Asexual ReproductionProduction of offspring from one parentInvolves mitosisMitosis Cell Division- exact duplication of all the chromosomes (# and information) in the nucleus, then separated into 2 identical sets.- occurs in all cells except sex cellsCancer abnormal mitosis

Structure of a double-stranded chromosome

Chromatid strand of a chromosomeChromatin material of a chromatidCentromere holds strands togetherGene bands of information on chromosome (DNA)

Differences in Mitosis between Animal and Plant CellsAnimal Cells - have centrioles- cleavage (cell membrane pinches in cytokenisis)Plant Cells- no centrioles- no cleavage cell plate forms (cell wall)

Animal cell mitosis cleavage pinching in

Plant cell mitosis cell plate formation

Result of Mitosis:- 2 identical cells made with the exact chromosome # and information as parent cell exact replicas.

Methods of Asexual Reproduction-some organisms reproduce asexually (one parent) using the process of mitosis.Binary Fission:equal division of the cytoplasm of the organism. Ex. Ameba, ParameciumOne organism splits itself equally and produces 2 new organisms.

Binary FissionParameciumAmeba

2. Budding:- unequal division of the cytoplasm (not chromosomes!!!!!)Ex. Hydra and YeastHydraYeast

3. Sporulation:- multicellular organisms - spores are released and develop new individualsBread Mold

4. Regeneration:- invertebrates undifferentiated cells (similar)- development of entire new organism from part of original. Ex. Starfish, planaria- replacement of lost structure. Ex. Lobster clawPlanariaStarfish

5. Vegetative Propagation:- Asexual Reproduction in Plants (mitosis)- New plants develop from roots, stems and leaves of parent plant.Natural: bulbs, tubers, runners

NaturalA. Bulbs enlarged underground stemex. Onion, garlic, tulip

B. Tubers enlarged underground stem with buds (eyes) ex. Potato

C. Runners stem that runs along the ground. Ex. strawberries

Artificial:a. cutting stem or leaf is placed in soil and a new plant develops. Ex. Geranium

b. Grafting:- stem of one plant is attached to cut end of another.- No Blending- red rose bush grafted to yellow rose bush produces a plant with red and yellow roses.

Results of Asexual Reproductionoffspring are genetically identical to parentSame hereditary material (# and information on chromosomes)Same characteristics

CloningCan occur naturally or artificially

Artificial- Nuclear TransferScientists take a parent (body) cell nucleus (DNA)Insert the nucleus into a donor egg cell (the nucleus from the egg was removed)The egg is now implanted into a surrogate female for developmentThe clone will be genetically identical to the organism that the parent cell nucleus came from