lighting (fluorescent to LCD) are calculated by the change in the KW of the old bulbs versus the new bulb x number of bulbs per x number of fixtures x # of hours to save per day x 365 days per yr x $0.07/kw-hr: (28-18) W x 4 x 100 fixtures x 10 hours/day 365 days/yr x $0.07/kwhr / (1000) = $1,022/yr

142

Sample-Summary of ECM’s

143

ELECTRICAL THERMAL MAINTENANCE

ECM# DESCRIPTION KW/h per year

KW

Demand $$/year

MBtu/

year $$/year

Maintenan

ce/ year

Total All;

Electrical ,

Thermal,

Maintenance Investment($)

Simple

payback

(years)

CON-1

BAS to large

buildings 1.8M N/A 130K 14.5K 288.5K 1.5K 420K $US-2.2M. 5.3

CON-2 BAS to rooms 428K N/A 30K 3,411 68K 0 98K $US-1.6M 16.4

CON-3

Thermostats to

rooms 428K N/A 30K 3,411 68K 0 98K $US-1.25M 12.8

CON-4

PC + basewide

BAS

communication

system N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A $US-155K

ADDS- 0.3-

1.6 TO CON-

1&2

Sample Summary of ECM’s

Sample-Summary of ECM’s

145

ELECTRICAL THERMAL MAINTENANCE

ECM# DESCRIPTION KW/h per year

KW

Demand $$/year

MBtu/

year $$/year

Maintenan

ce/ year

Total All;

Electrical ,

Thermal,

Maintenance Investment($)

Simple

payback

(years)

CON-1

BAS to large

buildings 1.8M N/A 130K 14.5K 288.5K 1.5K 420K $US-2.2M. 5.3

CON-2 BAS to rooms 428K N/A 30K 3,411 68K 0 98K $US-1.6M 16.4

CON-3

Thermostats to

rooms 428K N/A 30K 3,411 68K 0 98K $US-1.25M 12.8

CON-4

PC + basewide

BAS

communication

system N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A $US-155K

ADDS- 0.3-

1.6 TO CON-

1&2

Measurements

Documenting

Calculations

Opportunities

Audits

Summarize

Energy:

146 I

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Audits, and Examples

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