asean, prc, and india: the great transformation
TRANSCRIPT
8/11/2019 ASEAN, PRC, and India: The Great Transformation
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LTMLI, PDlih OIHOLXBM KPMLX XPLITEGPALXOGI
L JGOIX TX]H_ GE XBM LTOLI HMUMFG^AMIX @LIC LIH XBM LTOLI HMUMFG^AMIX @LIC OITXOX]X
8/11/2019 ASEAN, PRC, and India: The Great Transformation
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8/11/2019 ASEAN, PRC, and India: The Great Transformation
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Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic / Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm
8/11/2019 ASEAN, PRC, and India: The Great Transformation
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8/11/2019 ASEAN, PRC, and India: The Great Transformation
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Dgitmits
Fost ge @gxms, Eokurms, lih Xl`fms vo
Egrmwgrh xo
^rmeldm xooo
Ldcigwfmhkamits xvoo
L`gut tbm Ttuhy xox
L``rmvoltogis xxooo
Mxmdutovm Tuaalry xxvoo
< Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi <
<.< Bokb Ttlcms <
<.0 ^gwmreuf Bmlhwoihs 4
<.4 Hoamisogis ge Xrlisegraltogi =
<.8 Xbm Dblffmikm ge Ldtogi <2
0 ^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge Krgwtb 04
0.< Oitrghudtogi 04
0.0 Lilfyzoik tbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi 08
0.4 Xbrmlts tg tbm Xrlisegraltogi 8?
0.8 Dgidfusogis 55
4 Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty ge Foem ;<
4.< Oitrghudtogi ;<
4.0 LDO‟T Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrmss lih Pmaloioik Klps ;=
4.4 Bgw LDO Os ^rgagtoik Oidfusovm Krgwtb 2=
4.8 L Dgidmptulf Erlamwgrc egr Oidfusovm Krgwtb ?>
4.= Li LDO ^gfody Lkmihl ?0
4.5 Dgidfusogis <><
8/11/2019 ASEAN, PRC, and India: The Great Transformation
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ov
Dgitmits
8 Mikoims ge ^rghudtovoty lih Krgwtb <>4
8.< Oitrghudtogi <>4
8.0 ]pkrlhoik Xmdbigfgky: L Cmy tg Mdgigaod Krgwtb <>=
8.4 Xlcoik Pmkogilf ^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs tg tbm Imxt Fmvmf <<<8.8 Tmrvodms ls Imw LDO Krgwtb Mikoims <<?
8.= Pm-mimrkozoik Lkrodufturm <02
8.5 Fo`mrlfozoik Xrlhm lih Egrmoki Oivmstamit <40
8.; Oierlstrudturm ls l Krgwtb Hrovmr <4?
8.2 L ^rg-^rghudtovoty Lkmihl egr LDO <85
= Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorgiamit <=<
=.< Oitrghudtogi <=<
=.0 Tustloil`fm lih Tmdurmh Mimrky oi LDO <=4
=.4 Xbm Fggaoik [ltmr Drosos <50
=.8 Aguitoik Mdgfgkodlf Dblffmikms <5;
=.= Alilkoik LDO‟s Maossogis <;4
=.5 Xgwlrh l Tustloil`fm Euturm <2;
5 Eoilidoik Euturm Xrlisegraltogi <?<
5.< Oitrghudtogi <?<
5.0 Li Lkmihl egr LDO Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit <?0
5.4 Durrmit Ttltus ge LDO Eoilidolf Alrcmts <?8
5.8 Amlsuroik LDO‟s Eoilidolf ^rgkrmss <?55.= ^rgagtoik Eoilidolf Hmmpmioik lih Gpmioik oi LDO 0>4
5.5 Eoilidolf Oidfusogi 0>;
5.; LDO Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty 0<>
5.2 Egstmroik Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi lih Dggpmrltogi 0<2
5.? ^rgagtoik Pmkogilf Dggpmrltogi 005
5.<> Dgidfusogis lih ^gfody Pmdgaamihltogis 04>
; Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggpmrltogi 044
;.< Oitrghudtogi 044
;.0 Alrcmt-Hrovmi Oitmkrltogi oi LDO soidm <?;> 04?
;.4 Oistotutogis egr LDO Oitmkrltogi 08<
;.8 Xbm Mamrkoik Lrdbotmdturm ge ‖Imw Pmkogilfosa‑ 0=4
;.= Xgwlrh li Oitmkrltmh LDO 054
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D
2 Dgidfusogis lih Pmdgaamihltogis 05;
2.< Oitrghudtogi 05;
2.0 Cmy Eoihoiks 052
2.4 Aljgr Hmvmfgpamit Dblffmikms 0;<2.8 Lhhrmssoik LDO‟s Aljgr Dblffmikms 0;4
2.= Iltogilf lih Pmkogilf ^gfody ^rogrotoms 0;=
2.5 Pgfm ge Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggpmrltogi 020
2.; Ilvokltoik tbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi 02=
Lppmihox 02;
Pmemrmidms 02?
8/11/2019 ASEAN, PRC, and India: The Great Transformation
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vo
@gxms, Eokurms,
lih Xl`fms
@gxms
<.< ]ihmrstlihoik lih Lvgohoik tbm Aohhfm-Oidgam Xrlp <>
<.0 Fmlrioik erga Hmvmfgpamit Mxpmromidm <?
0.< Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt Krgwtb ^rgjmdtogis 0;
0.0 Kmimrlf Mquofo`roua ^rgjmdtogis ge Tmdtgrlf Hmtlof 44
0.4 Oierlstrudturm ls l Hrovmr ge Krgwtb 88
4.< Amlsuroik tbm \ulfoty ge Foem ;0
8.< Aokrltogi lih ^rghudtovoty <42
8.0 Xbm _liktzm Povmr Mdgigaod Dgrrohgr <80
8.4 Xbm Hmfbo—Aua`lo Oihustrolf Dgrrohgr ‘Xlcoik tbm Pglh tg
Krgwtb <848.8 ^li Lsoli lih Tu`rmkogilf Dgiimdtovoty <88
8.= Pgfm ge Xmdbigfgkodlf Dlpl`ofotoms oi Lsoli Mfmdtrgiods
^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs <8;
=.< @ofltmrlf/Mxtrl-Pmkogilf Mimrky Dggpmrltogi Oivgfvoik
tbm LDO Mdgigaoms <5<
;.< Ttrmlafoioik lih Dgisgfohltoik LTMLI Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamits:
Xbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop 088
2.< Cmy Eoihoiks: LDO 0>4> 05?
2.0 Cmy Pmkogilf Oistotutogis 024
Eokurms
<.< LDO [off Fmlh tbm Mxplisogi ge tbm Kfg`lf Aohhfm Dflss 2
<.0 Xrlhm Efgws [off Tboet Tgutb—Tgutb <=
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@gxms, Eokurms, lih
0.< LDO Krgwtb Pltms [off Tfgw `ut Ttly Bokb 4<
0.0 Krgwtb [off @m Hrovmi `y Oivmstamit lih ^rghudtovoty 40
0.4 Oidgam Klp `mtwmmi LDO lih Hmvmfgpmh Dguitroms [off
Dgitoium tg Dfgsm 4=0.8 Mxtrmam ^gvmrty Dli @m Mrlhodltmh 45
0.= Aohhfm-Oidgam Krgups [off @mdgam Hgaoilit 45
0.5 Hmalih [off Tboet tgwlrh Dgisuaptogi 4?
0.; ^rghudtogi [off Tboet tgwlrh Tmrvodms 8>
0.2 LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge Kfg`lf Mxpmihoturms 80
0.? LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge Dgaaghotoms Hmalih 85
0.<> LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge [grfh DG0 Maossogis 8;
0.<< [grfh Xrlhm [off Xuri Tgutb 82
0.<0 Meemdts ge Tbgdcs gi LDO Oidgams, 0>4> =<
0.<4 Ermqumidy ge Dga`oimh Tbgdcs 5=
4.< ^gvmrty Bmlhdguit Pltm, 0>>>s ;5
4.0 Liiulfozmh Krgwtb Pltm ge Koio Dgmeeodomits `mtwmmi Mlrfy gr
Aoh—<??>s lih Fltm 0>>>s ge LDO lih Tmfmdtmh GMDH lih Fltoi
Lamrodli Dguitroms ;;
4.4 Uufimrl`fm Mapfgyamit, 0><> 2>
4.8 Foem Mxpmdtlidy lt @ortb, 0><> 2>
4.= Oielit Agrtlfoty, 0><> 2<
4.5 Lvmrlkm _mlrs ge Tdbggfoik, 0><> 2<
4.; Lddmss tg Oaprgvmh [ltmr Tgurdms, 0><> 244.2 Lddmss tg Oaprgvmh Tliotltogi Eldofotoms, 0><> 24
4.? Lddmss tg Mfmdtrodoty, 0><> 28
4.<> ^rgpgrtogi ge ^lvmh Pglhs, 0>>? gr fltmst lvlofl`fm oi tbm
0>>>s 28
4.<< Kgvmriamit Mxpmihoturm gi Mhudltogi, 0><> gr fltmst ymlr ?5
4.<0 Kgvmriamit Mxpmihoturm gi Bmlftb, 0><> gr fltmst ymlr ?5
4.<4 Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx, 0><> ?2
8.< Xmdbigfgky Ldbomvmamit Oihmx egr LDO, <??? lih 0>>2 <>5
8.0 Oitmramholtm Kgghs Mxpgrts erga Mlst Lsoli Mdgigaoms tg tbm
Pmkogi ls l [bgfm <<4
8.4 Mfmdtrgiod ^lrts lih Dgapgimits Mxpgrts erga Mlst Lsol
ls l [bgfm tg Mlst Lsoli Mdgigaoms lih Pmkogis <<4
8.8 Egrmoki Hormdt Oivmstamit Oiefgws tg Lsoli Dguitroms <<=
8.= Egrmoki Hormdt Oivmstamit Bgst Dguitroms egr Jlplimsm
Eoras <<5
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vooo
@gxms, Eokurms, lih Xl`fms
8.5 @rmlchgwi ge Krgss Hgamstod rghudt y Ldtovoty Xypm, 0>>; <0>
8.; ^mr Dlpotl Oidgam oi ^^^ Xmras vs. Tmrvodms, 0>>? <0>
8.2 Lvmrlkm Liiulfozmh Krgwtb Pltm oi Ulfum Lhhmh pmr [grcmr y
Tmdtgr ge Tmfmdtmh LDO Mdgigaoms, 0>>>—0>>; <008.? Tmrvodms Xrlhm, 0>>>—0>>? <04
8.<> Xrlhm Dgsts oi tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih Oihgimsol, 0>>>—0>>= <08
8.<< Oitmriltogilf @rlidb Dlapusms `y Lsoli Mdgigay ls Bgst <05
=.< LDO‟s Xgtlf Mimrky Dgisuaptogi `y Xypm, 0>>2 <==
=.0 Xrmihs oi Pltm ge Mimrky Tmfe-Tueeodomidy oi LDO, 0>>>—0>>2 <=;
=.4 Xrlis-LTMLI Kls ^opmfoim <5<
=.8 Lor ^gffutlit Dgidmitrltogis oi Aljgr Lsoli Dotoms,
0>>>—0>>= <;>
=.= Dblikm ge LDO‟s DG0 Maossogis Pmfltovm tg Krgss Hgamstod
^rghudt <;8
=.5 LTMLI DG0 Maossogis y Tmdtgr, 0>>2 <;8
5.< Dboii—Otg Oihodms egr Aljgr LDO Mdgigaoms 0>>
5.0 Eoilidolf Oidfusogi‘Aoffogis ge ^mgpfm Mxdfuhmh 0>2
5.4 LTMLI8 Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws 0<=
5.8 ^PD Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws 0<5
5.= Oihol Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws 0<5
5.5 Tblrm ge Eoilidolf Tmrvodms oi Xgtlf Tmrvodm Mxpgrts
Dboii—Otg Oihmx, 0>>? 008
Xl`fms
0.< ^gpufltogi lih Gutput ^rgjmdtogis ge Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt
Krgwtb ge LDO, 0>4> (oi 0><> dgistlit prodms) 02
0.0 ^gpufltogi lih Gutput ^rgjmdtogis ge Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt
Krgwtb ge LDO, 0>4> (oi 0>>= ^^^$) 0?
0.4 Agst LDO Dotozmis [off Fovm oi Dotoms 42
0.8 Tmdtgrlf Tboets oi LDO Gutput 8=
0.= Lftmriltovm Tdmilrogs =>
0.5 ^rghudtovoty Toaufltogis =4
0.; Ttrudturlf ^gfody Toaufltogis =;
0.2 Xrlhm lih Dlpotlf Efgw Toaufltogis 5<
4.< Amlsuroik Oidfusovm Krgwtb ;4
4.0 LDO Fl`gr Egrdm Mstoaltms/^rgjmdtogis ?4
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@gxms, Eokurms, lih
4.4 [grfhwohm Kgvmrilidm Oihodltgrs `y Pmkogi, 0><> <>>
8.< Dguitry-Tpmdoeod Xmdbigfgky ^rgjmdtogis, 0>>?—0>4> <>;
8.0 ^rg`fmas Eldmh `y Turvmymh Jlplimsm Eoras oi Tmfmdtmh
Lsoli Mdgigaoms <<28.4 ^rgjmdtmh Dblikms oi Pmlf Bgusmbgfh Dgisuaptogi pmr
Dlpotl ge Lkrodufturlf lih Eggh ^rghudts <0?
8.8 Tmfe-Tueeodomidy Pltog oi Lkrodufturlf ^rghudts <0?
8.= Xrlhoik ldrgss @grhmrs‘Xrlhm Eldofotltogi, 0><0 <44
8.5 Kfg`lf Dgapmtotovmimss lih Oierlstrudturm \ulfoty Oihmxms <8>
=.< ^lst lih rgjmdtmh Xgtlf roalry Mimrky Dgisuaptogi oi LDO <=8
=.0 Mfmdtrodoty Dgisuaptogi oi LDO <=8
=.4 Mimrky Tuppfy Aox oi Lsol <==
=.8 LDO‟s Mimrky Tmduroty Egrmdlst, 0>4> <=2
=.= [ltmr Alilkmamit Ossums oi Tblrmh Povmr @lsois <58
=.5 DG0 Maossogis `y LDO Mdgigaoms <52
=.; Lor \ulfoty Tltoseldtogi oi LDO <5?
=.2 Tmfmdtmh Flih Ttltostods egr Lsol <;0
=.? DG0 Maossogis Pmhudtogi ^fmhkms `y LDO , Jlpli, lih
tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml <;5
5.< Hmvmfgpamit ge LDO Eoilidolf Lssmts <?8
5.0 Dblikms oi Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Lssmssamits <?5
5.4 Amlsurms ge Eoilidolf Tmdtgr Tozm <?;
5.8 Tgurdms ge ^rovltm Tmdtgr Euihoik <?25.= Oisurlidm lih Autulf Euih Oihustry Hmvmfgpamit <??
5.5 Mxtmrilf Lssmts lih Fol`ofotoms ls l Tblrm ge Krgss Hgamstod
^rghudt oi Mamrkoik Lsol, <??>—0>>? 0><
5.; Amlsurms ge Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty lih Kgvmrilidm 0>0
5.2 ^mrdmovmh @gih-Alrcmt-Pmfltmh @lrromrs `y Mdgigay 0>8
5.? Mitry ge Egrmoki @lics oi LDO Alrcmts 0>5
5.<> Pmdmit Dlpotlf Dgitrgf Amlsurms oi Tmfmdtmh Lsoli
Mdgigaoms 0<;
5.<< Oitrlrmkogilf ^grtegfog Oivmstamit 00>
5.<0 ^PD Dlpotlf Lddguit Fo`mrlfozltogi Amlsurms 000
5.<4 Oistotutogis egr Kfg`lf lih Lsoli Mdgigaod Kgvmrilidm 00?
;.< Tblrm ge Mxpgrts ge Aljgr Lsoli Mdgigaoms tg tbm ^PD 08<
2.< Dgaagi lih Tpmdoeod Dblffmikms egr tbm LDO Mdgigaoms 0;8
2.0 Iltogilf lih Pmkogilf ^gfody ^rogrotoms 0;=
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x
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Egrmwgrh
O
i rmdmit ymlrs, tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis
(LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol
(dgffmdtovmfy rmemrrmh tg ls tbm LDO mdgigaoms) blvm `mdgam
hrovmrs ge tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. [bofm tbmsm vmry flrkm lih
hyilaod hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms hg igt egra liy spmdoeod
oistotutogilf krgupoik, tbmy sblrm dgaagi `guihlroms, gppgrtuiotoms,
lih dblffmikms. Xbmrm os pgtmitolf egr l ‖krmlt trlisegraltogi‑ ge
tbm LDO mdgigaoms oe tbmy dli alilkm tbm oapgrtlit dblffmikms lih
roscs tblt fom lbmlh. Xbos trlisegraltogi dgufh rlosm tbm qulfoty ge foem
egr tbm dotozmis ge tbmsm dguitroms lih fmlh tg pbmigamilf prgkrmss
misuroik oidfusovm, `lflidmh, lih krmmi krgwtb oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms,
ldrgss Lsol, lih lrguih tbm wgrfh.
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi rmvomws tbm
prgspmdts lih dblffmikms tbmsm mdgigaoms eldm oi tbm dgaoik twg
hmdlhms. Xbm lilfysos dgvmrs LTMLI ls li oidrmlsoikfy oitmkrltmhmdgigay, lih tbm iltogilf mdgigaoms ge tbm ^PD lih Oihol. Ot
oidfuhms tbmor oitmrilf hyilaods, tbmor autulf oitmrhmpmihmidm,
lih rmfltogisbops wotb gtbmr Lsoli lih kfg`lf mdgigaoms. Xbm stuhy
prgjmdts li gptoaostod euturm egr tbm tbrmm mdgigaoms `y 0>4>, `lsmh
gi tbmor sdlfm, mxdmptogilf krgwtb rltms, lih rosoik oitmrhmpmihmidm.
Lt tbm slam toam, ot rmdgkiozms tblt l flrkm iua`mr ge uiprmhodtl`fm
eldtgrs alcm gtbmr, fmss-gptoaostod, gutdgams pgsso`fm.
Xbm stuhy lfsg bokbfokbts tbm dblffmikms tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms
aust hmlf wotb oi grhmr tg rlosm tbm qulfoty ge foem ge tbmor dotozmis oi foim
wotb tbmor mdgigaod krgwtb. Lagik tbmsm lrm: oaprgvoik prghudtovoty
tbrgukb oiigvltogis lih imw tmdbigfgkoms, fmlhoik tg tbm mstl`fosbamit
ge cigwfmhkm-fmh mdgigaoms lih sgdomtoms 3 `uofhoik smlafmss
oierlstrudturm dgiimdtovoty3 alilkoik cmy rmsgurdms (sudb ls mimrky,
eggh, lih wltmr)3 prgtmdtoik tbm mivorgiamit lih lhhrmssoik dfoaltm
dblikm3 rmegraoik lih hmvmfgpoik tbm eoilidolf smdtgr3 lih egrkoik
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xoo
Egrmwgrh
imw rmfltogis wotboi tbm rmkogi lih wgrfhwohm tg hmmpmi oitmkrltogi
lih dggpmrltogi. Ls tbm LDO mdgigaoms agvm tg tbm egrmergit ge kfg`lf
mdgigaod leelors, tbmy blvm tg `m prmplrmh tg tlcm fmlhmrsbop rgfms
oi wgrfh leelors lih tg prgvohm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf pu`fod kgghs. Xbmstuhy rmdgaamihs iltogilf lih rmkogilf strltmkoms lih pgfodoms egr
lhhrmssoik tbmsm ossums lih egstmroik pmldmeuf, stl`fm, lih blragiogus
rmfltogisbops lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih wotb tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh.
Xbos stuhy wls dgihudtmh jgoitfy `y tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic
(LH@) lih tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm (LH@O) uihmr tbm
kuohlidm ge l stmmroik dgaaottmm ge LH@ Bmlhs ge Hmplrtamit dg-
dblormh `y Alslborg Clwlo (egramr Hmli lih DMG, LH@O) lih Pljlt
A. Ilk (egramr Alilkoik Hormdtgr Kmimrlf, LH@). Aliy sdbgflrs,
rmsmlrdbmrs, lih mxpmrts erga Lsol lih gtbmr plrts ge tbm wgrfh
dgitro`utmh tg ots oapfmamitltogi. O krmltfy lpprmdoltm tbm mxdmffmit
meegrts ge lutbgrs wbg dgitro`utmh dblptmrs lih `ldckrguih plpmrs,
lih tg tbm lhvosmrs, rmvomwmrs, hosdusslits, lih mhotgrs erga `gtb
gutsohm lih wotboi LH@O lih LH@. O bgpm tbos stuhy woff `m usmeuf
tg pgfodyalcmrs, rmsmlrdbmrs, dovof sgdomty, lih provltm `usoimssms oi
Lsol ls wmff ls tg tbm kfg`lf dgaauioty.
L ‖krmlt trlisegraltogi‑ os pgsso`fm, `ut ot rmquorms l plrlhoka
sboet tgwlrh oidfusovm, krmmi, lih cigwfmhkm-fmh krgwtb. [otb `gfh
vosogi, lpprgproltm strltmkoms lih pgfodoms, meemdtovm oistotutogis lih
bokb-qulfoty kgvmrilidm, lih krmltmr rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi,tbm LDO mdgigaoms dli hrovm l kmimrltogi ge mdgigaod prgkrmss lih
trlisegraltogi wotb tbm pgtmitolf tg foet tbm qulfoty ge foem oi Lsol lih
lrguih tbm wgrfh.
Xlcmbocg Ilclg
^rmsohmit
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic
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^rmeldm
L
sol‟s suddmss stgry ge mdgigaod krgwtb gvmr tbm
plst emw hmdlhms os wmff cigwi. Xbm rmkogi os bgam
tg sgam ge tbm wgrfh‟s flrkmst lih agst hyilaod
mamrkoik mdgigaoms, sudb ls tbm Lssgdoltogi ge
Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol (dgffmdtovmfy rmemrrmh tg ls LDO). Xbmsm
mdgigaoms lrm krgwoik elstmr tbli tbm wgrfh mdgigay lih egrkoik
dfgsmr mdgigaod toms tbli mvmr `megrm. L dga`oiltogi ge kmgkrlpby,
mdgigaod pgfodoms, lih oistotutogis bmfps mxpfloi tbmor suddmss. Xbm
rlpoh hmvmfgpamit ge trlhm lih mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, mspmdolffy ge
suppfy dbloi imtwgrcs, bls `mmi l hrovoik egrdm egr tbmor mdgigaod
hmvmfgpamit.
Bgwmvmr, ls oidgam fmvmfs rosm, tbm dblffmikms tg aloitloioik
sustloil`fm lih oidfusovm krgwtb tmih tg oidrmlsm. Lsol‟s mxpgrt-fmh
krgwtb hmvmfgpamit plttmri hmpmihmh bmlvofy gi hmalih erga tbmhmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms‘aloify tbm ]iotmh Ttltms lih Murgpm‘`ut
tbgsm mdgigaoms lrm krgwoik agrm sfgwfy oi tbm letmraltb ge tbm
kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, lih tbm sbmmr sozm ge Lsoli mdgigaoms alcms
eurtbmr klois oi mxpgrt alrcmt sblrms oi gvmrsmls alrcmts agrm
hoeeoduft. Lsoli mdgigaoms aust hmvmfgp l imw krgwtb plttmri agrm
rmfolit gi hgamstod lih rmkogilf hmalih. Lt tbm slam toam, Lsol‟s
krgwtb bls put uiprmdmhmitmh strlois gi tbm mivorgiamit lih eggh
lih mimrky rmsgurdms. Ots krgwtb bls lfsg tmihmh tg `m lddgapliomh
`y rosoik oidgam oimqulfoty, l pgtmitolf tbrmlt tg pgfotodlf stl`ofoty.
Lsoli mdgigaoms immh tg hmvmfgp dgisostmit pgfodoms tg lvgoh wblt bls
`mdgam cigwi ls tbm ‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp.‑
Lkloist tbos `ldchrgp, tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic lih tbm Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm jgoitfy dgihudtmh l fgik-tmra pmrspmdtovm
stuhy ge tbm prgspmdts lih cmy dblffmikms eldmh y LTMLI, tbm mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol. Xbm stuhy mxlaoimh l wohm rlikm ge
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xov
^rmeldm
prmssoik ossums leemdtoik tbm euturm prgspmdts ge tbmsm mdgigaoms,
oidfuhoik tbm pgtmitolf lih dblffmikms ge krgwtb, oidfusovm krgwtb lih
qulfoty ge foem, prghudtovoty lih tmdbigfgkodlf dblikm, mivorgiamitlf
sustloil`ofoty, eoilidm, lih rmkogilf dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi. Xbmstuhy dgidfuhms tblt Lsol‟s fmlhoik mdgigaoms dli egstmr l pgsotovm
gutdgam tbrgukb l plrlhoka sboet tgwlrh oidfusovm, krmmi, lih
cigwfmhkm-fmh krgwtb. Ot lfsg dblrts l smt ge pgfodoms lih oistotutogis
tg eldofotltm tbos trlisegraltogi.
L sboet tgwlrh agrm mihgkmigus lih smfe-sustloioik krgwtb dlffs
egr l egdus gi tbm rmquormamits egr oidrmlsoik prghudtovoty. Xbos igt
gify oidfuhms prgagtoik tmdbigfgkodlf oiigvltogi lih hoeeusogi, `ut
lfsg oivgfvms drmltoik li mivorgiamit tblt egstmrs tbm hmvmfgpamit ge
imw dgaplioms tblt woff ma`ghy tbgsm tmdbigfgkoms oi imw prghudts
lih smrvodms. Xbos rmquorms l bokbmr stlkm ge eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit,
oidfuhoik mxplisogi ge eoilidoik dlpldoty egr stlrt-up dgaplioms.
Toidm imw dgaplioms lrm typodlffy salff, oaprgvoik eoilidolf lddmss
egr salff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms (TAMs) sbgufh `m l cmy
lspmdt ge sudb l strltmky. Xbos dlffs egr rmfltmh ldtovotoms tblt oidfuhm
hmvmfgpamit ge vmiturm dlpotlf, hmvmfgpamit ge drgwh euihoik sudb
ls bgamtgwi oivmstamit trust euihs, lih drmhot alrcmt hltl`lsms
sudb ls Jlpli‟s Drmhot Posc Hltl`lsm (DPH) ge TAMs. Eoilidoik egr
TAMs lih stlrt-up dgaplioms tbrgukb `lic fglis dli `m hoeeoduft hum
tg tbm uidmrtloity ge tbmor `usoimss.Hmvmfgpoik l prgspmrgus aohhfm dflss os gim cmy tg kmimrltoik
agrm eoilf hmalih oi tbm rmkogi. Krmltmr eoilidolf oidfusogi sbgufh
bmfp prgagtm krmltmr mqulfoty ge gppgrtuioty. Ot dli lfsg mxplih tbm
dlpldoty ge tbm eoilidolf systma tg suppgrt mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit,
ls l flrkm erldtogi ge dotozmis ge tbmsm mdgigaoms stoff fldcs lddmss
tg `lsod `lic hmpgsots lih fglis. Oistotutogis sudb ls pgst geeodm
slvoiks dli dgitro`utm tg tbos kglf. Hmvmfgpamit ge bgusoik eoilidm
os l plrtoduflr dgidmri. ^rgvohoik hmdmit bgusoik egr tbm aohhfm-
oidgam dflss os rmquormh tg dfgsm tbm klp `mtwmmi tbm aohhfm-oidgam
dflss lih tbm rodb. Kgvmriamit prgvosogi ge bgusoik tg tbm pggr lfsg
bmfps tg rmhudm oimqulfoty. Bgusoik pgfody oi Lsoli dguitroms rmquorms
eurtbmr stuhy. Eoilidolf mhudltogi egr tbm aohhfm-oidgam dflss dli
bmfp elaofoms lih salff eoras oivmst tbmor euihs lih gpmrltm tbmor
`usoimssms agrm suddmsseuffy. Hmvmfgpamit ge buali dlpotlf tbrgukb
tbm mxplisogi ge mhudltogi os ligtbmr cmy mfmamit.
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Hmvmfgpamit ge oierlstrudturm oi audb ge Lsol bls tmihmh tg
flk tbm pldm ge mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit. Lsol bls l bukm hmalih egr
oierlstrudturm oi lrmls oidfuhoik trlispgrt, dgaauiodltogis, lih
mimrky, wbodb dliigt `m lddgaaghltmh sgfmfy `y pu`fod eoilidm. Tgamdguitroms aly immh blrh oierlstrudturm lt tbos toam, wbofm gtbmrs aly
immh sget oierlstrudturm sudb ls bmlftb dlrm, mhudltogi, dbofh dlrm,
lih dlrm egr tbm mfhmrfy. Xbmsm lfsg rmquorm eurtbmr hmvmfgpamit ge
eoilidolf alrcmts lih oistotutogis, oidfuhoik fgdlf kgvmriamit eoilidm
lih provltm eoilidm, wbodb dli bmfp dbliimf euihs tg wgrtbwbofm
oivmstamit prgjmdts tblt blvm uihmrkgim agrm mxtmisovm lilfysos.
^rgjmdt mvlfultogi os lfsg rmquormh tg kmimrltm fmssgis fmlrimh lih
`mst prldtodms oi oierlstrudturm oivmstamits.
Lhgptogi ge fgw-dlr`gi, krmmi krgwtb strltmkoms dli lfsg bmfp put
tbm LDO mdgigaoms gi l sustloil`fm krgwtb pltb. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms
dli dggpmrltm tg misurm mimrky, eggh, lih wltmr smduroty, lih bmfp
alilkm dfoaltm dblikm `y dgitrgffoik krmmibgusm kls lih gtbmr
maossogis.
Ot os bgpmh tblt tbos stuhy woff dgitro`utm tg l `mttmr uihmrstlihoik
ge tbm hyilaods ge tbm mamrkoik mdgigaoms spmlrbmlhoik Lsol‟s
euturm mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit lih stoaufltm ermsb tboicoik gi pgfody
sgfutogis tg mamrkoik hmvmfgpamit dblffmikms.
Ilgyuco _gsboig
Hmli
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm
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Ldcigwfmhkamits
X
bos stuhy wls dgihudtmh jgoitfy `y tbm Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic (LH@) lih tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit
@lic Oistotutm (LH@O) uihmr tbm kuohlidm ge l stmmroik
dgaaottmm ge LH@ Bmlhs ge Hmplrtamit dg-dblormh
`y Alslborg Clwlo (egramr Hmli lih DMG, LH@O) lih
Pljlt A. Ilk (egramr Alilkoik Hormdtgr Kmimrlf, LH@). @oswl Iltb
@blttldblryly (egramr Tpmdolf Lhvosmr tg tbm Hmli, LH@O) smrvmh ls tbm
prgjmdt tlsc alilkmr tg dggrhoiltm tbm stuhy uitof bos rmtormamit lih
wls suddmmhmh `y Klimsbli [okilrljl (Hormdtgr ge Pmsmlrdb, LH@O).
^mtmr L. ^mtro (@rlihmos ]iovmrsoty) smrvmh ls tbm proidoplf dgisuftlit
egr tbm prmplrltogi ge tbm `ggc.
Xbm stmmroik dgaaottmm oidfuhmh bmlhs ge LH@‟s gpmrltogilf
lih cigwfmhkm hmplrtamits: Owli J. Lzos, ^bofop D. Mrquolkl, Cflus
Kmrblmussmr, Juli A. Aorlihl, Tuftli B. Plbali, Dblikygik Pbmm,
Clzu Tlclo, Cuiog Tmikl, Pg`mrt E. [obtgf, lih Roli`oi _lg.Li mxtmrilf lhvosgry `glrh prgvohmh lhvodm. Xbm `glrh dgisostmh
ge Osbmr Juhkm Lbfuwlfol (Oiholi Dguidof egr Pmsmlrdb gi Oitmriltogilf
Mdgigaod Pmfltogis), Podblrh I. Dggpmr (Blrvlrh ]iovmrsoty), ^mtmr
Hryshlfm (Lustrlfoli Iltogilf ]iovmrsoty), Alslbosl Eujotl (Pmsmlrdb
Oistotutm ge Mdgigay, Xrlhm lih Oihustry), Pg`mrt Z. Flwrmidm (Blrvlrh
]iovmrsoty), Justoi _oeu Foi (^mcoik ]iovmrsoty), Uocrla Imbru (Dlrimkom
Mihgwamit egr Oitmriltogilf ^mldm), Turoi ^otsuwli (Xblaalslt
]iovmrsoty), Mustgi \ulb (Iliylik Xmdbigfgkodlf ]iovmrsoty), lih _u
_gikhoik (Dboimsm Ldlhmay ge Tgdolf Tdomidms).
L wgrcoik krgup dggrhoiltmh `y @oswl Iltb @blttldblryly lih
dgaprosoik LH@‟s Jõri @rõaamfbõrstmr, @ruig Dlrrlsdg, Jmsus Emfopm,
Jlylit Amigi, Mrod Tohkwodc, Maal A. Umvm, Kulikbul [li, lih Tblboh
Zlboh rmvomwmh tbm `ldckrguih plpmrs lih hrlet dblptmrs.
Xbm dblptmr lutbgrs lrm Justoi _oeu Foi lih ^mtmr L. ^mtro (Dblptmr <:
Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi)3 ^mtmr L. ^mtro (Dblptmr 0: ^rgspmdts lih
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Ldcigwfmhkamits
Dblffmikms ge Krgwtb)3 Juzbgik Zbulik, _gcg Iooao, lih Jmsus Emfopm
(Dblptmr 4: Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty ge Foem)3 @oswl Iltb
@blttldblryly lih Tbujorg ]rltl (Dblptmr 8: Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
Krgwtb)3 Umicltldblfla Li`uagzbo lih @oswl Iltb @blttldblryly(Dblptmr =: Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorgiamit)3 Owli J.
Lzos, Alrog @. Fla`mrtm, lih ^mtmr Agrkli (Dblptmr 5: Eoilidoik Euturm
Xrlisegraltogi)3 Tuali @mry lih Aodblmf K. ^fuaamr (Dblptmr ;:
Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggpmrltogi)3 lih @oswl Iltb @blttldblryly
(Dblptmr 2: Dgidfusogis lih Pmdgaamihltogis). Juzbgik Zbulik
prmplrmh tbm `lsmfoim krgwtb prgjmdtogis. @oswl Iltb @blttldblryly,
^mtmr Miklrhog, lih ^mtmr L. ^mtro prmplrmh tbm Mxmdutovm Tuaalry.
Alrol Tgdgrrg @lutostl, Kogvliio Dlpliimffo, Pyu Eucuo, Immrlj
Jloi, Jgik [gg Clik, Xlclsbo Coblrl, Alrog @. Fla`mrtm, [gutmr
X. Foidcflmi-Lrromis, Aoiquli Fou, Tl`ylsldbo Aotrl, Jlm-Bl ^lrc,
lih Plamsb Tu`rlaliola prgvohmh dgaamits egr tbm stuhy. ^mtmr
Miklrhog wls tbm aloi mdgigaods rmvomwmr lih tmdbiodlf mhotgr.
Loisfom Taotb wls tbm aliusdropt mhotgr. Pg`mrt Hlvos dggrhoiltmh
tbm pu`fodltogi ge tbm `ggc. @ggi Fggik Ikolik dggrhoiltmh tbm
prmplrltogi ge tbm aliusdropt egr pu`fodltogi lih tmdbiodlf uphltoik.
Durtos Dbrostgpbmrsmi hmsokimh tbm dgvmr lrtwgrc. Tpmdolf tblics kg
tg Jmiiy @lf`gl, Tblilwmz Bgssloi, Austlel Agoiuhhoi, lih Jldoitl
@mrilhmttm O. Podg wbg lssostmh wotb rmsmlrdb lih lhaoiostrltogi.
Xbm stuhy `mimeotmh erga 08 `ldckrguih plpmrs prmplrmh `yhostoikuosbmh sdbgflrs (smm Lppmihox). Egur wgrcsbgps bmfh oi
@mojoik, Aliofl, Imw Hmfbo, lih Xgcyg dgitro`utmh tg li mxdblikm ge
vomws lagik pgfodyalcmrs, sdbgflrs, lih provltm smdtgr mxpmrts gi
tbm `ldckrguih plpmrs lih hrlet dblptmrs tblt alcm up tbm `ggc. Xbm
wgrcsbgp oi @mojoik wls dgihudtmh jgoitfy wotb tbm Dboimsm Ldlhmay
ge Tgdolf Tdomidms, lih tbm wgrcsbgp oi Imw Hmfbo wotb tbm Oiholi
Dguidof egr Pmsmlrdb gi Oitmriltogilf Mdgigaod Pmfltogis.
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L`gut tbm Ttuhy
L
sol‟s rmalrcl`fm mdgigaod pmregralidm lih
trlisegraltogi soidm tbm <?5>s amli tblt tbm dmitmr
ge kfg`lf mdgigaod ldtovotoms os sboetoik tgwlrh Lsol oi
kmimrlf lih tgwlrh ots aljgr mamrkoik mdgigaoms‘
tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis< (LTMLI)
mdgigaoms ls l wbgfm, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol
(rmemrrmh tg ls LDO)‘oi plrtoduflr.
[bofm tbmsm aljgr mamrkoik Lsoli kolits hg igt egra liy spmdoeod
oistotutogilf krgupoik, tbmy lrm vmry flrkm mdgigaoms lih alrcmts. Oi
0><>, tbmy dgaprosmh 8;% ge tbm wgrfh pgpufltogi lih bmfh l 04.=%
sblrm ge kfg`lf krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) oi purdblsoik pgwmr
plroty (^^^) tmras. Xbmsm hyilaod hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms sblrm
dgaagi `guihlroms, gppgrtuiotoms, lih dblffmikms. Xbmor trlhm,
oivmstamit, prghudtogi, lih oierlstrudturm lrm lfrmlhy sokioeodlitfy
oitmkrltmh lih woff `mdgam agrm sg oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhms. @mdlusmge tbmor sdlfm, mxdmptogilf krgwtb, lih rosoik oitmrhmpmihmidm, tbmsm
mdgigaoms hmsmrvm tg `m stuhomh ls l krgup.
Lsol 0>=> , l rmdmit fgik-tmra stuhy gi Lsol‟s krgwtb prgspmdts
dgaaossogimh `y tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic (LH@), sukkmsts tblt
`y 0>=>, tbm aljgr mamrkoik mdgigaoms oi tbm rmkogi dli ldbomvm
fmvmfs ge prgspmroty soaoflr tg tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms (Cgbfo,
Tblral, lih Tggh 0><<). Bgwmvmr, tbos ldbomvmamit os igt oimvotl`fm
lih woff hmpmih gi dguitroms gvmrdgaoik sokioeodlit dblffmikms lih
alilkoik oapgrtlit roscs. [bofm Lsol 0>=> prgvohmh `rglh kmimrlf
rmdgaamihltogis gi lhhrmssoik aljgr dblffmikms egr Lsol, LTMLI,
^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi egdusms gi tbm prgspmdts
lih dblffmikms egr krgwtb lih trlisegraltogi ge tbm rmkogi‟s aljgr
< Dgisostoik ge @ruimo Hlrusslfla, Dla`ghol, Oihgimsol, tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod
Pmpu`fod, Alflysol, Aylialr, tbm ^bofoppoims, Toiklpgrm, Xbloflih, lih Uomt Ila.
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L`gut tbm Ttuhy
lih rlpohfy krgwoik mamrkoik mdgigaoms tg 0>4>. [otboi tbos toam
erlam, tbm kgvmriamits ge LDO dli uihmrtlcm lpprgproltm pgfody
rmegras lih oiotoltovms tg lhhrmss tbm aljgr hmvmfgpamit dblffmikms,
roscs, lih mxtmrilfotoms tblt woff eldm tbma.Xbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos tblt grokoiltmh oi tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (]T)
oi 0>>2, ls wmff ls tbm murgzgim hm`t drosos tblt stlrtmh oi 0>>? blvm
leemdtmh LDO‟s krgwtb‘plrtoduflrfy oi mxpgrts. Lftbgukb tbmsm mdgigaoms
lih tbmor eoilidolf systmas lrm sguih lih pmregraoik wmff, tbm sokioeodlit
hgwituri oi mxpgrts lih bokb vgfltofoty ge provltm dlpotlf oiefgws pgsm
aljgr dblffmikms. Eoilidolf turagof aly lfsg wmlcmi dgisuamr lih
oivmstgr dgieohmidm. Xbm pruhmit sbgrt-tmra pgfodoms ge LDO aust `m
lpprmdoltmh. Xg pusb tbmor mdgigaoms tg tbm imxt fmvmf, bgwmvmr, tbmsm
dguitroms aust lfsg egdus gi alcoik oivmstamits lih rmegras gvmr tbm
amhoua tmra. Mdgigaod uidmrtloitoms oi tbm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms lrosoik
erga tbm l`gvm drosms blvm pusbmh tbm wgrfh tg l stltm wbmrm tbm LDO
mdgigaoms lrm mxpmdtmh tg smrvm ls kfg`lf mdgigaod mikoims. Ot os tbmrmegrm
oapgrtlit tg stuhy tbm krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms.
Xbos stuhy lfsg mxlaoims tbm hrovmrs ge krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit
oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih tbm eldtgrs tblt woff leemdt tbm qulfoty ge
tblt hmvmfgpamit. Ot mxpfgrms foics lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih bgw
tbmsm aly sblpm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dgapmtotogi lih dggpmrltogi.
Fggcoik lbmlh tg 0>4>, tbos `ggc rmdgaamihs lpprgproltm pgfodoms
lih strltmkoms lt iltogilf lih rmkogilf fmvmfs tblt woff fmlh tg l `lflidmh, oidfusovm, sustloil`fm, lih rmsofomit LDO lih egstmr l agrm
pmldmeuf, stl`fm, lih blragiogus rmkogi. Xbm `ggc qumstogis tbm
uidmrtloity oi ldbomvoik tbm hrlaltod trlisegraltogi `y 0>4> uifmss
tbmsm mdgigaoms dli suddmsseuffy alilkm aljgr dblffmikms lih roscs.
Xbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm (LH@O) oi dgffl`grltogi
wotb LH@ dgihudtmh tbm stuhy. Xbm stuhy mivosogis:
L `lflidmh rmkogi tg `m ldbomvmh `y miblidoik aljgr hrovmrs ge
stl`fm lih agrm mihgkmigus rmkogilf krgwtb.
Tgdolffy lih mivorgiamitlffy sustloil`fm krgwtb `y oaprgvoik tbm
qulfoty ge foem tbrgukb oidfusovm krgwtb, lhhrmssoik mdgigaod lih
sgdolf oimqulfoty, egstmroik l cigwfmhkm mdgigay lih sgdomty,
alilkoik ilturlf rmsgurdms, lih lhhrmssoik mivorgiamit lih
dfoaltm dblikm ossums egr krmmi krgwtb.
Pmsofomit mdgigaoms dlpl`fm ge wotbstlihoik kfg`lf, rmkogilf, lih
hgamstod sbgdcs gr drosms.
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L`gut tb
Ligtbmr rmfltmh stuhy, LTMLI 0>4>: Xgwlrh l @grhmrfmss Mdgigaod
Dgaauioty , wls uihmrtlcmi `y LH@O oi dgffl`grltogi wotb tbm LTMLI
Tmdrmtlrolt lih tbm Tgutbmlst Lsol Hmplrtamit ge LH@. Xbos stuhy
mxlaoims tbm cmy eldtgrs tblt lrm focmfy tg hmtmraoim tbm dgaoik twghmdlhms ge LTMLI mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit.
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi miklkmh
oitmriltogilf mxpmrts lih LH@ lih LH@O stlee tg prmplrm, rmvomw, lih
dgaamit gi tbm dblptmrs lih `ldckrguih plpmrs.
Xbm stuhy fmlhmrs dgihudtmh wgrcsbgps wotb rmkogilf tboic tlics,
oidfuhoik tbm Dboimsm Ldlhmay ge Tgdolf Tdomidms lih tbm Oiholi
Dguidof egr Pmsmlrdb gi Oitmriltogilf Mdgigaod Pmfltogis tg prmsmit
tbm `ldckrguih plpmrs lih hrlet dblptmrs ge tbm `ggc lih g`tloi
emmh`ldc erga ldlhmaods, prldtotogimrs, lih pgfodyalcmrs.
Dblptmr < ohmitoeoms lih mxpflois tbm sdgpm lih prgspmdts ge l
krmlt trlisegraltogi oi egur cmy hoamisogis: mdgigaod prgspmroty, tbm
qulfoty ge foem, tbm alilkmamit ge rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit,
lih rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi egr l strgik kfg`lf systma.
Ot lfsg hosdussms `rglh lrmls ge pgfody ldtogis egr ldbomvoik tbm
trlisegraltogi.
Dblptmr 0 hosdussms tbm prgspmdts lih dblffmikms ge krgwtb lih
hmvmfgpamit `y 0>4> tblt woff prgvohm oisokbts oitg tbm pgfody ldtogis
rmquormh egr tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi. Ot prgjmdts aljgr sgdogmdgigaod
plrlamtmrs sudb ls mdgigaod krgwtb, fmvmfs ge hmvmfgpamit oi 0><>prodms lih ^^^, ur`li pgpufltogis, mxtrmam pgvmrty rltms, tbm sozm ge
aohhfm-oidgam pgpufltogis, lih dgisuaptogi lih oivmstamit `lsmh gi
vlrogus sdmilrogs. Oi lhhotogi, tbm dblptmr mxlaoims‘tbrgukb soaufltogis
wotb l dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua (DKM) aghmf‘tbrmlts tg krgwtb
rmfltoik tg aljgr roscs, sudb ls tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp, l aljgr sfgwhgwi
oi prghudtovoty krgwtb oi LDO lih hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, rosoik eggh lih
dgaaghoty prodms, rosoik maossogis, rosoik hostro`utogilf dgidmris, lih
prgtmdtogiosa oi LDO‟s proidoplf mxpgrt alrcmts.
Dblptmr 4 mxlaoims tbm prgkrmss lih rmaloioik klps oi oidfusovm
krgwtb‘mdgigaod krgwtb dgupfmh wotb mqulf lddmss tg mdgigaod
gppgrtuiotoms‘lih tbm qulfoty ge foem oi tmras ge lddmss `y fgw-oidgam
dotozmis tg mapfgyamit, dgaamrdolf gppgrtuiotoms, lih `lsod smrvodms
sudb ls bmlftb dlrm, trlispgrt, pgwmr, mhudltogi, lih tbm egralf
`licoik systma. Xbos dblptmr lfsg prgvohms l dgidmptulf erlamwgrc
egr oidfusovm krgwtb lih l pgfody lkmihl egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms.
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L`gut tbm Ttuhy
Dblptmr 8 mxpfgrms wlys tg oidrmlsm prghudtovoty lih drmltm
imw mikoims ge krgwtb oi aliueldturoik, smrvodms, lih lkrodufturm.
Oi plrtoduflr, ot mxlaoims tbm prgspmdts ge mxplihoik lih hmmpmioik
rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs lih suppfy dblois, rm-mimrkozoiklkrodufturm, fo`mrlfozoik trlhm lih egrmoki oivmstamit, upkrlhoik
tmdbigfgky lih oiigvltogi, lih miblidoik oierlstrudturm lih
dgiimdtovoty.
Dblptmr = lilfyzms tbm prmsmit lih euturm trmihs lih plttmris ge
dgisuaptogi ge cmy rmsgurdms, ilamfy mimrky lih wltmr, lih rmfltmh
mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms. Ot mxlaoims bgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms dli
dggpmrltm rmkogilffy lih kfg`lffy tg misurm mimrky lih wltmr smduroty,
alilkm maossogis, lih agvm tgwlrh l sustloil`fm euturm `y lhgptoik
l fgw-dlr`gi krmmi krgwtb pgfody.
Dblptmr 5 mxlaoims tbm durrmit lih prgspmdtovm trmihs ge eoilidolf
smdtgr hmvmfgpamit oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Ot lfsg hosdussms tbm euturm
rgfm ge tbm eoilidolf smdtgr oi LDO‟s rlpoh trlisegraltogi, plrtoduflrfy
oi prgagtoik trlhm oi kgghs lih smrvodms, meemdtovmfy oitmramholtoik
rmkogilf lih kfg`lf slvoiks tg euih oierlstrudturm lih oihustrolf
hmvmfgpamit, miblidoik eoilidolf oidfusogi, lih prgvohoik hovmrsm
lih oiigvltovm eoilidolf oistruamits. Ot ohmitoeoms tbm cmy pgfodoms egr
strmiktbmioik oierlstrudturm egr eoilidolf smdtgr hmvmfgpamit lih
oitmkrltogi ls wmff ls tbm rgfm ge rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi oi
egstmroik l stl`fm eoilidolf systma.Dblptmr ; mxlaoims imw hmalihs egr rmkogilf lih kfg`lf
dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi ls wmff ls tbm immh egr meemdtovm oistotutogis
lih kgvmrilidm oi trlhm, eoilidm, tbm mivorgiamit, tbm mdgigay,
lih sgdomty oi tbm fokbt ge LDO‟s mxplihoik mdgigaoms lih krgwoik
oitmrhmpmihmidm lih tbm mamrkoik lrdbotmdturm ge imw rmkogilfosa.
Xbm dgidfuhoik dblptmr prgvohms dgaagi lih spmdoeod dblffmikms
ge LDO ls l wbgfm ls wmff ls tbm spmdoeod dblffmikms egr oihovohulf
mdgigaoms. Ot prgpgsms iltogilf lih rmkogilf pgfody progrotoms lih
geemrs spmdoeod pgfody rmdgaamihltogis egr lhhrmssoik tbm l`gvm
dblffmikms.
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L``rmvoltogis
L@E ‘ Lsoli @gih Euih
L@AO ‘ Lsoli @gih Alrcmts Oiotoltovm
LDO ‘ LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol
LD] ‘ Lsoli durrmidy uiot
LH@ ‘ Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic
LH@O ‘ Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm
LMD ‘ LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty
LME ‘ Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih
LETH ‘ Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum
LEXL ‘ LTMLI Ermm Xrlhm Lrml
LFXOH ‘ Lsoli Flih Xrlispgrt Oierlstrudturm Hmvmfgpamit
LAPG ‘ LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm
L^MD ‘ Lsol-^ldoeod Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi
LTMLI ‘ Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis
LTMLI+4 ‘ LTMLI pfus tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, Jlpli,lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml
LTMLI+5 ‘ LTMLI pfus Lustrlfol, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil,
Oihol, Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Imw Zmlflih
LTMLI+2 ‘ LTMLI pfus Lustrlfol, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil,
Oihol, Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, Imw Zmlflih,
tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi, lih tbm ]iotmh Ttltms
L^LMD ‘ LTMLI ^fli ge Ldtogi gi Mimrky Dggpmrltogi
LT^ ‘ LTMLI survmofflidm prgdmss
LTMA ‘ Lsol—Murgpm Ammtoik
@L] ‘ `usoimss ls usulf
@OA^—MLKL ‘ @ruimo Hlrusslfla—Oihgimsol—Alflysol—Xbm ^bofoppoims
Mlst LTMLI Krgwtb Lrml
@OATXMD ‘ @ly ge @miklf Oiotoltovm egr Aufto-Tmdtgrlf Xmdbiodlf
lih Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi
DM^ML ‘ Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop egr Mlst Lsol
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L``rmvoltogis
DKM ‘ dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua
DKOE ‘ Drmhot Kulrlitmm lih Oivmstamit Eldofoty
DAOA ‘ Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi
DG0 ‘ dlr`gi hogxohmMLEXL ‘ Mlst Lsol Ermm Xrlhm Lrml
MAML^ ‘ Mxmdutovms‟ Ammtoik ge Mlst Lsol-^ldoeod Dmitrlf
@lics
MP^H ‘ Mdgigaod Pmvomw lih ^gfody Holfgkum
M] ‘ Murgpmli ]iogi
EHO ‘ egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit
ET@ ‘ Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty @glrh
EXL ‘ ermm trlhm lkrmmamit
EXLL^ ‘ Ermm Xrlhm Lrml ge tbm Lsol ^ldoeod
K0> ‘ Krgup ge Xwmity
KLXT ‘ Kmimrlf Lkrmmamit gi Xrlhm oi Tmrvodms
KLXX ‘ Kmimrlf Lkrmmamit gi Xlroees lih Xrlhm
KH^ ‘ krgss hgamstod prghudt
KAT ‘ Krmltmr Amcgik Tu`rmkogi
BHO ‘ Buali Hmvmfgpamit Oihmx
OML ‘ Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy
OFG ‘ Oitmriltogilf Fl`gur Grkliozltogi
OAE ‘ Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih
OAX—KX ‘ Oihgimsol—Alflysol—Xbloflih Krgwtb XrolikfmO^P ‘ oitmffmdtulf prgpmrty rokbts
OX ‘ oiegraltogi tmdbigfgky
c[b ‘ cofgwltt-bgur
FLD ‘ Fltoi Lamrodl lih Dlro``mli
Flg ^HP ‘ Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod
AMIL ‘ Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl
AEI ‘ agst elvgrmh iltogi
AID ‘ auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogi
Atgm ‘ aoffogi tgis ge gof mquovlfmit
IOM ‘ imwfy oihustrolfozmh mdgigay
IX@ ‘ igitlroee `lrromr
GMDH ‘ Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih
Hmvmfgpamit
^^^ ‘ purdblsoik pgwmr plroty
^PD ‘ ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil
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L``rm
^PGKPMTL ‘ ^rgkrlal hm Mhudldoôi, Tlfuh y Lfoamitldoôi
P&H ‘ rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit
PDM^ ‘ Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop
P^I ‘ rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcTAMs ‘ salff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms
T^O ‘ Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx
XE^ ‘ tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty
XO ‘ tmdbigfgky oihmx
XOT ‘ trlhm oi smrvodms
X^^ ‘ Xrlis-^ldoeod ^lrtimrsbop
]I ‘ ]iotmh Iltogis
]IH^ ‘ ]iotmh Iltogis Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrlaam
]IMTDL^ ‘ ]iotmh Iltogis Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Dgaaossogi
egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod
]IEDDD ‘ ]iotmh Iltogis Erlamwgrc Dgivmitogi gi Dfoaltm
Dblikm
]C ‘ ]iotmh Coikhga
]T ‘ ]iotmh Ttltms
]T^XG ‘ ]iotmh Ttltms ^ltmit lih Xrlhmalrc Geeodm
[BG ‘ [grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi
[XG ‘ [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi
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Mxmdutovm Tuaalry
L
sol‟s kolit mamrkoik mdgigaoms‘tbm <> dguitroms ge
tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI),
tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol‘lrm
oi tbm aohst ge l bostgrod trlisegraltogi tblt woff
hrlaltodlffy oaprgvm tbm fovoik stlihlrhs ge tbmor
4 `offogi pmgpfm lih foet buihrmhs ge aoffogis erga pgvmrty. Xbos krmlt
trlisegraltogi woff eurtbmr oitmkrltm tbm rmkogi lih ots oapldt woff `m
emft ldrgss tbm wgrfh.
Xbmsm mdgigaoms, dgffmdtovmfy dlffmh LDO oi tbos stuhy, hg igt
dgistotutm li oistotutogilf krgup. @ut tbmy lrm flrkm lih hyilaod, lih
sblrm `grhmrs, gppgrtuiotoms, lih dblffmikms. Xbmor trlhm, oivmstamit,
prghudtogi, lih oierlstrudturm lrm lfrmlhy sokioeodlitfy oitmkrltmh. @y
0>4>, tbmy dgufh qulhrupfm tbmor gutput lih lddguit egr imlrfy 8>%
ge wgrfh krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) oi purdblsoik pgwmr plroty
(^^^) tmras. Xbm sozm ge tbmor dga`oimh mdgigay wgufh mxdmmh tbgsmge tbm Murgpmli ]iogi lih tbm ]iotmh Ttltms tlcmi tgkmtbmr. @y 0>4>,
tbm ^PD dgufh `mdgam l bokb-oidgam dguitry wotb l pmr dlpotl oidgam
ge l`gut $05,>>> (^^^ oi 0>>= tmras). LTMLI lih Oihol wgufh agvm
dfgsmr tg tblt stltus, wotb prgjmdtmh pmr dlpotl oidgams ge lrguih
$<0,>>> lih $<<,>>>, rmspmdtovmfy. Kovmi tbm dblffmikms eldoik aliy
hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, tbm LDO krgup dgufh `mdgam tbm proidoplf
mikoim ge kfg`lf mdgigaod prgkrmss.
Xbmsm hmvmfgpamits wgufh leemdt lff drotodlf hoamisogis ge kfg`lf
mdgigaod ldtovoty. Mvmi oi alrcmt prodms, tbm sblrm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms
oi wgrfh oivmstamit wgufh krgw erga 08% oi 0><> tg 42% oi 0>4>, lih
ge wgrfh dgisuaptogi erga <<% tg 0;%. @y 0>4>, tbmy dgufh dgitro`utm
8>% ge wgrfh slvoiks lih agrm tbli blfe ge tbm krgwtb ge wgrfh KH^.
Ls dgisuamrs, prghudmrs, lih oivmstgrs, tbm LDO mdgigaoms dgufh bmfp
tg drmltm aljgr imw alrcmts egr kgghs lih smrvodms lih hrlaltodlffy
mxplih tbm pggf ge tlfmit lih dlpotlf miklkmh oi drmltoik cigwfmhkm.
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Mxmdutovm Tuaalry
Ls oiefumitolf ama`mrs ge oitmriltogilf oistotutogis, tbmy lrm focmfy
tg sblpm rmspgisms tg kfg`lf dblffmikms rlikoik erga mimrky lih tbm
mivorgiamit tg eoilidolf stl`ofoty lih smduroty.
@ut igim ge tbos os lssurmh. Xg rmlfozm tbm euff pgtmitolf ge tbmkrmlt trlisegraltogi, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff blvm tg sustloi mdgigaod
krgwtb lkloist hoeeoduft aldrgmdgigaod bmlhwoihs lih oi tbm eldm ge
hluitoik rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf roscs. Agrmgvmr, mvmi krgwoik
elst woff igt `m migukb. Xbm qulfoty ge krgwtb lih tbm mxtmit tg wbodb
tbm `mimeots ge krgwtb mxtmih ldrgss vlst pgpufltogis, woff `m mqulffy
oapgrtlit tg suddmss. Xbos stuhy eoihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms eldm
dgaagi dblffmikms oi:
prgvohoik mdgigaod gppgrtuioty egr lff tbrgukb oidfusovm krgwtb3
sustloioik prghudtovoty krgwtb lih oiigvltogi3
alilkoik rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit3
strmiktbmioik eoilidolf smdtgrs lih aldrgmdgigaod alilkmamit3
miblidoik rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi3 lih
strmiktbmioik kgvmrilidm, lddguitl`ofoty, lih oistotutogilf meemdtovmimss.
Xbmsm kglfs woff blvm tg `m pursumh oi l kfg`lf mdgigaod
mivorgiamit tblt os roem wotb roscs ge pgtmitolf mdgigaod lih eoilidolf
hgwituris, pgfody dgiefodts oi trlhm lih eoilidm, rosoik ilturlf rmsgurdm
lih eggh prodms, lih mivorgiamitlf lih dfoaltm hmkrlhltogi. Xbm agst
imkltovm sdmilrog dgisostoik ge smvmrlf sudb sbgdcs tg altmrolfozm oi
dga`oiltogi dgufh hmprmss LDO krgwtb `y 0.= pmrdmitlkm pgoits `mfgw5.?% (^^^) `lsmfoim mstoaltms.
Ttoff, tbos stuhy os gptoaostod l`gut tbm pgtmitolf egr tbm krmlt
trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Xbm rmkogi pgssmssms tbm
rmsgurdms, mxpmrtosm, lih pgfody gptogis tg ammt tbm dblffmikms ot os
focmfy tg eldm. @ut hgoik sg woff rmquorm dgbmsovm sgdomtoms lih wosm
pgfodoms. Ot woff hmpmih gi trustmh pgfotodlf fmlhmrsbop lih meemdtovm
erlamwgrcs egr dgffl`grltovm hmdosogi-alcoik wotboi lih lagik tbm
LDO mdgigaoms. Ot woff lfsg hmalih dfgsm dggpmrltogi `mtwmmi tbm LDO
mdgigaoms lih tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh.
Xbos lkmihl woff krmltfy dblffmikm kgvmrilidm oi tbm LDO
mdgigaoms. Xbm ldtogis rmquormh tg sustloi prgkrmss blvm fgik fmlh
toams, rmquorm su`stlitolf oivmstamits, lih dut ldrgss auftopfm lrmls
ge pgfody, rlikoik erga oistotutogilf lih eoilidolf oiigvltogis tg tbm
hmvmfgpamit ge oierlstrudturm, buali rmsgurdms, lih tbm dlpldoty
egr oiigvltogi. Agst euihlamitlffy, tbmy rmquorm dgieohmit, wmff-
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Mxmdutovm Tu
oiegramh kgvmriamits tblt blvm `rglh pu`fod suppgrt oi kuohoik
hmvmfgpamit. Xbos stuhy lhhrmssms wlys oi wbodb kgvmriamits dli
mlri lih aloitloi sudb trust oi grhmr tg lhhrmss tbm agrm spmdoeod
dblffmikms tblt mamrkm oi tbm aliy hoamisogis ge pgfody.
^rgvohoik Mdgigaod Gppgrtuiotyegr Lff tbrgukb Oidfusovm Krgwtb
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm pgosmh tg alcm uiprmdmhmitmh prgkrmss
oi oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem ge tbmor dotozmis. @y 0>4>, sgam 5>>
aoffogi pmgpfm dgufh `m foetmh gut ge mxtrmam pgvmrty (hmeoimh ls
spmihoik $<.0= gr fmss pmr hly oi 0>>= ]T hgfflrs), rmhudoik tbmor
sblrm ge tbm LDO pgpufltogi tg fmss tbli <%. Amliwbofm, tbm sblrms ge
tbm pgpufltogi oi tbm aohhfm dflss (tbgsm wotb mxpmihoturms `mtwmmi
$<> lih $<>> pmr hly) dgufh rosm tg 58% oi LTMLI, ;?% oi tbm ^PD,
lih 5?% oi Oihol. Agrm tbli 0 `offogi LDO dotozmis‘rgukbfy mqulf tg
tbm iua`mr ge pmgpfm igw oi tblt krgup‘woff mitmr tbm kfg`lf aohhfm
dflss `y 0>4>.
Bgwmvmr, tbm klp `mtwmmi rodb lih pggr bls wohmimh oi rmdmit
ymlrs, hmspotm gvmrlff prgkrmss, lih aliy ge tbm rmkogi‟s pmgpfm
blvm foaotmh lddmss tg `lsod smrvodms sudb ls utofotoms, trlispgrtltogi,eoilidolf smrvodms, bmlftb dlrm, lih mhudltogi. Igtwotbstlihoik tbm
rmkogi‟s pgwmreuf dmitmrs ge mdgigaod prgkrmss, aliy pmgpfm rmaloi
wmlcfy dgiimdtmh tg tbm mikoims ge krgwtb, hum tg kmgkrlpbod hostlidm
gr oilhmqultm scoffs, lih blvm fottfm gppgrtuioty tg eoih smdurm jg`s
wotb kggh wlkms. Mdgigaod oimqulfoty lih mxdfusogi rmaloi smrogus
prg`fmas.
Alrcmt-`lsmh mdgigaod krgwtb lfgim, ig alttmr bgw elst, os uifocmfy
tg sgfvm lff ge tbmsm prg`fmas. Ot woff igt rmhudm oidgam hosplrotoms
sueeodomitfy, mfoaoiltm sgdolf mxdfusogi, hmfovmr lhmqultm pu`fod smrvodms,
gr prgvohm mvmrygim wotb li gppgrtuioty tg eoih l wmff-ploh jg`. Toidm
sudb `rglh prgkrmss os tbm uftoaltm kglf ge mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit,
ig rmdgrh ge ldbomvmamit dli `m dgisohmrmh suddmsseuf uifmss ot lfsg
lhhrmssms tbgsm wohmr kglfs. Agrmgvmr, flrkm lih systmaltod hovmrkmidms
oi tbm hostro`utogi ge tbm `mimeots erga mdgigaod krgwtb oimvotl`fy
uihmraoim sgdolf dgbmsogi lih pgfotodlf stl`ofoty.
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Mxmdutovm Tuaalry
Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem ls wmff ls
ilrrgwoik oidgam lih sgdolf klps ldrgss tbm rmkogi lrm l bokb‘lih
oi aliy dguitroms tbm bokbmst‘pgfody progroty. Ldbomvoik tbmsm kglfs
woff fmvmrlkm tbm `mimeots ge mdgigaod krgwtb lih rmhudm tmisogistblt aokbt gtbmrwosm uihmraoim stl`ofoty. Oapgrtlitfy, ot woff bmfp
kgvmriamits aloitloi tbm pu`fod suppgrt tblt woff `m rmquormh tg
pursum meemdtovm, hoeeoduft pgfodoms tg sustloi mdgigaod prgkrmss.
Xg ldbomvm tbos gvmrlrdboik progroty, tbos stuhy rmdgaamihs li
‖oidfusovm krgwtb‑ erlamwgrc tg kuohm hmvmfgpamit strltmky ldrgss
tbm LDO rmkogi. Xbos erlamwgrc wgufh emlturm tbrmm pgfody pofflrs:
(o) drmltoik prghudtovm jg`s tbrgukb bokb, sustloimh, `rglh-`lsmh
krgwtb3 (oo) mxplihoik lddmss tg gppgrtuioty `y oivmstoik oi mhudltogi,
scoff hmvmfgpamit, lih bmlftb dlrm, lih `y fmvmfoik tbm pflyoik eomfh,
mfoaoiltoik sgdolf mxdfusogi, lih lhhrmssoik kgvmrilidm wmlcimssms3
lih (ooo) `uofhoik sgdolf slemty imts tg prmvmit mxtrmam pgvmrty lih
tg aotokltm mdgigaod vufimrl`ofoty. Ots meemdtovm oapfmamitltogi dgufh
hrlaltodlffy rlosm tbm qulfoty ge LDO krgwtb.
Tustloioik rghudtovoty Krgwtb
lih Oiigvltogi
Xbm hrovmrs ge rlpoh mdgigaod krgwtb oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms
blvm tg dblikm hrlaltodlffy oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. Gim rmlsgi os
tbm sfgwoik krgwtb ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms lih pgtmitolf strlois oi
oitmriltogilf trlhm rmfltogis. Ligtbmr os rosoik wlkms lssgdoltmh wotb
plst prghudtovoty klois. L tborh os tbm lkoik ge tbm rmkogi‟s gidm elst-
krgwoik pggf ge yguik wgrcmrs‘l hmagkrlpbod `gius tblt woff sggi
mih oi tbm ^PD, Toiklpgrm, Alflysol, lih gtbmr LTMLI dguitroms.
Xbmsm trmihs woff alcm ot blrhmr‘`ut igt oapgsso`fm‘egr tbm
LDO mdgigaoms tg sustloi bokb rltms ge prghudtovoty krgwtb. Xbm klp
`mtwmmi tbm rmkogi‟s prghudtovoty fmvmfs lih tbm kfg`lf tmdbigfgky
ergitomr os stoff flrkm, sg tbm pgtmitolf egr dltdb-up rmalois
su`stlitolf. @ut dgitoiumh prgkrmss woff rmquorm vokgrgus, imw
meegrts tg sustloi slvoiks, tg oaprgvm tbm dfoaltm egr oivmstamit,
lih tg lddmfmrltm oiigvltogi. Agrm kmimrlffy, tbm rmkogi immhs tg
egdus gi pgfodoms tblt litodopltm, lih bmfp tg msdlpm tbm ‖aohhfm-
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Mxmdutovm Tu
oidgam trlp‑ tblt bls troppmh up dguitroms lt soaoflr fmvmfs ge
hmvmfgpamit oi tbm plst.
^rghudtovoty krgwtb uihmr mxpgrt-gromitmh hmvmfgpamit usmh tg
hmpmih gi oapgrtmh gr lhlptmh egrmoki tmdbigfgky. Oi tbm euturm, wotbkrgwtb oidrmlsoikfy `lsmh gi rmkogilf hmalih, prghudtovoty klois woff
immh tg hmpmih agrm gi tbm rmkogi‟s gwi oistotutogis, dlpl`ofotoms,
lih rmsgurdms.
Mdgigaoms wotb rmfltovmfy fgw wlkms woff mimeot erga dgst prmssurms
oi tbm rmkogi‟s agrm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms, mspmdolffy oi smdtgrs sudb
ls lkrodufturm lih stlihlrhozmh aliueldturoik. Xbmsm egrdms woff
kmimrltm oidmitovms egr oihustry tg aokrltm, sly, erga tbm ^PD lih tbm
agrm hmvmfgpmh LTMLI mdgigaoms tg Oihol lih fgw-oidgam LTMLI
dguitroms sudb ls Dla`ghol, tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod
(Flg ^HP), Aylialr, lih Uomt Ila. @y sgam mstoaltms, ls aliy ls
2= aoffogi jg`s dgufh sboet fgdltogi. Xbm dguitroms `uofhoik tbmsm
oihustroms, oi turi, woff immh tg oivmst oi tbm pbysodlf, oistotutogilf, lih
buali oierlstrudturm rmquormh tg eldofotltm krgwtb. ^gwmreuf rmkogilf
prghudtogi imtwgrcs‘l spmdolf Lsoli lssmt‘dli hrovm tbos prgdmss
`y alilkoik strltmkod trlisemrs ge dlpotlf, alilkmamit scoffs, lih
tmdbigfgky, prgvohmh tblt tbm pbysodlf lih oistotutogilf oierlstrudturm
lrm oi pfldm egr smlafmss prghudtogi foics.
Amliwbofm, tbm rmkogi‟s agrm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms woff eldm tbm
agrm dblffmikoik tlsc ge iurturoik imw krgwtb mikoims tg rmpfldm tbgsmtblt lrm fgsoik kfg`lf dgapmtotovmimss. Bgwmvmr, gppgrtuiotoms oi flrkm
imw smrvodm oihustroms, oi agrm sgpbostodltmh aliueldturoik ldtovotoms,
lih oi l rmoivokgrltmh lih tmdbigfgkodlffy lhvlidmh lkrodufturm smdtgr
lrm pgosmh tg `mdgam oapgrtlit imw hrovmrs ge krgwtb. Xbm ^PD,
Alflysol, Toiklpgrm, Xbloflih, lih gtbmr agrm hmvmfgpmh LDO mdgigaoms
woff eldm pgwmreuf oidmitovms tg hmvmfgp iodbms oi tbmsm imw oihustroms.
Aljgr hmalih-sohm gppgrtuiotoms woff `m prgvohmh `y tbm rmkogi‟s
gwi dgisuamrs lih `y dgisuamrs mitmroik tbm aohhfm dflss lrguih
tbm wgrfh. Mamrkoik mdgigaoms woff lddguit egr lpprgxoaltmfy tbrmm-
qulrtmrs ge tbm wgrfh‟s aohhfm-dflss pgpufltogi `y 0>4>. Xbmsm imw
sgurdms ge hmalih woff elvgr prghudts lih smrvodms suotmh tg LDO
dgaplrltovm lhvlitlkms. Xbm wgrfh‟s imw mamrkoik aohhfm dflssms
woff hmalih agrm vlromty, `mttmr prghudt rmfol`ofoty lih slemty, lih
fgwmr prodms. Xbmy woff lfsg mxpmdt agrm lih `mttmr smrvodms, rlikoik
erga trlhm, trlispgrtltogi, lih eoilidm, tg bmlftb dlrm, mhudltogi, lih
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Mxmdutovm Tuaalry
mitmrtloiamit. Oi lhhotogi, tbmor mdgigaod oapldt woff `m rmoiegrdmh `y
ur`liozltogi, prgvohoik tbm sdlfm mdgigaoms, dgapmtotovm alrcmts, lih
hmism oitmrldtogis tblt bmfp tg stoaufltm prghudtovoty lih oiigvltogi.
Xbm suppfy sohm ge tbm trlisotogi, oi turi, woff rmquorm meemdtovmoivmstamits oi tmdbigfgkodlf upkrlhoik, oi buali dlpotlf, oi tbm
oistotutogis ge eoilidm, dgapmtotogi lih usoimss rmkufltogi, lih oi tbm
pbysodlf oierlstrudturm tblt uihmrkorhs prghudtogi. Lff ge tbmsm tlcm
l fgik toam tg hmvmfgp. Xbm trlisotogi erga soapfm prghudtogi tg tbm
lhlptltogi ge aghmri tmdbigfgkoms‘lih uftoaltmfy tg oiigvltogi‘
rmquorm wohm-rlikoik, fgik-tmra oivmstamits oi buali dlpotlf lih oi
mdgsystmas tblt lffgw mitrmprmimursbop tg efgurosb. Xbmsm prgdmssms
hmalih urkmit lttmitogi oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms soidm tbmy lrm
blppmioik‘lih immh tg dgitoium tg blppmi‘lt li uiprmdmhmitmh
pldm.
Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt bokb LDO prghudtovoty krgwtb os
sustloil`fm. Xbm rmkogi bls kggh gppgrtuiotoms egr tmdbigfgkodlf
dltdb-up, bokb rltms ge slvoik lih oivmstamit, strgik mitrmprmimurolf
rmsgurdms, lih rlpohfy krgwoik hmalih. Xbmsm prgvohm sgfoh
eguihltogis egr euturm prghudtovoty klois. @ut swotdboik hormdtogis ge
krgwtb lfsg dlffs egr `gfh oivmstamits lih oistotutogilf dblikms.
Xg alxoaozm sustloimh prghudtovoty klois, tbos stuhy rmdgaamihs
aljgr oivmstamits oi imxt-kmimrltogi oierlstrudturm, sudb ls egr
trlispgrtltogi lih tmfmdgaauiodltogis lih tbm dgismrvltogi lihprghudtogi ge mimrky, wltmr, lih proalry altmrolfs. Ot lfsg rmdgaamihs
pgfodoms tblt woff oaprgvm tbm dfoaltm egr hgoik `usoimss `y miblidoik
dgapmtotogi, rmwlrhoik mitrmprmimursbop lih rosc-tlcoik, lih
prgvohoik kggh lddmss tg eoilidm lih l elor lih prmhodtl`fm fmklf
systma. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh oivmst oi buali dlpotlf tg oaprgvm
tbm `rmlhtb lih hmptb ge mhudltogi, miblidm tbm ag`ofoty ge fl`gr, lih
bmfp tg sprmlh cigwfmhkm lih `mst prldtodms. Xbos stuhy lfsg strgikfy
suppgrts LH@‟s prgpgslf tg mstl`fosb l imw Lsoli Oierlstrudturm Euih
tg lddmfmrltm tbm dggpmrltovm hmvmfgpamit lih euihoik ge rmkogilf
oierlstrudturm oiotoltovms. Ot lrkums tblt tbm vlfum ge tbmsm oivmstamits,
oi turi, dgufh `m auftopfomh `y wmfhoik tgkmtbmr tbm kolit alrcmts
ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms tbrgukb rmkogi-wohm ermm trlhm lih oivmstamit
lkrmmamits.
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Mxmdutovm Tu
Alilkoik Pmsgurdms lih
tbm MivorgiamitLddmss tg leegrhl`fm lih pfmitoeuf mimrky, wltmr, lih lrl`fm
flih, lih tbm dblffmikms lssgdoltmh wotb wgrsmioik lor lih wltmr
pgffutogi pgsm smvmrm tbrmlts tg mdgigaod krgwtb lih tbm qulfoty ge
foem. ^mrblps uihmrstlihl`fy, kovmi tbmor rlpoh krgwtb oi tbm plst,
aliy LDO mdgigaoms blvm igt ymt amt tbm dblffmikms rlosmh `y tbmsm
imkltovm mxtmrilfotoms ge krgwtb. Aliy mdgigaoms lrm `mkoiioik tg
tlcm ldtogi igw. Agst stoff rlic pggrfy oi tmras ge mimrky meeodomidy,
lih tbm rmkogi os rlpohfy `mdgaoik tbm wgrfh‟s flrkmst dgitro`utgr ge
krmmibgusm kls maossogis.
Mvmi wotb vokgrgus dgismrvltogi amlsurms, tbm hmalih egr mimrky
lih wltmr oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms os mxpmdtmh tg rosm hrlaltodlffy.
^roalry mimrky hmalih woff rgukbfy hgu`fm `y 0>4>. @y 0>4>,
hmalih egr mfmdtrodoty woff oidrmlsm lfagst tbrmmegfh oi Oihol, twgegfh
oi tbm ^PD, lih twg lih blfe-egfh oi LTMLI dgaplrmh tg 0><>. Oi
tbm l`smidm ge aljgr imw oiigvltogis, tbm rmkogi‟s hmpmihmidm gi
oapgrtmh gof lih kls woff smt imw rmdgrhs `y 0>4>. Xbm meemdts gi
tbm mivorgiamit dgufh `m smvmrm. Hum tg `urkmgioik hmalih lih l
dlr`gi-oitmisovm eumf aox, `y 0>4> tbm rmkogi‟s DG0 maossogis dgufhagrm tbli hgu`fm, rmldboik fmvmfs rgukbfy twodm ls bokb ls tbgsm ge
hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.
Xbm rmkogi os lfrmlhy mxpmromidoik wltmr-strmssmh dgihotogis. Ls
aliy ls 02? aoffogi pmgpfm hg igt blvm lddmss tg oaprgvmh wltmr, lih
euturm dgisuaptogi os prgjmdtmh tg elr gutstrop ermsb wltmr suppfy.
Xbm ^PD‟s lih Oihol‟s ermsb wltmr hmeodot (ls % ge hmalih) os prgjmdtmh
tg rmldb 0=% lih =>%, rmspmdtovmfy, oi 0>4>.
Xbm aguitoik hmalihs ge oihustrolf ldtovoty, oidrmlsoikfy
prgspmrgus pgpufltogis, lih krgwoik mvohmidm ge tbm smvmroty ge
dfoaltm dblikm woff oitmisoey tbm urkmidy egr ldtogi gi tbmsm ossums.
Mimrky lih wltmr smduroty lfsg blvm prgeguih oapfodltogis egr eggh
smduroty. Kovmi tbm fgik fmlh toams oivgfvmh oi dblikoik trmihs, lih
tbm bmlvy sgdolf lih mdgigaod dgsts ge oildtogi, tbm trlisotogi tg
krmmi hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms‘mapblsozoik rmimwl`fm, dfmli mimrky
lih agrm meeodomit usm ge ilturlf rmsgurdms‘os li oaamholtm progroty.
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Mxmdutovm Tuaalry
Xbmrm os krgwoik rmdgkiotogi ge tbm oapgrtlidm ge tbmsm ossums oi tbm
rmkogi, lih smvmrlf dguitroms blvm `mkui tg pfli lih oapfmamit stmps
tg lhhrmss tbma. Imvmrtbmfmss, tbm eoihoiks ge tbos stuhy sukkmst
urkmit lih agrm egrdmeuf pgfody rmspgisms.Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt oaamholtm amlsurms lrm immhmh tg
oaprgvm tbm meeodomidy ge mimrky usm, tg miblidm mimrky, wltmr, lih
eggh smduroty, lih tg stoaufltm tbm trlisotogi tg l fgw-dlr`gi mdgigay.
Xbm pgfodoms tg meemdt tbmsm dblikms lrm wmff alppmh gut oi stuhoms
`y grkliozltogis sudb ls tbm Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy, lih tbm
dgsts ge oapfmamitoik tbma lppmlr leegrhl`fm. Oihmmh, oi sgam dlsms,
krmmi hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms dgufh dgitro`utm pgsotovmfy tg mdgigaod
krgwtb.
Xg alilkm rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms, tbos stuhy
rmdgaamihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms urkmitfy hmvmfgp spmdoeod, fgik-
rlikm strltmkoms lpprgproltm tg tbmor mdgigaod dorduastlidms `y
`uofhoik gi lvlofl`fm pgfody gptogis. Oi tbm dlsm ge mimrky pgfody, tbm
gptogis oidfuhm tbm mfoaoiltogi ge mimrky su`sohoms, tbm lhgptogi ge
dlr`gi tlxms, lih tbm prgvosogi ge tlx oidmitovms, krlits, lih fglis
egr dgismrvoik mimrky lih alcoik oivmstamits oi lftmriltovm mimrky
suppfoms. Toaoflr, prlkaltod, aufto-prgikmh, lih leegrhl`fm strltmkoms
dli `m hmvmfgpmh tg misurm euturm wltmr lih eggh smduroty.
Xbos stuhy lfsg rmdgaamihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms oitmisoey
jgoit meegrts tg lhhrmss rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms.Oidrmlsmh prghudtogi lih trlhm ge mimrky wotboi tbm LDO rmkogi, lfgik
wotb dgidmrtmh meegrts tg oaprgvm mimrky meeodomidy, dgufh rmhudm tbm
hmpmihmidm gi dglf lih gof oapgrtmh erga lelr. Xbos stuhy prgpgsms
tbm mstl`fosbamit ge l imw Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih tg lhhrmss tbmsm
dblffmikms `y prgagtoik lih euihoik dgffl`grltovm, rmkogilf sgfutogis
tg aotokltoik dfoaltm dblikm lih alilkoik wltmr dgistrloits. Eoilffy,
ot rmdgaamihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms lssuam krmltmr fmlhmrsbop oi
kfg`lf meegrts tg lhhrmss dfoaltm dblikm lih tg hostro`utm tbm `urhmis
agrm mquotl`fy. Xbmrm os audb urkmit wgrc tg `m hgim lfsg gi sblroik
tmdbigfgky, `mst prldtodms, lih alilkmamit cigw-bgw.
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Mxmdutovm Tu
Ttrmiktbmioik Eoilidolf Tmdtgrs
lih Aldrgmdgigaod AlilkmamitXbm eoilidolf rmsgurdms ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh `m sueeodomit
tg euih tbm rmkogi‟s hmvmfgpamit immhs oi tbm imxt kmimrltogi. @lic
hmpgsots lrm prgjmdtmh tg tropfm, rmldboik 88% ge tbm wgrfh tgtlf `y
0>4>. Xbm rmkogi‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf provltm `lic drmhot lih stgdc
alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi woff lfsg rgukbfy tropfm, lddguitoik egr 44% ge
tbm wgrfh sblrm oi 0>4>. ^rovltm `gih alrcmts, drudolf egr fgik-tmra
oivmstamit, woff oidrmlsm erga l fgw 8% ge tbm wgrfh tgtlf oi 0><> tg
<8% oi 0>4>. Xbm aljgr durrmidoms ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms, mspmdolffy
tbm yuli, woff focmfy `m wohmfy bmfh lih trlhmh.
@ut tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi woff lfsg rmquorm l agrm sgpbostodltmh
lih oidfusovm eoilidolf smdtgr tg suppgrt rmlf smdtgr krgwtb lih
oierlstrudturm immhs. Hmmpmr, agrm lhvlidmh eoilidolf lih dlpotlf
alrcmts lrm immhmh oe tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm tg ag`ofozm tbm rmkogi‟s
oaamism pggf ge slvoiks oi prghudtovm oivmstamits tblt yomfh bokbmr
fovoik stlihlrhs. Lftbgukb tbmrm os audb vlroltogi lagik dguitroms,
eoilidolf systmas woff immh tg `mdgam agrm lddmsso`fm tg salff lih
amhoua-sozmh eoras, tg geemr agrm efmxo`fm eoilidoik lftmriltovms tg
suppgrt tbm krgwtb ge mitrmprmimurolf `usoimssms, lih tg prgvohm `mttmr smrvodms lih lddmss tg dgisuamrs lt lff oidgam fmvmfs.
Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt tbm trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os
focmfy tg fmlh tg rlpoh krgwtb oi eoilidolf systmas lih l aljgr sboet erga
`lic fmihoik tg agrm hovmrsoeomh eoilidoik amdbliosas, rlikoik erga
provltm, fgdlf-durrmidy `gih alrcmts tg vlromh egras ge mquoty lih gtbmr
oiigvltovm oistruamits. Bgwmvmr, tbm mxplisogi ge eoilidolf systmas lih
tbmor oidrmlsmh dgapfmxoty dli lfsg fmlh tg oapgrtlit systmaod roscs.
Xbos stuhy rmdgaamihs tblt oiigvltogi oi eoilidolf alrcmts `m
ldtovmfy suppgrtmh `y rmkufltgry rmegras lih `y tbm hmvmfgpamit
ge tbm rmfltmh fmklf lih oistotutogilf oierlstrudturm. Pmegras woff
lfsg `m immhmh tg misurm tblt eoilidolf smrvodms lrm leegrhl`fm lih
lvlofl`fm tg salff `usoimssms lih fgw-oidgam dgisuamrs. Ot lfsg igtms
tblt oitmisovm meegrts woff `m rmquormh tg drmltm rmfol`fm supmrvosgry
amdbliosas tg prgtmdt oihovohulf dguitroms lih tbm rmkogi erga
iltogilf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf eoilidolf sbgdcs.
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Mxmdutovm Tuaalry
Xbos stuhy lfsg rmdgaamihs tbm immh egr lttmitogi tg dgitoiuoik
roscs oi tbm kfg`lf aldrgmdgigaod mivorgiamit. Xbm rmkogi‟s
aldrgmdgigaod pgfodoms blvm `mmi pruhmit rmfltovm tg tbgsm pgfodoms
mfsmwbmrm, lih aliy LDO mdgigaoms blvm ldduaufltmh su`stlitolfoitmriltogilf rmsmrvms. @ut tbm sfgw kfg`lf rmdgvmry soidm tbm 0>>2—
0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos os tlcoik ots tgff. Tokioeodlit eosdlf hmeodots
blvm mamrkmh oi sgam dguitroms lih tbm stoaufltogi ge drmhot bls
fmh tg roscy oidrmlsms oi hm`t oi gtbmrs. Tudb trmihs blvm rmsuftmh oi
sblrp imkltovm rmldtogis oi dlpotlf alrcmts oi tbm plst, lih tbm rosc
ge sbgdcs rmalois bokb. ^ruhmit iltogilf pgfodoms lih hmmpmr rmkogilf
dggpmrltogi oi mxostoik oistotutogis sudb ls tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm
Auftofltmrlfozltogi (DAOA) tblt aokbt hmvmfgp oitg li Lsoli Agimtlry
Euih, lih oi imw oistotutogis sudb ls tbm prgpgsmh Lsoli Eoilidolf
Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum dgufh bmfp tg misurm tbm stl`ofoty ge LDO dlpotlf
alrcmts lih tbm meeodomit lffgdltogi ge rmsgurdms ldrgss tbm rmkogi.
Miblidoik Iltogilf, Pmkogilf, lih
Kfg`lf Oistotutogis lih Kgvmrilidm
Tustloioik lih `uofhoik l smlafmss rmkogilf mdgigay woff rmquorm
oitmrkgvmriamitlf dggpmrltogi gi trlhm, eoilidolf, oierlstrudturm,mivorgiamitlf, lih smduroty ossums. Gpmi, dgapmtotovm, lih hmmpfy
dgiimdtmh alrcmts lrm mssmitolf eguihltogis egr tbm rmkogi‟s
krgwtb. Oi turi, dgaplto`fm rufms lih prgdmhurms woff `m imdmsslry
tg rmkufltm dgapmtotogi, rmsgfvm hosputms, lih lvgoh dgiergitltogi.
Lftbgukb LDO‟s alrcmts lrm oidrmlsoikfy oitmkrltmh, egralf rmkogilf
dggpmrltogi os stoff lt li mlrfy stlkm. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm tmihmh
tg `m `ystlihmrs rltbmr tbli fmlhmrs oi tbm oistotutogis tblt alilkm
kfg`lf trlhm, eoilidm, mivorgiamitlf, lih bmlftb ossums.
Dgffmdtovm ldtogi `y tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff `m mssmitolf `mdlusm
aliy lspmdts ge tbmor hyilaosa hmpmih gi rmkogilf dgiimdtogis.
]ihmr tbm `lsmfoim sdmilrog, tbm sblrm ge kfg`lf trlhm `y tbm LDO
mdgigaoms woff hgu`fm tg =4% `y 0>4>, wotb tbm rmkogi‟s oitrl-rmkogilf
trlhm oidrmlsoik `y l eldtgr ge sox. Agrmgvmr, tbmsm efgws oi kgghs lih
smrvodms woff `m altdbmh lih pmrblps hwlremh `y eoilidolf efgws. @y
0>4>, tbm soaufltogis ge tbos stuhy sukkmst tblt $<8 troffogi oi LDO
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Mxmdutovm Tu
slvoiks woff immh tg `m oitmramholtmh `mtwmmi tbm rmkogi‟s slvmrs
lih oivmstgrs. Xbmsm efgws woff lddguit egr lfagst gim-tborh ge wgrfh
slvoiks lih oivmstamit. Tgam ge tbmsm trlisldtogis woff dgitoium tg `m
oitmramholtmh `y eoilidolf dmitmrs oi tbm hmvmfgpmh wgrfh, `ut aliylrm `guih tg sboet tg rmkogilf dmitmrs lih Lsoli durrmidoms. Xbm focmfy
gutdgam os tblt tbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf dmitmrs woff `m hrlaltodlffy
trlisegramh oi sdlfm lih sgpbostodltogi. Ttrgikmr rmkufltgry
amdbliosas woff `m immhmh tg misurm tbmor meeodomidy lih slemty.
Xbm pldm ge dggpmrltogi gi trlhm lih oivmstamit bls oitmisoeomh
wotb LTMLI‟s meegrts tg hmvmfgp l soikfm alrcmt lih wotb tbm rmfltmh
rmkogilf prgdmssms. Imkgtoltogis lrm uihmrwly egr l `rglh mdgigaod
^lrtimrsbop‘tbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop
(PDM^)‘tblt wgufh oidfuhm lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih suppgrt
tbm hmvmfgpamit ge suppfy dblois. Xbm DAOA oiotoltovm bls lfsg
mxplihmh oi sdgpm lih mstl`fosbmh tbm eguihltogis ge li oistotutogilf
oierlstrudturm. Tu`rmkogilf prgjmdts tg `uofh rmkogilf trlispgrt lih
mimrky imtwgrcs lrm uihmrwly wotboi tbm LDO rmkogi, fotmrlffy plvoik
tbm wly egr mdgigaod oitmkrltogi ldrgss aliy oapgrtlit `grhmrs. Ot
os igt tgg mlrfy tg pfli egr li LDO rmkogi‘lih pmrblps mvmi wohmr
mdgigaod zgims‘tblt os lftgkmtbmr ermm ge `lrromrs tg mdgigaod
mxdblikm.
Amliwbofm, tbm LDO mdgigaoms rmaloi hmmpfy dgiimdtmh tg tbm
kfg`lf mdgigay. Xbmy hmpmih gi rmfltogis wotb mdgigaoms lrguihtbm wgrfh egr oapgrtmh mimrky lih proalry altmrolfs, egr lddmss tg
aljgr dgisuamr alrcmts, egr lhvlidoik tmdbigfgky, egr gppgrtuiotoms
tg oivmst oi lih lttrldt dlpotlf erga `usoimssms l`rglh, lih, agst
oapgrtlitfy, egr pursuoik tbm drotodlf buali oitmrldtogis tblt lhvlidm
cigwfmhkm lih oitmriltogilf uihmrstlihoik. Lff tbos amlis tblt tbm
rmkogi aust tlcm li ldtovm rgfm oi alilkoik lih prgvohoik kfg`lf
pu`fod kgghs.
Xbos stuhy dgidfuhms tblt ot os oi tbm rmkogi‟s oitmrmst tg prgagtm
ermm trlhm oi kgghs lih smrvodms wotboi ots `guihlroms lih wgrfhwohm,
tg midgurlkm tbm oitmriltogilf ag`ofoty ge dlpotlf lih pmrsgis su`jmdt
tg lpprgproltm amdbliosas tblt misurm tbm stl`ofoty ge oihovohulf
mdgigaoms lih kfg`lf krgwtb, lih tg drmltm amdbliosas tg aotokltm
dfoaltm dblikm lih tg hostro`utm ots urhmis mquotl`fy ldrgss tbm wgrfh.
Xg ldbomvm tbmsm g`jmdtovms, tbos stuhy rmdgaamihs tblt tbm
rmkogi lssuam li ldtovm rgfm oi kfg`lf dggpmrltogi lih alcm aljgr
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xxxvooo
Mxmdutovm Tuaalry
dgitro`utogis tgwlrh tbm prgvosogi ge kfg`lf pu`fod kgghs. Ot spmdoeodlffy
rmdgaamihs tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms lssuam l krmltmr vgodm, wohmr
rmspgiso`ofotoms, lih oidrmlsoik fmlhmrsbop oi oitmriltogilf oistotutogis
sudb ls tbm [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi, tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih,tbm [grfh @lic, tbm Krgup ge Xwmity (K0>), tbm ]iotmh Iltogis, lih
tbm [grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi, lih oitmriltogilf meegrts tg prgagtm
mivorgiamitlf sustloil ofoty lih tbm aotokltogi ge dfoaltm dblikm.
Xbos stuhy lfsg rmdgaamihs dggpmrltogi lt tbm rmkogilf fmvmf,
egdusmh gi tbm LTMLI tmapfltm. Xbos woff rmquorm l strgik lih
mapgwmrmh LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt lih tbm meemdtovm oapfmamitltogi
ge tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty (LMD). Xbm LTMLI oitmkrltogi
prgdmss bls lfrmlhy smrvmh ls l `lsos egr hmmpmr toms wotb holfgkum
plrtimrs oi LDO lih `mygih. Ot bls prgvohmh tbm eguihltogis egr tbm
DAOA (wotb tbm lhhotogi ge tbm ^PD, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml,
cigwi ls LTMLI+4) lih dgufh smrvm ls tbm `lsos egr tbm Pmkogilf
Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop tblt woff midgaplss tbm
LTMLI+5 dguitroms (wbodb lhhs Lustrlfol, Oihol, lih Imw Zmlflih).
Xbmsm oiotoltovms woff ohmlffy fmlh tg l aufto-euidtogilf ua`rmffl tblt
hmmpfy dgiimdts tbm rmkogi lih egrkms wohmr plrtimrsbops wotb Igrtb
lih Tgutb Lamrodl lih Murgpm. Xbm ‖LTMLI wly‑ ge dgismisulf
oitmkrltogi os li mssmitolf tggf oi `uofhoik tbm aufto-euidtogilf,
rmkogi-wohm erlamwgrc tblt LDO krgwtb woff rmquorm oi tbm euturm.
Ammtoik tbm Dblffmikm ge Ldtogi
Xbm krmlt trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os uihmrwly.
@ut uidmrtloitoms rmaloi dgidmrioik tbm spmmh, qulfoty, lih tbm
oidfusovmimss ge tbm krgwtb prgdmss. Xbos stuhy bls ohmitoeomh
drotodlf ossums oi pursuoik oidfusovm krgwtb, `ggstoik prghudtovoty,
alilkoik rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit, upkrlhoik eoilidolf
systmas, lih strmiktbmioik oistotutogis lih kgvmrilidm. Ot bls alhm
rmdgaamihltogis egr pgfodoms oi tbmsm lrmls tg oaprgvm tbm prgspmdts
egr ldbomvoik rlpoh lih bokb-qulfoty krgwtb.
Xbm lkmihl gutfoimh oi tbos stuhy os dgapfmx lih woff `m hoeeoduft
tg oapfmamit. Eurtbmragrm, wbofm pgfody dblffmikms lrm flrkm lih
krgwoik, tbm spldm egr pgfody hmdosogis lppmlrs tg `m ilrrgwoik. Flrkm,
kfg`lf alrcmts oidrmlsoikfy hrovm rmkogilf trmihs, wmff-oiegramh lih
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Mxmdutovm Tu
dgiimdtmh oitmrmst krgups mxmrt krmltmr oiefumidm, lih tbm hoeeusogi
ge kfg`lf mdgigaod pgwmrs alcm oitmriltogilf dggpmrltogi agrm
hoeeoduft. Xbmsm foaotltogis lrm flrkmfy tbm rmsuft ge pgsotovm trmihs‘
mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, agrm gpmi oistotutogis, lih agrm suddmsseufmdgigaoms‘`ut imvmrtbmfmss pgsm dblffmikms tg dgffmdtovm ldtogi.
Xbos stuhy mapblsozms tbrmm gvmrlrdboik rmspgisms tg tbm dgi-
strloits igw eldmh `y pgfodyalcmrs. Ot lrkums tblt l egrwlrh-fggcoik
lilfysos os immhmh tg ohmitoey lih lhhrmss tbrmlts wotb fgik fmlh toams.
Ot mapblsozms tbm oapgrtlidm ge oidfusovm krgwtb, igt gify egr ots gwi
slcm, `ut lfsg egr `uofhoik dgieohmidm oi pgfody. Ot sukkmsts li mxpfodot
egdus gi rmsofomidm‘tbm dlpldoty oi `gtb provltm lih pu`fod smdtgrs
tg dgpm wotb uimxpmdtmh sbgdcs. Pmsofomidm oi tbm provltm smdtgr dli
`m miblidmh `y alrcmt amdbliosas tblt oidrmlsm efmxo`ofoty, lih oi
tbm pu`fod smdtgr `y eosdlf bmlhrgga egr mamrkmidoms lih `y drmho`fm,
dgapmtmit lkmidoms tblt dli ldt quodcfy lih `gfhfy.
LDO pgfodoms blvm mmi lagik tbm wgrfh‟s agst suddmsseuf soidm tbm
mlrfy <??>s. @ut dgaplrltovm oihodltgrs sbgw tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms
stoff blvm elr tg kg oi oaprgvoik kgvmrilidm oi hoamisogis sudb ls
vgodm lih lddguitl`ofoty, pmrsgilf smduroty, rmkufltgry qulfoty lih rufm
ge flw, lih kgvmriamit meemdtovmimss. Xbm hmdlhms lbmlh woff tmst lff
ge tbmsm hoamisogis ge kgvmrilidm. Xbmy woff `roik dblffmikms ls krmlt
lih dgapfmx ls lrm tbm gppgrtuiotoms tg alcm prgkrmss. Ammtoik tbmsm
dblffmikms woff rmquorm `mttmr lih salrtmr kgvmrilidm‘pgfodoms tbltlrm egrwlrh fggcoik, wmff oiegramh, smisotovm tg vlromh stlcmbgfhmrs,
lih agrm hmdmitrlfozmh tbli oi tbm plst.
Xbm kggh imws os tblt tbm LDO rmkogi bls tbm eoilidolf rmsgurdms,
buali tlfmit, mitrmprmimurolf sporot, lih rmdgrh ge fmlhmrsbop tg
lddgapfosb tbos lkmihl. Imvmr `megrm blvm mamrkoik mdgigaoms blh
rmsgurdms ge sudb qulfoty gi sudb li mxtrlgrhoilry sdlfm. Xbm rmkogi
lfsg `mimeots erga mxdmptogilf mdgigaod agamitua. Mvmi oe tbm LDO
mdgigaoms elof tg rmldb sgam progrotoms mxlaoimh oi tbos stuhy, tbmy
woff lfagst dmrtloify `m strgikmr lih agrm prgspmrgus oi 0>4> tbli
tbmy lrm tghly. Oi turi, l pmldmeuf, prgspmrgus, lih blragiogus Lsol
woff dgitro`utm tg pmldm lih prgspmroty lrguih tbm kfg`m.
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< Xbm Krmlt
Xrlisegraltogi
<.< Bokb Ttlcms
@y 0>4>, tbm <> ama`mrs ge tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli
Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol‘
bgam tg blfe tbm wgrfh‟s pgpufltogi‘woff `m pgosmh tg qulhrupfm
tbmor gutput lih mamrkm hmdosovmfy erga l bostgry ge pgvmrty. Xbmsm
dguitroms lrm igt lfgim oi lttmaptoik sudb li la`otogus fmlp, `ut
`mdlusm ge tbmor sdlfm, pldm ge dblikm, lih oidrmlsoik oitmrhmpmihmidm,tbmy amrot lttmitogi ls l krgup. Oe tbmsm mdgigaoms‘dlffmh LDO oi
tbos stuhy‘sustloi rlpoh krgwtb, tbmy woff hrlaltodlffy trlisegra
tbm fovms ge tbmor agrm tbli 4 `offogi pmgpfm lih oihmmh tbm kfg`lf
mdgigay. Xbos `ggc fggcs lbmlh tg tbm pgfodoms rmquormh tg alilkm
tbos trlisegraltogi, igtwotbstlihoik sbgrtmr-tmra aldrgmdgigaod
dblffmikms, `mdlusm ge ots oaamism oapfodltogis egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms
lih tbm wgrfh.
Xbm tmra ‖krmlt trlisegraltogi‑ os dbgsmi juhodogusfy tg hmsdro`m
tbmsm hmvmfgpamits. Ot wls eorst lppfomh `y tbm litbrgpgfgkost Clrf
^gfliyo tg tbm mxtrlgrhoilry sgdolf lih mdgigaod dblikms `rgukbt
l`gut `y tbm rosm ge tbm alrcmt mdgigay oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms
(^gfliyo <?88). Xbm trlisegraltogi uihmrwly oi Lsol‘hmeoimh `y tbm
sprmlh ge bokbfy prghudtovm, alrcmt-`lsmh mdgigaod systmas ldrgss
tbm wgrfh‟s agst pgpufgus rmkogi‘os lrkul`fy ls oapgrtlit. ^gfliyo‟s
oisokbt, tblt alssovm mdgigaod dblikm bls hmmp oapfodltogis egr
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0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
kgvmrilidm, os lfsg li oapgrtlit tbmam ge tbos `ggc. Mlrfomr mdgigaod
trlisegraltogis sboetmh tbm fgdus ge prghudtovm ldtovoty lih ots
kgvmrilidm erga tro`ms lih emuhlf mstltms tg dotoms lih iltogi stltms.
Xghly‟s mdgigaod rmvgfutogi, oi turi, os sboetoik rmspgiso`ofotoms tgalrcmt-`lsmh oistotutogis, rmkufltmh `y kgvmriamits gi tbm iltogilf,
rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf fmvmfs. Gidm lkloi, tbm dblffmikm eldoik kgvmrilidm
os wblt gfliyo dlffmh tbm ‖hgu`fm agvmamit‑ ge pgfody‘tbm prgagtogi
ge alrcmt-`lsmh krgwtb gi tbm gim blih, lih tbm alilkmamit ge ots
imkltovm sohm meemdts gi tbm gtbmr.
Xbmrm lrm rmlsgis tg `m gptoaostod l`gut tbm prgspmdts oi LDO.
Mdgigaod tbmgry, gfh lih imw, lttro`utms krgwtb tg pbysodlf lih
buali dlpotlf ldduaufltogi, mdgigaoms ge sdlfm, oiigvltogi, lih
oistotutogis tblt suppgrt alrcmt-hrovmi dgapmtotogi. Agst LDO
mdgigaoms pgssmss tbmsm lttro`utms lih blvm lapfm pgtmitolf egr
‖dltdboik up‑ wotb kfg`lf prghudtovoty ergitomrs. @lsmh gi durrmit
prgjmdtogis prmsmitmh oi Dblptmr 0, tbmy woff dgitro`utm 8>% ge tbm
wgrfh‟s slvoiks oi 0>4> lih lddguit egr =<% ge tbm krgwtb ge tbm
wgrfh mdgigay `mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4>. LDO oivmstamits woff lfsg
hrlaltodlffy mxplih tbm pggf ge tlfmit lih dlpotlf miklkmh oi drmltoik
cigwfmhkm. Oiegraltogi tmdbigfgkoms dli auftopfy tbmsm klois `y
eldofotltoik dgiimdtogis lagik dmitmrs ge oiigvltogi lih prghudtogi.
Xmdbigfgkoms just gvmr tbm bgrozgi, spliioik pbysodlf lih `ogfgkodlf
eomfhs, dgufh eurtbmr miflrkm tbm mdgigaod tggfcot ge tbm LDO iltogislih aotokltm dgistrloits gi krgwtb.
_mt tbm roscs lrm lfsg krmlt. Xbm oaamholtm mdgigaod gutfggc os
dfguhmh `y aljgr aldrgmdgigaod dblffmikms. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms
lrm agrm rmsofomit tbli oi tbm plst, `ut tbm wgrfh mivorgiamit os
stoff hgaoiltmh `y dgihotogis oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Gtbmr roscs
lrm lssgdoltmh wotb rlpoh hmvmfgpamit otsmfe: flrkm lih wohm-rlikoik
oistotutogilf oiigvltogis woff m rmquormh tg suppgrt tbm trlisegraltogi
ge LDO eoilidm, prghudtogi, lih hmalih. Aliy prgaosoik mdgigaoms
blvm troppmh up oi lttmaptoik tg agvm `mygih aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs
oi l sbgrt toam erlam. Xbm hrovmrs ge krgwtb dliigt sboet saggtbfy
ldrgss hoeemrmit stlkms ge hmvmfgpamit uifmss tbm oistotutogilf smttoik
egr imw, agrm lhvlidmh stlkms os mstl`fosbmh lih tmstmh oi lhvlidm.
Ttoff gtbmr roscs lrm rmfltmh tg tbm sbmmr sdlfm ge LDO krgwtb, wbodb woff
pusb hmalih egr mimrky lih rlw altmrolfs `mygih fmvmfs mxpmromidmh
oi tbm plst. Xbos dgufh lfsg smvmrmfy blra tbm mivorgiamit.
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Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
Xbm dga`oiltogi ge krmlt gppgrtuiotoms lih roscs alcms tbm stlcms
oi LDO‟s hmvmfgpamit uiusulffy flrkm. Ls Lsol 0>=>: Pmlfozoik tbm
Lsoli Dmitury lrkumh, tbm ‖Lsoli Dmitury‑ os igt egrmgrhloimh (Cgbfo,
Tblral, lih Tggh 0><<). Xbm suddmss ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os mssmitolftg tbm wgrfh‟s euturm lih tbm roscs wlrrlit dlrmeuf lilfysos. Xbm krmlt
trlisegraltogi hmpmihs gi tbm meegrts lih hmdosogis ge `offogis ge
pmgpfm, `ut ot woff rmquorm scoffeuf kuohlidm erga kgvmriamits lt aliy
fmvmfs. Audb bls mmi fmlrimh erga mdgigaoms tblt alhm tbm trlisotogi
suddmsseuffy, oidfuhoik oi Lsol, lih hostoffoik fmssgis egr pgfody os gim
ge tbm g`jmdtovms ge tbos `ggc.
<.0 ^gwmreuf Bmlhwoihs
Ls tbos stuhy kgms tg prmss oi 0><8, tbm LDO mdgigaoms eldm
li uimvmi kfg`lf mdgigaod mivorgiamit. Eovm ymlrs letmr tbm stlrt
ge tbm 0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos‘tbm agst smvmrm tblt tbm
wgrfh mdgigay bls mxpmromidmh oi smvmi hmdlhms‘tbmrm lrm sokis ge
rmdgvmry, lf`mot uimvmify sprmlh. Xbm alssovm eoilidolf hmfmvmrlkoik
tblt splrcmh tbm drosos oi tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (]T) bls fmh tg auftopfm
letmrsbgdcs. Bgusmbgfhs lih eoras oi aliy dguitroms rmhudmh
mxpmihoturms wbofm kgvmriamits turimh tg hm`t-eoilidmh spmihoik
tg sustloi ldtovoty. Lt tbos wrotoik, Murgpm dgitoiums tg rmsgfvmsgvmrmoki hm`t prg`fmas‘ot os mvohmit tblt ot woff igt `m sgfvmh
wotbgut aljgr lhjustamits oi tbm eoilidolf lih `uhkmtlry strudturm
ge tbm Murgpmli ]iogi. Oi tbm amlitoam, bokb uimapfgyamit pmrsosts
oi aliy dguitroms, eoilidolf alrcmts rmaloi vgfltofm, aljgr eoilidolf
oistotutogis lrm erlkofm, lih hm`t `urhmis lrm rosoik oi Jlpli lih tbm
]T. Krgwtb os uimvmi mvmi oi mamrkoik mdgigaoms tblt oiotolffy bmfpmh
hrovm tbm rmdgvmry. Dggpmrltogi lagik dguitroms bls prgvmh hoeeoduft
lih eurtbmr eoilidolf sbgdcs aly egffgw. Aliy kgvmriamits igw
lfsg eldm pgfotodlf tmisogis‘eumfmh `y tbm prgfgikmh sfgwhgwi‘tblt
alcms hmdosogi-alcoik bokbfy hoeeoduft.
[off tbmsm kfg`lf hmvmfgpamits lhvmrsmfy leemdt tbm LDO mdgigaoms7
Xbm liswmr os lfagst dmrtloify yms. Xbm rmkogi wotbstggh tbm mlrfy
stlkms ge tbm drosos wmff, tblics tg strgik oiotolf eosdlf pgsotogis lih
fgw fmvmfs ge eoilidolf fmvmrlkm lih hm`t. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms hoh
mxpmromidm mlrfy mxpgrt hmdfoims, ut tbmi turimh tg tbmor gwi hmalih,
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
oidfuhoik oitrlrmkogilf trlhm. Xbm hrovmrs ge rmkogilf hmalih rlikmh
erga tbm mxplisogi ge dgisuaptogi oi Oihgimsol tg oierlstrudturm lih
rmsohmitolf oivmstamit oi tbm ^PD. Mxpgrts lfsg rmdgvmrmh. Tfgw kfg`lf
trlhm krgwtb os tlcoik ots tgff, lih gppgrtuiotoms egr eurtbmr rmkogilfstoaufus lrm sbroicoik.
Kovmi tbm prgspmdt ge fldcfustmr krgwtb, l dydfodlf hmdmfmrltogi
ge LDO krgwtb lppmlrs prg`l`fm. LH@ (0><8) sbgws tblt krgwtb oi
hmvmfgpoik Lsol sfgwmh erga ;.8% oi 0><< tg 5.<% oi 0><0 lih 5.<%
oi 0><4. Hmvmfgpoik Lsol‟s krgwtb os prgjmdtmh tg `m 5.0% oi 0><8 lih
5.8% oi 0><=.< Xbos ‖sget flihoik‑ os su`jmdt tg hgwisohm rosc, lih
os focmfy tg rmquorm meemdtovm lih iulidmh aldrgmdgigaod pgfodoms,
lt fmlst wbmi dgaplrmh tg tbgsm lppfomh oi tbm rmdmit pmrogh wbmi
krgwtb rltms lppmlrmh tg blvm ‖hmdgupfmh‑ erga tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh
mdgigaoms.
Pmsofomidm os l dgapfmx aox ge pgfodoms lih mdgigaod
dblrldtmrostods. L rmsofomit pgfody mivorgiamit rmquorms meemdtovm
tggfs egr aldrgmdgigaod agiotgroik lih alilkmamit, lapfm eosdlf
lih egrmoki mxdblikm rmsmrvms, iltogilf slemty imts egr oihovohulfs
lih salff eoras, lih oitmriltogilf slemty imts egr iltogilf eoilidolf
systmas. L rmsofomit mdgigaod strudturm rmquorms efmxo`fm fl`gr lih
dlpotlf alrcmts lih wmff-rmkufltmh eoilidolf oistotutogis. Xbmsm pgfody
lih strudturlf dblrldtmrostods mil`fm dguitroms tg alilkm sbgdcs oi
fmss toam lih lt fgwmr dgst, lih lrm mssmitolf oi toams ge tur`ufmidm.Xbmrm lrm twg lhhotogilf rmlsgis egr amhoua-tmra lilfysos‘egr
fggcoik `mygih tbm durrmit drosos‘mvmi oi toams ge krmlt uidmrtloity.
Eorst, l egdus gi amhoua-tmra prgspmdts dli bmfp tg ohmitoey pgfodoms
tblt lrm usmeuf oi tbm sbgrt tmra lih sustloi krgwtb `mygih tbm sbgrt
tmra. Ma`rldoik tbm gppgrtuiotoms lih alilkoik tbm tbrmlts tblt tbm
LDO rmkogi eldms woff rmquorm strudturlf dblikms wotb fgik fmlh toams.
Aliy ge tbgsm dblikms aust `m fluidbmh igw.
Tmdgih, l dfmlr amhoua-tmra vosogi dli rmhudm uidmrtloity lih
`uofh dgieohmidm, wbodb os oi sbgrt suppfy oi tbm durrmit hgwituri.
Plpoh krgwtb os pgsso`fm lih oihmmh focmfy oi Lsol, mvmi ls ot rmquorms
sboets oi tbm rmkogi‟s krgwtb plttmris tgwlrh ots gwi alrcmts,
oivmstamit gppgrtuiotoms, lih tmdbigfgkodlf dlpl`ofotoms. Ot woff tlcm
< Amliwbofm, tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih (OAE 0><8) prgjmdts sfokbtfy bokbmr krgwtb
ge 5.;% oi 0><8 lih 5.2% oi 0><=.
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Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
dgieohmidm tg hrovm prgkrmss gi oistotutogilf dblikm, oierlstrudturm
immhs, lih egrwlrh-fggcoik provltm oivmstamit. Mlrfy oiotoltovms tg
fluidb tbm imdmsslry pgfodoms lih krgwtb mikoims woff suppgrt tbm
trlisotogi otsmfe. Xbos os wby l alp lih pgfody erlamwgrc egr smfe-eumfoik krgwtb‘tg sgfvm tbm dggrhoiltogi prg`fmas tblt eldm mdgigaod
lkmits oi uidmrtloi toams‘lrm mssmitolf mfmamits ge l amhoua-tmra
krgwtb strltmky.
<.4 Hoamisogis ge Xrlisegraltogi
L stlrtoik pgoit egr lilfyzoik tbm trlisegraltogi lbmlh os l
krgwtb pltb `lsmh gi ‖dgitoiumh dgivmrkmidm‑‘l `lsmfoim prgjmdtogi
tblt mxtmihs tbm hmvmfgpamit mxpmromidm ge rmdmit hmdlhms oitg tbm
euturm. Xbmsm dlfdufltogis, rmpgrtmh oi hmtlof oi Dblptmr 0, lssuam tblt
tbm su`smt ge mamrkoik mdgigaoms tblt blvm rmhudmh tbm prghudtovoty
klp lkloist hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms oi tbm plst‘tbm ama`mrs ge tbm
sg-dlffmh ‖dgivmrkmidm dfu`‑‘woff dgitoium tg alcm prgkrmss oi tbm
euturm. Imlrfy lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm sudb ama`mrs lih gtbmrs lrm
focmfy tg jgoi tbma.
Tustloioik dgivmrkmidm hgms igt amli tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms
woff `m oaauim erga kfg`lf `usoimss dydfms. Ot gify lrkums tblt
tbmor trmih prghudtovoty krgwtb rltms woff dgitoium tg mxdmmh tbgsmge lhvlidmh dguitroms. Xbm pltb lssuams, bgwmvmr, tblt tbm wgrfh
mdgigay woff midguitmr imotbmr imw rglh`fgdcs tg hmvmfgpamit igr
uimxpmdtmh pgsotovm lhvlidms, sudb ls oi tmdbigfgky gr prghudtovoty.
Ge dgursm, ig soikfm prgjmdtogi os focmfy tg `m rokbt. Xbos stuhy woff
tbmrmegrm lilfyzm hmvoltogis erga tbm `lsmfoim, hum tg sbgdcs lih
pgfody dblikms tblt fmlh tg fgwmr gr bokbmr hmvmfgpamit pltbs. Xblt
lilfysos os tbm proalry egdus ge Dblptmr 0.
Xbm `lsmfoim prgjmdts LDO gutput tg qulhrupfm `y 0>4>, oi
mssmitolffy gim kmimrltogi. ^mr dlpotl oidgams wgufh tropfm, lih
tbm rmkogi‟s sblrm ge wgrfh gutput wgufh rosm erga <=% tg 02% (oi
0><> dgistlit prodms ls rmpgrtmh oi Dblptmr 0). Oi tblt kmimrltogi,
tbm mdgigay ge LDO wgufh `mdgam flrkmr tbli tblt ge tbm ]iotmh
Ttltms gr Murgpm‘oibmrotoik imw mdgigaod gppgrtuiotoms ls wmff
ls rmspgiso`ofotoms oi kgvmrioik tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. Ot bls `mmi
oidrmlsoikfy g`smrvmh tblt tbm wgrfh‟s mdgigaod dmitmr ge krlvoty,
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5
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
letmr sboetoik wmstwlrh egr audb ge tbm prmvogus aoffmiioua, os
agvoik oitg tbm aohhfm ge tbm LDO rmkogi.0
Xbmsm lrm lkkrmkltms egr l rmkogi dblrldtmrozmh `y krmlt vlroltogis
oi prghudtovoty, wmlftb, rmsgurdms, dufturm, lih mdgigaod strudturm._mt `mdlusm tbm prgspmdts ge tbm <0 LDO mdgigaoms lrm oitmrdgiimdtmh,
lff lrm focmfy tg plrtodopltm oi tbm rmkogi‟s prgkrmss. Xbm lkkrmkltms
lrm oimvotl`fy hgaoiltmh `y tbm ^PD lih Oihol, wbodb lrm mxpmdtmh tg
blvm lvmrlkm krgwtb rltms ge ;.>% lih ;.5% liiulffy (oi 0><> dgistlit
prodms), rmspmdtovmfy. LTMLI os prgjmdtmh tg krgw lt li lvmrlkm rltm
ge =.8% liiulffy, lfsg l strgik rltm `y agst bostgrodlf stlihlrhs.
Amliwbofm, tbm wgrfh‟s agst hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms‘Jlpli, Murgpm,
lih tbm ]T‘lrm focmfy tg blvm lvmrlkm krgwtb rltms liiulffy oi tbm
<%—0% rlikm. Xbmor prgspmdts lrm hlapmimh `y blvoik rmldbmh tbm
ergitomr, lih `y stl`fm gr hmdfoioik pgpufltogis lih bokb fmvmfs ge hm`t
lih sgdolf mxpmihoturms.
Xbm krgwtb ge LDO‘lrkul`fy tbm wgrfh‟s agst prgaosoik krgwtb
mikoim‘os tbus drotodlf egr tbm wgrfh mdgigay lih woff hmpmih
oidrmlsoikfy gi tbm rmkogi‟s gwi pgfodoms. Xbm oapfodltogis, `gtb
pgsotovm lih imkltovm, lrm lssmssmh oi egur cmy hoamisogis ge tbm
dgaoik trlisegraltogi: tbm qulfoty ge foem3 tbm strudturm ge prghudtogi3
tbm alilkmamit ge rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit3 lih oitmriltogilf
dggpmrltogi.
<.4.< Xbm qulfoty ge foemLDO dotozmis lrm pgosmh, oe igt kulrlitmmh, tg mxpmromidm hrlaltod
oaprgvmamits oi tbmor qulfoty ge foem. Xbm rmkogi‟s hmvmfgpamit dgufh
mfoaoiltm mxtrmam pgvmrty, foet `offogis oitg tbm aohhfm dflss, lih
rlosm oidgams egr vortulffy lff su`rmkogis lih sgdolf krgups. Xg sgam
mxtmit, tbmsm oaprgvmamits woff egffgw erga krgwtb. Dblptmr 0 sbgws
tblt uihmr pfluso`fm lssuaptogis tbm iua`mr ge aohhfm-oidgam
dgisuamrs oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘oi tbos stuhy hmeoimh ls tbgsm wotb
dgisuaptogi fmvmfs `mtwmmi $<> pmr hly lih $<>> pmr hly oi 0>>=
hgfflrs‘woff krgw tg 0.5 `offogi, rmprmsmitoik ;0% ge tbm rmkogi‟s
pgpufltogi oi 0>4>. Xbos amlis tblt tbm sozm ge aohhfm-oidgam alrcmts
woff krgw mxtrmamfy elst: oi 0><>, tbm iua`mr ge aohhfm-oidgam LDO
0 ^ogimmroik wgrc gi wgrfh KH^ prgjmdtogi wls prmsmit oi Alhhosgi (0>>2). Li uphltm os
lvlofl`fm oi AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm (0><0).
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Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
dgisuamrs wls gify <0% ge tbm pgpufltogi (Eokurm 0.=). LDO woff hrovm
tbm mxplisogi ge tbm wgrfh‟s aohhfm dflss: `y 0>4>, blfe ge lff aohhfm-
dflss pmgpfm woff fovm oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms (Eokurm <.<).
Xbm rmlsgi tbmsm hmvmfgpamits lrm sg sokioeodlit os tblt aohhfm-oidgam spmihoik dli suppgrt su`stlitolf hosdrmtogilry mxpmihoturms,
lffgwoik pmgpfm tg rmldb fovoik stlihlrhs dgaplrl`fm tg tbgsm
mxpmromidmh aloify oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Xbos bls tliko`fm meemdts.
Aohhfm-dflss dgisuaptogi hgms igt amli mxldtfy tbm slam oi hoeemrmit
dguitroms, `ut ot hgms usulffy amli oaprgvmh bgusoik, `gtb oi sdlfm
lih qulfoty, lih u`oquotgus lddmss tg wbotm kgghs sudb ls rmerokmrltgrs.
Aohhfm-dflss LDO dgisuamrs lfsg mijgy tbm rmlsgil`fm fuxuroms ge
mvmryhly foem‘pfmitoeuf eggh, lttrldtovm dfgtboik, lih hokotlf tmdbigfgky.
Agst blvm lddmss tg mhudltogi, bmlftb dlrm, lih pu`fod trlispgrt.
Oi aliy dguitroms, pmgpfm mijgy tbm ermmhga geemrmh `y tbmor gwi
agtgrdydfms gr lutgag`ofms. Aohhfm-dflss ur`li imokb`grbgghs aly
blvm plrcs lih sbgppoik dmitmrs egr sgdolfozoik lih mitmrtloiamit,
lih typodlffy emlturm fgik-hostlidm dgaauiodltogis lih trlispgrt
smrvodms tblt lffgw pmgpfm tg dgiimdt wotb elaofoms lih eromihs, wohmr
wgrc gppgrtuiotoms, lih imw mxpmromidms. Mvmi wotb oidgams tblt lrm
rmfltovmfy fgw dgaplrmh tg tbgsm oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms, tbm rmkogi‟s
oaamism l`sgfutm hmalih woff prgvohm oidmitovms egr prghudts lih
smrvodms tlofgrmh tg LDO `uhkmts.
Xbmsm klois woff hmpmih oi flrkm plrt gi ur`liozltogi. Gi lvmrlkm,dotoms lrm agrm tbli twodm ls prghudtovm ls tbm lrmls lrguih tbma,
lih tbmor hmism pgpufltogis eldofotltm tbm prghudtogi ge l krmlt vlromty
ge kgghs lih smrvodms lt rmfltovmfy fgw dgst. @mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4>,
tbm ur`li pgpufltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os prgjmdtmh tg mxplih `y
sgam ;>> aoffogi pmgpfm tg imlrfy 0 `offogi, rmldboik 8>% ge tbm LDO
pgpufltogi `y tblt toam (]I 0><0).
Xbm fost ge tbm wgrfh‟s ur`li lkkfgamrltogis woff `m oidrmlsoikfy
hgaoiltmh `y tbm LDO mdgigaoms. @y 0>0=, smvmi ge tbm wgrfh‟s <=
flrkmst dotoms woff `m oi LDO. Tgam ge tbmsm dotoms woff `m oaamism‘
Imw Hmfbo (44 aoffogi), Tblikblo (02 aoffogi), Aua`lo (0; aoffogi), lih
@mojoik (04 aoffogi). Xbm wgrfh‟s flrkmst doty woff `m Xgcyg (4? aoffogi),
lfsg oi Lsol (]I 0><0). Xbm ^PD lfgim os prgjmdtmh tg blvm 00< dotoms
wotb l aoffogi gr agrm pmgpfm (AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm 0>>?). Agst ge
tbmsm dotoms woff eldm smvmrm dblffmikms oi alilkoik urkmgioik krgwtb.
@ut uofhoik oierlstrudturm lih prgvohoik rmfltmh smrvodms egr tbos wlvm
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Eokurm <.<: LDO [off Fmlh tbm Mxplisogi ge tbm Kfg`lf Aohhfm
Dflss (aoffogis ge pmgpfm)
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dlfdufltogis.
0>4>8=8
<,<<>
0,8>?
<,>=4
0><>
<;0
5=
<,;=<
0=<
LTMLI ^PD Oihol Gtbmrs LTMLI ^PD Oihol Gtbmrs
2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
ge ur`liozltogi os igt gify l `urhmi3 ot os lfsg l krgwtb mikoim. Egr
mxlapfm, ot os mstoaltmh tblt ls aliy imw su`wly systmas woff immh
tg `m `uoft oi Lsol gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms ls mxost oi tbm wgrfh
tghly, lih egur toams ls audb geeodm spldm woff blvm tg `m lhhmh ls
igw mxosts oi Murgpm (AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm 0><<`). Lff tbos sguihs
euturostod, `ut ot egffgws erga rmlsgil`fm prgjmdtogis. Agrmgvmr, tbm
soaufltogis ge Dblptmr 0 sukkmst tblt tbm `rglh dblrldtmrostods ge tbm
trlisegraltogi lrm soaoflr ldrgss lftmriltovm sdmilrogs.Mvmi oe tbm pgsotovm prgjmdtogis lrm rmlfozmh, rlpoh alrcmt-`lsmh
krgwtb woff igt, `y otsmfe, kulrlitmm klois egr mvmrygim. Igr woff ot
lutgaltodlffy hmfovmr aliy kgghs lih smrvodms tblt pmgpfm vlfum lih
mxpmdt. Alrcmt egrdms alxoaozm tbm pldm ge krgwtb lih rmwlrh tbm
ioa`fm: tbm yguik, tbm wmff mhudltmh, tbgsm wotb rmsgurdms tg oivmst,
lih tbgsm fudcy migukb tg fovm oi dmitmrs ge prgspmroty. Xbmy hg igt
lssurm gppgrtuiotoms egr tbgsm wbg lrm gfh, fmss provofmkmh gr pggrfy
mhudltmh, gr fovm oi rmagtm lrmls. Igr hg tbmy prgvohm pu`fod kgghs
sudb ls bokb-qulfoty mivorgiamits, bmlftby pgpufltogis, slem strmmts,
lih eggh suppfoms.
Ldbomvoik rlpoh lih bokb-qulfoty krgwtb tbmrmegrm rmquorms
purpgsmeuf pgfody. Iooao lih Zbulik (0><<) blvm dgistrudtmh li
oiigvltovm `midbalrc usoik cmy qulfoty ge foem oihodltgrs. Xbmor
lilfysos dgvmrs sox ‖hgalois‑ wotb 08 spmdoeod oihodltgrs, lih pmraots
dgaplrosgis lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih `mtwmmi tbma lih gtbmr
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Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
rmkogis. Tudb lilfysos bmfps tg oaprgvm tbm erlamwgrc ge pgfody
hmdosogis `y dgapfmamitoik lkkrmkltm gutput amlsurms wotb hmtlofmh
g`jmdtovms tblt leemdt pmgpfm‟s fovms. Toapfm oihodltgrs lfgim dliigt
hg justodm tg tbm dgapfmxoty ge tbm LDO pgfody mivorgiamit, `ut dlibmfp tg egdus pgfody lih prgvohm amdbliosas tg agiotgr prgkrmss.
Tudb tggfs blvm `mmi lhgptmh `y @butli, Dlilhl, tbm Pmpu`fod ge
Cgrml, lih Jlpli, egr mxlapfm, lih lrm oiegralffy usmh `y aliy gtbmr
kgvmriamits tg kuohm pgfody (Ttokfotz, Tmi, lih Eotgusso 0>>?).
L strltmky tg pursum oidfusovm krgwtb dli bmfp tg put qulfoty ge
foem g`jmdtovms lt tbm dmitmr ge tbm pgfody prgdmss. Ot dli prgvohm l
erlamwgrc tg kuohm pgfodoms tblt `lflidm tbm spmmh ge krgwtb lkloist
ots elorimss lih sustloil`ofoty. Xbmsm ossums lrm lhhrmssmh oi Dblptmr 4.
Oidfusovm krgwtb os igt gify oapgrtlit oi ots gwi rokbt, `ut ot os lfsg
l prmrmquosotm egr pgfotodlf stl`ofoty lih bmidm egr tbm vol`ofoty ge tbm
krgwtb prgdmss.
<.4.0 ^rghudtogi
Pmlfozoik la`otogus hmvmfgpamit tlrkmts woff rmquorm, agst
euihlamitlffy, oidrmlsms oi LDO prghudtovoty. Xbm klp `mtwmmi tbm
rmkogi‟s prghudtovoty fmvmfs lih tbm tmdbigfgky ergitomr os stoff flrkm.
^mr dlpotl oidgams lrm l soapfm oihodltgr ge tbm klp3 `y tbos amlsurm
LDO prghudtovoty os stoff gify gim-tmitb ge tblt oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.]soik agrm hmtlofmh hltl, Hmik lih Jmeemrsgi (0><<) mstoaltm tblt
oi tbm ^PD gutput pmr wgrcmr oi aliueldturoik rlikms erga <>% tg
5>% ge ]T fl`gr prghudtovoty. Xbm `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis ge tbos stuhy
mxpmdt tblt tbmsm prghudtovoty klps woff ilrrgw, wotb suppgrt erga
oivmstamits, pgfody, lih strudturlf lhjustamits.
Lt tbm slam toam, tbm soaufltogis sbgw tblt l sblrp sfgwhgwi oi
prghudtovoty krgwtb os pgsso`fm lih os tbm soikfm agst oapgrtlit tbrmlt
tg tbm `lsmfoim krgwtb pltb. Xbos dgidmri‘`lsmh gi tbm mxpmromidm ge
gtbmr dguitroms rmldboik aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs‘bls `mmi hmsdro`mh ls
tbm ‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp‑ (@gx <.<). ]ifocm tbm elaofolr ‖fgw-oidgam
trlp,‑ tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp os igt l wmff-hmeoimh hosmlsm wotb tmstmh
rmamhoms3 ot os agrm li maporodlf rmkuflroty tbli l tbmgrmtodlf strudturm.
Xbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp dgufh rmsuft erga vlrogus oapmhoamits tg
krgwtb lih bmidm rmquorms l pgrtegfog ge prmvmitovm amlsurms‘tbm
dmitrlf egdus ge Dblptmr 8.
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@gx <.<: ]ihmrstlihoik lih Lvgohoik tbm Aohhfm-Oidgam Xrlp
^gfodyalcmrs oi rlpohfy hmvmfgpoik dguitroms lrm dgidmrimh tblt
tbmor mdgigaoms aokbt elff oitg wblt Koff lih Cblrls (0>>;) lih
gtbmrs blvm hmsdro`mh ls tbm ‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp.‑ Mxlapfms
ge tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp oidfuhm Fltoi Lamrodli mdgigaoms sudb ls
Lrkmitoil lih @rlzof, lih Aohhfm Mlstmri mdgigaoms sudb ls Mkypt lih
Orli. _mt sgam Mlst Lsoli mdgigaoms, oidfuhoik Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod
ge Cgrml, lih Toiklpgrm, blvm agvmh `mygih aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs
wotbgut sokioeodlit hmdmfmrltogi.
Xbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp os sgamtoams hmsdro`mh ls tbm oil`ofoty
tg agvm erga aohhfm-oidgam tg bokb-oidgam fmvmfs. L agrm usmeuf
hmeoiotogi woff osgfltm dlsms tblt blvm agrm hostoidtovm trljmdtgroms
lih agrm oi dgaagi wotb tbm prgspmdts ge Lsol‟s rlpohfy hmvmfgpoik
mdgigaoms. Gim sudb hmeoiotogi oivgfvms su`stlitolf hmdmfmrltogierga elst krgwtb gidm aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs lrm rmldbmh. Oi tbm
agst mxtmisovm maporodlf stuhy sg elr, Modbmikrmmi, ^lrc, lih Tboi
(0><<) eguih tblt tbm prg`l`ofoty ge krgwtb hmdmfmrltogi (ge lt fmlst
0 pmrdmitlkm pgoits erga li sustloimh progr pmr dlpotl oidgam krgwtb
rltm ge lt fmlst 4.=%) rosms lt l pmr dlpotl oidgam fmvmf ge lrguih
$<>,>>> lih pmlcs lt lrguih $<;,>>> (Eokurm @<.<). Toidm smvmrlf LDO
mdgigaoms woff `m oi tbos rlikm oi tbm imxt twg hmdlhms, ot os usmeuf
tg lsc wblt dlusms sudb hmdmfmrltogi lih bgw ot aokbt `m prmvmitmh.
Eokurm @<.<: ^rg`l`ofoty ge Krgwtb Hmdmfmrltogi`y Oidgam Fmvmf
Tgurdm: Modbmikrmmi, ^lrc, lih Tboi (0><<).
>.<5
>.<8
>.<0
>.<>
>.>2
>.>5
>.>8
>.>0
>
$?,>>> $<8,>>> $<?,>>> $08,>>> $0?,>>> $48,>>> $4?,>>>
Ldtulf vlfum
^rmhodtmh vlfum
<>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
(Dgitoiumh)
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Xbm trlisotogi erga fgw-oidgam tg pgst-aohhfm-oidgam krgwtb
bls mmi ohmitoeomh oi vlrogus wlys. Tgam wrotmrs ohmitoey tbos pgoit oi
tmras ge wlkms: gidm wlkms lrm bokb migukb tg alcm fl`gr-oitmisovm
prghudtogi ig fgikmr dgapmtotovm oitmriltogilffy, dgitoiumh rlpoh
krgwtb rmquorms tbm prghudtogi ge dlpotlf- gr tmdbigfgky-oitmisovm
prghudts. Gtbmrs hmsdro`m ot ls tbm mih ge ‖mlsy‑ prghudtovoty klois
ldbomvmh `y trlisemrroik fl`gr erga lkrodufturm tg oihustry, rmldbmh
lt tbm sg-dlffmh ‖Fmwos turioik pgoit,‑ wbmi tbm suppfy ge lkrodufturlf
surpfus fl`gr os mxblustmh. Lt tblt pgoit, prghudtovoty klois blvm tg m
kmimrltmh erga prghudtovoty oaprgvmamits wotboi smdtgrs rltbmr tbli
oitmr-smdtgrlf rmsgurdm trlisemrs.
Xbm prmrmquosotms ge pgst-aohhfm-oidgam krgwtb blvm `mmi
lfsg hmsdro`mh oi auftopfm wlys. Bokb gi tbm fost lrm eldtgrs tblt
suppgrt tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty krgwtb, oidfuhoik buali dlpotlf,
lih oistotutogis sudb ls meeodomit eoilidolf alrcmts, lih rg`ust
systmas ge mitrmprmimursbop lih oiigvltogi. Lfsg oapgrtlit lrm
oidgam hostro`utogi lih hmalih pgfodoms tblt kmimrltm hgamstod
hmalih gidm egrmoki hmalih egr fl`gr-oitmisovm mxpgrts hroms up.
Gtbmr wrotmrs egdus gi hmmpmr oistotutogis (prgpmrty rokbts, eoilidolf
alrcmts, dgapmtotogi) tblt prgvohm oidmitovms lih gppgrtuiotoms
egr trlisemrroik rmsgurdms erga fgw- tg bokb-prghudtovoty ldtovotoms.
]r`liozltogi aly `m oapgrtlit tgg3 ot eldofotltms prghudtovoty krgwtb
tbrgukb oiegraltogi mxdblikm, mdgigaoms ge sdlfm, lih tbm mlsy
agvmamit ge rmsgurdms lagik ldtovotoms.
Ls li mxlapfm, Cblrls (0>>?) bls dgapofmh l ‖sbgrt fost‑ ge
pgfodoms tblt bm `mfomvms woff bmfp tg lvgoh tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp oi
tbm mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil. Xbmsm oidfuhm suppgrtoik tbm dgitoiumh
trlisemr ge rmsgurdms erga lkrodufturm tg oihustry `y mfoaoiltoik
oapmhoamits tg aokrltogi, lih stoaufltoik prghudtovoty krgwtb oi
oihustry `y oivmstoik oi buali dlpotlf lih oiigvltogi.
Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dgapofltogi.
Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
Oi tbm plst, prghudtovoty krgwtb oi mxpgrt-gromitmh hmvmfgpamit
hmpmihmh aloify gi oapgrtmh gr lhlptmh egrmoki tmdbigfgky. Oi tbm
euturm, prghudtovoty klois woff immh tg hmpmih gi oihustroms smrvoik
tbm rmkogi‟s gwi hmalih, lih bmidm gi tbm rmkogi‟s gwi buali
dlpotlf lih dlpldoty egr oiigvltogi. Kovmi tbm rosoik sblrm ge smrvodm
hmalih, tbm spmmh ge gvmrlff prghudtovoty krgwtb woff hmpmih drudolffy
gi prgkrmss alhm oi smrvodms.
Oitrl-oihustry prghudtovoty oidrmlsms oi smrvodms lih gtbmr
oihustroms‘oi dgitrlst tg prghudtovoty klois rmlfozmh erga sboetoik
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<0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
rmsgurdms erga lkrodufturm tg mxpgrt-gromitmh oihustry‘woff `mdgam
l progroty ldrgss tbm LDO rmkogi. Xbos g`jmdtovm os `mst smrvmh `y
dgapmtotovm prghudt lih eldtgr alrcmts. [grcmrs, mitrmprmimurs, lih
oivmstgrs aust blvm oidmitovms lih gppgrtuioty, lih‘ls tbm [grfh@lic lih Hmvmfgpamit Pmsmlrdb Dmitmr (0><0) stuhy Dboil 0>4>
lrkumh‘mqulf gppgrtuioty tg smmc tbm bokbmst-vlfum usms egr tbmor
scoffs lih lssmts. Ls fl`gr-oitmisovm oihustrolfozltogi rmldbms ots foaots,
prghudtovoty krgwtb `mdgams oidrmlsoikfy smisotovm tg tbm aodrg-
mdgigaod oistotutogis tblt drmltm sudb oidmitovms lih gppgrtuiotoms,
oidfuhoik dgapmtotogi, fl`gr ag`ofoty, lddmss tg eoilidolf rmsgurdms,
lih tbm ermmhga tg lpprgproltm tbm klois erga mitrmprmimursbop lih
oiigvltogi.
Xbmsm dblikms rmquorm iuamrgus aodrgmdgigaod lhjustamits,
oi plrt grdbmstrltmh `y rosoik wlkms. Gi lvmrlkm, LDO wlkms sbgufh
oidrmlsm tbrmmegfh `y 0>4>, lih tbm mdgigaoms wotb tbm elstmst
wlkm oidrmlsms woff eldm strgik dgst prmssurms oi fl`gr-oitmisovm
smdtgrs sudb ls lkrodufturm lih stlihlrhozmh aliueldturoik. Xg tbm
mxtmit pmraottmh lih eldofotltmh `y pgfody, wlkm oidrmlsms woff fmlh
tg l su`stlitolf aokrltogi ge oihustry, wbodb woff mxtmih krgwtb
gppgrtuiotoms tg fgw-oidgam rmkogis wotboi dguitroms lih tg fgw-
oidgam dguitroms wotboi tbm LDO rmkogi.
@mdlusm oidgam hoeemrmidms lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm stoff
flrkm, aljgr sboets ge oihustry lrm focmfy tg gddur wotboi tbm rmkogiotsmfe. Foi (0><<`) mstoaltms tblt tbm ^PD woff sbmh 2= aoffogi jg`s
oi fgw-wlkm aliueldturoik oihustroms oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhm. Oihol,
Aylialr, lih Uomt Ila woff `m lagik tbm fgdltogis tblt Lsoli
eoras lih dustgamrs woff dbggsm tg aliueldturm prghudts tblt dli
ig fgikmr `m prghudmh mdgigaodlffy oi tbm ^PD. Xbmsm dguitroms dli
`mimeot krmltfy erga egffgwoik tbm mxpmromidm ge agrm hmvmfgpmh
Lsoli mdgigaoms oi `uofhoik tbm imdmsslry pbysodlf lih oistotutogilf
oierlstrudturm. Xbmor trlisegraltogis woff `m lfsg eldofotltmh `y l
spmdolf Lsoli lssmt: tbm oitmriltogilf prghudtogi imtwgrc.
Amliwbofm, krgwtb oi tbm ^PD, Alflysol, Xbloflih, lih gtbmr
agrm hmvmfgpmh LDO mdgigaoms woff eldm strgik oidmitovms tg
hmvmfgp prghudtogi iodbms oi bokbmr tmdbigfgky ldtovotoms. Oapgrtlit
gppgrtuiotoms woff `m prgvohmh `y tbm rmkogi‟s gwi dgisuamrs, wbg
woff mxpmdt‘gi l vlst sdlfm‘imw prghudts, agrm vlromty, krmltmr
prghudt rmfol`ofoty lih slemty, lih fgwmr prodms. Oi plrtoduflr,
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Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
dgisuamrs woff mxpmdt agrm lih `mttmr smrvodms, rlikoik erga trlhm,
trlispgrtltogi, lih eoilidm, tg bmlftb, mhudltogi, lih mitmrtloiamit.
Xbm dgapfmxoty ge tbmsm dblikms wgufh gvmrwbmfa tbm egrmsokbt
lih pfliioik dlpldotoms ge liy kgvmriamit, `ut kovmi l dgapmtotovmmivorgiamit, tbmrm os mvmry rmlsgi tg mxpmdt tblt alrcmts woff alilkm
tbma. Xblt mivorgiamit woff blvm tg `m oistotutogilffy sgpbostodltmh:
ot woff blvm tg prgvohm lhmqultm prgpmrty rokbts lih fmklf systmas,
meeodomit eoilidolf alrcmts, uioapmhmh fl`gr ag`ofoty, lih su`stlitolf
oivmstamits oi buali dlpotlf.
Kmttoik tbos oistotutogilf oierlstrudturm rokbt os l dmitrlf
rmspgiso`ofoty ge LDO kgvmriamits. Oi dguitroms lt rmfltovmfy mlrfy
stlkms ge hmvmfgpamit, tbm mxpmromidms ge agrm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms
dli `m usmh tg bmfp prgvohm sgfutogis. Egr mxlapfm, Foi lih Agikl
(0><<) sukkmst tlrkmtoik tbm strltmkoms ge dguitroms wotb twodm tbm
pmr dlpotl oidgam ge li mdgigay‟s durrmit fmvmf. Oi agrm hmvmfgpmh
mdgigaoms, tbm imdmsslry stmps woff rmquorm dgapfmx, dguitry-spmdoeod
suppgrt systmas ge oiigvltogi, mitrmprmimursbop, lih dgapmtotogi.
Xbm `gttga foim os tblt tbm LDO rmkogi bls lapfm pgtmitolf egr
lhhotogilf prghudtovoty klois, `ut ots spmmh ge dltdb-up woff hmpmih gi
ots oistotutogilf lih pgfody mivorgiamit.
<.4.4 Pmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms woff oidrmlsoikfy leemdt kfg`lf rmsgurdm lih
mivorgiamitlf lssmts‘egr `mttmr gr wgrsm. Xbm LDO rmkogi lfrmlhy
lddguits egr 4=% ge tbm wgrfh‟s maossogis ge krmmibgusm klsms lih 0>%
ge ots mimrky usm, lih os stoff oi tbm aohst ge ots agst rmsgurdm-oitmisovm
hmvmfgpamit pblsm. Oi lhhotogi tg dgidmris wotb kfg`lf mimrky lih
mivorgiamitlf ossums, tbm rmkogi eldms aliy prg`fmas erga fgdlf lor
lih wltmr pgffutogi, ls wmff ls `lsod wltmr smduroty ossums ldrgss ots
vlst, lkrodufturlffy oapgrtlit su`rmkogis. Igt surprosoikfy, dotozmis oi
aliy LDO mdgigaoms igw put mivorgiamitlf ossums lbmlh ge krgwtb
ls l iltogilf progroty (_u lih ^ukfomsm 0><0).
Bgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms lhhrmss rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf
ossums woff leemdt tbmor smism ge iltogilf wmff-`moik lih tbm kfg`lf
dgaagis. Ls l fltmdgamr tg oihustrolfozltogi, tbm rmkogi‟s mdgigay
bls mdgam kfg`lffy sokioeodlit lt l toam wbmi tbm wgrfh mdgigay, hum
tg tbm mlrfomr hmvmfgpamit ge hmvmfgpmh dguitroms, os tmstoik rmsgurdm
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<8
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
suppfoms lih mivorgiamitlf sustloil`ofoty. Hmvmfgpmh dguitroms wmrm
egrtuiltm tg oihustrolfozm `megrm kfg`lf rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf
dlpldotoms `mdlam sg strmtdbmh. Xbos bostgrodlf dgitrlst‘tbm LDO
rmkogi‟s rgfm oi alilkoik prg`fmas igw tblt rmefmdt, oi plrt, tbmduaufltovm ldtogis ge gtbmr dguitroms oi tbm plst‘alcms oitmriltogilf
dggpmrltogi hoeeoduft.
Xbm kfg`lf dgsts ge dgitloioik krmmibgusm maossogis tg l fmvmf tblt
cmmps kfg`lf wlraoik lt 0ºD, tbm Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy‟s (OML)
‖8=> sdmilrog‑ woff rmquorm $<>.= troffogi oi oidrmamitlf oivmstamits
`y 0>4> (OML 0><<l). Mvmi tbmi, lddgrhoik tg [grfh @lic (0><>l)
mstoaltms, hmvmfgpoik dguitroms woff rmquorm imw mxpmihoturms
ge $;> `offogi tg $<>> `offogi pmr ymlr tg lhlpt tg lhhotogilf dfoaltm
vlroltogi. Dfmlrfy, rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf pgfodoms oivgfvm
sozml`fm trlhmgees `mtwmmi tbm altmrolf immhs ge tghly‟s pgpufltogis
lih tbm wmfelrm ge euturm kmimrltogis. Agrmgvmr, kfg`lf sgfutogis
dliigt `m soapfm `mdlusm tbmrm lrm flrkm hoeemrmidms wotboi lih
ldrgss dguitroms oi tbm urkmidy ge immhs, gppgrtuiotoms egr ldtogi, lih
plst dgitro`utogis tg durrmit prg`fmas. @ut ldtogi woff `m rmquormh,
bgwmvmr dgapfmx gr hoeeoduft.
Ge dgursm, tbm trlhmgees dli `m gvmrstltmh‘dgismrvltogi lih
lftmriltovm mimrky prghudtogi, ls lrkumh oi Dblptmr =, dli lhh up
tg l ‖krmmi krgwtb‑ strltmky tblt wgufh bmfp tg lfoki sustloil`ofoty
wotb oivmstamit lih krgwtb. Mvmi tg tbm mxtmit tblt tbmsm g`jmdtovmslrm oapmremdtfy lfokimh, tbm soaufltogis ge tbos stuhy sukkmst tblt
rmspgiso`fm fgik-tmra strltmkoms‘`lsmh gi tbm OML 8=> sdmilrogs‘
lrm eoilidolffy alilkml`fm. Bgwmvmr, lffgdltoik rmspgiso`ofotoms egr
dgismrvltogi lih mivorgiamitlf prgtmdtogi elorfy ldrgss hoeemrmit
dguitroms lih bgusmbgfhs woff tlcm migragus pgfotodlf meegrt, lih
sgam lrm scmptodlf tblt ot dli `m alilkmh lt lff.
Xbm drotodlf dblffmikm os tg ag`ofozm mlrfy dgffmdtovm hmdosogis
wotboi dguitroms lih lagik tbma. Oe pgfodoms lrm pfliimh lih lhgptmh
`megrm l drosos egrdms ldtogi tbmy dli sprmlh lhjustamits gvmr toam lih
rmhudm dgsts. Oe tbm pgfody sgfutogis lrm oapfmamitmh krlhulffy wotb
prodm sokilfs, tbmy lffgw alrcmts tg hmvmfgp meeodomit tmdbigfgkoms lih
oihustroms tg dgpm oalkoiltovmfy wotb mamrkoik dgistrloits. Euturm
mivorgiamitlf lih tmdbigfgkodlf trljmdtgroms lrm uidmrtloi. @ut tbos
hgms igt uihmraoim tbm dlsm egr dgaaotamits tg mimrky dgismrvltogi
lih krmmi pgfodoms ls oisurlidm lkloist pgtmitolffy bokb euturm
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Eokurm <.0: Xrlhm Efgws [off Tboet Tgutb—Tgutb
(lagik Hmvmfgpoik Dguitroms) (% ge trlhm)
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol.
Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dlfdufltogis.
Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
fgssms. Egr elst-krgwoik LDO mdgigaoms, tbmsm oivmstamits lfsg geemr
gppgrtuiotoms tg fmlpergk dgapmtotgrs tbrgukb mimrky-meeodomit dotoms,
mfmdtrodoty-`lsmh trlispgrt systmas, lih fgw-dlr`gi mimrky sgurdms.
<.4.8 Xbm oitmriltogilf systma]ihmr tbm `lsmfoim sdmilrog, LDO‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf trlhm wgufh
hgu`fm oi tbm imxt twg hmdlhms, lih tbm rmkogi‟s oitrlrmkogilf trlhm
wgufh oidrmlsm `y l eldtgr ge sox. @y 0>4>, tbm LDO rmkogi woff lddguit
egr =4% ge wgrfh trlhm lih tbmor dgiimdtogis woff oidrmlsm wotb
mldb gtbmr. Ttoff, ;5% ge tbm rmkogi‟s trlhm woff `m wotb mxtrlrmkogilf
plrtimrs, oi plrt `mdlusm tbm rmkogi woff hmpmih agrm gi oapgrts egr
ots mimrky lih proalry kgghs rmquormamits (Dblptmr 0). LDO trlhm
efgws, oidfuhoik mspmdolffy tbgsm wotb mamrkoik mdgigaoms mfsmwbmrm,
woff `m lagik tbm agst rlpohfy krgwoik trlhm rmfltogisbops oi tbm
wgrfh (Eokurm <.0). Xbm LDO mdgigaoms woff lfsg `mdgam tbm agst
oapgrtlit sgurdm ge, lih hmstoiltogi egr, dlpotlf lih fl`gr efgws, tbm
bgam ge aljgr lih pmrblps hgaoilit eoilidolf dmitmrs, lih fmlhoik
dgitro`utgrs tg sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky.
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<5
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Xbmsm tmdtgiod sboets drmltm gppgrtuiotoms egr dggpmrltogi lih
dgapmtotogi lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Ot wgufh m blrh tg gvmrmstoaltm
tbm plygees, egr mxlapfm, erga plrtimrsbops `mtwmmi Oiholi eoras wotb
strmiktbs oi sgetwlrm hmsoki lih alrcmtoik lih eoras oi tbm ^PD wotbscoffs oi lhvlidmh aliueldturoik tblt alilkm tg dlpturm hgamstod
alrcmts ge imlrfy 4 `offogi pmgpfm. @ut LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol
woff lfsg dgapmtm lkkrmssovmfy egr prghudtogi smkamits, oihustroms,
lih dfustmrs. Tudb dgapmtotogi sbgufh stoaufltm oiigvltogi lih
prghudtovoty, `ut lt toams ot woff `m erustrltoik lih dgstfy. Oitmriltogilf
tmisogis dgufh egffgw, mspmdolffy oe smvmrlf dguitroms egdus kgvmriamit
suppgrt gi smdtgrs dgisohmrmh strltmkodlffy oapgrtlit. Pmkogilf
oitmkrltogi os l pgsotovm-sua klam, `ut ot woff tlcm strgik imw rufms
lih oistotutogis tg cmmp dgapmtotogi prghudtovm lih pgfotodlf erodtogi
oi dbmdc.
LDO‟s rmfltogisbop wotb tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh woff hmmpmi, tgg.
Oi tmras ge krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^), tbm rmfltovm oapgrtlidm
ge tbm rmkogi woff rosm dgaplrmh tg tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms ge tbm
]iotmh Ttltms, Murgpm, lih Mlst Lsol. @ut oi tbm egrmsmml`fm euturm,
tbgsm mdgigaoms woff rmaloi oapgrtlit ls bokbfy dgapmtotovm alrcmts,
sgurdms ge oiigvltogi, lih prgvohmrs ge bokb-tmdbigfgky prghudts lih
smrvodms. Xbm LDO rmkogi‟s krgwoik rmquormamits ge mimrky, eggh, lih
proalry altmrolf woff lfsg alcm mxtrl-rmkogilf alrcmts oapgrtlit. Flst
`ut igt fmlst, tbm krgwtb ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff eumf flrkm oidrmlsmsoi tbm mxdblikm ge pmgpfm lih ohmls wotb hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Xbmsm
foiclkms, tgg, woff rmquorm meemdtovm dggpmrltogi.
Efgws oi kgghs lih smrvodms woff `m altdbmh lih pmrblps hwlremh
`y eoilidolf efgws. @y 0>4>, tbm soaufltogis ge tbos stuhy sukkmst tblt
$<8 troffogi oi LDO slvoiks woff immh tg `m oitmramholtmh `mtwmmi tbm
rmkogi‟s slvmrs lih oivmstgrs. Xbmsm efgws woff lddguit egr lfagst gim-
tborh ge wgrfh slvoiks lih oivmstamit. Tgam ge tbmsm trlisldtogis woff
dgitoium tg `m oitmramholtmh `y eoilidolf dmitmrs oi tbm hmvmfgpmh
wgrfh, `ut aliy lrm `guih tg sboet tg rmkogilf dmitmrs lih Lsoli
durrmidoms. Xbm focmfy gutdgam os tblt tbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf dmitmrs
woff `m hrlaltodlffy trlisegramh oi sdlfm lih sgpbostodltogi. Ttrgikmr
rmkufltgry amdbliosas woff `m immhmh tg misurm tbmor meeodomidy lih
slemty.
Xbm dblikms oapfy imw sgurdms ge agimtlry lih rmlf sbgdcs, lih
oitmisoeomh aldrgmdgigaod lih aodrgmdgigaod oitmrhmpmihmidm. Ls
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Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
LH@ (0>>2) lrkumh, Lsol‟s dggpmrltovm erlamwgrcs lrm ‖oistotutogi
fokbt‑‘alrcmt egrdms lih egralf lkrmmamits blvm fmh tbm rmkogi‟s
mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, lih oistotutogis blvm hmvmfgpmh sfgwfy. Xbm
pldm ge oistotutogilf hmvmfgpamit immhs tg lddmfmrltm tg cmmp pldmwotb alrcmts lih tg misurm l dgitoiumh, stl`fm mivorgiamit egr
krgwtb. Lt l aoioaua, tbos rmquorms strgikmr rmkogilf oistotutogis
egr aldrgmdgigaod agiotgroik lih dgisuftltogi, lih rg`ust
rmkogilf slemty imts tg prmvmit dgitlkogi. Ls krgwtb pusbms tbm
LDO mdgigaoms oitg tbm egrmergit ge eoilidm, tbm rmkogi‟s l`ofoty tg
rmkufltm eoilidolf efgws lih oistotutogis woff lfsg `m smvmrmfy tmstmh.
Xrlisegraoik mdgigaod kgvmrilidm gi sudb l wohm sdlfm woff
rmquorm oiigvltogis lt iltogilf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf fmvmfs, lih imw
foiclkms lagik tbma (Clwlo lih ^mtro 0><>). Audb oistotutogilf
oiigvltogi os lfrmlhy uihmrwly. Xbm pldm ge dggpmrltogi gi trlhm
lih oivmstamit bls oitmisoeomh wotb LTMLI‟s meegrts tg hmvmfgp l
soikfm alrcmt, lih tbm rmfltmh LTMLI+4, LTMLI+5, lih `rglhmr
rmkogilf prgdmssms. Tmvmrlf prgpgslfs blvm mamrkmh egr ermm trlhm
lrmls spliioik tbm rmkogi, sgam ge wbodb oidfuhm lff tbm LDO
mdgigaoms. Xbm LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm (LAPG),
wotb rmspgiso`ofotoms tblt dgufh mxplih tg rmkogi-wohm agimtlry
dggpmrltogi, bls gpmimh oi Toiklpgrm. Tu`rmkogilf prgjmdts tg `uofh
rmkogilf trlispgrt lih mimrky imtwgrcs lrm uihmrwly tbrgukbgut
tbm LDO rmkogi, oi sgam dlsms plvoik tbm wly egr mdgigaodoitmkrltogi ldrgss oapgrtlit `grhmrs. Ot os igt tgg mlrfy tg pfli
egr li LDO rmkogi‘gr wohmr mdgigaod zgims‘lftgkmtbmr ermm ge
`lrromrs tg mdgigaod mxdblikm.
Flst `ut igt fmlst, Lsol‟s krgwtb woff trokkmr l trlisegraltogi
ge kfg`lf oistotutogis. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms woff kloi agrm oiefumidm
oi kfg`lf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih,
tbm [grfh @lic, lih tbm ]iotmh Iltogis. Xbm rosm ge tbm Krgup
ge Xwmity (K0>) rmdgkiozms tbm dgapfmx, auftopgflr mvgfutogi ge
tbm kfg`lf mdgigay, `ut tbm K0> hgms igt blvm tbm `lihwohtb tg
lhhrmss tbm euff rlikm ge dggpmrltovm dblffmikms eldoik tbm wgrfh
mdgigay. Xbm hmtlofmh oistruamits ge kfg`lf kgvmrilidm‘oidfuhoik
vgtoik systmas lih lppgoitamits oi aliy oistotutogis‘woff immh
tg `m rmsblpmh tg trlisfltm tbm rosoik oiefumidm ge LDO lih gtbmr
mamrkoik mdgigaoms oitg rmlf oiefumidm gvmr pgfody.
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<2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
<.8 Xbm Dblffmikm ge Ldtogi
Xbm suddmss ge tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi os lssurmh `y tbm rmkogi‟soihustry lih tlfmit. @ut suddmss woff lfsg hmpmih gi tbm dlpldoty ge
kgvmriamits tg hmsoki lih oapfmamit pgfodoms egr sustloimh, oidfusovm
krgwtb. Drotodlf tbrmlts tg krgwtb‘oidfuhoik tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp
lih mimrky lih mivorgiamitlf ossums‘woff blvm tg `m lhhrmssmh `y
pgfodoms wotb fgik fmlh toams. Hmspotm tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, lih
oihmmh mdlusm ge tbm wmlc rmdgvmry erga ot, LDO pfliimrs lih oivmstgrs
aust igw `lflidm pgfodoms egdusmh gi sbgrt-tmra aldrgmdgigaods
wotb pgfodoms tblt mil`fm tbm strudturlf trlisegraltogis `mygih ot.
L blfe-dmitury ge mxpmroamits lih stuhy blvm prghudmh li
oivlful`fm oivmitgry ge oisokbts lih sgfutogis gi tbm trlisegraltogis
midguitmrmh oi tbm hmvmfgpamit prgdmss (Foi 0><<`). Xbm pltb
tblt kmimrltmh tbos mxpmromidm bls `mmi liytboik `ut saggtb,
`ut ot prgvohms li mxdmptogilf rmsgurdm egr euturm pgfody (@gx <.0).
Hmvmfgpamit os tgg dgapfmx tg yomfh tg liy soikfm tbmgry. @ut prlkaltod,
tmstmh lpprgldbms dli alcm l hoeemrmidm lih lrm igw wohmfy lvlofl`fm.
Tgam lpprgldbms woff `m mxpfgrmh oi tbos stuhy, `ut aliy agrm dli
`m uidgvmrmh tbrgukb tbm mxdblikm ge pgfody mxpmromidms lagik tbm
rmkogi‟s kgvmriamits.
Xbos stuhy mapblsozms tbrmm gvmrlrdboik rmspgisms tg dgistrloitstblt pgfody eldms. Eorst, ot lrkums tblt kgvmriamits immh egrwlrh-
fggcoik lilfysos tg ohmitoey lih lhhrmss tbrmlts wotb fgik fmlh toams‘
oidfuhoik tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp‘rmhudoik tbm rosc ge drosos lih fgss
ge dgieohmidm oi kgvmrilidm. Tmdgih, ot prgpgsms alcoik tbm qulfoty
ge foem l tgp pu`fod g`jmdtovm, igt gify `mdlusm ge ots g`vogus sgdolf
oapgrtlidm, `ut lfsg tg bmfp `uofh dgieohmidm oi pgfody. Xborh, ot
sukkmsts li mxpfodot egdus gi rmsofomidm‘tbm dlpldoty, oi `gtb provltm
lih pu`fod smdtgrs‘tg dgpm wotb uimxpmdtmh sbgdcs. Xbmsm strltmkoms
geemr eguihltogis egr tbm aliy spmdoeod, euidtogilf pgfodoms tblt
woff `m rmquormh tg sustloi hmvmfgpamit, lih uihmrfom aliy ge tbm
rmdgaamihltogis ge tbos stuhy.
Mivosogi tbm euturm. Xbm trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms
woff hmpmih gi dgapfmx, toam-dgisuaoik oistotutogilf oiigvltogis lih
oierlstrudturm oivmstamits. Xbmsm oivgfvm fgik fmlh toams lih rmquorm
kgvmriamits tg fggc `mygih drosos eokbtoik lih tbm oaamholtm kglfs
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@gx <.0: Fmlrioik erga Hmvmfgpamit Mxpmromidm
Hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms blvm mvgfvmh tg lhhrmss egur hostoidt, `ut uftoaltmfy dgapfmamitdgistrloits tblt mamrkm oi tbm hmvmfgpamit prgdmss (Xl`fm @<.0). Xbm eorst prgpgslfs ge tbm <?
ohmitoeomh alrcmt elofurm ls tbm dmitrlf prg`fma‘oilhmqultm dggrhoiltogi ge hoeemrmit oihustroms
oisueeodomit mdgigaoms ge sdlfm‘lih rmdgaamihmh flrkm, kgvmriamit-fmh oivmstamits. Lppfomh aloify oi F
Lamrodl oi tbm <?5>s, tbmsm strltmkoms prghudmh pgsotovm mlrfy rmsufts `ut mvmitulffy kmimrltmh oivmsta
tblt l`sgr`mh alssovm rmsgurdms wotbgut `mdgaoik dgapmtotovm.
L smdgih smt ge prgpgslfs rmldtmh tg tbm elofurms ge tbm <?5>s `y mapblsozoik kgvmriamit elof
oidfuhoik ‖rmit smmcoik‑ tblt systmaltodlffy hovmrtmh rmsgurdms oitg uiprghudtovm ldtovotoms. Lssgdoltmh w
tbm [grfh @lic oi tbm <?;>s lih <?2>s, tbos strltmky tlrkmtmh fo`mrlfozltogi lih getmi prghudmh pgso
meemdts, mspmdolffy oi Lsol. @ut ot tgg elofmh tg fovm up tg mxpmdtltogis oi aliy gtbmr dorduastlidms, oidfuh
oi Lerodl.
L tborh wlvm ge lilfysos tbmi turimh lttmitogi tg oistotutogis tblt wmrm imdmsslry egr alrcmt-`lsmh krg
Ots prmsdroptogi: `uofh strgik fmklf lih eoilidolf eguihltogis lih oaprgvm kgvmrilidm. Xbmsm kglfs, bgwm
wmrm getmi tgg flrkm lih hoeeusm‘tgg hoeeoduft tg oapfmamit `y kgvmriamits sbgrt gi rmsgurdms, toam,
oapfmamitltogi dlpldoty.
Xghly‟s egurtb lpprgldb smmcs prlkaltod prmsdroptogis `lsmh gi mxpmromidm lih wotboi tbm rmldb ge
kgvmriamits. Ots tggfs oidfuhm holkigstod amtbghs tg ohmitoey cmy oihoik dgistrloits (Blusalii, Pghroc,
Umflsdg 0>>2)3 mxpmroamits tg tmst bgw pgfody ldtulffy wgrcs (Huefg 0>>8)3 lih lfkgrotbas tg eoih aghmf
gtbmr dguitroms‘pgsso`fy `lsmh gi l `fmih ge strltmkoms‘tblt bmfp oi hmsokioik oihustrolf lih oierlstrud
pgfody (Foi 0><<`).
Dgitmapgrlry strltmkoms rmdgkiozm tbm dgapfmxoty ge tbm hmvmfgpamit prgdmss lih vomw tbmgroms lih t
ls dgapfmamits rltbmr tbli lftmriltovms. Xbm dblffmikm tg pgfodyalcmrs os tg ohmitoey prg`fmas lddurltmfy
tg altdb tbm rokbt sgfutogis tg tbma.
Xl`fm @<.0: L Tyigpsos ge Hmvmfgpamit Xbmgry
Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ syigpsos.
Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dgapofltogi.
Tdbggf Holkigsos Tgfutogis Elofurms
TtrudturlfostDggrhoiltogi prg`fmas,
mdgigaoms ge sdlfm
Oapgrt su`stotutogi
‖@ok `lik‑ oivmstamit]iprghudtovm oihustroms
Alrcmt-eromihfyKgvmriamit elofurm, ‖wbotm
mfmpblit‑ oivmstamits
Fo`mrlfozltogi
Aldrg hosdopfoim
Oimmdtovm oi mdgigaoms wot
wmlc oistotutogis
Oistotutogilf ^ggr oivmstamit mivorgiamitDlpldoty uofhoik
‖Hgoik @usoimss‑ survmys
Oisuffldomit kuohlidm egr pgf
sfgw rmsufts
^rlkaltost Oimmdtovm pgfody
Mxpmroamits
Krgwtb holkigstodsOhmitodltogi, eldofotltogi
7
Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
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0>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
ge oitmrmst krgups. Dgaprmbmisovm iltogilf stuhoms‘rmdmit mxlapfms
oidfuhm tbm ^PD‟s ‖<0tb Eovm _mlr ^fli‑ lih Oihgimsol‟s ‖Alstmr ^fli
egr tbm Lddmfmrltogi lih Mxplisogi ge Oihgimsoli Mdgigaod Krgwtb‑‘
dli smrvm tbos euidtogi. Xbmsm prgjmdts sbgufh igt lttmapt tg prghudmkgvmriamit hormdtovms ls hoh pflis oi tbm plst, `ut rltbmr sbgufh
oiotoltm rokgrgus rmsmlrdb lih hm`ltm gi pgfody, drmltm twg-wly efgws
ge oiegraltogi lagik stlcmbgfhmrs lih pgfodyalcmrs, lih bmfp tg
lfoki tbm mxpmdtltogis ge kgvmriamit `rlidbms, provltm oivmstgrs, lih
tbm pu`fod.
^rogrotozm oidfusovm krgwtb. Oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem ge lff
dotozmis os tbm uftoaltm purpgsm ge mdgigaod prgkrmss. L pgfody egdus
gi oidfusovm krgwtb os tbmrmegrm imdmsslry egr alxoaozoik tbm vlfum
ge mdgigaod krgwtb. Agrmgvmr, sudb l strltmky os igt gify oapgrtlit
egr ots gwi slcm, `ut ot lfsg bmfps kgvmriamits mlri pu`fod trust,
mil`foik tbma tg oapfmamit `gfhmr pgfody dblikms. Oe pgfodyalcmrs
blvm tbm dgieohmidm ge tbmor dotozmis‘`mdlusm tbmy lrm uihmrstggh
tg `m agtovltmh `y oidfusovm mdgigaod krgwtb‘tbmy woff blvm krmltmr
fmmwly tg oapfmamit amlsurms tblt lrm gppgsmh `y spmdolf oitmrmsts,
rmquorm ploieuf lhjustamits, gr blvm tg `m hmdohmh wotb urkmidy.
Miblidm rmsofomidm. Ig alttmr bgw egrwlrh fggcoik gr agtovltmh
kgvmriamits lrm, tbmy woff eldm sbgdcs tblt dliigt `m litodopltmh.
Ldbomvoik rmsofomidm amlis, oi plrt, alcoik sgam rmspgisms agrm
lutgaltod oi toams ge drosos. Xbos dli `m ldbomvmh `y gromitoikmdgigaoms tgwlrh alrcmts lih lddguitl`fm, trlisplrmitfy kgvmrimh
eoras tblt dli lhhrmss prg`fmas oi l hmdmitrlfozmh aliimr. Pmsofomidm
oi tbm provltm smdtgr dli `m miblidmh `y mdgigaod efmxo`ofoty‘`y
rmkufltogis tblt lffgw wgrcmrs tg sboet mlsofy erga gim oihustry tg
ligtbmr, lih `y eoilidolf amdbliosas tblt dli survovm blrsb `usoimss
dgihotogis lih euih lrmls ge bokb rmturi. Pmsofomidm lfsg rmquorms
tblt tbm pu`fod smdtgr os l`fm tg ldt quodcfy lih `gfhfy. Xbos amlis
eosdlf ‖bmlhrgga‑ egr mamrkmidoms, ls wmff ls oistotutogis‘sudb ls
oihmpmihmit dmitrlf `lics lih strgik oitmriltogilf lkmidoms‘tblt
blvm tbm dlpldoty lih pu`fod trust tg ldt `gfhfy. Ilturlf hoslstmrs lih
bmlftb mamrkmidoms drmltm g`vogus hmalihs egr sudb ldtogi, `ut sg hg
smvmrm mdgigaod hostur`lidms, wbodb dli `m mqulffy hmvlstltoik.
LDO pgfodoms blvm `mmi lagik tbm wgrfh‟s agst meemdtovm soidm tbm
mlrfy <??>s, `ut ymstmrhly‟s ldbomvmamits hg igt kulrlitmm euturm
suddmss. Xbm hmdlhms lbmlh woff rmquorm kgvmriamits tg fggc lbmlh,
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Xbm Krmlt Xrliseg
tg `uofh rmsmrvgors ge pu`fod suppgrt `y progrotozoik oidfusovm krgwtb,
lih tg drmltm rmsofomit mdgigaoms. Xbmsm kglfs woff rmquorm pgfodoms tblt
lrm `mttmr oiegramh, agrm smisotovm tg vlrogus stlcmbgfhmrs, lih agrm
hmdmitrlfozmh tbli tbgsm oi tbm plst.
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0 ^rgspmdts lih
Dblffmikms geKrgwtb
0.< Oitrghudtogi
Toidm tbm <??>s, tbm krgwtb rltms ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms ls l krgup
blvm `mmi dgisostmitfy bokbmr tbli tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms,
wotb tbm hoeemrmidms wohmioik soidm tbm gismt ge tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf
drosos oi 0>>2. Xbmsm twg krgups ge mdgigaoms blvm igt `mdgam
hosdgiimdtmh‘gi tbm dgitrlry, tbmor `usoimss dydfms lppmlr tg `m
oidrmlsoikfy dgrrmfltmh hum tg tbm tokbtmr oitmkrltogi ge trlhm lih
eoilidm (LH@ 0>>2). @ut tbm hoeemrmidms oi trmih krgwtb rltms lrm igwsu`stlitolf lih lppmlr tg rmefmdt hmmp, strudturlf dblikms tblt lrm
alcoik tbm LDO mdgigaoms stmlhofy agrm prghudtovm lih oidrmlsoikfy
hmpmihmit gi tbmor gwi hrovmrs ge hmalih lih tmdbigfgkodlf dblikm.
Gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms, LDO‟s hmmpmioik krgwtb prgdmss os
focmfy tg `mimeot erga rmoiegrdoik, hyilaod hmvmfgpamits oi hmalih
lih suppfy. Gi tbm hmalih sohm, hosdrmtogilry oidgams lih rmfltmh
oivmstamits woff mxplih elstmr tbli gutput, soidm LDO‟s mxtmrilf
surpfusms lrm igw focmfy tg aghmrltm. Gi tbm suppfy sohm, vokgrgus
dgapmtotogi lih bokb rltms ge oivmstamit sbgufh eldofotltm dgitoiumh
tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up, agrm oiigvltogi lih tbm hmvmfgpamit ge imw
oihustroms, lih oaprgvmamits oi tbm prghudtovoty ge mxostoik gims.
Xbm sdlfm ge LDO‟s dgaoik strudturlf trlisegraltogi os
uiprmdmhmitmh lih woff rmquorm imw strltmkoms. Xbm roscs oivgfvmh lrm
mqulffy krmlt. Imw krgwtb mikoims dgufh mamrkm agrm sfgwfy tbli
rmquormh3 rmsgurdm gr mivorgiamitlf dgistrloits dgufh rlosm tbm prodms
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ge eggh lih drotodlf rlw altmrolfs3 lih dgiefodts wotboi dguitroms gr
lagik tbma dgufh uihmraoim tbm dggpmrltogi imdmsslry tg ldbomvm
krgwtb. Liy ge tbmsm oapmhoamits‘gr smvmrlf oi dga`oiltogi‘dgufh
smt `ldc tbm rmkogi‟s prgspmdts. Lt tbm slam toam, krgwtb geemrs tggfsegr alilkoik roscs. Ot stoaufltms oiigvltogi, eldofotltms lhjustamit,
lih prgvohms eoilidolf lih mitrmprmimurolf rmsgurdms tg lhhrmss
prg`fmas.
Xbos dblptmr mxlaoims tbm rmkogi‟s prgspmdts lih dblffmikms tg
prgvohm oisokbt oitg tbm pgfody dblikms tblt woff `m rmquormh oi tbm
krmlt trlisegraltogi. Ot hmvmfgps `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis lih mxpfgrms
tbm strudturlf dblikms tblt woff `m rmquormh wotboi tbm LDO mdgigaoms
lih oi tbmor rmfltogis wotb tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh. Ot usms soaufltogi
mxmrdosms (hmvmfgpmh oi ^mtro lih Zblo S0><0Q ls l `ldckrguih plpmr
egr tbos stuhy) tg mxpfgrm bgw sbgdcs lih pgfody strltmkoms aokbt leemdt
tbmsm gutdgams. Tpmdoeodlffy, ot lscs bgw tbm trlisegraltogi woff leemdt
LDO‟s qulfoty ge foem, hrovmrs ge krgwtb, rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf
dblffmikms, lih rgfm oi tbm wgrfh mdgigay.
Xbm rmsufts prgvohm krguihs egr dgidmri lih egr gptoaosa. Xbm
pldm ge strudturlf dblikm rmquormh‘wbodb hoeemr oi egra ldrgss
dguitroms `ut lrm soaoflr oi dgapfmxoty‘oitrghudms uidmrtloity
oitg tbm prgjmdtogis. Lt tbm slam toam, tbm agamitua ge LDO‟s
trlisegraltogi lih tbm rmsuftoik rmsgurdms lih dlpl`ofotoms sbgufh
oaprgvm tbm rmkogi‟s l`ofoty tg alilkm smt`ldcs. Aliy prg`fmas woffblvm tg `m litodopltmh lih lvgohmh tbrgukb toamfy oivmstamits lih
pgfody. Xbos dblptmr bokbfokbts bgw meemdtovm dgffmdtovm ldtogi‘gi
iltogilf, rmkogilf, lih oitmriltogilf fmvmfs‘dli bmfp tg stmmr gutdgams
oi pgsotovm hormdtogis.
0.0 Lilfyzoik tbm KrmltXrlisegraltogi
Xg sblrpmi tbm lilfysos, tbos dblptmr dgistrudts l hmtlofmh
qulitotltovm vomw ge tbm prgspmdts ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Xbos stuhy
dgapfmamits agrm aldrgmdgigaod lilfysms ge Lsoli hmvmfgpamit
(sudb ls Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh 0><<) `y mxlaoioik tbm smdtgrlf
dgismqumidms lih rmquormamits ge tbm dgaoik trlisegraltogi.
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Tudb li mxmrdosm os oibmrmitfy uidmrtloi, `ut l qulitotltovm, smdtgrlf
erlamwgrc oapgsms dflroty lih dgisostmidy gi lssuaptogis l`gut tbm
euturm. Mvmi uidmrtloi qulitotltovm rmsufts dli bmfp tg alcm trmihs
lih pgfody dblffmikms agrm dgidrmtm‘lih oidgisostmidoms agrmlpplrmit‘tbli dli `m hmrovmh erga qulfotltovm lilfysos lfgim.
Xbm stlrtoik pgoit os l smt ge krgwtb prgjmdtogis tg 0>4> hmvmfgpmh
egr tbos stuhy (Zbulik 0><0 lih @gx 0.<). Xbm prgjmdtogis lrm `lsmh
gi lssuaptogis tblt sgam fgik-stlihoik trmihs (soidm tbm <??>s)
woff dgitoium tg gpmrltm lih, wotb lpprgproltm aghoeodltogis, woff
bmfp tg mxpfloi dblikms oi tbm fl`gr egrdm, oivmstamit, lih euturm
prghudtovoty fmvmfs ge tbm wgrfh‟s mdgigaoms. L drotodlf lssuaptogi
os tblt tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up woff dgitoium‘tblt tbm pgfodoms lih
mdgigaod egrdms tblt rmhudmh prghudtovoty hoeemrmitolfs `mtwmmi tbm
LDO mdgigaoms lih tbm hmvmfgpmh oihustrolfozmh dguitroms oi tbm plst
woff lfsg wgrc oi tbm euturm.
Imxt, tbm lilfysos fggcs `mboih tbm lkkrmkltms oitg tbm strudturlf
dblikms rmquormh tg ldbomvm tbma. L aufto-smdtgrlf, aufto-rmkogilf
qulitotltovm aghmf os usmh tg mxlaoim tbmsm dblikms, prgvohoik
mstoaltms ge tbm smdtgrlf prghudtogi, dgisuaptogi, lih trlhm fmvmfs
oapfomh `y krgwtb. Xblt hmtlof, oi turi, alcms ot pgsso`fm tg lsc stoff
hmmpmr qumstogis l`gut tbm meemdts ge krgwtb gi oitmriltogilf trlhm
lih eoilidolf foics, egr rmsgurdm prodms lih mivorgiamitlf meemdts,
lih egr pgfodoms tblt prgagtm ‖krmmi‑ tmdbigfgkoms lih krmltmr sgdolfmxpmihoturms.
Xbm kglf ge tbm lilfysos os igt tg hmvmfgp egrmdlsts. Egr mxlapfm,
sgam lhvmrsm sbgdcs tblt woff `m lilfyzmh woff bgpmeuffy imvmr gddur.
Mvmi oe tbmy hg, tbmor wgrst dgismqumidms aokbt `m lvmrtmh `y toamfy
pgfody rmspgisms. Oistmlh, tbm lilfysos lttmapts tg ohmitoey tbrmlts
tblt dgufh hmrlof krgwtb. Tgam ge tbm pgsso`ofotoms mxlaoimh lssuam
lhvmrsm prghudtovoty sbgdcs. Gtbmrs mxpfgrm l sboet tg audb tgukbmr
pgfodoms tg rmhudm dlr`gi maossogis lih rmsgurdm hmalihs. Ttoff
gtbmrs lssuam oidrmlsmh sgdolf spmihoik. Tgam mxlaoim elvgrl`fm
lftmriltovms, oidfuhoik tbm hmmpmr oitmkrltogi ge rmkogilf lih kfg`lf
prghudtogi lih hmalih. Xbm sdmilrogs kmimrltm oisokbt oitg sgurdms
ge rosc lih tbm pgfodoms tblt aotokltm tbma.
Xbm rmsufts yomfh l vlromty ge prgjmdtogis, igt just tbm usulf fgw
lih bokb lftmriltovms‘mxtrmams tblt lrm vortulffy oapgsso`fm tg juhkm
oi prldtodm. L wohmr rlikm ge sdmilrogs‘l ‖dgim‑ ge pgsso`ofotoms
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
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grkliozmh lrguih l dmitrlf `lsmfoim‘prgvohms oisokbt oitg bgw tbm
rmkogilf lih wgrfh mdgigaoms dgufh mvgfvm `y 0>4>. Xbm meemdts
ge lftmriltovm sbgdcs dli `m lfsg dga`oimh‘usoik su`jmdtovm
prg`l`ofotoms‘tg juhkm tbm focmfy hostro`utogi ge gutdgams. Tudb lililfysos woff sbgw, egr mxlapfm, tblt dga`oiltogis ge sbgdcs getmi
fmlh tg aghmst gvmrlff hmvoltogis erga tbm `lsmfoim soidm pgsotovm
lih imkltovm meemdts tmih tg geesmt mldb gtbmr. Bgwmvmr, ot lfsg eoihs
sokioeodlit hgwisohm roscs oi 0=%—4>% ge tbm soaufltogis, usulffy
egdusmh gi l vmrsogi ge tbm aohhfm-oidgam-trlp lftmriltovm. Xbm
rmsuft os l ‖dblrt `ggc‑ rltbmr tbli hormdtogis gi l alp‘gptogis lih
prg`l`ofotoms tg bmfp pgfodyalcmrs ohmitoey tbm agst slfomit roscs lih
prmplrm egr li uidmrtloi euturm.
0.0.< ^rgjmdtogis ge krgwtbXbm `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis rmpgrtmh `mfgw sbgw sustloimh lih
rmfltovmfy rlpoh krgwtb egr LDO mdgigaoms. Xbm amtbghgfgky os lsmh gi
tbm mxpmdtmh mvgfutogi ge tbm fl`gr egrdm, slvoiks rltms, lih prghudtovoty
krgwtb `lsmh gi bostgrodlf stltostodlf plttmris. Dgisohmrl`fm wgrc bls
`mmi hgim `y LH@ gi fgik-tmra krgwtb prgjmdtogis lih tbm hmtlofs
ge tbm prmsmit amtbghgfgky lrm mxpfloimh oi @gx 0.< (Fmm lih Bgik
0><>). Xbm prgjmdtogis< lrm suaalrozmh oi tmras ge tbm twg amlsurms
dgaagify usmh oi oitmriltogilf dgaplrosgis: dgistlit alrcmt prodmsoi Xl`fm 0.< lih purdblsoik pgwmr plroty (^^^) oi Xl`fm 0.0. Tdmilrogs
tblt dblffmikm sgam ge tbm lssuaptogis ge tbm `lsmfoim lrm prmsmitmh
fltmr oi tbm dblptmr.
Alrcmt prodm lih ^^^ amlsurms prgvohm hoeemrmit podturms ge
tbm oapgrtlidm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay (egr li
lilfytodlf hmsdroptogi, smm Hmltgi lih Bmstgi 0><>). Xbm alrcmt
prodm amlsurm dlfdufltms rmlf gutput wotb kgghs lih smrvodms prodmh
lt ldtulf 0><> alrcmt prodms. Xbm ^^^ amlsurm dlfdufltms rmlf gutput
Tgam `lsm ymlr hltl pgoits usmh oi tbm prgjmdtogis wmrm lhjustmh tg rmefmdt tbm fltmst
lvlofl`fm oiegraltogi lih mstoaltogis. Xbmsm KH^ lsmfoim prgjmdtogis lrm prmsmitmh oi Xl`fms
0.< lih 0.0. Bgwmvmr, tbm su`smqumit dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua (DKM) mstoaltogis
lrm igt rmvosmh ls tbm rmvosogis tg tbm `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis wmrm rmfltovmfy aoigr lih blvm
oidgismqumitolf oapldt gi tbm DKM rmsufts.
L tborh amlsurm tblt os sgamtoams usmh, KH^ lt alrcmt mxdblikm rltms, os igt rmpgrtmh
bmrm. Xblt amlsurm lddguits egr tbm tmihmidy ge tbm rmlf mxdblikm rltms ge mamrkoik
mdgigaoms tg rosm lih bmidm yomfhs agrm rlpoh mstoaltms ge tbmor krgwtb gvmr toam.
05
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
4
8
4
8
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@gx 0.<: Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt Krgwtb ^rgjmdtogis
Mdgigaod krgwtb prgjmdtogis lrm igralffy kmimrltmh usoik prghudtogi
euidtogis tblt oidgrpgrltm lssuaptogis l`gut tbm mvgfutogi gesmvmrlf eldtgrs ge prghudtogi lih tbmor rltms ge prghudtovoty krgwtb.
LH@ hmvmfgpmh prgjmdtogis egr <;< dguitroms, `lsmh gi l twg-eldtgr (dlpotlf
lih fl`gr) Dg``—Hgukfls prghudtogi euidtogi lih li gvmrlff tgtlf eldtgr
prghudtovoty oihmx (Zbulik 0><0). Xbm amtbghgfgky prgjmdts prghudtovoty klois
`lsmh gi tbm dgivmrkmidm lpprgldb, ls hosdussmh egr mxlapfm oi Kgfhali
Tldbs (0>>4). Ot wls oapfmamitmh wotb tbm [grfh @lic‟s [grfh Hmvmfgpamit
Oihodltgrs hltlsmt. Xbm `lsm ymlr rmprmsmits 0><> krgss hgamstod prghudt
fmvmfs dgivmrtmh oitg ]T hgfflrs lt alrcmt mxdblikm rltms.
Xbm tbrmm hrovmrs ge krgwtb wmrm aghmfmh ls egffgws:
Fl`gr egrdm prgjmdtogis wmrm `lsmh gi Oitmriltogilf Fl`gur Grkliozltogi
pgpufltogi krgwtb lih fl`gr egrdm plrtodopltogi rltm egrmdlsts tg 0>0>,
mxtrlpgfltmh tg 0>4>.
Xbm dlpotlf stgdc wls aghmfmh `y lhhoik oivmstamits gvmr toam lih
su`trldtoik hmprmdoltogi. Oivmstamit wls prgjmdtmh egrwlrh `y auftopfyoik
oidgam wotb li oivmstamit rltm lih su`trldtoik tbm prgjmdtmh durrmit
lddguit surpfus. Xbm oivmstamit rltm os tbm drotodlf mfmamit ge tbos dlfdufltogi
lih wls mstoaltmh lih egrmdlst usoik l drgss-dguitry rmkrmssogi aghmf
wotb mxpfliltgry vlrol`fms dgisostoik ge oidgam, krgwtb, lih hmagkrlpbod
eldtgrs.
Xgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty krgwtb oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms wls lssuamh tg m
<.4% pmr ymlr. Xg prgjmdt euturm vlfums ge tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty, mamrkoikmdgigaoms wmrm hovohmh oitg mokbt dgivmrkmidm dflssms. Xbm dgivmrkmidm
rltm egr mldb dflss wls hmtmraoimh erga plst hltl, `lsmh gi tbm liiulf
rmhudtogi oi tbm klp `mtwmmi tbm dguitry‟s tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty lih
tblt oi tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (tlcmi tg rmprmsmit tbm ergitomr). Xbm dgivmrkmidm
eldtgrs rlikmh erga >% tg <.2% pmr ymlr lih wmrm lssuamh tg rmaloi eoxmh
gvmr 0><>—0>4>. Tgam `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis wmrm fltmr lhjustmh tg rmefmdt
juhkamits alhm oi tbm gikgoik LTMLI 0>4> stuhy.
Xbm lpprgldb fmlhs tg rmfltovmfy rlpoh rltms ge krgwtb egr tbm LDO
mdgigaoms, rmefmdtoik tbm dgitoiultogi ge rmfltovmfy bokb dgivmrkmidm spmmhs
oi rmdmit hmdlhms. Xbm amtbghgfgky mssmitolffy lssuams ‖dgivmrkmidm
ls usulf‑‘tblt os, tblt tbm prgdmss ge tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up woff sueemr
imotbmr smt`ldcs igr eoih imw gppgrtuiotoms egr lddmfmrltogi oi tbm euturm. @y
dgistrudtogi, krgwtb rltms hmdfoim ls mdgigaoms lpprgldb tbm tmdbigfgkodlf
ergitomr.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s hmsdroptogi `lsmh gi Zbulik (0><0).
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
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Xl`fm 0.<: ^gpufltogi lih Gutput ^rgjmdtogis ge Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt Krgwtb ge LDO, 0>4>
(oi 0><> dgistlit prodms)
0><> 0>4> 0><>—0>4>
^gpufltogi
(aoffogi)
KH^
($ offogi)
[grfh
sblrm
(%)
KH^/
dlpotl
($)
^gpufltogil
(aoffogi)
KH^
($ offogi)
[grfh
sblrm
(%)
KH^/
dlpotl
($)
Tdmilrog<(l)
Tdmilrog<(`)
KH^ krgwtb` (%)
LDO 4,<=2 ?,8;= <=.05 4,>>> 4,50< 45,55= 02.;5 <>,<0; ;.> —
LTMLI =?0 <,25> 4.>> 4,<8< ;>8 =,=4< 8.48 ;,2=; =.5 =.8
@ruimo Hlrusslfla >.8 <0 >.>0 4<,;08 >.= 05 >.>0 8?,?=2 4.2 4.;
Dla`ghol <8 << >.>0 ;?= <; =8 >.>8 4,<40 2.0 ;.?
Oihgimsol 08> ;>2 <.<8 0,?=0 02> 0,<>= <.5= ;,=02 =.5 =.=
Flg HP 5 ; >.>< <,<=2 2 40 >.>4 8,<5> ;.2 ;.;
Alflysol 02 042 >.42 2,4;4 4; 5?8 >.=8 <2,5<? =.= =.?
Aylialr 82 8= >.>; ?85 =8 0=8 >.0> 8,524 ?.> 2.>
^bofoppoims ?4 0>> >.40 0,<4> <05 ;;0 >.5< 5,<<8 ;.> 5.<
Toiklpgrm = 0<4 >.48 8<,?<> 5 4=5 >.02 =?,=;2 0.5 0.2
Xbloflih 5? 4<? >.=< 8,5<8 ;4 2<8 >.58 <<,<>? 8.2 =.2
Uomt Ila 22 <>5 >.<; <,0<< <>< 845 >.48 8,0?0 ;.4 ;.0
^PD <,48< =,?4< ?.== 8,80< <,4?4 04,420 <2.48 <5,;28 ;.< —
Oihol <,00= <,528 0.;< <,4;= <,=04 ;,02? =.;0 8,;28 ;.5 —
Jlpli <0; =,822 2.28 84,4;8 <0> 5,24< =.45 =5,20> <.< —
Pmp. ge Cgrml 82 <,><= <.54 0<,>54 => <,?84 <.=0 42,=?; 4.4 —
Xlopmo,Dboil 04 84> >.5? <2,524 04 2;4 >.52 4;,?;2 4.5 —
Pmst ge Lsol =>4 ?4< <.=> <,28? 5=4 4,0;? 0.=; =,><? 5.= —
]iotmh Ttltms 4<> <8,88; 04.05 85,=85 450 00,;55 <;.25 50,?85 0.4 —
Murgpm =>0 <5,<<8 0=.?= 40,<0= =<; 04,?8= <2.;2 85,4>2 0.> —
FLD =4; 8,=;> ;.45 2,=>2 58> <<,>0< 2.5= <;,040 8.= —
AMIL 404 0,02> 4.5; ;,>50 8<8 =,5>5 8.8> <4,=42 8.5 —
Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl ;8< ??2 <.5< <,485 <,<;2 4,=<= 0.;5 0,?2= 5.= —
Pmst ge tbm [grfh 45? 5,4=5 <>.04 <;,085 420 <<,82> ?.>< 4>,>0= 4.> —
[grfh 5,58< 50,<>8 <>> ?,4=0 ;,?5> <0;,8;= <>> <5,><8 4.5 —
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Murgpm 1 ama`mr dguitroms ge tbm Murgpmli ]iogi (mxdmpt Tfgvmiol
wbmrm hltl lrm igt lvlofl`fm)3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 Flg HP 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 FLD 1 Fltoi Lamrodl lih Dlro``mli3
AMIL 1 Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtms:
l. ]I pgpufltogi krgwtb rltms lppfomh tg 0><> pgpufltogi hltl erga [grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm.
`. Tdmilrog <(l) prgjmdtogis lsmh gi Zbulik (0><0) lih li uphltm oi Juim 0><4. Tdmilrog <(`) prgjmdtogis lsmh gi LH@O (0><8).
Tgurdms: 0><> KH^ lih pgpufltogi erga [grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm (Lprof 0><0)3 pgpufltogi krgwtb rltms hmrovmh erga ]I [grfh gpufltogi
^rgspmdts: Xbm 0><> Pmvosogi.
02
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Xl`fm 0.0: ^gpufltogi lih Gutput ^rgjmdtogis ge Krgss Hgamstod ^rghudt Krgwtb ge LDO, 0>4>
(oi 0>>= ^^^$)
0><> 0>4> 0><>—0
^gpufltogi
(aoffogi)
KH^
($ offogi)
[grfh
sblrm
(%)
KH^/
dlpotl
($)
^gpufltogil
(aoffogi)
KH^
($ offogi)
[grfh
sblrm
(%)
KH^/
dlpotl
($)
KH^
krgwt
(%)
LDO 4,<=2 <=,554 04.=; 8,?=? 4,50< 5>,5<> 4?.42 <5,;8<
LTMLI =?0 0,2<? 8.08 8,;5> ;>8 2,424 =.8= <<,?>?
@ruimo Hlrusslfla >.8 <2 >.>4 85,==; >.= 42 >.>0 ;4,4<;
Dla`ghol <8 02 >.>8 <,?52 <; <4= >.>? ;,;=0
Oihgimsol 08> ?40 <.8> 4,22= 02> 0,;;< <.2> ?,?>?
Flg HP 5 <8 >.>0 0,4<4 2 58 >.>8 2,4>;
Alflysol 02 4;= >.=5 <4,0<8 4; <,>?= >.;< 0?,428
Aylialr 82 ;= >.<< <,=== =8 8<2 >.0; ;,5?8
^bofoppoims ?4 440 >.=> 4,=5< <05 <,02= >.24 <>,<;0
Toiklpgrm = 05= >.8> =0,>;= 5 884 >.0? ;8,>02
Xbloflih 5? =4> >.2> ;,5;4 ;4 <,4== >.22 <2,8;=
Uomt Ila 22 0=> >.42 0,28= <>< <,>04 >.55 <>,>;?
^PD <,48< ?,<00 <4.;0 5,2>< <,4?4 4=,?55 04.4; 0=,2<2
Oihol <,00= 4,;0< =.5> 4,>4? <,=04 <5,<>= <>.85 <>,=;<
Jlpli <0; 4,?8; =.?8 4<,<2? <0> 8,?<0 4.<? 8>,2=2
Pmp. ge Cgrml 82 <,404 <.?? 0;,8== => 0,=40 <.5= =>,4<<
Xlopmo,Dboil 04 ;>0 <.>5 4>,=>; 04 <,80= >.?4 50,><4
Pmst ge Lsol =>4 <,=;8 0.4; 4,<05 5=4 =,=88 4.5> 2,82;
]iotmh Ttltms 4<> <4,><; <?.=2 8<,?42 450 0>,=<4 <4.44 =5,;<=
Murgpm =>0 <4,240 0>.2< 0;,=;= =<; 0>,==8 <4.45 4?,;=>
FLD =4; =,8<? 2.<= <>,>2? 58> <4,>5? 2.8? 0>,848
AMIL 404 4,05= 8.?< <>,<<4 8<8 2,>0; =.00 <?,42;
Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl ;8< <,==? 0.4= 0,<>8 <,<;2 =,8?8 4.=; 8,558
Pmst ge tbm [grfh 45? 5,<5= ?.02 <5,;0; 420 <<,<48 ;.04 0>,<00
[grfh 5,58< 55,855 <>> <>,>>2 ;,?5> <=4,>8? <>> <?,448
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Murgpm 1 ama`mr dguitroms ge tbm Murgpmli ]iogi (mxdmpt Tfgvmi
wbmrm hltl lrm igt lvlofl`fm)3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 FLD 1 Fltoi Lamrodl lih Dlro``mli3 AMIL
Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl3 ^^ 1 purdblsoik pgwmr plroty3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtms:
l. ]I pgpufltogi krgwtb rltms lppfomh tg 0><> pgpufltogi hltl erga [grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm.
`. Tdmilrog <(l) prgjmdtogis lsmh gi Zbulik (0><0) lih li uphltm oi Juim 0><4.
Tgurdms: 0><> KH^ erga [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim hltl`lsm (lddmssmh <0 Jufy 0><0), mxdmpt egr Aylialr lih Xlopmo,Dboil (LH@ mstoaltm e
[grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm)3 0><> pgpufltogi erga [grfh Mdgigaod Gutfggc hltl`lsm (Lprof 0><0)3 pgpufltogi krgwtb rltms hmrovmh erga ]I [
^gpufltogi rgspmdts: Xbm 0><> Pmvosogi.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
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4>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
oi tmras ge kgghs lih smrvodms prodmh lt 0><> ‖oitmriltogilf hgfflr
prodms,‑ tblt os, wotb mvmry dguitry‟s gutput vlfumh oi tmras ge dgaagi
prodms. Toidm tbm alrcmt prodms ge igi-trlhmh kgghs lih smrvodms‘tbm
tmxt`ggc mxlapfm os blorduts‘tmih tg `m fgw oi mamrkoik mdgigaomsdgaplrmh tg tbgsm oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, alrcmt prodm mstoaltms
tmih tg yomfh fgwmr krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) vlfums egr mamrkoik
mdgigaoms tbli ^^^ mstoaltms. (@y dgistrudtogi, tbm alrcmt prodm lih
^^^ amlsurms lrm tbm slam egr tbm ]iotmh Ttltms.) Egr tbm LDO rmkogi,
egr mxlapfm, tbm alrcmt prodm KH^ oi 0><> os gify 5>% ls bokb ls tbm
^^^ KH^. Bgwmvmr, tbm rmlf krgwtb rltms ge tbm twg amlsurms tmih tg
`m dfgsm.
@y 0>4>, tbm gutput ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff blvm krgwi rgukbfy
eguregfh `y motbmr amlsurm. Oi alrcmt prodms, LDO gutput woff `m flrkmr
tbli tblt ge tbm ]iotmh Ttltms gr tbm Murgpmli ]iogi. Oi ^^^ tmras
ot woff `m flrkmr tbli tbm twg dga`oimh. Xbmsm fgik-tmra lvmrlkm
krgwtb rltms dgidmlf krlhulf dblikms oi tbm pldm ge krgwtb gvmr toam
(Eokurm 0.<). Oitmrmstoikfy, wgrfh mdgigaod krgwtb os prgjmdtmh tg
lddmfmrltm oi dgaoik hmdlhms, igtwotbstlihoik tbm letmrmeemdts ge tbm
kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, lkoik pgpufltogis, lih hoaoiosbmh prgspmdts
oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Xbm rmlsgi os igt elstmr krgwtb oi oihovohulf
dguitroms, `ut tbm sboetoik dmitmr ge kfg`lf mdgigaod krlvoty: wgrfh
lvmrlkms woff oidrmlsoikfy rmefmdt tbm rosm ge mamrkoik mdgigaoms.
Xbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil‟s (^PD) krgwtb rltm os prgjmdtmhtg `m tbm bokbmst oiotolffy lagik aljgr dguitroms lih krgups. @ut tbm
^PD os prgjmdtmh tg hmdmfmrltm‘mvmi letmr tbm meemdts ge tbm durrmit
sfgwhgwi hossopltm‘hum tg tbm sfgwmr krgwtb lih mvmitulf hmdfoim ge
ots fl`gr egrdm, ls wmff ls aghmrltoik prghudtovoty krgwtb. Hmdmfmrltogi
os oimvotl`fm kovmi tbm ^PD woff dltdb up wotb hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms3 ot
hgms igt oapfy tblt tbm ^PD woff soic oitg l ‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp.‑
Xblt tmra, ls hosdussmh oi @gx <.<, os rmsmrvmh egr l agrm hrlstod,
lih bgpmeuffy lvgohl`fm, sfgwhgwi tblt woff `m mxlaoimh ls l spmdolf
sdmilrog.
Oihol‟s krgwtb rltm os prgjmdtmh tg rosm l`gvm plst lvmrlkms ls tbm
dguitry mamrkms erga tbm durrmit sfgwhgwi lih ma`lrcs gi euff-
spmmh dltdb-up. Xbm lddmfmrltogi tblt tbm prgjmdtogis litodopltm os
`lsmh oi plrt gi sgfoh fl`gr egrdm krgwtb lih prgkrmss oi trlisemrroik
wgrcmrs erga lkrodufturm tg oihustry lih smrvodms. Oi tbos sdmilrog,
Oihol‟s krgwtb rltm wgufh gvmrtlcm tblt ge tbm ^PD sgamtoam `mtwmmi
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Eokurm 0.<: LDO Krgwtb Pltms [off Tfgw `ut Ttly Bokb (%)
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3
^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: LH@ prgjmdtogis.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
0><= lih 0>0>. Xbm imwfy oihustrolfozmh mdgigaoms (IOMs) lrm
prgjmdtmh tg hmdmfmrltm ls tbmor oidgam fmvmfs lpprgldb tbgsm ge
hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, lih tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms tbmasmfvms lrm
prgjmdtmh tg krgw lt rltms soaoflr tg fgik-tmra bostgrodlf lvmrlkms.
Krgwtb oi tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) osprgjmdtmh tg rmaloi rmfltovmfy elst: fgw- lih aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms
lrm prgjmdtmh tg krgw oi tbm =%—?% rlikm. Krgwtb rltms lrm prgjmdtmh
tg `m rmfltovmfy bokb egr tbm fmlst-hmvmfgpmh dguitroms (Dla`ghol, Flg
^HP, Aylialr, lih Uomt Ila), lvmrlkoik l`gvm ;%. Aohhfm-oidgam
dguitroms (Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih) wgufh
mxplih wotb krgwtb rltms oi tbm =%—;% rlikm. Gify bokb-oidgam @ruimo
Hlrusslfla lih Toiklpgrm lrm prgjmdtmh tg krgw agrm sfgwfy, lt rltms
uihmr 8%.
Oivmstamit lih prghudtovoty oaprgvmamits lrm focmfy tg `m tbm
proidoplf hrovmrs ge krgwtb. Eokurm 0.0 sbgws tblt prghudtovoty krgwtb
Gtbmr stuhoms blvm lfsg prgjmdtmh tblt Oihol‟s krgwtb rltm aly gvmrtlcm tblt ge tbm ^PD
lfgik l soaoflr toam erlam. Gtbmr eldtgrs tblt lrm sloh tg `m oi Oihol‟s elvgr oidfuhm l `lsm ge
wgrfh-dflss dgaplioms fmh `y Mikfosb-spmlcoik `gssms, lih hmagdrltod oistotutogis. [mokbmh
lkloist tbos os l audb flrkmr mxpgrt `lsm oi tbm ^PD3 audb bokbmr fmvmfs ge oivmstamits oi
P&H, scoffs, lih oierlstrudturm3 lih `mttmr pgfody dggrhoiltogi lih oapfmamitltogi ([okilrljl
0><<).
=
=
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Eokurm 0.0: Krgwtb [off @m Hrovmi `y Oivmstamit lih ^rghudtovoty
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 ]T 1 ]iotmh
Ttltms.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
40
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
woff `m tbm flrkmst dgitro`utgr tg krgwtb oi Oihol, wbofm dlpotlf woff `m
agrm oapgrtlit oi tbm gtbmr LDO mdgigaoms. Xbm rgfm ge oivmstamit
rmfltovm tg prghudtovoty krgwtb woff oidrmlsm oi lff dguitroms gvmr toam.
Xbm dgitro`utogi ge fl`gr egrdm krgwtb woff `m tbm fmlst oapgrtlit, lihwoff hmdfoim gvmr toam, ldtulffy turioik imkltovm oi tbm ^PD tgwlrh tbm
mih ge tbm prgjmdtogi pmrogh.
Xbm prgspmdts egr sustloioik krgwtb dgisostmit wotb bostgrodlf
mxpmromidm lrm rmlsgil`fy kggh, `ut tbos pltb imvmrtbmfmss rmprmsmits
li la`otogus sdmilrog. Tudb krgwtb rltms rmquorm dgitoiumh
oaprgvmamits oi prghudtovoty lih bokb rltms ge oivmstamit. Amliwbofm,
tbm hmagkrlpbod hovohmih‘tbm mdgigaod `mimeots ge blvoik l flrkm
wgrcoik-lkm pgpufltogi rmfltovm tg yguik lih lkmh pgpufltogis‘
wbodb pflymh l rgfm oi sgam dguitroms oi tbm plst, woff turi imkltovm
oi aliy dguitroms `y 0>4>. @ut suddmss lfsg kmimrltms agamitua3
tbm LDO rmkogi os smmi ls, lih os focmfy tg rmaloi, l prgpotogus fgdltogi
egr mdgigaod ldtovotoms lih oivmstamits tblt `mimeot erga sdlfm lih
prgxoaoty tg oivmstamit lih dgisuaptogi krgwtb.
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@gx 0.0 : Kmimrlf Mquofo`roua ^rgjmdtogis ge Tmdtgrlf Hmtlof
Xbm rmsufts ge dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua (DKM) aghmfs
prgvohm hmtlofmh, dgisostmit smdtgrlf lih oitmriltogilf
prgjmdtogis ge tbm iltogilf mdgigaoms lih tbmor oitmrldtogis.
DKM aghmfs oidgrpgrltm smdtgrlf su`aghmfs ge suppfy (eora
prghudtogi hmdosogis) lih hmalih (bgusmbgfh lih gtbmr hmalih
hmdosogis) egr mldb mdgigay lih tbmi dgiimdt tbma tbrgukb iltogilf
lih oitmriltogilf alrcmts. Xbmy hmtmraoim tbm vlfums ge tbguslihs
ge vlrol`fms sudb ls oidgam fmvmfs, hmalih, gutput, mxpgrts, oapgrts,mapfgyamit, eldtgr plyamits, oivmstamit, lih prodms lssgdoltmh wotb
vlrogus alrcmts.
Xbm rmsufts oi tbos dblptmr lrm `lsmh gi ^mtro lih Zblo (0><0),
wbodb hmsdro`ms tbm lssuaptogis lih rmsufts ge tbm soaufltogis
rmpgrtmh bmrm oi agrm hmtlof. Zblo (0>>2) hmvmfgpmh tbm aghmf usmh
oi tblt stuhy lih bls `mmi lppfomh oi smvmrlf aljgr stuhoms ge Lsoli
mdgigaod oitmkrltogi (Pgflih-Bgfst, Umr`omst, lih Zblo 0>>=3 Clwlo
lih Zblo 0><>3 ^mtro, ^fuaamr, lih Zblo 0><0)
Xbm aghmf bls 05 prghudtogi smdtgrs lih << wgrfh dguitroms
lih/gr rmkogis. Ot os sgfvmh ymlr-`y-ymlr erga 0>>; (tbm fltmst hltl
pgoit lvlofl`fm tblt prgvohms euff oiegraltogi egr lff plrlamtmrs erga
(Dgitoiumh)
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
0.0.0 Oapfodltogis ge tbm trlisegraltogiTtrudturlf hmtlof os usmeuf egr uihmrstlihoik tbm vlromh
dgismqumidms ge krgwtb, rlikoik erga tbm hmalih egr rmsgurdms tgoitmriltogilf rmfltogisbops tbrgukb trlhm lih eoilidm. Xbos dblptmr
usms l flrkm dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua (DKM) aghmf ge tbm wgrfh
mdgigay (@gx 0.0) tg lhhrmss sudb qumstogis. Xbm aghmf os usmh tg
mxpfgrm egur tbmams:
bgw mdgigaod krgwtb woff trlisegra tbm fovms ge LDO dotozmis,
bgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff trlisotogi tg imw hrovmrs ge krgwtb,
bgw LDO krgwtb woff leemdt kfg`lf rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf
dgistrloits, lih
bgw tbm rmkogi‟s rgfm woff dblikm oi tbm wgrfh mdgigay.
Xbos lih su`smqumit smdtogis ge tbos dblptmr lrm `lsmh gi l dgaprmbmisovm aghmfoik
meegrt uihmrtlcmi egr tbos stuhy, ls rmpgrtmh oi ^mtro lih Zblo (0><0).
Xbm DKM lilfysos os `lsmh gi LH@‟s mlrfomr prgjmdtogis `lsmh gi 0>>? dgistlit prodms
lih hoeemrmit krgwtb rltm lssuaptogis egr tbm ^bofoppoims lih Aylialr.
5
;
5
;
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tbm KXL^ systma) tg 0>4>. Ls igtmh oi tbm ldckrguih plpmr, bgwmvmr,
tbm `lsmfoim egr tbm soaufltogi lilfysos wls dlfo`rltmh tg LH@‟s
krgss hgamstod prghudt, fl`gr egrdm, lih oivmstamit rltm prgjmdtogis
lvlofl`fm ls ge Lukust 0><<.
Xbm liiulf soaufltogi lpprgldb pmraots tbm lilfysos ge tbm
duaufltovm oapldt ge oivmstamit hmdosogis gvmr toam, tbm krlhulf
lhjustamits ge plrlamtmrs (sudb ls prghudtovoty lih tbm lvlofl`ofoty
ge lkrodufturlf flih), lih pgtmitolf dblikms oi pgfodoms (egr mxlapfm,
trlhm `lrromrs gr dlr`gi prodms) oi tbm euturm. Ls os usulf oi sudb
kmimrlf mquofo`roua stuhoms, tbm aghmf egdusms gi fgik-tmra meemdts
lih hgms igt prgvohm oiegraltogi gi `usoimss dydfms gr `guts ge
uimapfgyamit. Xbm aghmf os ‖dfgsmh‑ wotb mxgkmigusfy prgjmdtmh
mapfgyamit fmvmfs lih lssuaptogis l`gut oitmriltogilf dlpotlf efgws.
Xbm `lsmfoim lssuams tblt imt oitmriltogilf dlpotlf efgws woff rmaloi
eoxmh oi l`sgfutm tmras lt 0><> vlfums lih bmidm hmdfoim ls l sblrm ge
gutput.
Xbm strudturm ge tbm aghmf egffgws tbm trlhotogi ge sudb aghmfs,
`ut oidgrpgrltms rmdmit oiigvltogis oi bmtmrgkmimgus eoras trlhm
tbmgry, wbodb lhhrmss tbm mxpgrtoik hmdosogis ge eoras lih tbm rmsuftoik
oitrl-oihustry rmlffgdltogi ge rmsgurdms. Xbus, tbm aghmf lddguits egr
l wohmr rlikm ge mdgigaod klois oivgfvmh oi tbm hmvmfgpamit prgdmss
tbli lilfyzmh oi mlrfomr kmimrltogi aghmfs, oidfuhoik oitmr-oihustry
spmdolfozltogi, lddmss tg wohmr prghudt vlromtoms, mdgigaoms sdlfm, lih
dblikoik oitrl-oihustry hostro`utogis ge prghudtovoty.
Xbm aghmf wls suppfmamitmh wotb li oidgam hostro`utogi aghufmtg lffgdltm tgtlf dgisuaptogi tg egur oidgam krgups: mxtrmamfy pggr
(dgisuaptogi `mfgw $<.0= pmr hly oi 0>>= ]T hgfflrs), fgw (`mtwmmi
$<.0= lih $<> pmr hly), aohhfm (`mtwmmi $<> lih $<>> pmr hly),
lih bokb (l`gvm $<>> pmr hly). @lsmfoim dgisuaptogi hostro`utogis
wmrm g`tloimh erga tbm [grfh @lic‟s [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs
hltlsmt. Hostro`utogis wmrm aghmfmh wotb l fgk-igralf euidtogi eottmh
tg tbmsm hltl lih lhjustmh lt tbm fgwmr tlof tg m dgisostmit wotb [grfh
@lic pgvmrty rltm stltostods. Euturm hostro`utogis wmrm mstoaltmh `y
oidrmlsoik tbm stlihlrh hmvoltogis ge hostro`utogis lt rltms dgisostmit
wotb rmdmit bostgrodlf mxpmromidm.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s hmsdroptogi.
48
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Xbm imxt smdtogis prg`m tbmsm tbmams `y mxlaoioik tbm hmtlofs ge
tbm lsmfoim prgjmdtogis, lih tbmi dgisohmroik tbm oapldt ge lftmriltovm
lssuaptogis l`gut LDO prghudtovoty krgwtb, tbm kfg`lf mdgigaod
mivorgiamit, lih pgfodoms lhgptmh oi tbm rmkogi lih `mygih.
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Eokurm 0.4: Oidgam Klp `mtwmmi LDO lih Hmvmfgpmh
Dguitroms [off Dgitoium tg Dfgsm
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss
hgamstod prghudt3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: LH@ prgjmdtogis.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
L fmlp oi tbm qulfoty ge foem. Xbm `lsmfoim ruis ge tbm aghmf lrm
dlfo`rltmh tg LH@‟s krgwtb prgjmdtogis lih sg tbmor vlfum lhhmh os tgwgrc gut hmtlofmh oapfodltogis. Xbmsm sbgw, agst oapgrtlitfy, tblt
tbm rmkogi os pgosmh egr l bostgrod oaprgvmamit oi tbm qulfoty ge foem.
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm dltdboik up wotb tbm wgrfh tmdbigfgky ergitomr
lih tbmor oidgams lrm rosoik lddgrhoikfy (Eokurm 0.4).
Xbm prgjmdtmh gvmrlff oidgam klois lrm sg flrkm tblt tbmy
sbgufh leemdt agst smkamits ge tbm LDO pgpufltogi. L su`aghmf ge
mxpmihoturm hostro`utogis wls usmh tg trlisfltm lvmrlkm klois oitg
mstoaltms egr vlrogus pgoits ge su`krgups ge tbm oidgam hostro`utogi.
Agst oapgrtlitfy, tbm aghmf sbgws tblt tbm oidohmidm ge pgvmrty os
pgosmh tg hmdfoim prmdopotgusfy oi tbm LDO rmkogi (Eokurm 0.8). @y 0>4>,
tbm pmrdmitlkm ge tbm LDO pgpufltogi `mfgw tbm $<.0= pmr hly pgvmrty
foim woff blvm elffmi erga agrm tbli 5>> aoffogi ldrgss tbm rmkogi
tg l fottfm agrm tbli 4> aoffogi, lddguitoik egr <% ge tbm rmkogi‟s
pgpufltogi. Xbos lfsg amlis tblt wotb aghmst-sdlfmh tlrkmtmh pgfodoms
tbm rmkogi dgufh euffy mrlhodltm mxtrmam pgvmrty `y tblt toam.
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Eokurm 0.8: Mxtrmam ^gvmrty Dli @m Mrlhodltmh
(% ge pgpufltogi `mfgw pgvmrty foim)
Eokurm 0.=: Aohhfm-Oidgam Krgups [off @mdgam Hgaoilit (%)
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: mrdmit ge pgpufltogi wotb dgisuaptogi mfgw $<.0=/hly (0>>= ]T hgfflrs).
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: gpufltogi krgups rmemr tg pmgpfm oi fgw, aohhfm, lih bokb dgisuaptogi rldcmts.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
45
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
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^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
^rgkrmss woff `m mvmi krmltmr oi tbm aohhfm ge tbm oidgam
hostro`utogi. Agrm tbli 0 `offogi LDO dotozmis woff jgoi tbm rlics ge
aohhfm-oidgam dgisuamrs gvmr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs. @y 0>4>, 58% ge tbm
pgpufltogi ge LTMLI, ;?% ge tbm pgpufltogi ge tbm ^PD, lih 5?% getbm pgpufltogi ge Oihol sbgufh agvm oitg tbm aohhfm-oidgam `rldcmts,
hmeoimh ls dgisuaptogi mxpmihoturms `mtwmmi $<> pmr hly lih $<>>
pmr hly (Eokurm 0.=). Hum tg tbmsm mxtrlgrhoilry hmvmfgpamits, tbm sozm
ge tbm kfg`lf aohhfm dflss woff hgu`fm `y 0>4>, wotb l`gut blfe ge tblt
pgpufltogi fovoik oi LDO. Mvmi tbm rlics ge tbm rmkogi‟s trufy bokb-
oidgam pgpufltogi‘tbgsm wotb dgisuaptogi fmvmfs oi mxdmss ge $<>>
pmr hly pmr pmrsgi‘woff swmff3 `y 0>4>, agrm tbli <>> aoffogi pmgpfm
oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms dgufh mijgy sudb prgspmroty.
Xbm dblikms oi provltm oidgams lih mxpmihoturms tmff gify l plrtolf
stgry. Xbmy hg igt lddurltmfy amlsurm oaprgvmamits oi tbm qulfoty
ge foem, wbodb woff lfsg hmpmih gi kgghs lih smrvodms igt prgvohmh
`y alrcmts (Dblptmr 4). Drotodlf pu`fod smrvodms oidfuhm mhudltogi,
bmlftb dlrm, sliotltogi lih trlispgrtltogi, pu`fod slemty oi ots aliy
hoamisogis, lih prgtmdtogi ge tbm mivorgiamit. Xbm soaufltogis
dliigt prgvohm hmtlofs gi bgw tbmsm aliy g`jmdtovms woff `m alilkmh,
`ut tbmy hg sbgw tblt sokioeodlit rmsgurdms woff `m lvlofl`fm tg euih
tbgsm meegrts. Kgvmriamits woff blvm lapfm oidmitovms tg prgvohm
meemdtovm smrvodms. Xbm qulfoty ge foem os l dgapmffoik g`jmdtovm oi ots
gwi rokbt, lih alcoik prgkrmss gi ot os oidrmlsoikfy mssmitolf egrhmagistrltoik fmlhmrsbop.
]r`liozltogi os hmmpfy dgiimdtmh wotb tbmsm dblikms. Ot os l
systmaltod `yprghudt ge rlpoh krgwtb lih l proidoplf mikoim egr
hrovoik tbm trlisegraltogi. Lddgrhoik tg ]iotmh Iltogis mstoaltms,
`mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4> tbm rlics ge ur`li hwmffmrs oi tbm LDO
mdgigaoms woff mxplih `y 5=2 aoffogi lih `y 0>4> l aljgroty ge tbm
rmkogi‟s pgpufltogi woff `m fovoik oi dotoms (Xl`fm 0.4). Xbm rmkogi bls
flkkmh wgrfh ur`liozltogi fmvmfs oi tbm plst, `ut tbm trmihs lrm igw
pusboik LDO dotoms oitg tbm egrmergit ge wgrfh hmvmfgpamit. Hmspotm
tbm rmkogi‟s rmfltovmfy sfgw gvmrlff pgpufltogi krgwtb, tbm ]iotmh
Iltogis mstoaltms tblt LDO‟s sblrm ge tbm wgrfh‟s ur`li pgpufltogi
woff rosm erga 4;% tg 4?% (]I 0><0).
Ls wotb sg aliy gtbmr lspmdts ge tbm trlisegraltogi, ur`liozltogi
bls pgsotovm lih imkltovm hoamisogis. ]r`li oidgams lrm bokb dgaplrmh
tg igi-ur`li pfldms, ls sdlfm lhvlitlkms eldofotltm aliy coihs ge
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Xl`fm 0.4: Agst LDO Dotozmis [off Fovm oi Dotoms
0><> 0>4>
Xgtlfpgpufltogi
(aoffogi)
]r`lipgpufltogi Xgtlfpgpufltogi
(aoffogi)
]r`lipgpufltogi
(aoffogi) (%) (aoffogi) (%)
LDO 4,<55 <,4>2 8< 4,54> <,?55 =8
LTMLI =?0 050 88 ;>8 4?4 =5
@ruimo
Hlrusslfla*> > ;5 < > 20
Dla`ghol <8 4 0> <; = 05
Oihgimsol 08> <0> => 02> <;5 54
Flg ^HP 5 0 44 2 8 =0
Alflysol 02 0> ;0 4; 4> 2<
Aylialr 82 <= 40 =8 08 88
^bofoppoims ?4 8= 8? <05 ;< =5
Toiklpgrm 5? 04 48 ;4 40 88
Xbloflih = = <>> 5 5 <>>
Uomt Ila 22 0; 4> <>< 88 84
^PD <,48? 552 => <,8>0 ?5; 5?
Oihol <,00= 4;? 4< <,=04 5>5 8>
Pmp. ge Cgrml lih
Xlopmo,Dboil;< =; 2> ;4 50 28
Jlpli <0; <<= ?< <0> <<5 ?;
]iotmh Ttltms 4<> 0== 20 450 4<< 25
Murgpm =<< 4?< ;5 =02 80? 2<
[grfh 5,58< 4,==? =8 ;,?44 8,?28 54
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Flg ^HP 1 Flg
^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: *@ruimo Hlrusslfla‟s pgpufltogi sbgws ls > ls tbm lutbgr rguihmh tbm pgpufltogi kurms tg
wbgfm aoffogis.
Tgurdm: ]I (0><0).
42
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
prghudtogi lih oiigvltogi. Xbus, li ‖ur`li hovohmih‑ dgufh alcm
oapgrtlit dgitro`utogis tg LDO‟s trlisegraltogi. Dotoms lrm hmsorl`fm
pfldms tg stuhy lih wgrc lih lttrldt tlfmit lih mitrmprmimursbop. Oi
turi, hmism pgpufltogis alcm ot pgsso`fm tg geemr provltm lih pu`fod
smrvodms oi krmlt vlromty lt fgw dgst. @ut dotoms lrm lfsg hmalihoik lih
tgukb tg alilkm. [otb pggr oierlstrudturm lih pu`fod smrvodms, dotoms
lrm blrsb pfldms tg fovm lih, oi tbm wgrst dlsms, dli `mdgam smmh`mhs
ge hosmlsm, hossltoseldtogi, lih vogfmidm.
Oi sbgrt, tbm LDO rmkogi os gi tbm dusp ge l kolit lhvlidm oi fovoik
stlihlrhs‘pgtmitolffy ermmoik buihrmhs ge aoffogis ge pmgpfm erga
pgvmrty lih `uofhoik l bukm aohhfm dflss. Xbm rmkogi‟s mdgigaod
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Eokurm 0.5: Hmalih [off Tboet tgwlrh Dgisuaptogi (%)
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
klois sbgufh kmimrltm sgfoh oidrmlsms oi provltm dgisuaptogi lih
fovoik dgihotogis. Xbmy woff lfsg mil`fm kgvmriamits tg euih aljgr
oaprgvmamits oi pu`fod smrvodms. Oi turi, tbm rmkogi‟s wohm-rlikoik
rmquormamits lih mxpmihoturms woff drmltm alssovm hmalih lihgppgrtuiotoms egr oivmstamit lih mitrmprmimursbop. Xbmsm trmihs
sbgufh prghudm‘kovmi l dgihudovm mdgigaod mivorgiamit‘sgfoh,
oihokmigus eguihltogis egr krgwtb. @ut tbm trlisegraltogi woff lfsg
alcm flrkm hmalihs gi tbm dlpldoty tg alilkm dblikm.
Imw hrovmrs ge krgwtb. Imw hrovmrs ge krgwtb woff `m immhmh gi
`gtb tbm hmalih lih suppfy sohms ge tbm LDO krgwtb mqultogi. Aljgr
mikoims gi tbm hmalih sohm woff oidfuhm rosoik oidgams lih pgfody
sboets tblt hormdt agrm spmihoik pgwmr tgwlrh dgisuaptogi oi sgam
dguitroms lih oivmstamit oi gtbmrs. Xbmsm meemdts woff vlry ldrgss
tbm rmkogi‘tbm rmsufts aly `m agrm autmh oi Oihol, egr mxlapfm,
`mdlusm ots durrmit lddguit `lflidms blvm getmi `mmi oi hmeodot. @ut
durrmit lddguit surpfusms blvm `mmi bokb oi smvmrlf LTMLI dguitroms,
wbmrm oivmstamit rltms lrm stoff fgw rmfltovm tg bostgrodlf fmvmfs lih
oitmriltogilf mxpmromidm. Durrmit lddguit surpfusms blvm lfsg `mmi
bokb oi tbm ^PD, wbmrm dgisuaptogi fmvmfs lrm igw uiusulffy fgw.
Mxpmdtmh dblikms oi tbm dgapgimits ge LDO hmalih lrm offustrltmh oi
Eokurm 0.5. Xbmsm dblikms oapfy tblt LDO prghudmrs woff blvm lapfm
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Eokurm 0.;: ^rghudtogi [off Tboet tgwlrh Tmrvodms (%)
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
8>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
gppgrtuioty tg lddmfmrltm rmkogilf slfms, mspmdolffy egr prghudts tblt
tlrkmt tbm uioqum dblrldtmrostods ge mamrkoik alrcmt hmalih.
Pmsmlrdb y AdCoismy & Dg. (0><<) bls mxlaoimh tbm gppgrtuiotoms
oi hosdrmtogilry spmihoik oi flrkm LDO mdgigaoms sudb ls Oihol lihtbm ^PD, lih bls soikfmh gut fudrltovm alrcmts lssgdoltmh wotb agrm
prgspmrgus ur`li foemstyfms. Dgisohmr, egr mxlapfm, tbm oapfodltogis
ge li mstoaltmh 4> aoffogi pmgpfm oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms tblt woff `m
lhhmh tg ur`li pgpufltogis mldb ymlr. Xbos liiulf oidrmlsm mqulfs
tbm pgpufltogi ge tbm wgrfh‟s flrkmst doty tghly lih woff kmimrltm
rmquormamits egr li lhhotogilf ;= aoffogi squlrm amtmrs ge bgusoik
lih dgrrmspgihoik gppgrtuiotoms oi rmsohmitolf dgistrudtogi lih oi
mquoppoik lih smrvodoik tbmsm imw rmsohmidms lih tbmor gdduplits.
Xbos smdtgr dgufh lfgim lhh $<>> `offogi tg rmkogilf mxpmihoturms
mvmry ymlr.
Kmimrlf mquofo`roua soaufltogis sbmh eurtbmr fokbt gi tbm smdtgrlf
oapfodltogis ge tbm trlisegraltogi. Tmrvodms woff `m li mssmitolf
dgapgimit ge rosoik hmalih: smrvodm oiputs lrm igt gify oapgrtlit
oi dgisuaptogi, `ut lfsg pfly l flrkmr rgfm oi prghudtogi oi bokbmr
oidgam mdgigaoms (Eokurm 0.;). Imwfy aohhfm-dflss bgusmbgfhs woff
`m mitbusolstod dgisuamrs ge l wohm rlikm ge aliueldturmh prghudts
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^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
erga eggh tg trlispgrt mquopamit. Bokb rltms ge oivmstamit woff
l`sgr` mxtmisovm dlpotlf kgghs lih mquopamit. Oi lhhotogi, ‖eruklf
oiigvltogis‑ tblt tlrkmt dgst lih hmalih dgihotogis oi tbm LDO
mdgigaoms sbgufh pfldm tbm rmkogi‟s prghudmrs oi l elvgrl`fm pgsotogioi tbm rldm egr tbmsm alrcmts.
Xbm soaufltogis sukkmst sblrp oidrmlsms oi tbm sblrm ge tbm LDO
mdgigaoms oi kfg`lf alrcmts ldrgss l wohm rlikm ge smdtgrs. Xbmsm
rmsufts lrm suaalrozmh oi Eokurm 0.2 egr tbm lkkrmkltm dgisuaptogi
kgghs lih oivmstamit kgghs smdtgrs. Dgisohmr, egr mxlapfm, tbm
oapfodltogis egr dlpotlf kgghs tblt smrvm oivmstamit hmalih. LDO‟s
sblrm oi wgrfh oivmstamit woff rosm erga 08% oi 0><> tg 42% twg
hmdlhms fltmr (Eokurm 0.2L). Mvmi agrm rmalrcl`fy, tbm rmkogi‟s sblrm
ge tbm krgwtb ge wgrfh oivmstamit‘ots sblrm ge tbm imw oivmstamit
alrcmts tblt woff mamrkm oi tblt pmrogh‘woff rosm erga 8>% oi 0><>
tg =<% oi 0>4> (Eokurm 0.2@). Oe LDO rmsufts lrm dga`oimh wotb tbgsm
ge gtbmr mamrkoik alrcmt mdgigaoms, tbm ‖Tgutb‑ gr hmvmfgpoik
dguitroms woff lddguit egr 2=% ge tbm dlpotlf kgghs alrcmts `y 0>4>. L
vlst aljgroty ge tbmsm alrcmts‘egr mxlapfm, dgistrudtogi mquopamit,
bokb-spmmh rlof, lih mimrky pflits‘woff `m fgdltmh oi tbm Tgutb lih
mspmdolffy oi LDO. Tg woff `m tbm alrcmts egr rmfltmh smrvodms sudb
ls mikoimmroik, lrdbotmdturm, lih eoilidm. Fgdltmh lt tbm mpodmitmr
ge wgrfh krgwtb, LDO prghudmrs woff blvm mxdmffmit gppgrtuiotoms tg
ohmitoey tbm kgghs lih smrvodms tblt lrm `mst suotmh egr tbmor‘lih tbmwgrfh‟s‘agst hyilaod alrcmts.
Mspmdolffy oapgrtlit lagik oivmstamit smdtgrs lrm tbgsm foicmh tg
oierlstrudturm, sudb ls rglhs, pgrts, ur`li trlispgrt, dgaauiodltogis,
pgwmr kmimrltogi, lih l wohm rlikm ge utofotoms lih lamiotoms. Xbm dgst
ge oierlstrudturm immhs oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms rlikms oitg troffogis ge
hgfflrs. Xbm rgfm ge oierlstrudturm oi tbm trlisegraltogi os oapgrtlit
migukb tg wlrrlit hmtlofmh lilfysos oi Dblptmr 8. Oierlstrudturm
leemdts tbm prgspmdts ge tbm rmkogi igt gify tbrgukb hmalih, `ut lfsg
tbrgukb dgitro`utogis tg prghudtovoty lih oiigvltogi (@gx 0.4). Oi sgam
dguitroms‘igtl`fy Oihol, Oihgimsol, lih tbm ^bofoppoims‘oierlstrudturm
rmquormamits lrm mspmdolffy urkmit soidm tbmy lfrmlhy dgistrloi krgwtb.
Ls alrcmt gppgrtuiotoms lih hmalih puff eoras lih rmsgurdms oitg
imw smdtgrs, sg rosoik dgsts lih wlkms lih oitmriltogilf dgapmtotogi
woff bmfp tg pusb tbma. Xl`fm 0.8 sbgws tbm trlhm meemdts ge strudturlf
dblikm. Xbm soaufltogis sukkmst su`stlitolf aokrltogi ge fl`gr-
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Eokurm 0.2: LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge Kfg`lf Mxpmihoturms
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
L. Tblrm ge wgrfh oivmstamit
D. Tblrm ge wgrfh dgisuaptogi
80
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
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@. Tblrm ge krgwtb oi wgrfh oivmstamit
H. Tblrm ge krgwtb oi wgrfh dgisuaptogi
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
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@gx 0.4: Oierlstrudturm ls l Hrovmr ge Krgwtb
Oierlstrudturm mitmrs tbm dlfdufus ge rmkogilf krgwtb oi egur wlys.
Eorst, oierlstrudturm os li oapgrtlit sgurdm ge hmalih tblt dlitlcm tbm pfldm ge sfgw krgwoik mxpgrts, gr ge oivmstamits wotb
hoaoiosboik rmturis sudb ls rmlf mstltm lih oihustry.
Tmdgih, oierlstrudturm dli dgitro`utm hormdtfy tg prghudtovoty
krgwtb `y oaprgvoik lddmss tg rmfol`fm mimrky lih gtbmr oiputs, lih
`y bmfpoik tg rmhudm tbm dgst ge dgiimdtoik `usoimssms tg mldb gtbmr
lih dustgamrs. Xbm meeodomidy slvoiks lrm flrkm wbmi oierlstrudturm
dgiimdtogis spli mdgigaoms (gr su`rmkogis) wotb hoeemrmit prghudtogi
dblrldtmrostods lih bmidm prgagtm meeodomit prghudtogi imtwgrcs. Imw
foics ldrgss Tgutbmlst Lsol lih dgiimdtoik Mlst Lsol wotb Tgutb Lsol
blvm tbos oapgrtlit dblrldtmrostod.
Xborh, oierlstrudturm dli dgitro`utm tg oidfusovm krgwtb mvmi
`mygih ots meemdts gi prghudtovoty. Oierlstrudturm dli foic rmagtm
pgpufltogi dfustmrs tg dmitmrs ge mdgigaod ldtovoty, oidrmlsoik
gppgrtuiotoms egr bokbmr plyoik jg`s. Oierlstrudturm dli lfsg dgitro`utm
hormdtfy tg tbm qulfoty ge foem `y alcoik flrkm ur`li lkkfgamrltogis
agrm meeodomit lih dgaegrtl`fm.
Egurtb, oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit drmltms gppgrtuiotoms egr
tmdbigfgkodlf upkrlhoik, soidm ot oivgfvms l wohm rlikm ge tmdbigfgkoms
tblt aly m imw tg li mamrkoik mdgigay. [otb sg audb oierlstrudturm
oivmstamit focmfy tg `m dgidmitrltmh oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm
euturm, eoras blvm gppgrtuiotoms tg lhgpt lih hmvmfgp duttoik-mhkm
tmdbigfgkoms‘egr mxlapfm, oi woih lih sgflr pgwmr kmimrltogi lih
oi rlof lih ur`li trlispgrt systmas‘egr rlpohfy krgwoik rmkogilf
alrcmts.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s hmsdroptogi.
88
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
oitmisovm prgdmssms erga bokb- tg fgw-wlkm mdgigaoms, oidfuhoik erga
tbm ^PD tg Oihol lih Tgutbmlst Lsol. Oi turi, tbm ^PD woff agvm up tbm
tmdbigfgky flhhmr oitg oihustroms lih smkamits igw smrvmh proalrofy
`y Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih gtbmr hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Jlpli
lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, oi turi, woff agvm oitg agrm lhvlidmh
aliueldturoik lih mspmdolffy smrvodm ldtovotoms. @ut tbmsm ldtovotoms
lrm focmfy tg `m mvmi agrm oitmrdgiimdtmh tbli igw, wotb prghudtogi
prgdmssms spfot oitg aliy stmps lih smrvodms. Lsoli prghudtogi
imtwgrcs‘ls mxlaoimh oi hmtlof oi Dblptmr 8‘woff eldofotltm tbmsm
sboets lih mstl`fosb tbm foics immhmh tg ldbomvm aoioaua-dgst
prghudtogi. ^rghudtogi imtwgrcs lrm ‖dfmlroik bgusms‑ egr grkliozoik
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Xl`fm 0.8: Tmdtgrlf Tboets oi LDO Gutput (% ge KH^)
0><> 0>4>
LTMLI ^PD Oihol LTMLI ^PD Oihol
Lkrodufturm 2.? 2.= 0>.2 =.= =.= <;.<
Podm <.? >.; 4.0 <.> >.4 <.=
Gtbmr krlois >.4 >.4 0.0 >.< >.0 >.?Drgps 4.0 4.5 <<.8 0.< <.= <>.0
Fovmstgdc <.< 0.8 0.< >.; 0.; 0.0
Egrmstry, sbmroms 0.8 <.= 0.> <.; >.2 0.0
Aoioik 8.4 4.4 0.2 0.? 0.4 <.=
Dglf >.8 >.2 >.4 >.8 >.= >.0
Gof <.? >.= >.5 >.? >.0 >.0
Kls >.? >.> >.4 >.; >.> >.4
Aoimrlfs <.< <.? <.5 >.? <.5 >.;
Aliueldturoik 44.0 4;.0 0>.8 45.2 0?.2 0>.0
Eggh, mvmrlkms 4.? 4.> =.5 0.5 0.2 =.;
Xmxtofms, lpplrmf 4.> 4.> 0.4 4.> 0.0 0.;
^mtrgfmua prghudts >.8 >.4 >.< >.4 >.4 >.0
Dbmaodlfs 8.? =.> 0.0 =.8 4.< <.?
Amtlfs 4.> ?.? 4.5 0.2 5.2 4.>
Aldboimry 8.2 5.4 0.4 ;.= =.? 0.=
Mfmdtrodlf mquopamit ;.0 0.4 >.4 ?.> <.2 >.<
Xrlispgrt mquopamit 0.8 0.8 <.8 0.0 0.4 <.<
Gtbmr aliueldturms 4.; =.> 0.= 4.? 8.= 4.>
Tmrvodms =4.5 =<.< =5.> =8.2 50.8 5<.0
Mfmdtrodoty <.0 <.> <.2 <.0 <.> 0.>
Kls >.8 >.> >.> >.4 >.> >.>
Dgistrudtogi 5.< 5.; ?.0 ?.5 ;.? ?.0
Xrlhm <4.< 5.> <0.; ?.8 5.8 <8.5
Xrlispgrt, dgaauiodltogis 5.2 ;.? 2.0 5.4 5.< ;.5
Eoilidolf smrvodms 8.4 8.? =.> 4.< 8.; 8.=
Gtbmr smrvodms <0.= ?.> 2.5 <0.? ?.2 <>.<
Kgvmriamit smrvodms ?.4 <=.; <>.8 <0.> 05.= <4.<
KH^ <>>.> <>>.> <>>.> <>>.> <>>.> <>>.>
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss
hgamstod prghudt3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
tbm meeodomit hmpfgyamit ge tmdbigfgky lih dlpotlf, bmfpoik tg smdurm
tbm rmkogi‟s iodbms oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay.
Xlcmi tgkmtbmr, tbmsm dblikms prgaosm sustloimh oidrmlsms oi
prghudtovoty, hmrovmh oidrmlsoikfy erga prghudtovoty klois wotboi smdtgrsrltbmr tbli sboets ge rmsgurdms lagik tbma. @ut l elvgrl`fm iltogilf
pgfody mivorgiamit woff `m mssmitolf egr ldbomvoik tbma. Ot woff immh tg
stoaufltm dgapmtotogi, oiigvltogi, lih mitrmprmimursbop. Ot woff immh
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Eokurm 0.?: LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge Dgaaghotoms Hmalih (%)
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
85
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
tg midgurlkm oivmstamit lih rosc-tlcoik, lih bmfp `uofh eoilidolf lih
fmklf systmas tblt alcm tblt pgsso`fm. ^mrblps agst oapgrtlitfy, ot woff
immh tg suppgrt tbm hmvmfgpamit ge l efmxo`fm, agtovltmh fl`gr egrdm,
mhudltmh tg fmvmfs dgisostmit wotb oitmramholtm-tmra scoff rmquormamits.Pmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms
lrm sg flrkm tblt tbmor krgwtb woff leemdt tbm rmsgurdm smdtgrs ge tbm
wgrfh mdgigay (Eokurm 0.?). Xbm soaufltogis sukkmst tblt wgrfh
eggh lih mimrky hmalih, lih tbus prodms, lrm focmfy tg rosm. Xbm
LDO mdgigaoms lrm oitmism rmsgurdm usmrs `mdlusm tbmor mdgigaod
strudturms lrm stoff wmokbtmh tgwlrh `lsod altmrolfs lih bmlvy
oihustry, `mdlusm tbmor dgisuamrs stoff spmih l rmfltovmfy flrkm sblrm
ge tbmor oidgam gi eggh lih eumf, lih `mdlusm tbmy lrm (ge dgursm
wotb igtl`fm mxdmptogis) hmismfy pgpufltmh lih rmsgurdm pggr.
Agrmgvmr, LDO dgisuamrs lppmlr tg `m egffgwoik hmvmfgpmh dguitry
prmdmhmits oi dgisuamr hmalih, oidfuhoik agtgr vmbodfm purdblsms.
Ls tbm LDO mdgigaoms oidrmlsoikfy hmpmih gi oitmriltogilf trlhm egr
eggh lih mimrky, tbmor smfe-sueeodomidy rltms woff focmfy hmdfoim. LDO
eoras lih kgvmriamits woff uihgu`tmhfy rmaloi ldtovm oivmstgrs oi
kfg`lf rmsgurdm hmvmfgpamit.
Posoik proalry kgghs prodms wgufh sokilf tbm mih ge li mrl‘egr
aliy hmdlhms, mimrky lih eggh prodms blvm `mmi gi l fgik hmdfoioik
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Eokurm 0.<>: LDO‟s Posoik Tblrm ge [grfh DG0 Maossogis (%)
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG 0 1 dlr`gi
hogxohm3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
trmih. @ut oi rmdmit ymlrs tbmy blvm mkui tg rosm, mvmi spocoik tg audb
bokbmr fmvmfs egr sbgrtmr pmroghs. Xbm hmalih egr proalry altmrolfs
os `guih tg `m rg`ust ls fgik ls tbm wgrfh‟s rosoik mdgigaoms rmaloi
oitmisovm usmrs ge rmsgurdms. Imvmrtbmfmss, proalry altmrolfs pflyl agrm foaotmh rgfm oi mdgigaod krgwtb igw tbli oi tbm plst, lih
pgtmitolffy oapgrtlit suppfy lih hmalih rmspgisms‘oidfuhoik imw
tmdbigfgkoms egr mxtrldtoik ilturlf kls lih rmimwl`fm mimrky‘lrm
lfsg `mkoiioik tg tlcm sblpm. Gi tbm wbgfm, tbmsm trmihs lrm focmfy tg
foaot tbm meemdts ge tokbt proalry kgghs alrcmts gi krgwtb.
Xbm meemdts ge LDO krgwtb gi tbm mivorgiamit lrm lfsg sokioeodlit
lih pgtmitolffy agrm hlalkoik. @mdlusm LDO mimrky suppfoms hmpmih
bmlvofy gi dglf, tbm rmkogi bls `mdgam l aljgr maottmr ge krmmibgusm
klsms. LDO‟s DG0 maossogis lddguitmh egr gim-tborh ge kfg`lf maossogis
oi 0><>, rgukbfy mqulf tg tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Gvmr tbm imxt
twg hmdlhms, tbmsm maossogis lrm prgjmdtmh tg oidrmlsm 0.= toams lih
wgufh lddguit egr l stoff flrkmr kfg`lf sblrm (Eokurm 0.<>), hmspotm
dgitoiuoik prgkrmss oi rmhudoik tbm dlr`gi oitmisoty ge LDO gutput.
Posoik krmmibgusm kls maossogis rmprmsmit l euihlamitlf rosc tg
LDO krgwtb. @usoimss ls usulf‘mvmi wotb stmlhy oaprgvmamits oi tbm
mimrky oitmisoty ge prghudtogi‘woff `m ig fgikmr vol`fm oe pmrdmptogis
ge tbm kfg`lf tbrmlt oidrmlsm lih/gr tbm aotokltogi ge maossogis
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Eokurm 0.<<: [grfh Xrlhm [off Xuri Tgutb
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
82
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
`mdgams l bokb progroty egr tbm rmkogi‟s gwi dotozmis gr tbm kfg`lf
dgaauioty. Dgiefodt gvmr tbm mivorgiamit os l fggaoik rosc‘lrkul`fy
krmltmr tbli tbm roscs lih dgsts oivgfvmh oi mlrfy oiotoltovms tg rmhudm
tbm rmkogi‟s dlr`gi eggtproit.Mxplihoik kfg`lf rgfm. Ls tbm sblrm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi
wgrfh KH^ woff hgu`fm gvmr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs, tbm rmkogi‟s kfg`lf
eggtproit woff mxplih oi aliy lrmls, oidfuhoik dgisuaptogi,
oivmstamit, lih rmsgurdm rmquormamits. Oi turi, tbmsm hmvmfgpamits
woff rmsblpm tbm rmkogi‟s trlhm lih eoilidolf rmfltogisbops. Xrlhm oi
plrtoduflr woff oidrmlsm, `ut igt ls elst ls oi tbm plst. L cmy rmlsgi
os tblt tbm rmkogi‟s flrkm mxtmrilf alrcmts lrm krgwoik sfgwfy, `gtb
l`sgfutmfy lih dgaplrmh tg tbm rmkogi otsmfe. Ligtbmr rmlsgi os tblt
tbm dgapgsotogi ge tbm LDO rmkogi woff sboet tgwlrh tbm PD lih Oihol,
wbodb blvm rmfltovmfy fgw trlhm tg gutput rltogs hum tg tbmor sozm.
Xbus tbm gvmrlff LDO trlhm tg KH^ rltog os prgjmdtmh tg stly rgukbfy
dgistlit lt 0/4.
Xbm strudturm ge tbos trlhm, bgwmvmr, woff `m quotm hoeemrmit. Xbm
`ufc ge tbm oidrmlsm oi wgrfh trlhm gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms woff
dgisost ge Tgutb—Tgutb trlhm‘trlhm lagik LDO plrtimrs lih gtbmr
mamrkoik mdgigaoms. Xbm sblrm ge tbmsm efgws woff mxplih erga 0>% tg
45% ge wgrfh trlhm `mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4> (Eokurm 0.<<). Amliwbofm,
tbm sblrm ge Igrtb—Igrtb trlhm woff hmdfoim erga 80% tg 0<% ge wgrfh
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^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
trlhm, wbofm tbm sblrm ge Igrtb—Tgutb trlhm woff rosm sfgwfy erga 42%
tg 84% ge tbm tgtlf. Xbos lfsg oapfoms tblt Tgutb—Igrtb dgiimdtogis
woff rmaloi drotodlf egr lt fmlst tbm imxt twg hmdlhms.
Mvmi flrkmr dblikms dli `m mxpmdtmh oi LDO eoilidolf efgws. BokbLDO slvoiks rltms lih tbm krgwoik sblrm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi wgrfh
KH^ woff amli tblt tbm wgrfh slvoiks rltm woff oidrmlsm erga 00% tg
0=%‘l flrkm dblikm `y bostgrodlf stlihlrhs (^mtro 0>>2). Bokb wgrfh
slvoiks lrm immhmh, ge dgursm, tg hrovm LDO krgwtb otsmfe, `ut tbmy woff
lfsg leemdt kfg`lf dlpotlf alrcmts lih trlisegra tbm LDO‟s mdgigaod
rgfm erga ‖eldtgry efggr‑ tg ‖`licmr.‑ Ls tbm LDO mdgigaoms `mdgam
oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit ossumrs lih gwimrs ge eoilidolf lssmts, tbmor
rmkogilf oistotutogis lrm `guih tg pfly l flrkmr rgfm oi oitmramholtoik
eoilidolf efgws. Ls Dblptmr 5 igtms, Lsoli eoilidolf dmitmrs sbgufh
tbrovm igt gify `mdlusm ge tbm sbmmr sozm ge tbmor alrcmts `ut lfsg
`mdlusm oistotutogis dfgsmr tg bgam blvm li lhvlitlkm oi lssmssoik
rmkogilf oiegraltogi lih smrvoik tbm immhs ge rmkogilf dfomits.
0.4 Xbrmlts tg tbm Xrlisegraltogi
Ttmlhy, uioitmrruptmh prgkrmss‘ls prgjmdtmh oi tbm `lsmfoim‘dliigt
`m tlcmi egr krlitmh lih os uifocmfy. Xg ldbomvm mvmi tbm `lsmfoim rmsufts,
tbm rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf mivorgiamit woff blvm tg suppgrt tbmprgjmdtmh hmvmfgpamit trljmdtgry oi aliy wlys, ls ot kmimrlffy bls oi tbm
flst smvmrlf hmdlhms. Xbm rglh tg suddmss os agst focmfy ilrrgw, `ut tbmrm
lrm aliy pltbs tblt dgufh fmlh tg fmss elvgrl`fm gutdgams. Xbos smdtogi
mxlaoims tbrmlts lih tbmor oapfodltogis egr LDO hmvmfgpamit lih pgfody.
Poscs tblt tbrmltmi tbm trlisegraltogi prgdmss dgufh grokoiltm
oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms gr oi tbm kfg`lf mivorgiamit3 tbmy dgufh
oivgfvm mdgigaod dgistrloits gr pgfotodlf dgiefodt3 lih tbmy dgufh
leemdt vlrol`fms rlikoik erga alrcmt lddmss tg prghudtovoty dblikm.
Ot os oapgsso`fm tg lhhrmss lff sudb roscs, `ut smfmdtmh ‖strmss tmsts‑
oivgfvoik cmy mfmamits ge tbm prgjmdtogis dli prgvohm oisokbt oitg tbm
smisotovoty ge tbm rmsufts. Xbm ossums mxpfgrmh oidfuhm:
aljgr sfgwhgwi oi prghudtovoty krgwtb oi LDO lih/gr gtbmr dguitroms3
rosoik eggh prodms lih eggh smduroty dgidmris3
rosoik mimrky dgsts3
rosoik mivorgiamitlf dgidmris3
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Xl`fm 0.=: Lftmriltovm Tdmilrogs
Ig. Hmsdroptogi ^lrlamtmr dblikms
< @lsmfoim
• OFG pgpufltogi lih fl`gr egrdm prgjmdtogis
• LH@ prgjmdtogis ge oivmstamit rltms, prghudtovoty krgwtb
• Tmdtgrlf prghudtovoty krgwtb mxpmdtltogis `lsmh gi bostgry
• Dlpotlf gws xmh lt 0><> igaoilf fmvmf
0LDO prghudtovotysbgdc
• XE^ krgwtb rltm rmhudmh y 0=% oi LDO mdgigaoms• Oivmstamit rltm rmhudmh `y <>% oi LDO mdgigaoms
lih 0% oi lhvlidmh dguitroms
4
Hmvmfgpmh
mdgigaoms
prghudtovoty sbgdc
• XE^ krgwtb rltm rmhudmh `y 0=% oi lhvlidmh dguitroms
• Oivmstamit rltm rmhudmh `y <>% oi lhvlidmh dguitroms lih 0%
oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms
8[grfhwohm
prghudtovoty sbgdc
• XE^ krgwtb rltm rmhudmh `y 0=% wgrfhwohm
• Oivmstamit rltm rmhudmh `y <>% wgrfhwohm
= Lkrodufturm sbgdc• Lkrodufturlf prghudtovoty rmhudmh wgrfhwohm tg kmimrltm liiulf
lkrodufturlf prodm oidrmlsms ge 0% l`gvm lsmfoim
5 Mimrky sbgdc• Mimrky prghudtovoty rmhudmh wgrfhwohm tg kmimrltm liiulf
mimrky prodm oidrmlsms ge 0% l`gvm `lsmfoim
;Krmmi krgwtb
pgfody
• Dlr`gi tlxms smt tg $?>/tgi DG0 oi lhvlidmh dguitroms
lih $5>/tgi DG0 oi mamrkoik mdgigaoms
• Kgvmriamit mxpmihoturms oidrmlsmh ls mstoaltmh oi tbm
Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy‟s ‖8=>‑ sdmilrog, ilidmh `y
rmhudmh provltm dgisuaptogi lih oivmstamit
2Oidfusovm krgwtb
pgfody
• LDO kgvmriamit mxpmihoturms oidrmlsmh `y 0% ge KH^, ilidmh
`y rmhudmh provltm dgisuaptogi lih oivmstamit
• Mxpmihoturms rmsuft oi =-pmrdmitlkm-pgoit rmhudtogi oi tbm Koio
dgmffldomit
?Posoik
prgtmdtogiosa• AEI tlros lih IX@s hgu`fmh oi lhvlidmh dguitroms
<>Pmkogilf trlhm
lkrmmamit
• Oitrlrmkogilf tlros rmhudmh ;=% oi LDO rmkogi
• Oitrlrmkogilf IX@s rmhudmh =>% oi LDO rmkogi
<< Kfg`lf trlhmlkrmmamit • AEI tlros rmhudmh ;=% wgrfhwohm• AEI IX@s rmhudmh =>% wgrfhwohm
<0 Elst rm`lflidoik • Lff imt dlpotlf gws rmhudmh foimlrfy tg zmrg `y 0>0>
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol3 DG0 1 dlr`gi
hogxohm3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 OFG 1 Oitmriltogilf Fl`gur Grkliozltogi3 AEI 1 agst elvgrmh
iltogi3 IX@ 1 igitlro lrromr3 XE^ 1 tgtlf eldtgr prghudtovoty.
Igtms: Lff plrlamtmr dblikms lssuamh tg m pblsmh oi vm mqulf stmps 0><>—0>0>.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s lssuaptogis.
=>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
rosoik hostro`utogilf dgidmris3 lih
prgtmdtogiosa oi LDO‟s proidoplf mxpgrt alrcmts.
Xbm egffgwoik hosdussogi mxlaoims bgw tbmsm hmvmfgpamits wgufh
leemdt LDO krgwtb. Xbm lssuaptogis ge tbm sdmilrogs lrm prmsmitmh oiXl`fm 0.=. Lsohm erga tbm lsmfoim, tbmy elff oitg tbrmm krgups. L eorst smt
(sdmilrogs 0—8) mxpfgrms lftmriltovm typms ge prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogi.
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Eokurm 0.<0: Mmdts ge Tbgdcs gi LDO Oidgams, 0>4> (%)
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol.Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
L smdgih smt (sdmilrogs =—2) lhhrmssms strudturlf ossums leemdtoik cmy
smdtgrs gr typms ge mxpmihoturm. Xbm flst smt (sdmilrogs ?—<0) mxlaoims
dblikms oi tbm LDO rmkogi‟s mxtmrilf trlhm lih dlpotlf efgws. Kovmi tbm
uidmrtloi gutfggc, agrm sdmilrogs hmlf wotb lhvmrsm hmvmfgpamits
tbli wotb elvgrl`fm gims. Xbm soaufltogi rmsufts hmvmfgpmh usoik tbm
sdmilrogs ge Xl`fm 0.= lrm suaalrozmh oi Eokurm 0.<0.
Xbm agst smrogus smt`ldcs tg LDO oidgams wgufh rmsuft erga l
prgfgikmh prghudtovoty sfgwhgwi oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms, oi tbm rmkogilfgim, gr oi dga`oiltogi wotb sudb sfgwhgwis wgrfhwohm (Eokurm 0.<0).
Gtbmr sbgdcs‘tg lkrodufturm, mimrky, mivorgiamitlf, gr sgdolf spmihoik‘
wgufh blvm salffmr imkltovm meemdts, gi tbm grhmr ge =% ge oidgams oi
0>4>. Amliwbofm, oaprgvmamits oi tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf trlhoik
systma dgufh rlosm oidgams `y =%—<>%. Xbm flst plrt ge tbos dblptmr woff
mxlaoim dga`oiltogis ge tbmsm rmsufts tg hmvmfgp l su`jmdtovm prg`l`ofoty
hostro`utogi ge pgsso`fm gutdgams (Eokurm 0.<4L lih @).
Ls woff `mdgam dfmlr erga tbm hmtlofs tblt egffgw, tbm tbrmlts
wlrrlit lttmitogi oihovohulffy lih oi dga`oiltogi3 audb os lt stlcm oi
prmvmitoik tbma gr aotokltoik tbmor meemdts. @ut tbm lilfysos lfsg sbgws
tblt cmy mfmamits ge tbm trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh
pmrsost uihmr vlromh sbgdcs. Mvmi wotb uielvgrl`fm lssuaptogis,
pmr dlpotl oidgams oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh krgw lt l 0% elstmr
rltm tbli tbm wgrfh mdgigay, lih tbm rmkogi wgufh `mdgam agrm
oapgrtlit oi wgrfh gutput, trlhm, lih eoilidm. Xbm trlisegraltogi ge
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=0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
tbm LDO mdgigaoms, lftbgukb su`jmdt tg audb uidmrtloity, os igt l
prghudt ge gptoaostod lssuaptogis lfgim.
0.4.< Xbm aohhfm-oidgam trlpXbm rosc ge l su`stlitolf sfgwhgwi oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘tbm
aohhfm-oidgam trlp‘os wohmfy rmdgkiozmh. Xbm pgsso`ofoty tblt
dguitroms aly igt `m l`fm tg msdlpm aohhfm-oidgam fmvmfs bls `mmi
hosdussmh oi rmdmit maporodlf fotmrlturm wotb tbm pgsso`ofotoms egr
hmdmfmrltogi lttro`utmh tg l wohm rlikm ge dlusms (egr mxlapfm, Pghroc
<???3 Pgs 0>>=).
Xg `m usmeuf, tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp bls tg amli agrm tbli tblt
krgwtb woff sfgw ls dguitroms rmldb bokbmr oidgam fmvmfs. Ls igtmh,
sgam hmdmfmrltogi os `uoft oitg tbm `lsmfoim prgjmdtogis. L usmeuf
vmrsogi ge tbm dgidmpt rmemrs tg l sblrp sfgwhgwi oi krgwtb, hum
tg oapmhoamits tg dblikms oi tbm hrovmrs ge krgwtb tblt wmrm igt
litodopltmh gr rmamhomh oi toam (@gx <.<). Oi sgam dguitroms, sudb
l hmdmfmrltogi dgufh rmsuft erga tbm oil`ofoty tg kmimrltm wotboi-
smdtgr prghudtovoty krgwtb oi oihustry gidm rmsgurdm trlisemrs erga
lkrodufturm tg oihustry rui gut. Oi gtbmrs, tbmrm aly `m oisueeodomit
hgamstod gr rmkogilf hmalih tg tlcm tbm pfldm ge egrmoki hmalih gidm
tbm fgw-wlkm mxpgrt hrovm stlffs. Oi stoff gtbmrs, oilhmqultm buali
dlpotlf, gr fmklf lih mdgigaod oistotutogis prmvmit strudturlf sboets tgagrm sgpbostodltmh oihustroms.
Xg mxlaoim tbm gvmrlff oapfodltogis ge sudb roscs, tbrmm sdmilrogs
mxpfgrm tbm meemdts ge lftmriltovm lssuaptogis l`gut prghudtovoty
krgwtb lih oivmstamit. Xbmsm eldtgrs lrm oitmrhmpmihmit3 l
prghudtovoty sbgdc, egr mxlapfm, aly `gtb dlusm lih `m lkkrlvltmh
`y fgwmr rmturis gi oivmstamit lih hoaoiosbmh mitrmprmimurolf
ldtovoty. Xbm soaufltogis lssuam tblt prghudtovoty krgwtb hmdfoims `y
0=% lih oivmstamit `y <>% oi tbm mdgigaoms lssuamh tg `m bot `y l
prghudtovoty sbgdc. Xbrmm vmrsogis ge tbos hmdmfmrltogi lrm mxlaoimh:
hmdmfmrltogi hum tg tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms
(Tdmilrog 0), hmdmfmrltogi oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms (Tdmilrog 4), lih
hmdmfmrltogi wgrfhwohm (Tdmilrog 8). Toidm sudb sbgdcs lfsg spoff oitg
tbm kfg`lf mdgigay‘tbgukb kfg`lf oivmstamit rmturis lih oivmstgr
dgieohmidm‘tbm sdmilrogs lssuam l 0% rmhudtogi oi oivmstamit rltms
mvmi oi mdgigaoms igt hormdtfy leemdtmh `y l sbgdc (Xl`fm 0.5).
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Xl`fm 0.5: ^rghudtovoty Toaufltogis
Mmdts ge prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogi oi 0>4> (%)
Tdmilrog 0 Tdmilrog 4 Tdmilrog 8
LDO mdgigaoms Hmvmfgpmhdguitroms
[grfhwohm
Oidgam / dlpotl
LTMLI -00.8 -0.5 -04.4
^PD -05.0 -4.> -0=.?
Oihol -00.8 -<.8 -00.4
LDO -08.2 -0.5 -08.;
[grfh -;.> -5.8 -<5.8
Mxtrmamfy pggr pgpufltogi
LTMLI ;>.? 8.2 ;8.?
^PD <=2.4 2.5 <=8.2
Oihol <54.0 4.? <50.0
LDO <<;.? 8.= <<?.4
[grfh <0.= <.? 48.8Aohhfm dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi
LTMLI -<4.8 -<.< -<8.>
^PD -2.= ->.= -2.8
Oihol -<?.2 ->.5 -<?.2
LDO -<4.? ->.; -<4.?
[grfh -;.= >.< -?.5
Bokb dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi
LTMLI -?.= -<.> -?.?
^PD -08.0 -4.0 -04.?
Oihol -;0.0 -8.8 -;0.<
LDO -0?.; -4.> -0?.=
[grfh -;.< -?.> -<?.4
Xgtlf trlhmLTMLI -<=.? -<.2 -<5.8
^PD -<=.> -8.5 -<;.;
Oihol -<;.2 -0.4 -0>.>
LDO -<=.; -4.4 -<;.5
[grfh -=.< -=.; -<4.;
Dgaaghoty prodms
Krlois -4.; -<.? -;.>
Dglf -0.= -<.= -8.;
Gof -5.4 -4.< -<4.>
Kls -0.0 -4.= -<<.>
Mimrky -=.; -4.< -<0.8
DG0 maossogis
LTMLI -<<.8 <.> -;.8^PD -<>.< ->.< -2.8
Oihol -<4.; <.> -<<.4
LDO -<>.? >.0 -2.2
[grfh -4.? -<.< -5.4
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG0 1 dlr`gi
hogxohm3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
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=8
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Xbmsm amsslkms mamrkm erga tbm soaufltogis:
L hmdmfmrltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh blvm tbm flrkmst lhvmrsm
meemdts. ^mr dlpotl oidgams wgufh elff `y 0=% oi 0>4>, rmprmsmitoik
l <.=-pmrdmitlkm-pgoit rmhudtogi oi krgwtb `mtwmmi 0><> lih0>4>. Xbm sdlfm ge tbos meemdt wlrrlits smrogus lttmitogi tg eldtgrs
tblt dgufh fmlh tg l aohhfm-oidgam trlp, oidfuhoik oisueeodomit
oistotutogilf prgkrmss, tmdbigfgkodlf upkrlhoik lih oiigvltogi, lih
tbrmlts tg rmkogilf lih kfg`lf oitmkrltogi.
L hmdmfmrltogi leemdtoik hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms wgufh blvm aofhmr
meemdts gi LDO krgwtb. Lftbgukb wgrfh oidgams wgufh `m 5%
salffmr oi 0>4> uihmr tbmsm lssuaptogis, tbm LDO mdgigaoms
wgufh mxpmromidm pmr dlpotl oidgam fgssms ge uihmr 4%. Oi meemdt,
tbm soaufltogi prgjmdts tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms dgufh rmpfldm fgst
alrcmts oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms `y hmpmihoik agrm euffy gi tbmor
gwi lih gtbmr mamrkoik alrcmts.
L wgrfhwohm hmdmfmrltogi wgufh rmsuft oi l <8% rmhudtogi oi wgrfh
oidgams, `ut tbm meemdts gi tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh `m soaoflr tg
tbgsm ge ots gwi aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Oi tbos dlsm, tbm fgssms tblt aokbt
`m mxpmdtmh hum tg tbm hmdmfmrltogi oi mxtmrilf alrcmts wgufh `m
geesmt `y tbm gim pgsotovm sohm-meemdt ge l kfg`lf sfgwhgwi: hmdfoioik
dgsts ge oapgrtmh mimrky lih gtbmr rlw altmrolfs.
Lff tbrmm sdmilrogs wgufh blvm sokioeodlit meemdts gi tbm sozm ge
pgpufltogi dgisuaptogi krgups. Egr mxlapfm, prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogioi tbm LDO mdgigaoms gr wgrfhwohm wgufh rmhudm tbm sozm ge tbm LDO
aohhfm dflss `y <8% lih agrm tbli hgu`fm tbm iua`mr ge pmgpfm oi
mxtrmam pgvmrty (lf`mot erga l salff `lsm oi 0>4>).
[bofm hmdmfmrltogi wgufh `m dgstfy, ot os uifocmfy tg dblikm kmimrlf
qulfotltovm trmihs. Mvmi oe tbm sbgdcs grokoiltmh oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms,
`y 0>4> LDO pmr dlpotl oidgams wgufh rosm dgisohmrl`fy, oidrmlsoik
`y l eldtgr ge 0.5, rltbmr tbli 4.4 oi tbm `lsmfoim. [bofm tbm oidohmidm
ge pgvmrty wgufh rosm rmfltovm tg tbm `lsmfoim, ot wgufh rmaloi elr
`mfgw tbm fmvmfs oi 0><>. Oitmriltogilf trlhm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms
wgufh stoff `m 8.0 toams ls flrkm ls oi 0><>, dgaplrmh tg 8.? toams
uihmr tbm `lsmfoim.
Oi tbmsm soaufltogis, tbm hmdmfmrltogi tlcms bgfh sfgwfy, `y rmhudoik oivmstamit lih
liiulf prghudtovoty klois. Xbus, dguitroms blvm toam tg sboet tbmor trlhm tg agrm rg`ust
alrcmts. Xbm rmsufts ge sudb l sfgw trlisotogi lrm quotm hoeemrmit erga tbgsm uihmr l suhhmi,
flrkm uimxpmdtmh sbgdc, ls mxpmromidmh huroik tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos.
2
2
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
flrkm migukb tg oidrmlsm lkrodufturlf prodms `y li mxtrl 0% pmr ymlr
gvmr tbm `lsmfoim. Gvmr tbm 0>-ymlr bgrozgi ge tbm lilfysos, tbos wgufh
amli tblt lkrodufturlf prodms wgufh rosm `y ?4% oistmlh ge 4>% oi tbm
`lsmfoim sgfutogi. Mxpmrts hoslkrmm gi bgw lkrodufturlf prodms lrm focmfytg mvgfvm3 sgam suppgrt li upwlrh hroet ge prodms (AdCoismy Kfg`lf
Oistotutm 0><<l), `ut gtbmrs lrm agrm gptoaostod tblt fgik-tmra trmihs
oi prghudtovoty oidrmlsms woff rmsuam lih geesmt hmalih prmssurms
(Lihmrsgi lih Ttrutt 0><0).
Xbm meemdts ge li upwlrh lkrodufturlf prodm sbgdc lrm sbgwi oi
Xl`fm 0.;. Toidm tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm imt oapgrtmrs ge lkrodufturlf
prghudts lih hgwistrmla prghudts oi tbm eggh aliueldturoik
smdtgrs, tbm rosm oi lkrodufturlf prodms wgufh fmlh tg l hmtmrogrltogi
oi tbmor tmras ge trlhm lih l 5% hmdfoim oi rmlf oidgams. Xbm meemdts
gi oidgam wgufh `m aghmst `mdlusm, ls igtmh l`gvm, `y 0>4>
lkrodufturm os prgjmdtmh tg lddguit egr gify 5% ge gutput oi LTMLI
lih tbm ^PD lih <;% oi Oihol. Ls tbm agst eggh-oapgrt hmpmihmit
mdgigay lagik tbm tbrmm, tbm ^PD wgufh mxpmromidm tbm flrkmst
fgssms. Xbm fgssms wgufh sboet oidgam hostro`utogis hgwiwlrh,
oidrmlsoik tbm iua`mr ge pmgpfm oi fgw-oidgam krgups, oidfuhoik
tbgsm oi mxtrmam pgvmrty.
Mimrky sbgdc. Xbm `lsmfoim mxpmdts mimrky prodms tg rosm,
rmvmrsoik bostgrodlf hgwiwlrh trmihs. Xbmsm oidrmlsms woff fmlh tg
mimrky dgismrvltogi lih krmltmr mimrky meeodomidy, `ut mvmi sg, mimrkyhmalih os prgjmdtmh tg oidrmlsm `y 2=% oi LDO lih `y 4=% wgrfhwohm
`mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4>. ]ftoaltmfy, tbmsm flrkm oidrmlsms lih rmsuftoik
krgwtb oi oapgrt hmpmihmidm smt tbm stlkm egr roscs tg mimrky smduroty
lih vlrogus pgtmitolf smt`ldcs tg mimrky suppfy. Oe dgismrvltogi lih
suppfy turi gut fmss elvgrl`fy tbli mxpmdtmh‘gr lddmss tg suppfoms
`mdgams hoeeoduft‘mvmi sblrpmr prodm oidrmlsms dgufh gddur.
Tdmilrog 5 rmprmsmits l sbgdc oi tbm wgrfh mimrky smdtgr `y
lssuaoik l hmdfoim oi prghudtovoty oi mimrky prghudtogi tblt os flrkm
migukb tg rlosm prodms `y li mxtrl 0% pmr ymlr l`gvm tbm `lsmfoim
prgjmdtogi. Xbm meemdts lrm aghmrltm, oidrmlsoik mimrky prodms `y li
lhhotogilf <=% gvmr tbm `lsmfoim lih rmhudoik wgrfh gutput `y >.4%.
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh `m dfmlrfy‘`ut igt smvmrmfy‘leemdtmh, soidm
tbmy blvm rmfltovmfy bokb mimrky pmr KH^ rltogs lih lrm stoff oi tbm
mimrky-oitmisovm stlkm ge tbmor oihustrolfozltogi prgdmss. Xbm oidgam
meemdts ge tbmsm sbgdcs lih pgfody oitmrvmitogi lrm sbgwi oi Xl`fm 0.;.
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Xl`fm 0.;: Ttrudturlf gfody Toaufltogis
Mmdts ge prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogi oi 0>4> (%)
Tdmilrog = Tdmilrog 5 Tdmilrog ; Tdmilrog 2
Lkrodufturmsbgdc
Mimrky sbgdc Krmmikrgwtb
Oidfusovmkrgwtb
Oidgam / dlpotl
LTMLI -4.> -8.< -0.= -=.4
^PD -;.> -4.8 -0.2 -5.<
Oihol -=.? -8.= -0.4 -8.8
LDO -5.< -4.2 -0.; -=.5
[grfh -0.= -0.2 -0.0 -<.=
Mxtrmamfy pggr pgpufltogi
LTMLI ;.= <>.5 5.< -;<.>
^PD 0;.= <4.8 <<.4 -?0.=
Oihol 0=.2 <?.4 <>.= -;5.<
LDO <5.? <8.2 2.8 -;8.0
[grfh =.< 8.? =.2 -5.0
Aohhfm dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi
LTMLI -<.; -0.4 -<.4 <>.5^PD -<.2 ->.? ->.; 2.=
Oihol -8.> -4.< -<.; 2.5
LDO -0.; -0.> -<.0 2.?
[grfh -<.2 -<.8 -<.0 8.5
Bokb dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi
LTMLI -<.5 -0.< -<.4 -04.5
^PD -;.2 -8.= -4.? -0<.;
Oihol -08.< -<?.> -<<.< -2<.?
LDO -?.8 -5.= -8.; -40.=
[grfh -4.0 -8.< -4.> -;.>
Dgaaghoty prodms
Krlois 0<.< <.8 ->.? ->.;
Dglf -<.< 85.0 -<<.= ->.8
Gof -<.; 82.< -2.5 -<.<
Kls -<.8 85.4 -0<.; ->.8
Mimrky -<.5 8;.2 -<>.0 -<.>
Krloi hmalih
LTMLI -?.2 -<.> ->.= -<.5
^PD -<4.> -<.; -<.8 -4.<
Oihol -<8.? -0.4 -<.> -0.>
LDO -<4.8 -<.? -<.< -0.8
[grfh -?.? -<.= -<.< -<.4
Mimrky hmalih
LTMLI ->.4 -4=.< -4.8 -<.8
^PD -0.8 -0;.= -00.> -<.?
Oihol -0.> -44.2 -2.< -0.<
LDO -<.2 -4>.; -<8.= -<.?
[grfh ->.4 -0?.5 -2.< ->.0
DG0 maossogisLTMLI ->.; -4>.4 -<5.; -0.<
^PD -0.5 -0=.0 -8>.> -0.<
Oihol -<.; -44.; -88.> -0.8
LDO -0.0 -0;.4 -42.> -0.0
[grfh -<.> -0=.8 -05.< ->.2
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG 0 1 dlr`gi hogxohm3
^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Krmmi krgwtb pgfody. Krmmi krgwtb os li oapgrtlit pgfody
g`jmdtovm. Ot os mxlaoimh bmrm mdlusm ot os focmfy tg rmhudm krgwtb rltms
ls dgivmitogilffy amlsurmh. @y 0>4>, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff lddguit
egr 84% ge kfg`lf dlr`gi maossogis uihmr `lsmfoim lssuaptogis,mvmi kovmi tblt tbgsm oidfuhm tbm Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidy‟s imw
pgfodoms egr aotokltoik maossogis (OML 0><<l). Xbmsm pgfodoms woff
rmhudm tbm dlr`gi oitmisoty ge KH^, `ut elff sbgrt ge foaotoik l`sgfutm
maossogis tg ammt tbm rmquormamits ge dfoaltm-stl`ofozoik sdmilrogs.
Tbgufh oitmrilf lih mxtmrilf pgfotodlf prmssurms rmquorm LDO tg foaot
maossogis tg tbmsm fmvmfs, LDO woff immh tg lhgpt agrm oitmisovm pgfody
dblikms lih oivmstamits.
Tdmilrog ; soaufltms krmmi pgfodoms `lsmh gi tbm OML lilfysos. Ot
smts dlr`gi tlxms tg $?> pmr tgi ge DG0 oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms lih
$5> pmr tgi ge DG0 oi mamrkoik mdgigaoms. Ot lfsg lssuams su`stlitolf
oivmstamits oi mimrky dgismrvltogi lih lftmriltovm mimrky suppfoms.
@y hovmrtoik oivmstamit erga tbm igi-mimrky smdtgrs ge tbm mdgigay,
tbm sdmilrog egrmdlsts rmhudtogis oi rmlf oidgams ls dgivmitogilffy
amlsurmh. Xbm rmsufts sbgw tblt rmlf oidgams oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms
wgufh elff `y 4%. Xbm fgssms lrm fgwmr tbli tbm dgst ge tbm aotokltogi
strltmkoms, `mdlusm oivmstamits wgufh `m geesmt `y mimrky slvoiks
lih l hmdfoim oi mimrky prodms. Xbm sdmilrog sbgws tblt kfg`lf mimrky
hmalih wgufh hmdfoim `y 2% lih fgwmr tbm dgst ge vlrogus eumfs (progr
tg dlr`gi tlxms) `y ?% tg 00%, bmfpoik tg geesmt tbm dgst ge krmmipgfodoms.
Krmmi pgfodoms wgufh rmhudm DG0 maossogis rmfltovm tg tbm
`lsmfoim `y 42% oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih `y 05% oi tbm wgrfh ls l
wbgfm lih, oe tbm uihmrfyoik OML lilfysos os dgrrmdt, wgufh bmfp tg
stl`ofozm tbm dfoaltm. Xbmsm rmhudtogis oi DG0 maossogis wgufh `m
krmltmr tbli tbgsm g`smrvmh oi tbm mimrky sbgdc sdmilrog gr oi tbm
krgwtb hmdmfmrltogi sdmilrogs. Toaoflr amsslkms blvm lfsg mamrkmh
erga prmvogus soaufltogis ge Lsoli dfoaltm dblikm pgfodoms (vli hmr
Amis`rukkbm 0><>). Xbm oapfodltogi os tblt dfoaltm `mimeots dli `m
ldbomvmh elr agrm mdgigaodlffy tblt tlrkmt, lih smfmdtovmfy rmhudm,
maossogis rltbmr tbli pgfodoms tblt lttmapt tg `roik maossogis uihmr
dgitrgf oihormdtfy tbrgukb pomdmamlf oiotoltovms gr sfgw krgwtb.
Oidfusovm krgwtb pgfody. Oidfusovm krgwtb os l bokb pgfody progroty,
`ut ot os focmfy tg hovmrt rmsgurdms erga krgwtb ls dgivmitogilffy
amlsurmh. Xbos strltmky progrotozms bmlftb lih mhudltogi smrvodms
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^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
lih rg`ust slemty imts. Ot lfsg oidfuhms oivmstamits oi trlispgrt
lih dgaauiodltogis tblt bmfp tg foic hoslhvlitlkmh pgpufltogis tg
dmitmrs ge mdgigaod krgwtb.
Xbm oitmisovm oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky os hmeoimh oi Tdmilrog 2ls li oidrmlsm oi kgvmriamit mxpmihoturms ge 0% ge KH^ egr rmfltmh
oivmstamits lih smrvodms. Toidm kgvmriamit mxpmihoturms lddguit egr
<0% ge KH^ egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms ls l krgup, tbos oidrmamit rmprmsmits
su`stlitolf lhhotogilf rmsgurdms. Dgsts lrm lssuamh tg `m eoilidmh
blfe `y tlxms lih blfe `y `grrgwoik. Xbm strltmky os lfsg lssuamh
tg yomfh l rmhudtogi oi prgjmdtmh Koio dgmeeodomits `y = pmrdmitlkm
pgoits oi mldb LDO mdgigay, rmprmsmitoik lpprgxoaltmfy gim stlihlrh
hmvoltogi dlfdufltmh erga [grfh @lic Koio dgmeeodomit hltl.
Xbm pgrtogi ge mxpmihoturms eoilidmh `y `grrgwoik fmlhs tg
rmhudtogis oi oivmstamits oi dgivmitogilf prghudtogi. Xbos rmsufts oi
l 5% oidgam hmdfoim oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms `y 0>4>. Imvmrtbmfmss, sudb
pgfodoms tg dga`lt oimqulfoty woff prghudm klois egr aliy pmgpfm. Xbm
iua`mr ge LDO dotozmis fovoik oi mxtrmam pgvmrty os mstoaltmh tg
hmdfoim `y ;8%‘l rmsuft mquovlfmit tg tbm mrlhodltogi ge mxtrmam
pgvmrty. Xbm iua`mrs oi tbm aohhfm dflss wgufh oidrmlsm `y ?%.
Xbm imkltovm meemdts wgufh `m emft gify oi tbm uppmr tlof ge tbm
oidgam hostro`utogi, wotb tbm iua`mr ge bokb-oidgam dgisuamrs
hmdfoioik `y 44%. Xbm gutput meemdts ge tbm pgfody lrm krmltmr tbli
tbgsm dlfdufltmh egr li mimrky sbgdc, `ut audb salffmr tbli fgssmslssgdoltmh wotb tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Oe oidfusovm krgwtb dli
miblidm sgdolf dgbmsogi lih alcm ot mlsomr tg eokbt tbm aohhfm-oidgam
trlp, ots dgst wgufh `m lapfy rmploh.
0.4.4 Oitmriltogilf foiclkms lih dggpmrltogiLDO‟s euturm krgwtb hmpmihs gi hmmpmr oitmriltogilf trlhm lih
oivmstamit foics. Gpmi lih efmxo`fm trlhoik systmas lrm drudolf egr
sustloioik LDO‟s rgfm oi kfg`lf aliueldturoik lih egr ammtoik ots rosoik
mxtmrilf mimrky, eggh, lih rmsgurdm rmquormamits (Flwrmidm 0><<).
Xbm rmkogi‟s trlhm foics woff oidfuhm vokgrgus oitrlrmkogilf trlhm,
Xbm flrkmst imkltovm meemdts lrm prgjmdtmh egr Oihol, wbmrm l sokioeodlit plrt ge tbm bokb-
oidgam pgpufltogi os prgjmdtmh tg `m dfgsm tg tbm dutgee foaot ge tbm aohhfm dgisuaptogi
krgup, lih tbmrmegrm aghmrltm dblikms oi oidgams blvm l flrkm meemdt gi sboetoik oihovohulfs
erga gim krgup oitg tbm gtbmr.
?
?
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5>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
strgik toms wotb mamrkoik alrcmts mfsmwbmrm, lih sustloimh trlhm,
eoilidolf, lih tmdbigfgky mxdblikms wotb hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Erga
l pgfody pmrspmdtovm, oitmism trlhm rmfltogisbops dgufh fmlh motbmr tg
krmltmr dggpmrltogi gr imw tmisogis. Xbm roscs wgufh `m mxldmr`ltmhoe krgwtb oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms rmalois sfukkosb, lih mspmdolffy oe
kfg`lf trlhm rufms elof tg `m strmiktbmimh. Xbmsm roscs lrm lssmssmh oi
Tdmilrogs ?—<0 (Xl`fm 0.2).
Oidrmlsmh prgtmdtogiosa. Oi tbm dgitmxt ge tbm alssovm
trlisegraltogis uihmrwly, pgfodyalcmrs blvm mxprmssmh dgidmri
l`gut tbm pgsso`ofoty ge oidrmlsmh prgtmdtogiosa oi hmvmfgpmh
mdgigaoms. Tudb pgfodoms wgufh rmprmsmit dgstfy, smfe-hmemltoik
rmspgisms tg tbm dblffmikms eldmh `y tbm wgrfh mdgigay, `ut
uiegrtuiltmfy dliigt `m rufmh gut ls pgfotodlf rmldtogis tg mdgigaod
strmss. Lddgrhoik tg rmsufts egr Tdmilrog ?, tbmy wgufh rmhudm wgrfh
trlhm `y 5% lih wgrfh oidgam `y 0%, wotb tbm dgsts hosprgpgrtogiltmfy
elffoik gi tbgsm prgtmdtogiost mdgigaoms tbmasmfvms. Mstoaltmh kfg`lf
fgssms wgufh `m lrguih $0 troffogi, wotb agrm tbli ?>% ge tbm fgssms
elffoik gi igi-LDO mdgigaoms. @ut tbmsm pgfodoms wgufh lfsg kmimrltm
fgssms egr LDO, mspmdolffy tbm PD, kovmi ots strgik foics wotb hmvmfgpmh
mdgigaoms. Xbm ^PD‟s trlhm wgufh elff `y 5%.
Lt tbm gtbmr mxtrmam, stmps tblt rmhudm `lrromrs lih strmiktbmi
trlhm rufms wgufh `mimeot tbm LDO mdgigaoms ls wmff ls gtbmr rmkogis.
Tdmilrog <> mxlaoims rmkogilf ermm trlhm, lih Tdmilrog << bypgtbmsozmssu`stlitolf fo`mrlfozltogi ge wgrfh trlhm. Oi rmvomwoik tbmsm rmsufts,
ot os imdmsslry tg rmdgkiozm tblt l kfg`lf aghmf prghudms gify rgukb
mstoaltms ge tbm meemdts ge trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi. Ots plrlamtmrs lrm igt
sueeodomitfy hmtlofmh gi trlhm `lrromrs lih tbm pgsso`ofotoms egr rmhudoik
tbma. _mt, sudb aghmfs prgvohm usmeuf mstoaltms ge gvmrlff meemdts, lih
oi tbos dlsm tbm sdmilrogs pgoit tg tbm pgsso`ofoty ge flrkm `mimeots.
Pmkogilf trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi. Lftbgukb aliy trlhm lkrmmamits
blvm `mmi dgidfuhmh lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms, l imw, dgaprmbmisovm
rmkogilf lkrmmamit tblt dgiimdts tbm LDO mdgigaoms wgufh kmimrltm
lhhotogilf klois ge 8% ge LDO oidgams (Tdmilrog <>). Xbm meemdts wgufh
`m mspmdolffy oapgrtlit egr LTMLI, mstoaltmh lt <=%, lih egr Oihol,
mstoaltmh lt 0%. Xbm trlhm meemdts wgufh `m plrtoduflrfy flrkm egr Oihol
(oidrmlsoik `y 08%), soidm ot os igw fmss dfgsmfy dgiimdtmh wotb tbm LDO
rmkogi‟s trlhoik systma. Bgwmvmr, soidm Oihol‟s gvmrlff trlhm fmvmfs lrm
stoff fgw, oidgam meemdts lrm agrm aghmst.
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Xl`fm 0.2: Xrlhm lih Dlpotlf Efgw Toaufltogis
Mmdts ge oitmriltogilf pgfodoms oi 0>4> (%)
Tdmilrog ? Tdmilrog <> Tdmilrog << Tdmilrog <0
Posoikprgtmdtogiosa
Pmkogilflkrmmamit
Kfg`lflkrmmamit
Elstrm`lflidoik
Oidgam / dlpotl
LTMLI -<.< <=.4 00.0 2.;
^PD -<.> <.4 ;.5 ;.0
Oihol >.> 0.0 ?.4 -4.5
LDO ->.2 4.5 <>.0 8.?
[grfh -<.= >.2 5 .= >.=
Mxtrmamfy pggr pgpufltogi
LTMLI 0.; -4>.> -4?.5 -<?.?
^PD 4.2 -8.= -04.< -04.8
Oihol >.< -2.2 -4<.? <;.?
LDO <.= -<?.> -4=.4 -0.>
[grfh >.? -<.5 -<5.> 8.>
Aohhfm dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi
LTMLI ->.5 ;.= <>.0 8.2
^PD ->.0 >.0 <.0 <.0
Oihol >.> <.= =.2 -0.?
LDO ->.0 0.> 8.5 >.0
[grfh >.> <.> 4 .? ->.=
Bokb dgisuaptogi pgpufltogi
LTMLI ->.5 ?.> <4.= =.4
^PD -<.? 0.2 <5.; <5.?
Oihol ->.< <<.0 =4.5 -<;.2
LDO -<.4 =.= -;.? 2.5
[grfh -0.8 <.> > .8 <.>
Xgtlf trlhm
LTMLI -<.5 <?.= 0<.= =.2
^PD -=.8 <>.? 45.; 4.?
Oihol -<.; 08.4 55.0 -0.;
LDO -4.5 <=.5 4=.<
[grfh -5.> 4.5 <?.8 >.?
Xmras ge trlhm
LTMLI ->.4 =.0 ;.0 ->.8
^PD ->.2 >.5 0.= ->.=
Oihol ->.0 ->.= >.? >.<
LDO ->.= <.? 4.2 ->.4
[grfh - - - -
Dgaaghoty prodms
Krlois ->.? >.; >.2 >.5
Dglf -<.4 >.; <.> >.5
Gof -0.> <.4 8.; >.;
Kls -<.2 >.2 8.4 >.<
Mimrky -0.> <.0 8.= >.;
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
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50
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Kfg`lf trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi. Tokioeodlit kfg`lf trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi
wgufh rlosm wgrfh oidgams `y ;% lih LDO oidgams `y <> % (Tdmilrog <<).
Lkloi LTMLI lih Oihol wgufh m tbm flrkmst mimeodolroms oi pmrdmitlkm
tmras, `ut oi tbos dlsm tbm ^PD wgufh lfsg mxpmromidm flrkm klois `mdlusm kfg`lf fo`mrlfozltogi wgufh `mimeot lff ge ots oitmriltogilf
trlhm, audb ge wbodb os gutsohm tbm LDO rmkogi. [grfh trlhm wgufh
oidrmlsm `y <?%, wotb Oihol oidrmlsoik ots trlhm `y 55%. Xbm rmsufts
dgieora l dmitrlf tbmam tblt `rglh kfg`lf fo`mrlfozltogi os agrm
`mimeodolf tbli li meemdtovm rmkogilf lkrmmamit, mvmi gim dgvmroik l
flrkm, hyilaod mdgigaod zgim.
Elst rm`lflidoik. Xbm durrmit lddguit surpfusms ge tbm LDO
mdgigaoms blvm hoaoiosbmh sblrpfy soidm tbm gismt ge tbm 0>>2—0>>?
kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, `ut ot rmalois hoeeoduft tg justoey flrkm ‖upboff‑
efgws ge dlpotlf erga rlpohfy krgwoik, dlpotlf pggr mdgigaoms tg
sfgwfy krgwoik, dlpotlf l`uihlit gims. Xbos stuhy lih gtbmr rmdmit
stuhoms blvm mapblsozmh tbm `mimeots ge ‖rm`lflidoik‑ oiotoltovms tblt
put rmsgurdms tg `mttmr usm wotboi mamrkoik mdgigaoms tbmasmfvms,
motbmr tg stoaufltm oivmstamit gr tg rlosm fovoik stlihlrhs hormdtfy.
Xbm `lsmfoim otsmfe lssuams tblt rm`lflidoik meegrts woff `m suddmsseuf
migukb tg cmmp oa`lflidms stl`fm oi igaoilf tmras lt 0><> fmvmfs,
tbus rmhudoik tbma su`stlitolffy rmfltovm tg KH^.
Xg soaufltm tbm oapfodltogis ge elstmr rm`lflidoik, Tdmilrog <0
oapgsms li lhjustamit pltb tblt mfoaoiltms lff durrmit lddguitoa`lflidms `y 0>0>. Xbos mxtrmam lssuaptogi sbgws tblt mvmi vmry
rlpoh rm`lflidoik wgufh blvm l aghmst meemdt gi tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘
oi eldt l aghmst pgsotovm meemdt, yomfhoik l 8% oidrmlsm oi LDO oidgams.
Xbm sdmilrog kmimrltms bokbmr oidgams egr LTMLI lih tbm ^PD, wbodb
blvm pgsotovm dlpotlf efgws lfgik tbm `lsmfoim lih sg wgufh blvm agrm
rmsgurdms tg oivmst gr spmih hgamstodlffy. Ot kmimrltms l hmdrmlsm oi
oidgam egr Oihol, wbodb bls imkltovm dlpotlf efgws lih tbmrmegrm wgufh
blvm tg dut `ldc gi oitmrilf spmihoik. Lt tbm aodrgmdgigaod fmvmf,
surpfus mdgigaoms wgufh sboet agrm rlpohfy erga aliueldturoik
tg smrvodms, lih vodm vmrsl oi hmeodot mdgigaoms. Hmspotm tbm pgfody
lttmitogi egdusmh gi rm`lflidoik, tbm rmsufts blvm aghmst oapfodltogis
egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm fgik rui.
Xlcmi tgkmtbmr, tbm oitmriltogilf soaufltogis sukkmst agrm
gppgrtuiotoms tbli tbrmlts. L turi tgwlrh prgtmdtogiosa oi hmvmfgpmh
mdgigaoms wgufh rmhudm wgrfh gutput lih imkltovmfy leemdt LDO krgwtb
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^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
prgspmdts, `ut tbm meemdts wgufh elff proalrofy gi tbm prgtmdtogiost
mdgigaoms tbmasmfvms. @y dgitrlst, fo`mrlfozltogi amlsurms wotboi tbm
LDO rmkogi lih mspmdolffy kfg`lffy dgufh rlosm oidgams sblrpfy. Ls oi
tbm plst rguihs ge kfg`lf fo`mrlfozltogi, tbm meemdts lrm focmfy tg mxtmih `mygih hormdt mdgigaod klois tg oihormdt `mimeots sudb ls oidrmlsmh
oivmstgr dgieohmidm, agrm oiigvltogi, lih li oaprgvmh dfoaltm egr
mdgigaod lih pgfotodlf dggpmrltogi. Agrm hmtlofmh wgrc os immhmh tg
rmeoim tbmsm mstoaltms, `ut tbm rmsufts dgieora tbm oapgrtlidm ge tbm
kfg`lf trlhoik systma tg LDO lih kfg`lf prgspmdts.
0.4.8 Dga`oiltogis ge roscs
Xbm rmsufts ge oihovohulf sdmilrogs dgieora tbm dgidmris ge
pgfodyalcmrs tblt tbm rmkogi eldms smrogus vufimrl`ofotoms. _mt tbmy
lfsg sbgw tblt agst sbgdcs dgufh `m alilkmh lt aghmrltm dgst oe
lhhrmssmh wotb toamfy pgfody. Xbm oapfodltogis ge sbgdcs dgufh m agrm
smvmrm oe tbmy gddurrmh suhhmify lih oi dga`oiltogi‘egr mxlapfm, oe
li uimxpmdtmh hmdmfmrltogi oi prghudtovoty krgwtb lppmlrmh lfgiksohm
l suhhmi mimrky sbgdc. Tudb oitmrldtogis lrm igt uiusulf: li mimrky
sbgdc lih l rmfltmh prghudtovoty sbgdc dga`oimh tg drmltm l fgik-
flstoik kfg`lf sfgwhgwi oi tbm fltm <?;>s. Oi tbm durrmit mdgigaod
dydfm, eoilidolf, aldrgmdgigaod, eggh, lih mimrky sbgdcs lppmlr tg `m
ldtoik oi dga`oiltogi. Lfsg oi tbm euturm, lhvmrsm hmvmfgpamits dgufhdga`oim oitg ‖pmremdt stgras‑ wotb smvmrm oapldts gi krgwtb.
Lssmssoik tbm prg`l`ofoty ge dga`oimh sbgdcs rmquorms eurtbmr
spmdufltovm lilfysos. Lrm sbgdcs oihmpmihmit ge mldb gtbmr, wotb mldb
egffgwoik l smplrltm prg`l`ofoty hostro`utogi7 Gr hg tbmy oitmrldt, sg
tblt l dfustmr ge imkltovm sbgdcs, egr mxlapfm, os mspmdolffy focmfy7 Xbm
oitmrldtogi bypgtbmsos lhaots tblt pmremdt stgras aokbt igt blppmi
rlihgafy‘lhvmrsm mvmits dgufh rlosm tbm prg`l`ofoty ge gtbmrs,
lih vodm vmrsl. Ulrogus amdbliosas dgufh fmlh tg sudb rmsufts‘egr
mxlapfm, li mdgigaod systma uihmr prmssurm aly put eurtbmr strmss
gi wmlc smdtgrs lih tbus elof oi auftopfm wlys. ^gsotovm rmsufts, tgg,
dli rmoiegrdm mldb gtbmr: l strgik mdgigay dli kmimrltm rmsgurdms
lih kgghwoff tblt dli bmfp tg drmltm agrm gppgrtuiotoms.
Xbm oapfodltogis ge auftopfm sbgdcs dli `m `rldcmtmh `y twg
lssuaptogis: euff oihmpmihmidm, oapfyoik tblt sbgdcs gddur lddgrhoik
tg smplrltm prg`l`ofoty hostro`utogis lih oitmrldt gify `y dblidm3 lih
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
plrtolf oitmrhmpmihmidm, oapfyoik tblt focm sbgdcs lrm focmfy tg gddur
jgoitfy. Mvmi tbm lssuaptogi ge oihmpmihmidm, ge dgursm, woff fmlh tg
rlrm pmremdt stgras ge auftopfm imkltovm gr pgsotovm mvmits. ^lrtolf
oitmrhmpmihmidm, bgwmvmr, sukkmsts l bokbmr focmfobggh ge l dfustmr gesoaoflr sbgdcs, lih bmidm l krmltmr prg`l`ofoty ge mxtrmam gutdgams tbli
dgoidohmidm wgufh sukkmst. Xbm lrkuamits egr sudb oitmrhmpmihmidm
lrm elaofolr, `ut tbmy wmrm igt wohmfy lpprmdoltmh oi tbm rui-up tg tbm
kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos lih aly blvm dgitro`utmh tg tbm uihmrmstoaltogi
ge eoilidolf roscs `y eoilidolf alrcmts lih kgvmriamits.
Xbos stuhy mxlaoimh pgsso`ofotoms ge oihmpmihmit lih
oitmrhmpmihmit sbgdcs `y stltostodlffy dga`oioik tbm meemdts ge tbm
sdmilrogs hosdussmh l`gvm. Xbos mxmrdosm dgistrudtmh <>,>>> euturm
krgwtb pltbs ge tbm kfg`lf mdgigay wotb tbm `lsmfoim su`jmdtmh tg
vlrogus dga`oiltogis ge <> ge tbm sbgdcs fostmh oi Xl fm 0.= lih
Eokurm 0.<0. Plihga hrlws hmtmraoimh wbodb plrtoduflr sbgdcs
gddurrmh gi mldb ge tbm <>,>>> pltbs. Mldb sbgdc wls lssuamh tg gddur
wotb l prg`l`ofoty ge 0=%. L `midbalrc ‖oihmpmihmit‑ soaufltogi wls
dlfdufltmh `y lssuaoik tblt tbm plttmri ge sbgdcs wotboi liy gutdgam
blh ig oapldt gi ots prg`l`ofoty.
]ihmr tbm `midbalrc soaufltogis, tbm pgsso`ofoty tblt igim ge tbm
<> sbgdcs wgufh gddur os gify lrguih =% (>.;=<>). Xbmrm os li mvmi
salffmr dblidm, lpprgxoaltmfy gim oi l aoffogi, tblt lff <> sbgdcs
wgufh gddur tgkmtbmr (>.0=<>). Xbm prg`l`ofoty os lrguih 8>% tblt tbmmeemdt ge l dga`oiltogi ge sbgdcs wgufh turi gut tg `m salff, oi tbm
rlikm rmpgrtmh ls ‖>‑ dgfuai oi Eokurm 0.<4L. Xbmsm pltbs oivgfvm
dlsms wotb motbmr emw sbgdcs, gr dga`oiltogis ge pgsotovm lih imkltovm
gims. Xbm prg`l`ofoty rosms tg lrguih ;=% egr tbm sgamwblt wohmr, `ut
stoff vmry aghmst, rlikm ge gutdgams (oidgam dblikms oi tbm —<>% tg
+<>% rlikm).
Hmspotm tbos stltostodlf ‖rmkrmssogi tgwlrh tbm amli,‑ lrguih
0=% ge tbm hostro`utogi ge gutdgams elffs oitg tbm tlofs, rmprmsmitoik
sokioeodlit hmvoltogis erga tbm `lsmfoim. Ge tbos, gify <% os oi tbm rokbt
Xbm ‖wgrfh prghudtovoty sbgdc‑ wls igt oidfuhmh oi tbm mxmrdosm tblt mxlaoimh
dga`oiltogis ge sdmilrogs soidm ot os otsmfe tbm dga`oiltogi ge twg gtbmr sdmilrogs‘tbm LDO
prghudtovoty sbgdc lih tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms prghudtovoty sbgdc.
Xbm meemdt ge l dga`oiltogi ge sbgdcs wls dlfdufltmh `y lhhoik tbm meemdts ge tbm
uihmrfyoik sbgdcs. Xbos foimlr lpprgxoaltogi aly gvmrstltm tbm dga`oimh meemdts ge auftopfm
sbgdcs.
<>
<<
<>
<<
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Eokurm 0.<4: Ermqumidy ge Dga`oimh Tbgdcs
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dlfdufltogis.
L. Oihmpmihmit sbgdcs
@. Oitmrhmpmihmit sbgdcs
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
tlof tblt dgitlois sokioeodlit pgsotovm sbgdcs, lih 08% os oi tbm fmet
tlof tblt dgitlois sokioeodlit imkltovm gims. Xbos scmwmh rmsuft os l
prghudt ge tbm eldt tblt hgwisohm sdmilrogs hgaoiltm tbgsm gi tbm
upsohm oi gur soaufltogis. Agrmgvmr, igim ge tbm sdmilrogs geemrs lpgsotovm dguitmrplrt tg tbm flrkm meemdts ge tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Xbm
imt meemdt os tblt tbmsm stltostodlf mxmrdosms sukkmst li lpprgxoaltmfy
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
gim-oi-egur dblidm tblt LDO oidgam fmvmfs woff elff wmff sbgrt ge tbm
`lsmfoim, tg fgik-tmra krgwtb rltms tblt lrm lt fmlst gim pmrdmitlkm
pgoit fgwmr.
Xbm ermqumidy ge gutdgams dblikms oe stltostodlf oihmpmihmidmos rmpfldmh `y tbm lssuaptogi ge plrtolf oitmrhmpmihmidm‘tbm
mxpmdtltogi tblt soaoflr sbgdcs lrm focmfy tg gddur tgkmtbmr. Xbm
soaufltogis hmsdro`mh l`gvm wmrm rmpmltmh uihmr tbm lssuaptogi tblt
egur gr agrm sbgdcs oi tbm slam hormdtogi wmrm egur toams ls focmfy
tg gddur ls tbmor jgoit oihmpmihmit prg`l`ofotoms wgufh prmhodt. Xbm
imw rmsufts oi Eokurm 0.<4@ sbgw l wohmr hostro`utogi ge gutdgams,
wotb bokbmr ermqumidoms egr `gtb fmss lih agrm elvgrl`fm mxtrmams.
@ut wbofm tbm ermqumidy ge tbm agrm pgsotovm mxtrmams (agrm tbli <>%)
rosms gify sfokbtfy, tblt ge flrkmr imkltovm sbgdcs (flrkmr tbli imkltovm
<>%) oidrmlsms tg 0?%. Xbos hostro`utogi pusbms tbm mxpmdtmh vlfum ge
gutdgams 0% `mfgw tbm `lsmfoim.
Xbmsm lrm spmdufltovm rmsufts‘tbmy lttldb prg`l`ofotoms tg
uicigwl`fm euturm mvmits‘`ut geemr sgam oisokbt oitg tbm roscs
surrguihoik tbm `lsmfoim. Xbmy sbgw, egr mxlapfm, tblt oi aliy dlsms
(rlikoik erga twg-tborhs tg tbrmm-qulrtmrs) krgwtb rltms lrm igt focmfy
tg hoeemr sokioeodlitfy erga tbm `lsmfoim. Xbos blppmis igt `mdlusm
tbm `lsmfoim krgwtb woff gddur wotbgut sbgdcs, `ut `mdlusm pgsotovm
lih imkltovm sbgdcs woff getmi dlidmf mldb gtbmr. Xbm rmsufts sukkmst
l salff dblidm ge su`stlitolffy `mttmr gutdgams lih l sgamwbltflrkmr dblidm ge su`stlitolffy wgrsm gims, oi plrt `mdlusm tbm durrmit
mivorgiamit sukkmsts agrm imkltovm roscs tbli pgsotovm gims.
0.8 Dgidfusogis
Oe LDO krgwtb prgdmmhs ls mxpmdtmh, LDO gutput woff qulhrupfm lih
meemdt wohm-rlikoik strudturlf dblikms oi tbm LDO lih wgrfh mdgigaoms.
Agst smdtgrs lih mdgigaod vlrol`fms woff `m leemdtmh, oidfuhoik tbm
dgapgsotogi ge hmalih lih gutput, plttmris ge trlhm rmfltogis, lih
erlkofm `lflidms oi kfg`lf eggh, mimrky, lih eoilidolf alrcmts. Xbmsm
prgspmdts sukkmst dgapfmx lkmihls egr lilfysos, pgfody pfliioik, lih
oistotutogi uofhoik.
Xbm trlisegraltogi sbgufh `roik hrlaltod klois oi tbm qulfoty ge
foem ldrgss tbm rmkogi. Ots oapfodltogis dgufh oidfuhm tbm tropfoik ge pmr
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^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
dlpotl oidgams, tbm mrlhodltogi ge mxtrmam pgvmrty, lih li oidrmlsm
oi tbm sozm ge tbm aohhfm dflss tg oidfuhm tbrmm-qulrtmrs ge tbm LDO
pgpufltogi. Xbm rmkogi os lfrmlhy tbm agst pgpufgus oi tbm wgrfh.
Gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms ot woff lfsg `mdgam tbm wgrfh‟s flrkmstmdgigay `y aliy amlsurms. Oi sgam alrcmts‘mspmdolffy oivmstamit
kgghs‘tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff lddguit egr agrm tbli blfe ge tbm
kfg`lf lkkrmkltms.
Xbm rmkogi‟s mxplihoik kfg`lf mdgigaod rgfm woff fmlh tg dgitoiumh
strgik trlhm lih eoilidolf foics wotb mxostoik plrtimrs ls wmff ls hmmpmr
rmfltogisbops wotb imw gims. Xbm krgwtb ge trlhm woff `m hrovmi `y
pgwmreuf rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs, oidrmlsmh imt oapgrts ge
proalry prghudts, lih sboetoik plttmris ge dgaplrltovm lhvlitlkm
wotboi tbm rmkogi lih ldrgss tbm wgrfh. Oitrlrmkogilf lih Tgutb—Tgutb
trlhm woff `m tbm agst rlpohfy krgwoik dgapgimits ge LDO trlhm. Oe tbmsm
rmfltogisbops lrm hmvmfgpmh oi l autulffy lhvlitlkmgus, dggpmrltovm
aliimr bukm `mimeots woff `m rmlfozmh `y tbm rmkogi lih ots plrtimrs.
Xbmsm elr-rmldboik hmalih lih suppfy meemdts prgvohm emrtofm
krguih egr imw krgwtb mikoims. LDO tlstms lih mxpmdtltogis woff
sblpm tbm hmalih egr imw prghudts lih smrvodms ldrgss tbm wgrfh,
lih woff drmltm gppgrtuiotoms egr imw oihustroms wotb vlst mdgigaoms
ge sdlfm. Eoilidolf trlisldtogis woff krlvotltm tgwlrh LDO‟s flrkm pggfs
ge slvoiks lih oivmstamits, alcoik ot pgsso`fm tg hmvmfgp hmmpmr lih
agrm meeodomit dlpotlf alrcmts. Bokb rltms ge oivmstamit woff mil`fmtbm LDO mdgigaoms tg lhgpt lih oivmit imw tmdbigfgkoms, `uofhoik
krmmimr lih agrm mimrky-meeodomit oierlstrudturm lih oihustry agrm
quodcfy tbli os pgsso`fm mfsmwbmrm.
Flrkm ls tbmsm gppgrtuiotoms lrm, tbm trlisegraltogi lfsg oivgfvms
aljgr roscs tg tbm krgwtb prgdmss erga oitmrilf lih mxtmrilf tbrmlts.
Xbmrm lrm emw wlys tg ammt lff ge tbm rmquormamits ge rlpoh krgwtb,
`ut aliy wlys tg elff sbgrt. Xbm agst imkltovm sdmilrogs dgufh
hmprmss LDO krgwtb rltms `y 0.= pmrdmitlkm pgoits `mfgw tbm 5.?%
`lsmfoim mstoaltms. Xbm dblidms egr elffoik sbgrt ge tbm lsmfoim‟s fgik-
tmra krgwtb rltm `y lt fmlst < pmrdmitlkm pgoit lrm aghmrltm `ut igt
oisokioeodlit‘`y tbm mstoaltms ge tbos dblptmr oi tbm imokb`grbggh ge
0=%—4>%.
Xbm soikfm agst sokioeodlit rosc tg tbm rmkogi‟s hmvmfgpamit os l
sblrp hmdmfmrltogi oi ots prghudtovoty krgwtb, l pgsso`ofoty sgamtoams
hmsdro`mh ls tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Xg sustloi krgwtb oi l rlpohfy
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
mvgfvoik mdgigaod mivorgiamit, dguitroms blvm tg dgitoiugusfy
upkrlhm tbmor mdgigaod oierlstrudturm, `rglhfy uihmrstggh tg oidfuhm
oistotutogis, scoffs, ls wmff ls pbysodlf dlpotlf. Oi sgam dguitroms ot
rmquorms stmppmh-up oivmstamits oi pbysodlf lih buali dlpotlf, oigtbmrs rlhodlf oaprgvmamits oi tbm usoimss dfoaltm, lih oi stoff gtbmrs
l sboet erga lhlptltogi lih stltm-rui mitmrprosms tg oiigvltogi lih
provltm mitrmprmimursbop. Xbm dgsts ge l prgfgikmh sfgwhgwi wlrrlit
wohm-rlikoik prmvmitovm oivmstamits oi tbmsm lih gtbmr strltmkoms.
Xbm rmkogi eldms gtbmr roscs. Bokbmr eggh prodms lih/gr mimrky
prodms dgufh oapgsm flrkm `urhmis gi rlpohfy krgwoik, `ut rmfltovmfy
fgw-oidgam mdgigaoms. Ttmppmh-up hmalihs egr mxpmihoturms tg
lhhrmss dfoaltm dblikm gr oidfusovm krgwtb‘bgwmvmr `mimeodolf oi
tmras ge mivorgiamitlf lih sgdolf rmsufts‘dgufh hovmrt rmsgurdms
lih pgfody lttmitogi erga krgwtb. Xbm soaufltogis sbgw tblt tbmsm
lftmriltovms wgufh blvm sokioeodlit imkltovm meemdts gi krgwtb ls
dgivmitogilffy amlsurmh. @ut tbm meemdts wgufh ilrrgw, leemdtoik
plrtoduflr smdtgrs lih dgisuaptogi krgups, lih wgufh tbmrmegrm dlusm
fmss hlalkm tbli li mdgigay-wohm sfgwhgwi. Xbm krmltmst tbrmlts
oivgfvm dga`oiltogis ge sbgdcs‘pmremdt stgras tblt oidrmlsm strlois
gi mdgigaod hmdosogi-alcoik lih rlosm tbm prg`l`ofoty ge auftopfm
pgfody elofurms. Xbm cmy tg lvgohoik tbmsm prg`fmas os tg litodopltm
tbma lih tg drmltm agrm rmsofomit mdgigaoms.
Igt gify os tbm lsmfoim su`jmdt tg uidmrtloity, ut aliy lftmriltovmstblt lppmlr pfluso`fm blvm imkltovm oapfodltogis. Imvmrtbmfmss, tbm
gvmrlff rmsufts ge tbm soaufltogis lfsg tmff l pgsotovm stgry. Dga`oiltogis
ge uimxpmdtmh mvmits kmimrlffy prmhodt agrm aghmrltm hmvoltogis erga
tbm `lsmfoim tbli wgrst-dlsm sdmilrogs, `mdlusm sbgdcs sgamtoams
geesmt mldb gtbmr. Lfsg, tbm krgwtb ge LDO oidgams lih tbm rmkogi‟s
rosoik rgfm oi tbm wgrfh mdgigay rmaloi slfomit rmsufts oi lff sdmilrogs,
mvmi tbgsm wotb uielvgrl`fm oapfodltogis. LDO fovoik stlihlrhs lih
sblrms ge oapgrtlit kfg`lf lkkrmkltms woff oidrmlsm mvmi oe tbm euturm
kfg`lf mivorgiamit os blrsbmr tbli lssuamh oi LH@ prgjmdtogis. [bofm
tbm spmmh lih toaoik ge tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi lrm su`jmdt tg rosc,
uihmr l rmlsgil`fy wohm rlikm ge lftmriltovm lssuaptogis ots sdgpm lih
hormdtogis lppmlr tg `m rg`ust.
Ls lff mdgigaod rmsufts, tbmsm dgidfusogis hmpmih gi tbm uihmrfyoik
aghmf lih tbm sdmilrogs mxlaoimh. Xbm kmimrlf mquofo`roua aghmf
usmh oi tbos stuhy os `uoft gi lssuaptogis ge alrcmt oitmrldtogis
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^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms ge
lih rmprmsmits tbm ayrolh wlys oi wbodb prghudmrs, dgisuamrs, lih
trlhmrs lhjust prghudtogi lih oivmstamits tg prodm sokilfs. [bmi
alrcmts wgrc prgpmrfy, tbmsm sokilfs lih alrcmt rmldtogis mil`fm
mdgigaoms tg dgiqumr lhvmrsm hmvmfgpamits lt rmfltovmfy fgw dgst.Alrcmts dli elof, ls eoilidolf alrcmts blvm hgim spmdtlduflrfy oi
rmdmit ymlrs. @ut oi tbm twg-hmdlhm toam bgrozgi ge tbos lilfysos, agst
elofurms lrm focmfy tg `m dgrrmdtmh‘gr put ligtbmr wly, dli `m dguitmh
lagik tbm aliy roscs lfrmlhy dlpturmh oi prghudtovoty hmdmfmrltogi
sdmilrogs. Tmrogus hgwisohm roscs tblt blvm igt `mmi dgisohmrmh oi
tbos stuhy oidfuhm wlrs, mpohmaods, gr tbm dgfflpsm ge kgvmrilidm oi
flrkm dguitroms. Xbmsm pgsso`ofotoms dliigt `m rufmh gut, `ut tbmy lrm
`mygih tbm sdgpm ge mdgigaod lilfysos.
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms eldm kggh prgspmdts lih flrkm dblffmikms. Xbmy
lrm ma`lrcoik gi tbmor imxt stlkm ge hmvmfgpamit wotb sokioeodlit
agamitua, `ut lfsg oi tbm aohst ge krmlt kfg`lf uidmrtloity.
Pmlsgil`fm prgjmdtogis oihodltm tblt tbmor krgwtb woff dgitoium lih
os focmfy tg `m smfe-eumfoik. Xbos krgwtb sbgufh fmlh tg aljgr lhvlidms
oi tbm rmkogi‟s stlihlrh ge fovoik lih kfg`lf rgfm. Lt tbm slam toam,
wohm-rlikoik strudturlf dblikms woff `m rmquormh oi mdgigaoms tblt lrm
lfrmlhy flrkm rmfltovm tg tbm wgrfh mdgigay. Xbos os tbm euihlamitlf
sgurdm ge roscs. Xbos dblptmr bls eguih tblt uielvgrl`fm mvmits dgufh
fmlh tg audb fmss prgkrmss tbli mxpmdtmh gi tbm `lsmfoim, `ut tblt
tbm gutfoims ge tbm dgaoik trlisegraltogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms lrmrg`ust, igtwotbstlihoik uidmrtloitoms l`gut toaoik lih spmmh.
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4 Oidfusovm Krgwtb
lih tbm \ulfotyge Foem
4.< Oitrghudtogi
Xbm rmalrcl`fm mdgigaod krgwtb ge tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst
Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol
(cigwi dgffmdtovmfy ls LDO oi tbos stuhy) bls foetmh buihrmhs ge aoffogis
ge pmgpfm gut ge mxtrmam pgvmrty lih drmltmh l `urkmgioik aohhfm
dflss. @lsmh gi agst prgjmdtogis, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff dgitoium tg
sblrpfy rmhudm‘lih pgtmitolffy mrlhodltm‘systmaod pgvmrty.
@ut tbos ldbomvmamit sbgufh igt g`sdurm tbm dblffmikms lbmlh lih
tbm wohm klps oi fovoik stlihlrhs lih tbm qulfoty ge foem wotboi mldbLDO dguitry lih `mtwmmi LDO lih tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh. Tmi (0><<)
dlutogis lkloist tbm g`smssogi wotb krgwtb ls li mih oi otsmfe wbofm
imkfmdtoik tbm qulfoty ge foem eldofotltmh y krgwtb. gvmrty rmalois bokb
oi aliy dguitroms. Oidgam oimqulfoty os krgwoik. ]imapfgyamit lih
uihmrmapfgyamit rmaloi smrogus. Buikmr, alfiutrotogi, lih offotmrldy
pmrsost, lih flrkm pgrtogis ge LDO pgpufltogis blvm oilhmqultm lddmss
tg votlf sgdolf smrvodms. Xbm dgidmpt lih amlsurmamit ge tbm qulfoty ge
foem lrm prmsmitmh oi @gx 4.< lih Xl`fm 4.<.
Xbm rmkogi‟s krgwtb dliigt trlisfltm oitg `rglh lhvlidms oi fovoik
stlihlrhs lih tbm qulfoty ge foem‘audb fmss `m sustloimh gvmr tbm
fgik tmra‘uifmss ots `mimeots lrm agrm wohmfy sblrmh. Krgwtb oi LDO‟s
fl`gr egrdm, wbodb os mxpmdtmh tg krgw tg 002 aoffogi `y 0>4>, amlis
tblt mxpmdtltogis egr l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem lih prmssurm gi tbm LDO
mdgigaoms tg drmltm rmwlrhoik, kggh-plyoik jg`s woff gify oidrmlsm.
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@gx 4.<: Amlsuroik tbm \ulfoty ge Foem
Buali wmff-`moik bls trlhotogilffy `mmi amlsurmh oi tmras ge mdgigaod
rmsgurdms sudb ls oidgam, wmlftb, lih dgisuaptogi. Bgwmvmr, ot blsoidrmlsoikfy mmi rmdgkiozmh tblt mdgigaod rmsgurdms lrm li oisueeodomit
amtrod egr lssmssoik l pgpufltogi‟s wmff-`moik lih qulfoty ge foem. Xbos rmdgkiotogi
bls fmh tg krgwoik meegrts tg dgistrudt lftmriltovm oihodltgrs. Tudb oiotoltovms
blvm `mmi uihmrtlcmi `y tbm Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih
Hmvmfgpamit (GMDH) lih tbm ]iotmh Iltogis Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrlaam (]IH^),
lagik gtbmrs. Xbm ]IH^ drmltmh tbm Buali Hmvmfgpamit Oihmx (BHO), wbodb
dga`oims krgss iltogilf oidgam pmr dlpotl wotb bmlftb lih mhudltogi amlsurms.
Xbm BHO os wohmfy usmh egr drgss-dguitry dgaplrosgis ge buali wmff-`moik.
Ligtbmr mxlapfm os tbm oiotoltovm `y egramr Ermidb ^rmsohmit Iodbgfls
Tlrcgzy wbg lppgoitmh l dgaaottmm tg prgpgsm imw oihodltgrs tg amlsurm
mdgigaod pmregralidm lih sgdolf prgkrmss. Ttokfotz, Tmi, lih Eotgusso (0>>?)
hmeoim tbm ‖qulfoty ge foem‑ ls lspmdts ge foem tblt sblpm buali wmff-`moik `mygih
tbm dgaalih ge rmsgurdms. Xbmy lrkum tblt rmsgurdms lrm li oilhmqultm amtrod
`mdlusm tbmy lrm amlis tblt lrm trlisegramh oitg wmff-`moik tblt hoeemrs ldrgss
pmgpfm. Xbmy lfsg igtm tblt aliy rmsgurdms lrm igt alrcmtmh gr dgam wotb
hoeemrmit prodms, alcoik ot hoeeoduft tg dgaplrm rmlf oidgams ldrgss pmgpfm. Oi
lhhotogi, tbmy dgitmih, aliy cmy hmtmraoilits ge buali wmff-`moik lrm igt
agimtlry rmsgurdms3 tbmy lrm hoeemrmit lspmdts ge pmgpfm‟s foem dorduastlidms gr
ldtovotoms.
Oi Lsol, krgwoik lttmitogi bls `mmi pfldmh gi igi-agimtlry lspmdts ge
pmgpfm‟s fovms ls mdgigaoms `mdgam agrm hmvmfgpmh lih dgapfmx. @butli3 tbm
^PD3 Bgik Cgik, Dboil3 tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 lih Alflysol, lagik gtbmrs, blvm
hmvmfgpmh gr lrm wgrcoik tg hmvmfgp tbmor gwi qulfoty ge foem oihodltgrs.
[bofm tbmrm os l dgismisus gi tbm oapgrtlidm ge igi-agimtlry lspmdts
egr lssmssoik buali wmff-`moik, tbmrm os ig lkrmmamit gi tbm lpprgldbms lih
oihodltgrs tblt dli m usmh tg amlsurm tbma. Oihodltgrs tg amlsurm tbm qulfoty ge
foem dli m hovohmh oitg tbrmm krgups: tbm rmsgurdm-`lsmh lpprgldb3 tbm dlpl`ofoty
lpprgldb3 lih tbm su`jmdtovm wmff-`moik lpprgldb.
Hmspotm tbm krgwoik iua`mr ge prgpgsmh qulfoty ge foem oihodltgrs, tbmy lrm
getmi dgistrudtmh wotb fottfm `lsos oi tbmgry (Efmur`lmy 0>>?). Iooao lih Zbulik
(0><<) lhhrmss tbos ossum `y oitrghudoik l dgidmptulf erlamwgrc egr amlsuroik
tbm qulfoty ge foem. Xbmy lrkum tblt miblidoik oidfusovm krgwtb os l vol`fm wlyge ldbomvoik l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem. Xbmor dgidmptulf erlamwgrc egr oidfusovm
krgwtb prgpgsms 0> oihodltgrs oi mokbt prgpgsmh hoamisogis: altmrolf wmff-`moik,
jg` gppgrtuioty lih wgrcoik dgihotogis, bmlftb, mhudltogi, sgdolf oidfusogi lih
mquoty, mdgigaod lih pbysodlf smduroty, mivorgiamit lih fovoik dgihotogis, lih
kgvmrilidm (smm Xl`fm 4.< egr hmtlofs).
(Dgitoiumh)
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Tgurdms: Efmur`lmy (0>>?)3 Iooao lih Zbulik (0><<)3 Ttokfotz, Tmi, lih Eotgusso (0>>?).
Xl`fm 4.<: Amlsuroik Oidfusovm Krgwtb
Hgalois Oihodltgrs
Altmrolf wmff-`moik • KH^ pmr dlpotl (0>>= ^^^$)
Jg` gppgrtuioty lih
wgrcoik dgihotogis
• Mapfgyamit rltm (%)
• Uufimrl`fm mapfgyamit rltm (% ge tgtlf mapfgyamit)
Bmlftb
• Foem mxpmdtlidy lt `ortb (ymlrs)
• Oielit agrtlfoty rltm (pmr <,>>> fovm ortbs)
• ]ihmrigurosbmh pgpufltogi (%)
Mhudltogi• Imt proalry sdbggf mirgffamit rltm (%)
• Lvmrlkm ymlrs ge sdbggfoik (ymlrs)
Tgdolf oidfusogi lih
mquoty
• ^gvmrty rltm (% ge pgpufltogi `mfgw $0 S^^^Q l hly)
• Koio dgmdomit (%)
• Kmihmr plroty oi fl`gr egrdm plrtodopltogi (%)
• Tmlts bmfh `y wgami oi iltogilf plrfolamit (%)
Mdgigaod lih pbysodlf
oismduroty
• Bgaodohm rltm (pmr <>>,>>> pmgpfm)
• Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx
Mivorgiamit lih fovoik
dgihotogis
• ^lrtodufltm alttmr (^A<>, aodrgkrlas pmr du`od amtmr)
• Lddmss tg oaprgvmh wltmr sgurdm (% ge pgpufltogi wotb lddmss)
• Lddmss tg oaprgvmh sliotltogi eldofotoms (% ge pgpufltogi wotb lddmss)
Kgvmrilidm
• Pufm ge flw oihmx
• Kgvmriamit mmdtovmimss oihmx
• Dgitrgf ge dgrruptogi oihmx
KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 ^^^ 1 purdblsoik pgwmr plroty.
Tgurdm: Iooao lih Zbulik (0><<).
Iooao lih Zbulik (0><<) lssmssmh tbm durrmit stltus ge tbm qulfoty ge foem
`y lppfyoik tbm prgpgsmh oihodltgrs tg tbm LDO mdgigaoms, lih dgistrudtmh l
dgapgsotm oihmx `y lkkrmkltoik oihodltgrs oi tbm mokbt hoamisogis `y lssokioikmqulf wmokbts. Xbm eoihoiks suppgrt tbm vomw tblt KH^ pmr dlpotl os li oapgrtlit
eldtgr egr tbm qulfoty ge foem `mdlusm aliy oihodltgrs mxbo`ot l strgik dgrrmfltogi
wotb ot. Lfsg, tbm rlicoiks ge dguitroms lrm soaoflr wbmi tbm qulfoty ge foem
oihmx os usmh oistmlh ge KH^ pmr dlpotl. _mt tbm lilfysos `y Iooao lih Zbulik
lfsg sukkmsts tblt altmrolf wmff-`moik ploits gify l plrtolf podturm ge gvmrlff
buali wmff-`moik lih os igt l sueeodomit amtrod egr lssmssoik qulfoty ge foem. Ot os,
tbmrmegrm, oapgrtlit tblt igi-agimtlry lspmdts rmdmovm dlrmeuf lttmitogi wbofm
dguitroms pursum mdgigaod krgwtb oi grhmr tg misurm tblt tbm qulfoty ge pmgpfm‟s
fovms oaprgvms.
Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
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Ot os tbmrmegrm drotodlf tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms meemdtovmfy lhhrmss
tbmsm ossums. Bokb fmvmfs ge pgvmrty, krgwoik oimqulfoty, lih flrkm
hmvmfgpamit klps wotboi lih `mtwmmi dguitroms wlstm prmdogus
buali rmsgurdms, uihmraoim sgdolf dgbmsogi, mihlikmr sgdolf lihpgfotodlf stl`ofoty, blapmr krgwtb agamitua, lih oidrmlsm tbm
rosc tblt l dguitry woff kmt dlukbt oi wblt os cigwi ls tbm ‖aohhfm-
oidgam trlp,‑ oi wbodb l hmvmfgpoik mdgigay rmldbms l dmrtloi
fmvmf `ut stlys tbmrm. Mdgigaod lih sgdolf alrkoilfozltogi dli
lfsg krlhulffy pusb l sgdomty tgwlrh dgstfy dgiefodts lih vogfmidm
(Klikgplhbyly lih @blttldblryly 0><0). Implf os li offustrltogi
ge bgw oidgam lih sgdolf oimqulfoty dli `m dfgsmfy foicmh tg
oisurkmidy (LH@ 0>>5).
Xbm krlvoty ge tbmsm dblffmikms os kovoik rosm tg agrm pu`fod
hosdussogi lih kgvmriamit pgfody egdus wotboi LDO gi ‖oidfusovm
krgwtb,‑ l dgidmpt tblt dli `m hmeoimh ls krgwtb tblt kmimrltms
igt gify mdgigaod gppgrtuioty `ut tblt lfsg misurms mqulf lddmss
tg tblt gppgrtuioty (Lfo lih Zbulik 0>>;). Krgwtb os dgisohmrmh tg
`m oidfusovm wbmi ot lffgws lff ama`mrs ge l sgdomty tg plrtodopltm
oi, dgitro`utm tg, lih `mimeot erga ot gi li mquotl`fm `lsos.
Li oidfusovm krgwtb strltmkod erlamwgrc hmalihs vokgrgus
meegrts ldrgss tbm rmkogi. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh put tbm
drmltogi ge prghudtovm mapfgyamit lt tbm tgp ge tbm pgfody lkmihl,
wotb tbm kglf ge kmttoik ls dfgsm tg euff mapfgyamit ls pgsso`fm. Otrmquorms krmltmr oivmstamit oi mhudltogi lih bmlftb dlrm tg mxplih
buali dlpldoty, mspmdolffy ge tbm hoslhvlitlkmh. Meemdtovm sgdolf
slemty imts lrm immhmh egr tbm uimapfgymh lih uihmrmapfgymh
tg aotokltm tbm roscs lih vufimrl`ofotoms ge mdgigaod sbgdcs lih
tg dltmr tg tbm immhs ge tbm hoslhvlitlkmh lih dbrgiodlffy pggr.
Li midgurlkoik trmih os tblt agrm LDO mdgigaoms lrm lhgptoik
oidfusovm krgwtb ls l kglf ge tbmor hmvmfgpamit pgfodoms.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
4.0 LDO‟s Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrmss
lih Pmaloioik KlpsHmdlhms ge rlpoh krgwtb blvm trlisfltmh oitg flrkm klois oi fovoik
stlihlrhs oi LDO. Amlsurmh oi purdblsoik pgwmr plroty (^^^), tbm
lvmrlkm pmr dlpotl oidgam oi dgistlit 0>>= oitmriltogilf hgfflrs oi
LDO rgsm erga $<,45> tg l`gut $8,?=> erga <??> tg 0><>, wotb tbm
agst hrlaltod klois oi tbm ^PD. Xbm pgrtogi ge LDO‟s pgpufltogi fovoik
oi mxtrmam pgvmrty, hmeoimh ls fovoik gi fmss tbli $<.0= l hly oi 0>>=
^^^, erga <??> tg tbm fltm 0>>>s, hrgppmh erga =4.=% tg 0<%, amlioik
tblt lrguih 58> aoffogi pmgpfm mxotmh mxtrmam pgvmrty. Buihrmhs ge
aoffogis agrm oi LDO blvm jgoimh tbm aohhfm dflss. Oaprgvmamits blvm
lfsg `mmi sokioeodlit oi smvmrlf cmy sgdolf oihodltgrs, sudb ls proalry
sdbggfoik, kmihmr mqulfoty oi proalry lih smdgihlry mhudltogi, lih
foem mxpmdtlidy.
Hmspotm tbmsm ldbomvmamits, pgvmrty rmhudtogi rmalois l sokioeodlit
dblffmikm egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Oi tbm fltm 0>>>s, l`gut 5=> aoffogi
pmgpfm stoff fovmh gi gr `mfgw $<.0= l hly, wbofm <.45 `offogi survovmh
gi gr `mfgw $0 l hly. Oi Oihol, 40.;% ge tbm pgpufltogi su`sostmh gi
$<.0= l hly gr fmss lih 50.;% gi $0 l hly (Eokurm 4.<). Xbm pgvmrty
bmlhdguit rltog wls fgwmr oi tbm ^PD, `ut rmaloimh sokioeodlit‘<4.<%lt $<.0= l hly lih 0?.2% lt $0 l hly. Lagik tbm LTMLI dguitroms,
tbm pgvmrty rltm lt $<.0= stggh lt <5.4% oi Oihgimsol, <5.2% oi Uomt
Ila, <2.8% oi tbm ^bofoppoims, 00.2% oi Dla`ghol, lih 44.?% oi tbm
Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod (Flg ^HP). [bofm mxtrmam pgvmrty
oi LDO os igt lt tbm smvmrm fmvmfs ge Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl, tbm rmkogi
hgms igt dgaplrm wmff wotb Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli, lih tbm
Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl.
Xbm ‖oitmriltogilf hgfflr‑ os l tbmgrmtodlf durrmidy usmh tg eldofotltm ^^^ dgaplrosgis.
]soik tbm $0-l-hly pgvmrty foim, l`gut =?> aoffogi mxotmh pgvmrty huroik tbm slam
pmrogh. Xbm pgvmrty eokurms egr LDO mxdfuhm @ruimo Hlrusslfla, Aylialr, lih Toiklpgrm.
Xbm sfgwmr pldm ge pgvmrty rmhudtogi oi Oihol ls dgaplrmh tg tbm ^PD dli `m lttro`utmh
tg elstmr krgwtb oi tbm ^PD lih krmltmr mflstodoty ge krgwtb (@lrhbli 0><>). Ligtbmr igtl`fm
hmtmraoilit os tbm ‖hoeemrmitolf oimqulfotoms ge gppgrtuioty oi tbm twg dguitroms‑ (@lrhbli
0><>: ?=). Lddgrhoik tg @lrhbli, flih gwimrsbop os audb agrm uimqulf oi Oihol, Oihol‟s pggr
blvm fmss lddmss tg mhudltogi, lih Oihol os audb agrm mtbiodlffy bmtmrgkmimgus.
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Eokurm 4.<: ^gvmrty Bmlhdguit Pltm, 0>>>s (%)
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3
GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 ^^ 1 purdblsoik pgwmr plroty3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: Pmkogilf lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0><> pgpufltogi.
Tgurdm: gvdlfimt. bttp://ormsmlrdb.wgrfh`lic.grk/ gvdlfImt/oihmx.bta (lddmssmh << Jufy 0><0)3 [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim.
bttp://hltl.wgrfh lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh << Jufy 0><0).
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Bokb fmvmfs ge systmaod pgvmrty‘sustloimh pgvmrty lagik
su`stlitolf pgpufltogi krgups‘bmfp mxpfloi wby tbm LDO mdgigaoms
bgfh l hosprgpgrtogiltmfy fgw sblrm ge kfg`lf wmlftb hmspotm lddguitoik
egr agrm tbli blfe tbm wgrfh‟s pgpufltogi. Oi sgam dlsms, LDO dguitroms
lrm elffoik eurtbmr `mboih oi ammtoik sgam igi-oidgam Aoffmiioua
Hmvmfgpamit Kglfs smt y tbm ]iotmh Iltogis, sudb ls rmhudoik buikmr,
oielit agrtlfoty, lih altmrilf agrtlfoty, lih oaprgvoik lddmss tg slem
hroicoik wltmr lih `lsod sliotltogi (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IH^ 0><0).
4.0.< Posoik oidgam oimqulfoty lih ots
oapfodltogis
Xbm krgwtb rmdgrh ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms lfsg alscs wohmioik
klps `mtwmmi rodb lih pggr oi rmdmit hmdlhms. Xbos rosm, ls amlsurmh
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
LH@ (0><0l) ohmitoeoms l iua`mr ge strudturlf hrovmrs ge rosoik
oimqulfoty oi LDO lih gtbmr Lsoli dguitroms, oidfuhoik tmdbigfgkodlf
dblikm, kfg`lfozltogi, lih alrcmt-gromitmh rmegra. Xbmsm lrm
cmy egrdms uihmrfyoik Lsol‟s rlpoh krgwtb lih blvm `rgukbt imwgppgrtuiotoms tg Lsoli dguitroms. Bgwmvmr, tbm gppgrtuiotoms blvm igt
`mimeotmh mitorm pgpufltogis mqulffy. Oi plrtoduflr, tbgsm wotb agrm
lih `mttmr mhudltogi, tbgsm gwioik agrm dlpotlf lssmts, lih tbgsm
fovoik oi dotoms lih dglstlf lrmls blvm `mimeotmh audb agrm tbli tbgsm
wotb fmss mhudltogi, wbg rmfy agrm gi fl`gr oidgam, lih wbg fovm oi
rurlf lrmls lih oitmrogr rmkogis. Xbos os mvohmidmh `y oidrmlsoik scoff
prmaouas lih rmturis tg buali dlpotlf, elffoik fl`gr oidgam sblrms oi
iltogilf oidgam, lih krgwoik spltolf hosplroty. LH@ (0><0l) igtms tblt
tbm hostro`utogilf oapldt ge tbmsm hrovmrs bls `mmi dgapguihmh `y
vlrogus egras ge uimqulf lddmss tg gppgrtuioty dlusmh `y oistotutogilf
wmlcimssms, alrcmt hostgrtogis, lih sgdolf mxdfusogi.
Oi tbm ^PD, egr mxlapfm, oimqulfoty `mtwmmi ur`li lih rurlf lrmls
lddguitmh egr 48% ge iltogilf oimqulfoty oi <??>. Xbos dgitro`utogi rgsm
tg 85% oi 0>>2 ls ur`li—rurlf oidgam klps dgitoiumh tg wohmi (Zbulik,
Ulihmi`mrk, lih Bulik 0><<). Oidgam klps wotboi ur`li lrmls lfsg
oidrmlsmh, erga fmss tbli <5% tg 48% huroik tbm slam pmrogh. Oi 0>>2,
agrm tbli =>% ge tbm ^PD‟s tgtlf oimqulfoty dli `m mxpfloimh `y spltolf
oimqulfoty, wbodb dgvmrs gtb ur`li—rurlf oimqulfoty lih drgss-prgvoidm
oimqulfoty (LH@ 0><0l). Oi Oihol, oi tbm mlrfy <??>s, hoeemrmidms oimhudltogilf lttloiamits dli mxpfloi 0>% tgtlf oimqulfoty. @y 0><>,
tbos sblrm oidrmlsmh tg 4>%. Oi tbm fltm 0>>>s, Oihol‟s spltolf oimqulfoty
lddguitmh egr l`gut 4=% ge tbm dguitry‟s tgtlf oimqulfoty.
^gvmrty lih oimqulfoty lrm lfsg bokb oi LDO wbmi usoik sgam qulfoty
ge foem amlsurms (@gx 4.<). L flrkm pgrtogi ge LDO‟s pgpufltogi‘<8%
ls ge 0>>2‘stoff sueemrs erga alfiutrotogi. Xblt dgaplrms tg =%
oi GMDH dguitroms, ;% oi tbm Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl, lih ?%
oi Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli. Lagik tbm LTMLI dguitroms,
tbm oidohmidm ge uihmrigurosbamit wls plrtoduflrfy prgiguidmh oi
Dla`ghol, lt l`gut 0=% ge tbm pgpufltogi, egffgwmh `y tbm Flg ^HP, lt
l`gut 00%, lih Oihol, lt <?%. ]ihmrigurosbamit smrogusfy leemdts tbm
qulfoty ge foem ([grfh @lic 0><0).
Xbm qulfoty ge mapfgyamit os ligtbmr ossum oi LDO. [bofm
mapfgyamit rltms lrm bokb oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms dgaplrmh tg
tbm wgrfh lvmrlkm, tbm fltmst lvlofl`fm hltl sukkmst tblt 5>% ge
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
mapfgyamit dli `m dflssoeomh ls ‖vufimrl`fm,‑ amlioik tblt pmgpfm
wgrc oi tbm oiegralf smdtgr wotb pggr ply lih dgihotogis lih wotbgut
lddmss tg sgdolf prgtmdtogi amlsurms (Eokurm 4.4). Xbos os sokioeodlitfy
bokbmr tbli oi gtbmr rmkogis ge tbm wgrfh, wotb tbm mxdmptogi ge Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl. Oi GMDH mdgigaoms, li lvmrlkm ge <5% os mapfgymh oi
tbm oiegralf smdtgr. Xbm rltm oi Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli lih
oi Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl os lrguih gim-tborh. Xbm vufimrl`fm
mapfgyamit rltm os plrtoduflrfy bokb egr fgwmr-oidgam LDO mdgigaoms,
sudb ls Dla`ghol (20.=%), Oihol (20.2%), lih tbm Flg ^HP (22%). Xbmrm
os lfsg dgidmri tblt tbm wgrcoik pggr wbg fgsm tbmor jg`s oi tbm egralf
smdtgr oidrmlsoikfy agvm tg pggr-plyoik jg`s oi tbm oiegralf smdtgr
(Klikgplhbyly lih @blttldblryly 0><0).
LDO‟s rlicoik oi cmy pgpufltogi bmlftb oihodltgrs vlroms wohmfy
erga dguitry tg dguitry. @ut tbm krgup ls l wbgfm uihmrpmregras
dgaplrmh wotb bokb-oidgam lih agst aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms. Oi
0><>, egr oistlidm, foem mxpmdtlidy lt `ortb wls ;?.4 ymlrs egr GMDH
iltogis, ;8.< egr Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli, lih ;0.= egr tbm
Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl. Egr LDO ls l wbgfm, ot wls 5?.= (Eokurm
4.8). Dla`ghol‟s foem mxpmdtlidy lt `ortb wls gify 50.= lih Oihol‟s
wls 5=.<. Klps oi oielit agrtlfoty rltms `mtwmmi tbm LDO mdgigaoms
lih bokb- lih aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms lrm mvmi `okkmr. Oi 0><>, tbm
rltm wls 4> hmltbs pmr <,>>> fovm `ortbs egr LDO ls l wbgfm, wbofm
ot wls 5.2 egr tbm GMDH, <2.0 egr Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli,lih 0=.5 egr Aohhfm Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl (Eokurm 4.=). Aylialr‟s
oielit agrtlfoty rltm ge =>.8 hmltbs pmr <,>>> `ortbs wls tbm bokbmst
lagik LDO mdgigaoms, egffgwmh `y Oihol lt 82.0. Bmrm, tgg, hoeemrmidms
`mtwmmi tbm rodb lih pggr lrm oaamism. Xbm dbofh agrtlfoty rltm egr
tbm pggrmst quoitofm dgufh `m twg tg tbrmm toams bokbmr tbli tblt egr
tbm rodbmst quoitofm (LH@ 0>>;l).
LDO‟s pmregralidm gi kfg`lf pu`fod mhudltogi `midbalrcs os
aoxmh, mvmi wotb tbm krmltfy oidrmlsmh oivmstamit oi mhudltogi lih
bokbmr mirgffamit rltms ge rmdmit hmdlhms. ]imqulf lddmss tg mhudltogi
Xbm Oitmriltogilf Fl`gur Grkliozltogi hmeoims vufimrl`fm mapfgyamit ls tbm sua ge
gwi-lddguit wgrcmrs lih dgitro`utoik elaofy wgrcmrs. Xbmy lrm fmss focmfy tg blvm egralf
wgrc lrrlikmamits, lih lrm tbmrmegrm agrm focmfy tg fldc hmdmit wgrcoik dgihotogis, lhmqultm
sgdolf smduroty, lih ‖vgodm‑ tbrgukb meemdtovm rmprmsmitltogi `y trlhm uiogis lih soaoflr
grkliozltogis. Uufimrl`fm mapfgyamit os getmi dblrldtmrozmh `y oilhmqultm mlrioiks, fgw
prghudtovoty, lih hoeeoduft dgihotogis ge wgrc tblt uihmraoim wgrcmrs‟ euihlamitlf rokbts
(OFG 0><0: 80).
<5
<5
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Eokurm 4.8: Foem Mxpmdtlidy lt @ortb, 0><> (ymlrs)
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3
GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: Pmkogilf lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0><> pgpufltogi.
Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh
<4 Jufy 0><0).
Eokurm 4.4: Uufimrl`fm Mapfgyamit, 0><> (% ge tgtlf mapfgyamit)
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3
GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtms: Ulfums lrm 0>>8 egr Uomt Ila3 0>>= egr Oihol lih tbm Flg HP3 0>>2 egr Dla`ghol, tbm PD, lih tbm bofoppoims3 lih 0>>?
egr Oihgimsol, Alflysol, Toiklpgrm, lih Xbloflih. Egr tbm PD, tbm vlfum wls dlfdufltmh ls tbm rltog ge rurlf fl`gr aoius tgwisbop
lih vofflkm mitmrprosm mapfgymms lih provltm ra mapfgymms, pfus ur`li smfe-mapfgymh tg tgtlf mapfgyamit oi 0>>2. Pmkogilf
lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0><> pgpufltogi.
Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh
<< Jufy 0><0)3 mstoaltms egr tbm PD (^PD Ttltostodlf _mlr`ggc).
2>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
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Eokurm 4.=: Oielit Agrtlfoty, 0><> (pmr <,>>> fovm `ortbs)
Eokurm 4.5: Lvmrlkm _mlrs ge Tdbggfoik, 0><> (ymlrs)
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3
GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: Pmkogilf lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0><> pgpufltogi.
Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh
<4 Jufy 0><0).
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3
GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: Pmkogilf lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0><> pgpufltogi.
Tgurdm: @lrrg-Fmm Mhudltogilf Lttloiamit Hltlsmt. bttp://www.`lrrgfmm.dga/ (lddmssmh <0 Jufy 0><0).
Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
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20
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
os prmvlfmit. Oi sgam LDO mdgigaoms, proalry sdbggf-lkm dbofhrmi
erga bgusmbgfhs ge tbm pggrmst quoitofm lrm lfagst tbrmm toams
agrm focmfy tg `m gut ge sdbggf tbli tbgsm erga tbm rodbmst quoitofm
(Zbulik lih Lfo 0><>). ^roalry sdbggf mirgffamit oi tbm rmkogi lsl wbgfm os dgaplrl`fm tg tblt oi aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms. @ut tbm
krgup pmregras pggrfy oi tmras ge lvmrlkm ymlrs ge sdbggfoik, mxdmpt
oi dgaplrosgi tg Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl. Oi 0><>, tbm lhuft pgpufltogi
(lkmh <= lih l`gvm) oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms blh ;.= ymlrs ge sdbggfoik,
dgaplrmh wotb << oi GMDH iltogis lih ;.? egr Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm
Dlro``mli (Eokurm 4.5). Xbm emwmst ymlrs ge sdbggfoik wmrm oi Aylialr,
wotb 8.5 ymlrs, egffgwmh `y tbm Flg ^HP lih Oihol, `gtb wotb =.<.
Lddmss tg `lsod utofotoms os ligtbmr prg`fma lrml. Oi 0><>, egr
mxlapfm, gify l`gut 58% ge tbm pgpufltogi oi Dla`ghol lih 5;% oi tbm
Flg HP blh lddmss tg oaprgvmh wltmr sgurdms (Eokurm 4.;). Xbm klps oi
lddmss tg oaprgvmh sliotltogi eldofotoms lrm mvmi agrm sokioeodlit. Gify
=8% ge tbm LDO pgpufltogi blh lddmss tg oaprgvmh sliotltogi eldofotoms
ls ge 0><>, dgaplrmh wotb ?2% oi GMDH mdgigaoms, 2?% oi tbm Aohhfm
Mlst lih Igrtb Lerodl, lih ;?% oi Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli
(Eokurm 4.2). Oaprgvmh sliotltogi rmldbmh just 4<% ge Dla`gholis
lih 48% ge Oiholis. Gify <4% ge tbm pgpufltogi ge Aylialr, 08% ge
Dla`ghol, lih ==% ge tbm Flg ^HP blh lddmss tg mfmdtrodoty ls ge 0>>?
(Eokurm 4.?). Xg kmt l smism ge tbm hosplroty ldrgss LDO oi suppfy ge
mfmdtrodoty, pmr dlpotl mfmdtrodoty dgisuaptogi oi @ruimo Hlrusslflawls 2,550 c[b oi 0>>? lih ;,?8? c[b oi Toiklpgrm, `ut gify =;< c[b
oi Oihol, <4< c[b oi Dla`ghol, lih <>8 c[b oi Aylialr. @lsmh gi
agst rmdmit lvlofl`fm hltl, dfgsm tg <>>% ge rglhs oi Xbloflih lrm
plvmh3 oi Toiklpgrm <>>% lrm plvmh (Eokurm 4.<>). Oi dgitrlst, gify
<4.;% ge rglhs wmrm plvmh oi tbm Flg ^HP (0>>?), <<.2% oi Aylialr
(0>>=), ?.?% oi tbm ^bofoppoims (0>>4), lih just 5.4% oi Dla`ghol
(0>>8). @y rmkogi, LDO bls gvmr blfe ge ots rglhs plvmh, `mttmr tbli oi
Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl lih Fltoi Lamrodl lih tbm Dlro``mli.
Tudb eoihoiks uihmrsdgrm tbm eldt tblt mdgigaod krgwtb os gify
l amlis tgwlrh buali mihs tblt kg `mygih oidgam, dgisuaptogi,
lih wmlftb. Xbm rmdmit lttmitogi ploh tg tbm qulfoty ge foem bls egdusmh
gi `rglh amlsurms ge mdgigaod lih sgdolf prgkrmss lih buali
hmvmfgpamit (Xl`fm 4.<). Xbm flrkm klps oi tbmsm oihodltgrs `mtwmmi
tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih bokb- lih aohhfm-oidgam dguitroms mfsmwbmrm
oi tbm wgrfh, ls wmff ls lagik iltogis wotboi tbm rmkogi, sukkmst
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Eokurm 4.?: Lddmss tg Mfmdtrodoty, 0><> (% ge pgpufltogi)
Eokurm 4.<>: ^rgpgrtogi ge ^lvmh Pglhs, 0>>? gr fltmst lvlofl`fm oi tbm 0>>>s
(% ge tgtlf rglhs)
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3
GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: Pmkogilf lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0><> pgpufltogi.
Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh
<4 Jufy 0><0).
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3
GMDH 1 Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: Pmkogilf lvmrlkms lrm wmokbtmh y 0>>? pgpufltogi.
Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh
<4 Jufy 0><0).
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
tblt wbofm tbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm suddmsseuffy okiotmh krgwtb oi
rmdmit ymlrs, sblroik tbm `mimeots ge tblt krgwtb agrm `rglhfy lih
trlisfltoik ot oitg l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem ge mvmry ama`mr ge sgdomty
rmaloi hluitoik tlscs. Lddgapfosboik tbos rmquorms li oidfusovmkrgwtb strltmky.
4.4 Bgw LDO Os ^rgagtoik
Oidfusovm Krgwtb
Toidm tbm mlrfy 0>>>s, tbm tmra ‖oidfusovm krgwtb‑ bls `mdgam
pgpuflr oi pgfody hosdussogis oi hmvmfgpoik dguitroms. Oi tbm agst
kmimrlf smism, krgwtb aly m dgisohmrmh oidfusovm wbmi mvmry ama`mr
ge l sgdomty plrtodopltms oi, dgitro`utms tg, lih `mimeots erga krgwtb
gi li mquotl`fm `lsos (Lfo lih Zbulik 0>>;). Zbulik lih Lfo (0><>)
hmeoim oidfusovm krgwtb ls ‖mdgigaod krgwtb dgupfmh wotb mqulfoty ge
gppgrtuioty.‑
Gtbmr lutbgrs blvm lfsg alhm meegrts tg trlisfltm tbmsm ohmls
oitg dgidrmtm lih dfmlr pgfody ldtogis. Olidbgvodboil lih Fuihstrga
(0>>?) blvm mqultmh oidfusovm krgwtb wotb ‖`rglh-`lsmh‑ krgwtb tblt
mapblsozms `gtb ots pldm lih plttmri lih tblt oidfuhms l flrkm plrt ge
l dguitry‟s fl`gr egrdm. Emfopm (0><>) lssgdoltms oidfusovm krgwtb wotbl smroms ge pgfodoms tblt blvm tbm uftoaltm g`jmdtovm ge euff mapfgyamit,
gr oi gtbmr wgrhs ig oivgfuitlry uimapfgyamit. Xbmrm lrm lfsg tbgsm
wbg lrkum tblt oidfusovm krgwtb amlis agrm tbli blvoik tbm `gttga
0>% rosm lt tbm slam pmrdmitlkm rltm ls tbm lvmrlkm. Oistmlh, tbgsm
lt tbm `gttga sbgufh rmdmovm li mqulf sblrm ge tbm oidgam tblt tbm
mdgigay lhhs (Mdgigaost 0><>).
Oidfusovm krgwtb hoeemrs erga tbm rmfltmh igtogi ge ‖prg-pggr
krgwtb,‑ wbodb wls lt tbm bmlrt ge hmvmfgpamit pgfody hosdussogis
oi tbm flst hmdlhm. ^rg-pggr krgwtb bls `mmi hmeoimh ls ‖krgwtb tblt
fmlhs tg pgvmrty rmhudtogi agrm tbli ot wgufh blvm oe lff oidgams blh
krgwi lt tbm slam rltm‑ (Clcwlio lih ^mriol 0>>>) gr soapfy ‖krgwtb
tblt rmhudms pgvmrty‑ (Plvlffogi lih Dbmi 0>>4). L cmy hoeemrmidm os
tblt prg-pggr krgwtb tlrkmts pmgpfm fovoik `mfgw l spmdoeod pgvmrty
foim. Oidfusovm krgwtb, `y dgitrlst, os l agrm dgaprmbmisovm dgidmpt
lih midlpsufltms l `rglhmr hmvmfgpamit lkmihl. Ligtbmr oapgrtlit
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
alcoik krgwtb agrm oidfusovm (Kgvmriamit ge Oihol 0>>5). Xbm pfli bls
smvmi cmy strltmkoms: dgitoiultogi ge tbm pgfodoms ge mdgigaod rmegra3
rmvovlf oi lkrodufturlf krgwtb3 oaprgvmh lddmss tg mssmitolf smrvodms
oi bmlftb lih mhudltogi (oidfuhoik scoff hmvmfgpamit), mspmdolffy egrtbm pggr3 spmdolf tbrust gi oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit3 mivorgiamitlf
sustloil`ofoty3 spmdolf lttmitogi tg tbm immhs ge hoslhvlitlkmh krgups3
lih kggh kgvmrilidm lt lff fmvmfs.
Oihol‟s pfli lfsg prgagtms smvmrlf oiotoltovms tg oidrmlsm mdgigaod
wmff-`moik lih gppgrtuiotoms, plrtoduflrfy oi rurlf lrmls. Egr mxlapfm,
tbm Iltogilf Purlf Mapfgyamit Kulrlitmm ^rgkrlaam prgvohms oidgam
suppgrt egr tbgsm oi immh ge mapfgyamit lih bmfps drmltm lssmts tblt
woff oidrmlsm flih prghudtovoty. KH^ os prgjmdtmh tg krgw lt ?% pmr ymlr,
lih KH^ pmr dlpotl lt ;.5%, gvmr tbm pmrogh ge tbm pfli. Oi tblt toam, tbm
pfli loas tg drmltm =2 aoffogi jg`s lih rmhudm uimapfgyamit lagik tbm
mhudltmh tg fmss tbli =%. Xbm pfli tlrkmts l 0>% oidrmlsm oi tbm rmlf wlkms
ge uiscoffmh wgrcmrs lih l <>-pmrdmitlkm-pgoit rmhudtogi oi pgvmrty.
Dla`ghol: Xbm Pmdtlikuflr Ttrltmky gi Krgwtb, Mapfgyamit,
Mquoty, lih Meeodomidy uihmr tbm Iltogilf Ttrltmkod Hmvmfgpamit ^fli
0>>5—0><> bls `mmi rmleeoramh oi tbm pfli uphltm egr 0>>?—0><4 oi
rmspgism tg tbm kfg`lf mdgigaod drosos (Kgvmriamit ge Dla`ghol 0><>).
Lt tbm dgrm ge tbm strltmky os kggh kgvmrilidm, mspmdolffy oi tbm hmfovmry
lih alilkmamit ge pu`fod kgghs lih smrvodms. Xbm egur strltmkod lrmls
lrm miblidmamit ge tbm lkrodufturm smdtgr, rmbl`ofotltogi lih dgistrudtogige pbysodlf oierlstrudturm, provltm smdtgr hmvmfgpamit lih mapfgyamit
kmimrltogi, lih dlpldoty `uofhoik lih buali rmsgurdms hmvmfgpamit. Oi
lhhotogi, Dla`ghol oitmihs tg dgitoium tg hmmpmi oapfmamitltogi ge tbm
^u`fod Alilkmamit Pmegra, wbodb oivgfvms oaprgvoik oidfusovmimss lih
oitmkrltogi oi tbm `uhkmt. Xbm pfli tlrkmts l ;% liiulf mdgigaod krgwtb
lih rmhudtogi oi pgvmrty `y < pmrdmitlkm pgoit l ymlr.
Oihgimsol: ]ihmr ots 0><>—0><8 hmvmfgpamit pfli, tbm vosogi
egr Oihgimsol os egr l prgspmrgus, hmagdrltod, lih just sgdomty
(Kgvmriamit ge Oihgimsol 0><>). Xbos vosogi os suppgrtmh `y eovm
iltogilf hmvmfgpamit lkmihls: mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit lih oidrmlsmh
wmfelrm, miblidmamit ge kggh kgvmrilidm, strmiktbmioik tbm pofflrs
ge hmagdrldy, flw miegrdmamit lih mrlhodltogi ge dgrruptogi, lih
oidfusovm lih just hmvmfgpamit. Iltogilf progrotoms egr tbm pfli oidfuhm
rmegra ge tbm `urmludrldy lih lhaoiostrltogi3 mhudltogi3 bmlftb3
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22
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
pgvmrty rmhudtogi3 eggh smduroty3 oierlstrudturm3 lih hmvmfgpamit
ge rmkogis tblt lrm fmet `mboih, rmagtm, gr rmdgvmroik erga dgiefodt.
Li liiulf krgwtb rltm ge 5.=% os hmmamh imdmsslry tg ldbomvm
oidfusovm hmvmfgpamit oe ot os lddgapliomh `y agrm meemdtovm pgfodomslih prgkrlas tg rmhudm pgvmrty, li miblidmh rgfm egr wgami oi
oidrmlsoik elaofy wmfelrm, lih oaprgvmh rurlf oierlstrudturm.
Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod: Oi rmvomwoik tbm ldbomvmamits
uihmr tbm prmvogus hmvmfgpamit pfli, tbm Aoiostry ge ^fliioik lih
Oivmstamit igtmh tblt ‖oidfuhoik lff smdtgrs oi li mdgigay dli
prgagtm elstmr lih agrm oidfusovm mdgigaod krgwtb, lih `roik l`gut
dblikm‑ (Kgvmriamit ge tbm Flg ^HP 0><<). Xbm durrmit hmvmfgpamit
pfli egr 0><<—0><= gutfoims strltmkoms lih amlsurms tblt suppgrt li
oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky. Xbm mdgigay os prgjmdtmh tg krgw lt agrm
tbli 2% pmr ymlr, lih pmr dlpotl KH^ os prgjmdtmh tg rmldb $<,=>> oi
durrmit prodms `y 0><=. Xbm pfli dlffs egr rmhudoik tbm pgvmrty rltm tg
fmss tbli <?% lih tbm pmrdmitlkm ge pggr bgusmbgfhs tg fmss tbli <>%
`y 0><=. Ot lfsg loas tg `roik uimapfgyamit tg fmss tbli 0%.
Alflysol: Alflysol‟s hmvmfgpamit pbofgsgpby ge krgwtb wotb
hostro`utogi fmh tg hmdlhms ge gutstlihoik mdgigaod pmregralidm,
rmsuftoik oi sokioeodlit pgvmrty rmhudtogi, agrm `lflidmh mdgigaod
plrtodopltogi, lih wohmr dgvmrlkm ge mssmitolf sgdolf smrvodms.
Xg lhhrmss tbm immhs ge fgw-oidgam gr hoslhvlitlkmh dotozmis,
Alflysol‟s pfli egr 0><<—0><= dlffs egr li oidfusovm hmvmfgpamitlpprgldb oi foim wotb tbm ‖<Alflysol: ^mgpfm Eorst, ^mregralidm Igw‑
dgidmpt (Kgvmriamit ge Alflysol 0><>). Xbm lpprgldb os lidbgrmh
oi twg g`jmdtovms. Xbm eorst os tg mil`fm mquotl`fm gppgrtuiotoms egr
lff Alflysolis tblt oivgfvm oaprgvoik dlpldoty, miblidoik lddmss tg
mapfgyamit gppgrtuiotoms, lih lhgptoik l agrm tlrkmtmh lpprgldb oi
midgurlkoik oiigvltogi-hrovmi mitrmprmimursbop. Xbm smdgih g`jmdtovm
os tg prgvohm l sgdolf slemty imt egr hoslhvlitlkmh krgups. Huroik
tbm pfli pmrogh, cmy strltmkoms tg prgvohm mquotl`fm gppgrtuioty lih
prgagtm krmltmr sgdogmdgigaod oidfusovmimss oidfuhm mfmvltoik tbm
Xbmsm oidfuhm elaofy-`lsmh sgdolf lssostlidm prgkrlas, wbodb bmfp fgw-oidgam
dgaauiotoms tg ammt tbmor `lsod immhs, lih pfldm krmltmr lttmitogi tg tbm hosl`fmh lih
mfhmrfy (mspmdolffy erga pggr elaofoms, imkfmdtmh dbofhrmi, lih alrkoilfozmh dgaauiotoms).
Oi lhhotogi, tbm ^I^A Alihoro prgkrla loas tg lssost oi mapgwmroik pmgpfm tgwlrh ldtovmfy
plrtodopltoik oi tbm meegrts tg `roik tbmasmfvms gut ge pgvmrty. ^rgkrlas egr mapgwmramit
ge salff lih aodrg mitmrprosms lfsg lssost oiegralf wgrcmrs kloi mqulf lddmss tg `usoimss
gppgrtuiotoms.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
fovmfobgghs ge tbm `gttga 8>% ge bgusmbgfhs, miblidoik @uaoputmrl
mdgigaod plrtodopltogi, misuroik tblt `lsod pbysodlf oierlstrudturm os
lddmsso`fm tg lff, lih mil`foik l prgkrmssovm lih agrm oidfusovm sgdomty
oi foim wotb tbm <Alflysol dgidmpt.Xg oaprgvm tbm fovmfobgghs ge tbm `gttga 8>% bgusmbgfhs, suppgrt
woff `m prgvohmh tbrgukb miblidmh mhudltogi lih mitrmprmimursbop,
strmiktbmimh lddmss tg lsod lamiotoms, lih oapfmamitltogi ge tlofgrmh
prgkrlas egr tlrkmt krgups wotb spmdoeod immhs. Xbm kgvmriamit bls
smt tlrkmts tg rmhudm pgvmrty oidohmidm erga 4.2% oi 0>>? tg 0% oi
0><=, oidrmlsm tbm amli oidgam ge tbm `gttga 8>% bgusmbgfhs erga
PA<,88> oi 0>>? tg PA0,4>>, lih rmhudm tbm Koio dgmeeodomit erga
>.88< oi 0>>? tg >.80> oi 0><=. Xbm pfli hmtlofs aliy gtbmr prgkrlas
tg suppgrt oidfusovmimss.
^bofoppoims: Xbm ^bofoppoims bls dgaaottmh tg tbm pursuot ge
oidfusovm krgwtb oi ots 0><<—0><5 hmvmfgpamit pfli `y rmdgkiozoik
tblt sustloimh krgwtb drmltms jg`s, oidfuhms tbm aljgroty oi tbm
mdgigaod lih sgdolf aloistrmla, lih rmhudms alss pgvmrty
(Kgvmriamit ge tbm ^bofoppoims 0><<). Xg ldbomvm oidfusovm krgwtb,
tbm pfli‟s strltmkoms oidfuhm alssovm oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit,
bokbmr kgvmrilidm stlihlrhs, buali hmvmfgpamit lih buali
dlpotlf egraltogi, mapfgyamit kmimrltogi, lih lddmss tg eoilidoik.
Xbmsm tbrusts woff `m dgapfmamitmh `y l aldrgmdgigaod rmkoam ge
fgw oiefltogi lih l sustloil`fm eosdlf `lflidm, lfgik wotb mdgfgkodlfoitmkroty lih aotokltogi ge tbm meemdts ge dfoaltm dblikm. Xbm pfli
lfsg mapblsozms mquotl`fm lddmss tg `lsod sgdolf smrvodms, ls wmff ls
strgikmr slemty imts lih sgdolf prgtmdtogi lkloist sbgdcs.
Kgvmriamit-`ldcmh prgkrlas oidfuhm tbm Clpot-`osok Fl`li sl
Clborlpli-Dgaprmbmisovm lih Oitmkrltmh Hmfovmry ge Tgdolf Tmrvodms,
wbodb prgvohm euihoik lih oi-coih suppgrt erga iltogilf lih fgdlf
kgvmriamits tg oapfmamit salff prgjmdts `y `lrliklys wbg egffgw
tbmor gwi pflis, progrotoms, lih prgdmssms. Xbm ^litlwoh ^laofylik
^ofopoig ^rgkrla prgvohms dgihotogilf dlsb trlisemrs tlrkmtmh tg tbm
immhs ge vufimrl`fm krgups, plrtoduflrfy dbofhrmi, wgami, tbm mfhmrfy,
lih tbm hosl`fmh. Xbm pfli tlrkmts liiulf mdgigaod krgwtb ge ;%—2%
egr lt fmlst 5 ymlrs lih imt mapfgyamit kmimrltogi ge < aoffogi pmr
@uaoputmrl os l Alfly tmra rmemrroik tg tbm oihokmigus pmgpfm ge tbm Alfly lrdbopmflkg.
@lrlikly rmemrs tg tbm salffmst lhaoiostrltovm uiot oi tbm ^bofoppoims.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
hoeemrmidms oi oihovohulf dorduastlidm. Xbm gtbmr egra stmas erga
hoeemrmidms oi oihovohulf meegrt (Pgmamr <??5). Oimqulfoty dlusmh `y
dorduastlidms sudb ls dufturm, elaofy `ldckrguih, mhudltogi, kmihmr,
lih kmgkrlpbod fgdltogi getmi rmefmdt oistotutogilf lih kgvmrilidmelofurms lih lrm flrkmfy `mygih li oihovohulf‟s dgitrgf. Tudb
elofurms sbgufh `m lhhrmssmh tbrgukb pu`fod pgfody oitmrvmitogis.
^mrsgilf meegrt, oi dgitrlst, os uihmr tbm oihovohulf‟s dgitrgf, lih
bm gr sbm sbgufh `m bmfh rmspgiso`fm. Tudb oimqulfoty rmefmdts lih
rmoiegrdms tbm alrcmt-`lsmh oidmitovms immhmh tg egstmr oiigvltogi,
mitrmprmimursbop, lih krgwtb (Dbluhburo lih Plvlffogi 0>>;).
Hostoikuosboik `mtwmmi oimqulfoty rmfltmh tg meegrt lih
dorduastlidm fmlhs tg li oapgrtlit hoeemrmidm `mtwmmi oimqulfoty
ge gutdgam lih oimqulfoty ge gppgrtuioty ([grfh @lic 0>>5).
Oimqulfoty ge gppgrtuioty lrosms flrkmfy erga hoeemrmidms oi
oihovohulf dorduastlidm. Oimqulfoty ge gutdgam, sudb ls pmrsgilf
oidgam, getmi rmefmdts sgam dga`oiltogi ge hoeemrmidms oi meegrt
lih oi dorduastlidm.
Lhhrmssoik uimqulf lddmss tg gppgrtuioty hum tg hoeemrmidms
oi dorduastlidms os lt tbm dgrm ge tbm oidfusovm krgwtb dgidmpt.
Dorduastlidms tblt cmmp pmgpfm aormh oi pgvmrty dli oidfuhm fldc
ge lddmss tg prghudtovm mapfgyamit, sgdolf smrvodms sudb ls `lsod
mhudltogi lih bmlftb dlrm, lih prghudtovm lssmts sudb ls drmhot lih
flih. Geeodolf dgrruptogi lih aoslffgdltogi ge pu`fod rmsgurdms dlilfsg `m rggt dlusms. Tudb dorduastlidms lrm igt gify euihlamitlffy
uielor, `ut lrm lfsg focmfy tg smrogusfy dgistrloi pgvmrty rmhudtogi
meegrts, sgdolf dgbmsogi, lih mdgigaod krgwtb. Mfoaoiltoik tbmsm
dorduastlidms woff kg l fgik wly tgwlrh oidfusovm krgwtb.
@lsmh gi tbmsm dgisohmrltogis, Zbulik lih Lfo (0><>) prgpgsm li
oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky tblt egdusms gi `gtb mxplihoik mdgigaod
gppgrtuioty lih misuroik mqulf lddmss tg ot, wbodb rmquorms tbm
egffgwoik pgfody pofflrs:
Dbluhburo lih Plvlffogi (0>>;) lrkum tblt ‖kggh oimqulfoty‑ dli turi tg `lh oe igt
prgpmrfy alilkmh, lih tblt ‖`lh oimqulfoty‑ dli hrovm gut tbm kggh. Xbm egramr dgufh blppmi
oe tbgsm alrcmt gr sgdomty rmwlrhs wotb dgisohmrl`fm alrcmt gr pgfotodlf pgwmr usm tbm rmwlrhs
tg miklkm oi rmit-smmcoik lih tg dblikm tbm ‖rufms ge tbm klam.‑ @lh oimqulfoty dgufh hrovm
gut tbm kggh oe ots pmrsostmidm‘egr mxlapfm, wbmi dmrtloi krgups lrm fmet `mboih ls l rmsuft ge
rmsohoik oi l imkfmdtmh rmkogi‘rmhudms tbm tgfmrlidm egr mvmi kggh oimqulfoty. Xbm rmsuft dli
`m sgdolf uirmst.
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?0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Tustloimh bokb lih meeodomit mdgigaod krgwtb. L flrkm pmrdmitlkm
ge pmgpfm oi LDO lrm mapfgymh oi tbm oiegralf smdtgr, lih tmis ge
aoffogis ge wgrcmrs lrm smt tg jgoi tbm rmkogi‟s fl`gr egrdm mldb ymlr
egr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms. Xg `m oidfusovm, krgwtb aust prgvohmhmdmit, prghudtovm jg`s egr l wohm spmdtrua ge tbm pgpufltogi lih
mxplih mdgigaod gppgrtuioty egr lff.
Tgdolf oidfusogi. Mvmry pmrsgi aust blvm mqulf lddmss tg
gppgrtuioty. Oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms, flrkm pgrtogis ge pgpufltogis
dliigt `mimeot erga mdgigaod gppgrtuioty drmltmh `y krgwtb egr
rmlsgis mygih tbmor dgitrgf. Misuroik mqulf lddmss tg gppgrtuioty
rmquorms, gi tbm gim blih, oivmstoik oi mhudltogi lih bmlftb dlrm,
mspmdolffy egr tbm hoslhvlitlkmh, tg miblidm buali dlpldotoms3
lih gi tbm gtbmr blih, dgrrmdtoik alrcmt lih oistotutogilf elofurms
lih mfoaoiltoik sgdolf mxdfusogi tg fmvmf tbm pflyoik eomfh.
Tgdolf slemty imts. ^rgkrlas lrm immhmh oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms
tg aotokltm tbm roscs lih vufimrl`ofotoms lssgdoltmh wotb trlisotgry
sbgdcs tg fovmfobgghs tblt getmi lrm dlusmh `y off bmlftb, mdgigaod
drosms, oihustrolf rmstrudturoik, gr ilturlf hoslstmr. ^rgkrlas tblt
dltmr tg tbm spmdolf immhs ge tbm hoslhvlitlkmh lih dbrgiodlffy
pggr lfsg lrm immhmh.
Mldb ge tbmsm pofflrs lih tbmor oapfmamitltogi aust `m
suppgrtmh `y kggh kgvmrilidm lih sguih oistotutogis.
4.= Li LDO ^gfody Lkmihl
Xbm erlamwgrc gutfoimh l`gvm prgvohms l usmeuf rglhalp egr
tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg lttloi sustloimh mdgigaod krgwtb, miblidmh
sgdolf oidfusogi, lih oaprgvmh qulfoty ge foem up tg 0>4>. Xbos smdtogi
hosdussms oi agrm hmtlof smvmrlf cmy pgfody lkmihls upgi wbodb tbm
LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh egdus oe tbmy lrm tg ldbomvm tbm hmvmfgpamit
kglfs tbrgukb bokb lih `rglh-`lsmh mdgigaod krgwtb, wohmr lddmss
tg gppgrtuioty, sgdolf slemty imts tblt prmvmit mxtrmam pgvmrty lih
vufimrl`ofoty, lih strgikmr kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis.
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
LDO kgvmriamits aust aloitloi mil`foik mivorgiamits egr
`usoimss oivmstamit lih provltm mitrmprmimursbop `y mfoaoiltoik
oapmhoamits drmltmh y elofurms ge alrcmts, oistotutogis, lih pgfodoms.
Xbos rmquorms oivmstamit oi pbysodlf oierlstrudturm lih bualidlpotlf, hmvmfgpamit ge oistotutogilf dlpldoty, aldrgmdgigaod
stl`ofoty, alrcmt-eromihfy pgfodoms, prgtmdtogi ge prgpmrty rokbts,
lih miegrdmamit ge tbm rufm ge flw. Oi smttoik pgfody progrotoms,
kgvmriamits aust ohmitoey tbm `oihoik dgistrloits tg krgwtb lih
tlrkmt tbmor meegrts lih rmsgurdms tg mlsm tbma (Dlifls, Cbli, lih
Zbulik 0>>?). LDO kgvmriamits sbgufh lfsg ply lttmitogi igt gify
tg tbm pldm ge mdgigaod krgwtb, `ut lfsg tg ots plttmri tg misurm
tblt ot os `rglhfy `lsmh (Olidbgvodboil lih Fuihstrga 0>>?).
Bokb krgwtb woff blvm tg m hrovmi y hyilaod provltm smdtgrs oi
LDO‟s alrcmt-hrovmi mdgigaoms. @ut tg lttloi euff mapfgyamit, tbm
rgfm ge kgvmriamit woff lfsg m drotodlf mdlusm ot dliigt m lssuamh
tblt tbm provltm smdtgr woff kmimrltm lff jg`s immhmh oi l dguitry
(Emfopm 0><>). Emfopm prgpgsms eovm smts ge pgfodoms tg ldbomvm tbm euff
mapfgyamit ge tbm fl`gr egrdm. Eorst, kgvmriamits aust rmhrmss tbm
imkfmdt ge lkrodufturm. Tmdgih, tbmy sbgufh tlrkmt bokb-mapfgyamit
pu`fod oivmstamit prgjmdts oi `lsod oierlstrudturm sudb ls mimrky,
trlispgrt, lih ur`li smrvodms. Xborh, tbmy sbgufh dgffl`grltm wotb
tbm provltm smdtgr gi pgfodoms tg lddmfmrltm oihustrolfozltogi lih
strudturlf trlisegraltogi. Egurtb, kgvmriamits sbgufh kmlr eosdlflih agimtlry pgfodoms tg tbm ldbomvmamit ge euff mapfgyamit.
Eoetb, tbmy sbgufh hmvosm jg` kulrlitmm prgkrlas tg misurm euff
mapfgyamit wotb prodm stl`ofoty.
4.=.0 @rglhmioik gppgrtuiotoms `y oivmstoik
oi mhudltogi lih bmlftb
Li meemdtovm wly tg prgagtm sgdolf oidfusogi os tg miblidm
buali dlpl`ofotoms, mspmdolffy tbgsm ge hoslhvlitlkmh krgups, `y
oivmstoik oi mhudltogi, bmlftb dlrm, lih gtbmr `lsod pu`fod smrvodms.
Mhudltogi oaprgvms fl`gr prghudtovoty, eldofotltms tmdbigfgkodlf
oiigvltogi, oidrmlsms rmturi gi dlpotlf, lih bmfps oaprgvm bmlftb
gutdgams. Maporodlf stuhoms eoih tblt `lsod mhudltogi mil`fms
elramrs tg swotdb erga trlhotogilf tg agrm prghudtovm amtbghs,
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
4.=.4 ^rmvmitoik pgvmrty wotb sgdolf slemty
imts
Oidfusovm krgwtb lfsg rmquorms sgdolf slemty imts tblt aotokltm tbm
meemdts ge mxtmrilf lih trlisotgry fovmfobggh sbgdcs lih tg ammt tbm
aoioaua immhs ge tbm dbrgiodlffy pggr. Mxpgsurm tg sudb roscs dli
blvm l prgeguih lih fgik-flstoik oapldt gi buali wmff-`moik. Tgdolf
slemty imts igt gify bmfp tbm pggr lih vufimrl`fm dgpm wotb tbm l`gvm
roscs. Xbmy dli lfsg pfly l rgfm oi oaprgvoik buali dlpotlf oi tbm fgik
rui, wbodb alcms gppgrtuiotoms agrm lddmsso`fm tg tbgsm wotb foaotmh
lssmts lih dlpl`ofotoms (@rggcs mt lf. 0><>).
Tgdolf slemty imts dgam oi l vlromty ge egras. Fl`gr alrcmt pgfodoms
lih prgkrlas, sudb ls tbgsm tblt kulrlitmm jg`s, loa tg rmhudm roscs
ge uimapfgyamit, uihmrmapfgyamit, gr fgw wlkms tblt rmsuft erga
oilpprgproltm scoffs oi tbm wgrcegrdm gr pggrfy euidtogioik fl`gr
alrcmts. L rlikm ge sgdolf oisurlidm prgkrlas, sudb ls pmisogis
lih bmlftb gr uimapfgyamit oisurlidm, dusbogi roscs lssgdoltmh
wotb uimapfgyamit, off bmlftb, hosl`ofoty, wgrc-rmfltmh oijuroms, lih
gfh lkm. Tgdolf lssostlidm sdbmams sudb ls wmfelrm prgkrlas, sgdolf
smrvodms, lih dlsb gr oi-coih trlisemrs lrm loamh lt lssostoik soikfm-
plrmit bgusmbgfhs, vodtoas ge ilturlf hoslstmrs gr dovof dgiefodts,
tbm hosl`fmh, lih gtbmr vufimrl`fm krgups. Gtbmr prgkrlas prgagtmbmlftby lih prghudtovm hmvmfgpamit ge dbofhrmi `y prgvohoik smrvodms
sudb ls mlrfy dbofhbggh hmvmfgpamit, sdbggf amlfs, sdbgflrsbops,
ermm gr su`sohozmh bmlftb dlrm egr agtbmrs lih dbofhrmi, lih elaofy
lffgwlidms gr drmhot (Lfo lih Zbulik 0>>;).
L krgwoik ghy ge maporodlf mvohmidm sukkmsts tblt sgdolf prgtmdtogi
sdbmams blvm li oapldt gi pgvmrty lih buali hmvmfgpamit. Gim
ge tbm `mst-cigwi mxlapfms os Amxodg‟s ^rgkrlal hm Mhudldoôi, Tlfuh y
Lfoamitldoôi (li mhudltogi, bmlftb, lih iutrotogi prgkrla), cigwi
`y ots Tpliosb ldrgiya, ^PGKPMTL. Oitrghudmh oi <??;, ^PGKPMTL
prgvohms dlsb trlisemrs dgihotogimh gi dbofhrmi‟s sdbggf mirgffamit lih
rmkuflr sdbggf lih dfoiod lttmihlidm. Gim lilfysos sbgws tblt PGKPMTL
sokioeodlitfy rmhudmh Amxodg‟s pgvmrty bmlhdguit rltog `y lrguih <>%,
tbm pgvmrty klp `y 4>%, lih tbm dguitry‟s pmregralidm gi tbm pgvmrty
smvmroty oihmx `y 8=% `mtwmmi <??; lih 0>>< (Tcgueols 0>><). Xbm
prgkrla lfsg blh l elvgrl`fm oapldt gi Amxodg‟s sdbggf mirgffamit
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfoty
ge Cgrml. Alcoik sgdolf prgtmdtogi prgkrlas agrm tlrkmtmh tgwlrh tbm
pggr os lfsg l cmy ossum egr aliy LDO mdgigaoms (LH@ 0><<m).
Leegrhl`ofoty os getmi rlosmh ls li ossum wbmi l dguitry troms tg
mxplih slemty imts. _mt stuhoms lssmrt tblt tbm dgsts ge `lsod uiovmrslfsgdolf prgtmdtogi lrm igt mygih tbm rmldb ge agst hmvmfgpoik dguitroms
(Grtoz lih _l`fgisco 0><>). Xbm ]iotmh Iltogis Hmplrtamit ge Mdgigaod
lih Tgdolf Leelors mstoaltms tblt l uiovmrslf sgdolf pmisogi sdbmam
hmsokimh tg cmmp tbm mfhmrfy l`gvm tbm $<-l-hly pgvmrty foim dgsts fmss
tbli >.=% ge KH^ oi agst dguitroms (]I 0>>;). Ligtbmr stuhy y tbm OFG
lrkums tblt vortulffy lff dguitroms dli leegrh sgam egra ge `lsod sgdolf
smduroty (OFG 0>>2). Leegrhl`ofoty, tbmrmegrm, aly hmpmih gi l dguitry‟s
woffoikimss tg eoilidm sgdolf prgtmdtogi sdbmams.
4.=.8 Ttrmiktbmioik kgvmrilidm lih
oistotutogilf qulfoty
Xbm dgidmptulf erlamwgrc egr oidfusovm krgwtb gutfoimh oi Eokurm
4.<0 mapblsozms tbm rgfm ge kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis, l tgpod tblt
bls `mmi l cmy egdus oi hmvmfgpamit pgfody hosdussogis oi rmdmit ymlrs.
[bofm tbm oitroisod vlfum ge kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis tg hmvmfgpamit
lih oidfusovmimss os wohmfy lddmptmh, tbmor oistruamitlf vlfum ls l
amlis ge ldbomvoik bokbmr krgwtb lih fgwmr oimqulfoty bls igt ymt `mmiwmff uihmrstggh hmspotm l krgwoik `ghy ge fotmrlturm (Pghroc 0>>2`).
L rmvomw ge tbm fotmrlturm sukkmsts tblt l fgik-rui pgsotovm lssgdoltogi
`mtwmmi kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogilf qulfoty lih krgwtb lih oidgam
fmvmfs os strgik lih oidgitrgvmrto`fm, `gtb dgidmptulffy lih maporodlffy
(Zbulik, hm Hogs, lih Flkali—Alrtoi 0><>). L dluslf foic mtwmmi tbm twg
os lfsg wmff rmdgkiozmh oi tbm fotmrlturm. Xbos amlis tblt wbofm oistotutogis
lih kgvmrilidm aly hrovm mdgigaod krgwtb, tbmy lrm lfsg prghudts ge
krgwtb otsmfe‘oi plrt `mdlusm rosoik oidgams lih mhudltogi fmvmfs drmltm
l hmalih egr tbma. Bgwmvmr, dgismisus gi tbm rmfltovm oapgrtlidm ge
tbm twg foics os stoff fldcoik‘lih os li ldtovm eomfh ge rmsmlrdb tghly. L
eurtbmr lrml ge rmsmlrdb bls `mmi agtovltmh `y tbm eldt tblt tbm dgidmpt ge
‖qulfoty‑ ge kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis os auftohoamisogilf. Ot os pgsso`fm
tblt lspmdts ge kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogilf qulfoty lrm agrm rmfmvlit gr
drotodlf tbli gtbmrs oi hmtmraoioik tbm krgwtb pmregralidm ge spmdoeod
dguitroms huroik spmdoeod pmroghs. ]ihmrstlihoik tbmsm foics os oapgrtlit.
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<>0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
mxpmdtltogis egr `mttmr fovoik stlihlrhs woff oidrmlsm prmssurm gi
tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg drmltm rmwlrhoik, wmff-ploh jg`s oi `gtb ur`li
lih rurlf lrmls. Li oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky tblt drmltms prghudtovm
jg`s lih mxplihs lddmss tg mdgigaod gppgrtuioty woff fmlh tg bokbmrdgisuaptogi, mspmdolffy `y tbm pggrmr bgusmbgfhs, bmfpoik tbm LDO
mdgigaoms rm`lflidm tbmor mdgigaoms.
Pmdmit kfg`lf eggh, mimrky, lih eoilidolf drosms, amliwbofm,
sukkmst tblt tur`ufmidm os tbm imw igra lih tblt ot os oapmrltovm egr
hmvmfgpoik dguitroms tg `uofh tbm dlpldoty tg wotbstlih uimxpmdtmh
sbgdcs. Lt tbm slam toam, kgvmriamits woff blvm tg ammt rosoik
mxpmdtltogis, mspmdolffy lagik tbm hoslhvlitlkmh, oi grhmr tg
aoioaozm tbm rosc ge sgdolf lih pgfotodlf oistl`ofoty. Meemdtovm sgdolf
slemty imts tblt rmhudm tbm oapldt ge sbgdcs gi fovmfobgghs, tbmrmegrm,
lrm l cmy dgapgimit ge li oidfusovm krgwtb strltmky. Kggh kgvmrilidm
lih oistotutogis lrm lfsg dgrm rmquormamits ge oidfusovm krgwtb tblt
wgrc tgwlrh krmltmr sgdolf dgbmsogi.
Pmdgkiozoik tbmsm dblffmikms, aliy LDO mdgigaoms lrm lhgptoik
prgaosoik amlsurms egr oidfusovm krgwtb oi grhmr tg dga`lt rosoik
oidgam lih sgdolf hosplrotoms lih alrkoilfozltogi‘lih tbus oaprgvm
tbm prgspmdts egr sgdolf dgbmsogi lih mdgigaod stl`ofoty.
Xbm pgtmitolf roscs drmltmh `y sgdolf lih mdgigaod mxdfusogi oi
LDO lrm vmry bokb. Oe tbmy lrm igt lhhrmssmh, tbm mdgigaod pgtmitolf
ge LDO woff hoaoiosb tbrgukb l hmtmrogrltogi ge pgfotodlf stl`ofoty lihsgdolf dgbmsogi. @ut `y plyoik spmdolf lttmitogi tg tbm pgfody pofflrs
ge oidfusovm krgwtb‘mapfgyamit drmltogi, mqulf lddmss, lih sgdolf
slemty imts‘LDO mdgigaoms dli `mdgam rmsofomit, sustloi bokb krgwtb,
mfoaoiltm pgvmrty, lih fmlh tg `rglhmr klois oi fovoik stlihlrhs lih
qulfoty ge foem egr agrm pmgpfm oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. Xbm kglfs,
lftbgukb la`otogus, lrm wotboi tbm rmldb ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms.
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<>8
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
mdgigaod ldtovoty tg dgapmisltm egr lkoik wgrcegrdms. Ls mxpfloimh
oi Dblptmr 0, prghudtovoty krgwtb os prgjmdtmh tg hmdmfmrltm oi aliy
LDO mdgigaoms `ut stoff rmaloi rg`ust. Oe prghudtovoty krgwtb elffs
sbgrt ge `lsmfoim sdmilrogs, bgwmvmr, pmr dlpotl oidgams oi LDO woff `m hrlaltodlffy salffmr tbli durrmit prgjmdtogis. Xbmrm stoff os l
hlikmr tblt aliy ge tbm rmkogi‟s mdgigaoms woff elff oitg tbm sg-dlffmh
‖aohhfm-oidgam trlp‑ oe tbmy hg igt `mdgam elr agrm meeodomit lih
agvm up tbm tmdbigfgky flhhmr.
Xbm strudturlf mdgigaod dblffmikms vlry wohmfy ldrgss LDO. Xbm
tgp progrotoms oi tbm ^PD, tbm rmkogi‟s `okkmst mdgigay lih l rosoik
kfg`lf supmrpgwmr, lrm tg agvm lwly erga l hmvmfgpamit aghmf
hrovmi `y alssovm dlpotlf oivmstamit lih mxpgrt aliueldturoik tg gim
fmh `y smrvodms, pmrsgilf dgisuaptogi, lih oiigvltogi. Oihol, LDO‟s
gtbmr kolit, os strgik oi smrvodms. @ut ot os igt kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm oi
bokb-vgfuam aliueldturoik, lih hmvmfgpamit bls `mmi sfgw tg rmldb
tbm buihrmhs ge aoffogis wbg stoff fovm oi pgvmrty. Oihol dli drmltm imw
krgwtb mikoims `y oidrmlsoik ots rgfm oi kfg`lf prghudtogi imtwgrcs,
oaprgvoik oierlstrudturm, aghmriozoik lkrodufturm, lih upkrlhoik
sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky.
Xbm mdgigaod gppgrtuiotoms lih dblffmikms oi tbm Lssgdoltogi
ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) vlry hrlaltodlffy dguitry `y
dguitry. Xbm krgupoik oidfuhms wmlftby Toiklpgrm, wbgsm dbome kglf
os tg mamrkm ls l 0<st dmitury cigwfmhkm lih oiigvltogi mdgigay,lih gof-rodb @ruimo Hlrusslfla. Ot lfsg oidfuhms tbm aohhfm-oidgam
mdgigaoms ge Alflysol lih Xbloflih, tbm flrkm hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms ge
Oihgimsol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Uomt Ila, lih fgw-oidgam mdgigaoms
sudb ls tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod (Flg ^HP), Dla`ghol,
lih Aylialr.
Egr LTMLI mdgigaoms wotb fgw fl`gr dgsts, dgisohmrl`fm pgtmitolf
rmalois tg mitmr kfg`lf suppfy dblois `y lttrldtoik oihustry dfustmrs
tblt eldm dgst prmssurms oi agrm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Gtbmr mdgigaoms
woff blvm tg agvm `mygih fgw-wlkm aliueldturoik tg bokbmr-vlfum
oihustroms hrovmi `y cigwfmhkm lih oiigvltogi lih tg upkrlhm tbm
scoffs ge tbmor flrkm tlfmit pggfs. Xbmy aust lfsg hmvmfgp imw hrovmrs
ge krgwtb oi trlhotogilf oihustroms, sudb ls lkrodufturm. Tmrvodms ge lff
coihs woff immh tg lssuam l audb krmltmr sblrm ge mdgigaod gutput
oi agst ge LTMLI.
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Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
Ldbomvoik tbmsm g`jmdtovms woff rmquorm pgfodoms tblt tlrkmt
mhudltogi, tmdbigfgky, lih oivmstamit tg sustloi stmlhy prghudtovoty
krgwtb. Ot woff rmquorm wgrfh-dflss dgiimdtovoty‘aljgr, dggrhoiltmh
oivmstamits oi trlispgrtltogi lih dgaauiodltogis oierlstrudturm.Xbm trlisotogi woff lfsg rmquorm trlhm lih oivmstamit fo`mrlfozltogi
tbrgukbgut LDO lih, agrm kmimrlffy, li mivorgiamit `lsmh gi
gpmiimss, dgapmtotogi, lih oitmkrltogi.
8.0 ]pkrlhoik Xmdbigfgky:
L Cmy tg Mdgigaod Krgwtb
Xmdbigfgkodlf prgkrmss, wbmtbmr ot dgams erga tbm drmltogi ge imw
cigwfmhkm gr tbrgukb hoeeusogi, os tbm uftoaltm hrovmr ge mdgigaod
hmvmfgpamit. Tdomidm lih tmdbigfgky hmvmfgpamit tlcms hoeemrmit
egras lih lhhrmssms hoeemrmit progrotoms ls l dguitry kgms tbrgukb
stlkms ge mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit.
Xbus elr, tmdbigfgkodlf lhvlidms oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm `mmi
hrovmi aloify `y hoeeusogi erga hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, l trmih tblt
os mxpmdtmh tg dgitoium oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhms. [bofm tbm prgdmss ge
tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up woff `m sueeodomit egr sgam ge tbm rmkogi‟s fmss-
hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, tg lttloi tbm fmvmf ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms LDOwoff blvm tg agvm `mygih oaotltogi tg oiigvltogi.
Xg kmt l smism ge wbmrm LDO os bmlhmh up tbos flhhmr, tbos stuhy
krgups dguitroms oitg tbrmm dltmkgroms‘oaotltgrs, oaotltgr—oiigvltgrs,
lih oiigvltgrs. Xbmsm dltmkgroms kmimrlffy dgrrmspgih wotb wbmtbmr
l iltogi‟s pmr dlpotl oidgam os fgw, amhoua, gr bokb. Ls l kuohm, tbm
stuhy usms tbm sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky mxpmromidm ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge
Cgrml tblt bls hmagistrltmh ot os pgsso`fm tg `rmlc gut ge tbm aohhfm-
oidgam trlp `y krlhultoik erga oaotltogi tg oidrmamitlf oiigvltogi
lih tbmi tg oiigvltogi. Oihustroms oi tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml lfsg blvm
dfgsmh audb ge tbm tmdbigfgky klp wotb tbgsm ge Jlpli.
Xbos stuhy dgistrudtmh l ‖tmdbigfgky ldbomvmamit oihmx‑ egr tbm
LDO mdgigaoms egr <??2 lih 0>>2 `lsmh gi eldtgrs sudb ls pltmits,
sdomitoeod plpmrs, lih trlhmalrcs (Eokurm 8.<). Lddgrhoik tg tbos
Egr tbm dgistrudtogi ge tbm tmdbigfgky ldbomvmamit oihmx, dlpl`ofotoms oi tmdbigfgky
drmltogi, tmdbigfgky hoeeusogi, lih buali rmsgurdm hmvmfgpamit lrm dgisohmrmh. Tmm Bu
(0><0) egr tbm hmtlofs.
00
00
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Eokurm 8.<: Xmdbigfgky Ldbomvmamit Oihmx egr LDO,
<??? lih 0>>2
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 @P] 1 @ruimo Hlrusslfla3 DLA 1
Dla`ghol3 OIH 1 Oihol3 OIG 1 Oihgimsol3 J^I 1 Jlpli3 CGP 1 Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 FLG 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s
Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 ALF 1 Alflysol3 A_L 1 Aylialr3 BO 1 bofoppoims3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod
ge Dboil3 TOI 1 Toiklpgrm3 XBL 1 Xbloflih3 UOM 1 Uomt Ila.
Tgurdm: Bu (0><0).
<>5
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
lilfysos, tbm rmfltovm rlicoik ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms bls dblikmh vmry
fottfm. Lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms mxdmpt Toiklpgrm lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml
lrm elr erga tbm tmdbigfgky fmvmf ge Jlpli, wbodb os trmltmh ls tbm wgrfh
tmdbigfgky ergitomr. Oi gtbmr wgrhs, lt prmsmit tbmy lrm oaotltgrs.Toiklpgrm ilrrgwmh tbm klp wotb Jlpli `mtwmmi <??? lih 0>>2.
Mvmi oe tbm klp `mtwmmi Jlpli lih tbm fmlst tmdbigfgkodlffy lhvlidmh
LDO mdgigay os su`stlitolffy ilrrgwmh hgwi, @ruimo Hlrusslfla,
Alflysol, lih tbm ^bofoppoims lrm stoff 5>% `mfgw tbm fmvmf ge Jlpli‟s
tmdbigfgky ldbomvmamit. [bofm tbm ^PD lih Xbloflih blvm alhm
su`stlitolf prgkrmss, tbmy blvm ldbomvmh gify lrguih 4>% ge Jlpli‟s
fmvmf. Uomt Ila os oi tbm <>% rlikm. Xbm rmst elff `mfgw tblt.
Fggcoik tg 0>4>, tbos stuhy drmltmh prgjmdtogis egr sox tmdbigfgky
oihodltgrs: ]T ^ltmit lih Xrlhmalrc Geeodm pltmits, sdomidm lih
tmdbigfgky plpmrs pu`fosbmh oi tbm Tdomidm Dotltogi Oihmx, bgam
pltmits, utofoty aghmfs, oihustrolf hmsokis, lih trlhmalrcs. Mldb
oihodltgr os hovohmh `y pgpufltogi egr dgaplrltovm purpgsms. Xbm
mxpmromidm ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml oi dltdboik up prgvohms l usmeuf
erlamwgrc egr dgaplrosgi oi l `mst-dlsm sdmilrog. Xbm Pmpu`fod ge
Cgrml spmit agst ge tbm smdgih blfe ge tbm 0>tb dmitury ls li oaotltgr,
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Xl`fm 8.<: Dguitry-Tpmdod Xmdbigfgky ^rgjmdtogis, 0>>?—0>4>
0>>? fmvmfMquovlfmit
ymlr oi
0>4> fmvmf(gwi krgwtb
rltm)
0>4> fmvmf(Pmp. ge Cgrmlkrgwtb rltm)
^PD
KH^ pmr dlpotl 4,;88.8 <?20
]T^XG pltmits =.0 <?2; 8,=08.8 884.=
T&X plpmrs (0>>;) 84.< <??0 <,0;<.? <,4=<.2
Bgam pltmits (0>>2) <85.? <?22 84,4=;.< 4,2>=.8
]tofoty aghmfs (0>>2) <5?.> <?;; 4,;58.< <,;;<.>
Oihustrolf hmsokis 0==.0 <?2< 04,88;.8 ;42.=
Xrlhmalrcs (0>>2) 88=.2 <?2= <>,?<=.8 0,00>.=
Oihol
KH^ pmr dlpotl <,<48.> prm <?5>
]T^XG pltmits 0.; <?28 444.8 =0=.;
T&X plpmrs (0>>;) <5.0 <?2; 8?.4 5<0.;
Bgam pltmits (0>>5) 8.2 prm <?5= =4.5
]tofoty aghmfs
Oihustrolf hmsokis (0>>2) 4.2 prm <?52 <>.>
Xrlhmalrcs (0>>=) 5;.> <?55 04>.< 2>?.2
Alflysol
KH^ pmr dlpotl ;,>0?.2 <?2?
]T^XG pltmits <<.? <?2? <;4.8 822.2
T&X plpmrs (0>>;) 4>.8 <??< <4<.= <,>?2.<
Bgam pltmits (0>>2) 4>.4 <?55 8>5.? <45.>
]tofoty aghmfs (0>>2) <.0 prm <?;; <5.4
Oihustrolf hmsokis (0>>2) 04.4 prm <?52 <,>52.4
Xrlhmalrcs (0>>2) 858.; <?2= 4,5<=.> 0,4<8.5
Xbloflih
KH^ pmr dlpotl 4,2?0.= <?2>
]T^XG pltmits <.8 <?2< 5.= <4?.?
T&X plpmrs (0>>;) 0=.2 <?2? 40;.8 5;5.?
Bgam pltmits (0>>2) <<.? prm <?54 4>.<
]tofoty aghmfs (0>>2) 0<.< prm <?;; 00;.<
Oihustrolf hmsokis (0>>2) 8>.5 prm <?52 =>?.5
Xrlhmalrcs (0>>2) 40=.; <?20 <,82=.= 0,>>4.0
(Dgitoiumh)
Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
lih ots l`ofoty tg msdlpm tblt trlp geemrs usmeuf fmssgis egr tbm LDO
mdgigaoms strukkfoik wotb l soaoflr prmhodlamit.
Xl`fm 8.< sbgws bgw aliy ymlrs sgam LDO mdgigaoms wmrm mboih
tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml oi vlrogus tmdbigfgkodlf oihodltgrs oi 0>>?. Ot tbmiprgjmdts oaprgvmamits oi tbmsm oihodltgrs `y 0>4>. Xbm prgjmdtogis
lssuam tblt sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky ldtovoty woff cmmp krgwoik lt tbm
slam pldm ls ot bls egr tbm hmdlhm fmlhoik tg 0>>?. Oi gtbmr wgrhs,
wm lssuam mldb dguitry woff dgitoium tg oaprgvm lfgik ots durrmit
foimlr trljmdtgry. Eoilffy, ot os lssuamh oistmlh tblt tbos pmregralidm
woff oaprgvm lt tbm slam rltm ls hoh tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml.
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<<>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Xbm ^PD bls hgim wmff oi tmras ge oitmkrltoik wotb tbm kfg`lf
mdgigay lih plrtodopltoik oi rmkogilf bokb-tmdb prghudtogi imtwgrcs.
Lt gvmr 5>%, tbm trlhm tg KH^ rltog os vmry bokb egr l flrkm dguitry.
Xbm sblrm ge tgtlf mxpgrts lddguitmh egr `y bokb-tmdb prghudts osdgaplrl`fm tg tblt ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml lih bokbmr tbli tblt ge
Jlpli. Xbm ^PD‟s flrkm aliueldturoik smdtgr os lfsg focmfy tg dgitro`utm
tg oiigvltogi ls tbm dguitry rmldbms tbm bokb-oidgam stlkm.
Oihol: Oihol woff rmaloi li gvmrlff oaotltgr up tg 0>4>. Oihol‟s
progroty, tbmi, sbgufh `m tg eldofotltm tmdbigfgky hoeeusogi lih
lhgptogi. Lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms, Oihol bls tbm fgwmst rltm ge
sdbggfoik lttloiamit‘wbodb os drotodlf lt tbos stlkm ge hmvmfgpamit.
Oi 0><>, tbm lvmrlkm Oiholi lkmh <= ymlrs lih l`gvm blh sfokbtfy gvmr
= ymlrs ge sdbggfoik. Plosoik tbos fmvmf woff `m l aljgr dblffmikm egr
Oiholi pgfodyalcmrs.
[bofm Oihol bls sblrpfy oidrmlsmh trlhm, wbodb lddguits egr l`gut
ls audb ge KH^ ls oi tbm ^PD, ots mxpgrts ge bokb-tmdb prghudts os
tbm fgwmst lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms mxdmpt egr Dla`ghol, tbm Flg
^HP, lih Aylialr. Oihol dgufh lddmfmrltm tmdbigfgkodlf hoeeusogi `y
plrtodopltoik agrm ldtovmfy oi rmkogilf bokb-tmdb prghudtogi imtwgrcs.
Oihol lfsg bls tbm salffmst aliueldturoik smdtgr rmfltovm tg KH^
lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih tbos rltog bls `lrmfy dblikmh soidm tbm
<?;>s. Hmvmfgpamit ge tbm aliueldturoik smdtgr os drudolf egr Oihol
tg `mdgam li oiigvltgr. Xg tbos mih, lttrldtoik aliueldturoik EHO woff `m vmry oapgrtlit.
LTMLI: Alflysol os focmfy tg m tbm eorst lih gify ok LTMLI mdgigay
tg rmldb tbm bokb-oidgam stlkm `y 0>4>. Ot bls meemdtovmfy oitmkrltmh
oitg kfg`lf bokb-tmdb prghudtogi imtwgrcs. Alflysol‟s okkmst dblffmikm
tg alcoik tbm fmlp erga oaotltgr tg oiigvltgr os buali rmsgurdms, oi
plrtoduflr rmsmlrdbmrs, sdomitosts, lih mikoimmrs. Lftbgukb Alflysol os
lbmlh ge tbm PD oi gvmrlff sdbggfoik lttloiamit, ot os mboih tbm PD oi
tbm iua`mr ge sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky pmrsgiimf, mvmi gi l pmr dlpotl
`lsos. Xbm dgitrlst `mtwmmi Alflysol lih Toiklpgrm os mvmi sblrpmr.
@msohms suppfyoik sdomidm lih mikoimmroik tlfmit tbrgukb ots gwi
mhudltogi systma, Alflysol sbgufh mxpfgot tbm holspgrl ge Alflysoli
sdomitosts lih mikoimmrs fovoik oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms.
Xbm ^bofoppoims lih Xbloflih lrm wmff mxpgsmh tg oitmriltogilf
trlhm lih kfg`lf bokb-tmdb prghudtogi imtwgrcs lih blvm strgik
aliueldturoik `lsms. Xbmy lfsg lrm sbgrt ge sdomidm lih mikoimmroik
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Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
tlfmit. Xbloflih blh `lrmfy gvmr gim-tborh tbm iua`mr ge sdomitosts
lih mikoimmrs pmr dlpotl ls tbm ^PD ls ge 0>>=. Ots gvmrlff sdbggfoik
lttloiamit os lfsg `mfgw tblt ge tbm ^PD. Xbm dgaplrosgi os rmvmrsmh
egr tbm ^bofoppoims wbodb blh l`gut gim-tmitb ge tbm sdomitosts lihmikoimmrs tbm ^PD blh oi 0>>=, `ut ots gvmrlff sdbggfoik lttloiamit
wls bokbmr. Xbm progroty oi `gtb dguitroms os tg oaprgvm sdomidm
lih mikoimmroik mhudltogi. Xbmy, tgg, sbgufh fggc tg tbmor gvmrsmls
holspgrls egr sdomidm lih mikoimmroik pmrsgiimf.
Oihgimsol lih Uomt Ila woff rmaloi oaotltgrs tbrgukb 0>4>. @gtb
aust lddmfmrltm tmdbigfgky hoeeusogi. Lftbgukb Oihgimsol lih Uomt
Ila lrm quotm gpmi, tbmor sblrms ge bokb-tmdb mxpgrts lrm fgw‘lrguih
<>% ge tgtlf mxpgrts oi 0>>? dgaplrmh tg 8>% oi Alflysol lih 55%
oi tbm ^bofoppoims. Xbmy aust rlosm tbm sgpbostodltogi fmvmf ge tbmor
mxpgrts. @gtb woff immh tg oaprgvm mhudltogi ls sdbggfoik lttloiamit
os lrguih 5 ymlrs.
8.4 Xlcoik Pmkogilf ^rghudtogi
Imtwgrcs tg tbm Imxt Fmvmf
Gim ge tbm aloi sgurdms ge LDO‟s kfg`lf dgapmtotovm lhvlitlkm
oi aliueldturoik os tbm mxostmidm ge rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs(P^Is) hmvmfgpmh y auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogis. Tudb imtwgrcs mxtmih
erga Jlpli tg tbm imwfy oihustrolfozmh mdgigaoms ge tbm Pmpu`fod
ge Cgrml3 Xlopmo,Dboil3 Toiklpgrm3 lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil, lih tbmi
tbrgukb Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, Xbloflih, lih tbm ^PD.
Oi tbm <?2>s, auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogis (AIDs) `mkli tg lhgpt tbm
erlkamitltogi strltmky, uihmr wbodb prghudtogi lih su`-prgdmssms
wmrm hostro`utmh tg hoeemrmit dguitroms tblt dli pmregra tbma lt
tbm fgwmst dgst. P^Is igw oitmkrltm ayrolh plrts lih dgapgimits
alhm `y dgitrldtgrs ls wmff ls AIDs tbmasmfvms tbrgukbgut Lsol lih
lssma`fm tbma oitg prghudts sudb ls mfmdtrgiods lih lutgag`ofms.
Xbm lvlofl`ofoty ge fl`gr‘lih wohm hovmrsoty ge scoffs lih wlkm
fmvmfs‘oi Mlst Lsol bls mil`fmh erlkamitltogi `y egstmroik spmdolftoms
oi hoeemrmit mdgigaoms. Oi tbm prghudtogi ge tmfmvosogi smts, egr
mxlapfm, bokb-tmdb plrts lih dgapgimits sudb ls smaodgihudtgrs lrm
alhm oi Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Xlopmo,Dboil wbmrm bokbfy
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<<0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
scoffmh wgrcmrs lrm l`uihlit. Fgwmr-tmdb plrts sudb ls dgiimdtgrs
lih dl`oimts lrm alhm oi dguitroms sudb ls Oihgimsol. Xbmsm plrts
lih dgapgimits lrm tbmi lssma`fmh oi tbm ^PD, wbmrm fgw-wlkm
fl`gr bls `mmi l`uihlit. Fgw trlhm dgsts, wbodb rmsuftmh erga trlhmfo`mrlfozltogi, hmrmkufltogi, tmdbigfgky lhvlidms oi fgkostods, lih
dgaauiodltogi smrvodms, dgitro`utmh tg tbm hmvmfgpamit ge P^Is.
^gfodyalcmrs oi hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms wotb l fgw P^I prmsmidm lrm
dgurtoik EHO `mdlusm tbmy rmlfozm ots vlfum oi kmimrltoik mapfgyamit,
egrmoki trlhm, lih flrkm-sdlfm prghudtogi dlpl`ofotoms. EHO lfsg spurs
trlisemrs ge tmdbigfgky lih alilkmamit cigw-bgw. Lssuaoik tblt
LDO woff stoff blvm l hovmrsoty ge wlkms lih fl`gr scoffs‘lih tblt trlhm
dgsts woff dgitoium tg hmdfoim tbrgukb rmkogilf trlhm lkrmmamits‘
P^Is sbgufh rmaloi mikoims ge krgwtb egr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs. Oihmmh,
tbmy woff focmfy dgvmr agrm dguitroms lih sprmlh tg imw smdtgrs sudb
ls lkrodufturm lih smrvodms. LH@O soaufltogis sukkmst tbmrm woff `m
su`stlitolf aokrltogi ge fl`gr-oitmisovm oihustroms erga bokb- tg fgw-
wlkm mdgigaoms, oidfuhoik erga tbm ^PD tg Oihol lih fgw-oidgam
Tgutbmlst Lsoli iltogis. Xbm ^PD lfgim os prgjmdtmh tg sbmh 2= aoffogi
jg`s oi fgw-wlkm aliueldturoik oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhm ls ot agvms up
tbm tmdbigfgky flhhmr.
8.4.< Xbm rgfm ge trolikuflr trlhmAliueldturmh kgghs oidrmlsoikfy blvm efgwmh tbrgukb Mlst Lsol oi
l trolikuflr plttmri. Dlpotlf kgghs lih bokb-tmdb oitmramholtm kgghs
(kgghs usmh ls oiputs egr eoilf kgghs, sudb ls mfmdtrgiod dbops) alhm
`y dgaplioms oi Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Xlopmo,Dboil, lih
AIDs `lsmh oi Tgutbmlst Lsol lrm sboppmh tg tbm ^PD gr mfsmwbmrm
oi LTMLI egr lssma`fy. Jlpli os tbm rmkogi‟s `okkmst suppfomr ge
oitmramholtm kgghs, egffgwmh `y Xlopmo,Dboil (Eokurm 8.0). Agst ge tbm
eoiosbmh kgghs lrm tbmi mxpgrtmh tg tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (]T), Murgpm,
Jlpli, lih gtbmr hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.
Xbm flrkmst mxpgrt dltmkgry erga Mlst Lsol os dgaputmrs lih
geeodm mquopamit, lddguitoik egr lrguih <0%. Mxlaoioik tbmsm twg
dltmkgroms geemrs oisokbt oitg bgw sudb imtwgrcs mvgfvm `mdlusm tbmy
usm l flrkm iua`mr ge plrts lih dgapgimits alhm oi tbm rmkogi. ^rogr
tg 0>>=, LTMLI dguitroms wmrm tbm flrkmst oapgrtmrs ge mfmdtrgiod
plrts lih dgapgimits erga tbm rmst ge Lsol (Eokurm 8.4). Tudb mxpgrts
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Eokurm 8.8: Egrmoki Hormdt Oivmstamit Oiffgws tg Lsoli Dguitroms
($ offogi)
LTMLI5 1 @ruimo Hlrusslfla, Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm bofoppoims, Toiklpgrm, lih Xbloflih3
DFAU 1 Dla`ghol, tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod, Aylialr, lih Uomt Ila3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgrs‟ dlfdufltogis `lsmh gi EHO Hltl`lsm g`tloimh erga ]IDXLHTtlt.
bttp://uidtlhstlt.uidtlh.grk/PmpgrtEgfhmrs/rmpgrtEgfhmrs.lspx (lddmssmh 0; Alrdb 0><4).
Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
amtbghs. Xbmy eguih tblt tmdbigfgky trlisemr os agrm ldtovm wbmi
hgamstod eoras trlisldt wotb egrmoki eoras. Xbos sukkmsts tblt tbm
prmsmidm ge egrmoki eoras dgitro`utms tg tbm hoeeusogi ge tmdbigfgky.
8.4.4 Egrmoki oivmstamit lih rmkogilf
prghudtogi imtwgrcs
^rghudtogi imtwgrcs blvm lfsg `mmi aljgr alkimts ge EHO oi Lsol,
eorst y Jlplimsm, Murgpmli, lih ]T dgrpgrltogis oivmstoik oi Tgutbmlst
Lsol. Ls ot mitmrmh tbm <??>s, tbm ^PD `mdlam l suddmsseuf rmdopomit ge
EHO erga lrguih tbm wgrfh, l trmih tblt dgitoiumh oitg tbm egffgwoik
hmdlhm (Eokurm 8.8). LTMLI lfsg bls dgitoiumh tg furm EHO. Toiklpgrm
bls `mmi `y elr tbm agst suddmsseuf, egffgwmh `y Xbloflih, Oihgimsol,
Alflysol, lih tbm ^bofoppoims. Ls prghudtogi imtwgrcs sprmlh, EHO os
efgwoik oitg Uomt Ila lih fmss-hmvmfgpmh Tgutbmlst Lsoli iltogis lih
oitg imw smdtgrs, sudb ls smrvodms lih lkrodufturm. EHO oiefgws oitg
Oihol rmaloimh fgw uitof tbm aoh-0>>>s. Xbmy tbmi surkmh, rosoik agrm
tbli eovmegfh `mtwmmi 0>>= lih 0>>2 lfgim‘surplssoik tbm liiulf
tgtlf ge LTMLI‟s sox `okkmst mdgigaoms.
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Xl`fm 8.0: ^rg`fmas Eldmh `y Jlplimsm Eoras oi Tmfmdtmh Lsoli Mdgigaoms
J@OD Turvmy Plicoik < 0 4 8 5 ? <> <>
^PD Oihol Uomt Ila Xbloflih Oihgimsol Pmp. geCgrml Xlopmo,Dboil Alflysol
Iua`mr ge rmspgihmits 4;; 0?8 <=5 <02 ?2 4> 02 0=
]ihmrhmvmfgpmh fmklfsystma
<=.< <2.; <?.0 =.= <<.0 - >.> -
Fldc ge trlisplrmidy oifmklf alttmrs
=;.2 05.? 08.8 2.5 00.8 4.4 4.5 -
Dgapfodltmh tlx systma <0.; 08.= 8.= =.= 8.< - - -
Fldc ge trlisplrmidy oitlx trmltamit
4<.2 <5.4 <<.= 5.4 <>.0 4.4 ;.< -
Bmlvy tlxms 00.> =.8 0.5 8.; =.< <>.> - <0.>
EHO rmstrodtogi 0;.4 <<.? <0.2 ;.> ;.< - - <0.>
Dgapfodltmh/igi-trlisplrmit EHO sdrmmioik
0=.0 <=.5 ?.> 4.< 5.< - 4.5 -
Oisuffldomit O^P prgtmdtogi =>.; 2.0 5.8 8.; 2.0 4.4 - 2.>
Pmstrodtogi gi egrmokimxdblikm hmlfoiks
44.; ?.0 ;.; 4.< 4.< 5.; 4.5 -
Oapgrt rmstrodtogi/^rg`fmaltod dustgasprgdmhurms
<2.2 <<.5 ?.> =.= 2.0 5.; ;.< -
Hoffldufty oi rmdruotoikmikoimmrs
<;.= ?.= <;.4 0<.? <5.4 4.4 ;.< 08.>
Hoffldufty oi rmdruotoikaohhfm alilkmamit
0=.= <;.; 05.4 4>.= <2.8 <>.> <8.4 40.>
Posoik wlkms 54.; <;.4 0<.0 0=.> <2.8 0>.> <;.? 0>.>
Fl`gr rmfltogis 45.< <5.> ?.> <<.; <<.0 <>.> - 2.>
Xgukb dgapmtotogi wotbgtbmr ras
=5.= 4<.5 <?.? 40.2 0=.= 55.; =;.< 02.>
Hoffldufty oi dgffmdtoikplyamit
4<.4 2.= 4.0 <.5 8.< - 4.5 -
Hoffldufty oi g`tloioikilidm
=.2 5.< 4.2 >.2 0.> - - 8.>
]ihmrhmvmfgpmh fgdlfsuppgrtoik oihustry
=.2 <0.0 <5.> 4.< ;.< - - -
]istl`fm mxdblikm rltm/prodms
8.= 8.< ?.> <.5 <>.0 5.; - -
]ihmrhmvmfgpmhoierlstrudturm
<<.? 8;.5 4>.2 ;.> <;.4 - - 8.>
Oismdurm sgdolf
mivorgiamit<>.< <?.> 4.0 =>.> 02.5 5.; 4.5 8.>
Fldc ge oiegraltogi giEHO bgst
<.5 0>.8 <8.< 4.? 2.0 5.; - 8.>
EHO 1 egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit3 O^P 1 oitmffmdtulf prgpmrty rokbts3 J@OD 1 Jlpli @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Dggpmrltogi3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod
ge Dboil.
Igtms: Xbm prgpgrtogilf sblrms ge rmspgihoik ras oihodltoik tbm agtovm oi tgtlf iua`mr ge rmspgihmits. Xbm tbrmm otmas rmdmovoik tbm
bokbmst prgpgrtogis egr mldb mdgigay lrm sblhmh.
Tgurdm: J@OD (0><>).
<<2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
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Eokurm 8.2: Lvmrlkm Liiulfozmh Krgwtb Pltm oi Ulfum Lhhmh
pmr [grcmr `y Tmdtgr, Tmfmdtmh LDO Mdgigaoms, 0>>>—0>>; (%)
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 Flg HP 1 Flg ^mgpfm‟s
Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-
hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh 0= Tmptma`mr 0><0).
<00
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
8.8.0 LDO‟s uihmrhmvmfgpmh smrvodms trlhmMxpgrts lih oapgrts ge smrvodms lrm mamrkoik ls li mikoim ge
krgwtb oi sgam LDO mdgigaoms. Xbm lvlofl fm hltl, bgwmvmr, sukkmsttblt egr tbm rmkogi ls l wbgfm, tbm euff trlhm pgtmitolf ge smrvodms bls
ymt tg `m rmlfozmh. Xgtlf trlhm oi smrvodms rmprmsmits l rmfltovmfy salff
sblrm ge KH^. Ot lfsg lddguits egr l audb salffmr sblrm ge tgtlf vlfum
lhhmh oi smrvodms tbli hg aliueldturoik mxpgrts ls l sblrm ge tgtlf
aliueldturoik gutput. Xbm LTMLI dguitroms gi lvmrlkm lrm audb
agrm miklkmh wotb oitmriltogilf smrvodms alrcmts tbli tbm ^PD gr
Oihol (Eokurm 8.?).
Hum tg tbm sdlrdoty ge `ofltmrlffy hoslkkrmkltmh trlhm hltl, ot
os hoeeoduft tg kmt l hmtlofmh podturm ge smrvodms trlhm lagik tbm LDO
mdgigaoms, ls gppgsmh tg trlhm mtwmmi mldb dguitry lih tbm rmst ge tbm
wgrfh ls l wbgfm. Igimtbmfmss, sgam oiemrmidms dli `m hrlwi erga tbm
lvlofl`fm hltl. LTMLI‟s mxpgrts tg tbm PD blvm surkmh lt li liiulfozmh
L iua`mr ge dlvmlts immh tg `m cmpt oi aoih oi tbm stltostodlf lilfysos ge oitmriltogilf
trlhm oi smrvodms. Egr mxlapfm, dgaagify usmh hltl gify dlpturm agstfy purm drgss-`grhmr
trlhm (KLXT Aghm <). Tmm Tbmpbmrh lih ^lslhoffl (0><0) egr tbm hmtlofs.
08
08
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Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
8.8.4 ^rgaosoik smrvodms smdtgrsGppgrtuiotoms egr krgwtb oi smrvodms vlry erga mdgigay tg mdgigay.
Amhodlf tgurosa os prgaosoik oi Xbloflih, tbm ^bofoppoims, Toiklpgrm,Alflysol, lih Oihol, wbmrm dgsts ge bokb-qulfoty bmlftb smrvodms lrm
fgwmr tbli oi hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Oihol lih tbm bofoppoims lrm lagik
tbm wgrfh fmlhmrs oi mxpgrts ge amhodlf trlisdroptogi, tmfmpltbgfgky,
lih tmfmholkigstod smrvodms. @gtb blvm dgaplrltovm lhvlitlkms hum
tg tbmor flrkm pggfs ge mhudltmh Mikfosb-spmlcoik wgrcmrs. Xbm bokb
krgwtb pgtmitolf ge trlhm oi amhodlf smrvodms os foaotmh `y l sbgrtlkm
ge qulfoeomh pmrsgiimf. Oidrmlsmh hmalih erga amhodlf tgurosa woff
focmfy drmltm prmssurm gi tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg lffgw agrm egrmoki
hgdtgrs lih amhodlf spmdolfosts tg prldtodm oi hgamstod bgspotlfs.
LTMLI bls lfrmlhy sokimh l autulf rmdgkiotogi lkrmmamit egr amhodlf
lih hmitlf prldtotogimrs lih iursoik smrvodms tg mlsm fl`gr ag`ofoty.
Mhudltogi os ligtbmr prgaosoik LDO smrvodms smdtgr. Xbmrm os
dgisohmrl`fm trlhm wotboi Lsol, mspmdolffy oi bokbmr mhudltogi.
]iovmrsotoms oi Toiklpgrm, Alflysol, tbm ^PD, lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil
blvm ldtovm plrtimrsbops wotb tgp Igrtb Lamrodli lih Murgpmli
uiovmrsotoms tbrgukb ‖twoiioik‑ lrrlikmamits, jgoit prgkrla
hmfovmry, erlidbosm lrrlikmamits, lih hostlidm fmlrioik. Aljgr Lsoli
dotoms blvm oivotmh egrmoki uiovmrsotoms tg `uofh dlapusms. Lsol bgsts
05% ge tbm wgrfh‟s `rlidb dlapusms‘;?% ge tbmsm dlapusms lrm oiAlflysol, Toiklpgrm, tbm ^PD, lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil (Eokurm 8.<<).
Xg lttrldt egrmoki uiovmrsotoms, tbm LDO mdgigaoms bmfp `uofh
eldofotoms, rmhudm rmitlf emms, lih eoilidm stuhmit sdbgflrsbops. Oi
aliy mhudltogi bu`s, qulso-kgvmriamit lih igikgvmriamit mitotoms
ldt ls spgisgrs gr plrtimrs, wotb l aoioaua ge kgvmriamit suppgrt.
Agst `rlidb dlapusms blvm fgdlf jgoit vmiturm plrtimrs, lftbgukb l
emw lrm euffy gwimh `y tbm plrmit uiovmrsotoms.
Xbmrm lrm rmlsgis tg `mfomvm tbm mhudltogi smrvodms trlhm woff
dgitoium tg krgw. Gim os tblt Lsolis bostgrodlffy blvm dgistotutmh
tbm aljgroty ge egrmoki stuhmits oi uiovmrsotoms oi Murgpm lih Igrtb
L twoiioik lrrlikmamit os wbmi l prgvohmr oi sgurdm mdgigay L dgffl`grltms wotb l
prgvohmr oi bgst mdgigay @ sg tblt stuhmits tlcm dgursm drmhots oi bgst mdgigay @ lih/gr sgurdm
mdgigay L. Xbm qulfoeodltogi os lwlrhmh `y tbm prgvohmr oi sgurdm mdgigay L. Lrrlikmamits
usulffy dgapfy wotb tbm rmkufltogis ge sgurdm mdgigay L. L^MD (0>>?) prgvohms l eurtbmr
hmsdroptogi ge gtbmr lrrlikmamits prmvlofoik oi tmrtolry mhudltogi.
05
05
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Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
OX suppgrt, sgetwlrm, lih lddguitoik wgrc. Igw tbmrm os strgik
krgwtb oi bokbmr vlfum cigwfmhkm-prgdmss gutsgurdoik smrvodms,
sudb ls rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit, prghudt hmsoki, lih mikoimmroik,
tblt prmvogusfy wmrm dgisohmrmh dgrm dgapmtmidoms. Oihol rmaloishgaoilit ldrgss tbm `rglh spmdtrua ge geesbgroik smrvodms. @ut
tbm ^PD os quodcfy kloioik krguih oi spmdoeod smrvodms sudb ls
prgdurmamit lih prghudt hmvmfgpamit, bmfpmh `y tbm prmsmidm ge
egrmoki aliueldturoik mitmrprosms. Xbm ^bofoppoims bls mstl`fosbmh l
strgikmr prmsmidm oi dlff dmitmrs lih spmdoeod `usoimss prgdmssms, lih
os lttrldtoik agrm fmklf smrvodm wgrc erga tbm ]T hum tg tbm soaoflroty
ge ots fmklf systmas lih Mikfosb-spmlcoik wgrcegrdm. Mlstmri Murgpm
lih tbm ^PD lrm elvgrmh egr igi-vgodm smrvodms.
L survmy eguih tblt lftbgukb dgst rmhudtogi rmalois l hgaoilit
hrovmr egr geesbgroik, gtbmr rmlsgis lrm kloioik oi oapgrtlidm. Xbmy
oidfuhm lddmss tg qulfoeomh pmrsgiimf, tbm immh tg rmhmsoki `usoimssms,
lih oidrmlsmh spmmh tg alrcmt (Tbmpbmrh lih ^lslhoffl 0><0). Gim
oapfodltogi ge tbmsm mamrkoik trmihs os tblt kgvmriamits tlrkmtoik
tbm flrkm geesbgroik alrcmt aust oivmst oi mhudltogilf qulfoty lih
hmvmfgp flrkm pggfs ge scoffmh buali dlpotlf. Gtbmr drotodlf eldtgrs lrm
tbm qulfoty ge OX oierlstrudturm lih oistotutogis.
8.8.8 ^gfodoms egr spurroik smrvodms trlhmLDO pgfodyalcmrs dli sokioeodlitfy ggst rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf
trlhm oi smrvodms `y fgwmroik mitry `lrromrs egr imw mitrlits oi l
iua`mr ge smdtgrs lih rmhudoik dgsts egr oidua`mits. Pmkufltogi
aust `mdgam agrm meemdtovm lih agrm meeodomit, sg tblt ot oapgsms
aoioaua mdgigaod dgst. Ls l kmimrlf rufm, hosdroaoiltogi `mtwmmi
oidua`mits lih imw mitrlits lih `mtwmmi egrmoki lih hgamstod
eoras os li oimeeodomit wly ge ldbomvoik rmkufltgry g`jmdtovms. @y
rmhudoik fmklf lih ldtulf hosdroaoiltogi, tbm LDO dguitroms dli rmlfozm
sokioeodlit klois ldrgss tbmor mdgigaoms erga oidrmlsmh smrvodms trlhm.
Gpmioik LDO smrvodms alrcmts tg egrmoki dgapmtotogi sbgufh `m l
progroty. Foaots gi tbm fmklf egra ge mitrlits, rmquormamits tblt tbmy
egra fgdlf jgoit vmiturms, gr dlps gi egrmoki mquoty alcm alrcmts fmss
dgapmtotovm lih tmih tg cmmp prodms bokbmr lih smrvodm qulfoty fgwmr.
Egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit woff upkrlhm tmdbigfgky, oiegraltogi efgws,
lih wgrcegrdm scoffs oi LDO smrvodm oihustroms. EHO lfsg woff suppgrt
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<4>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
]pkrlhoik tbm lkrodufturm smdtgr oi LDO woff lfsg mlsm dblffmikms
tblt gtbmrwosm woff krgw oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. Xbm lkrodufturm smdtgr
bls `mmi imkfmdtmh oi tmras ge oivmstamit, rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit,
lih tmdbigfgky. Aliy LDO mdgigaoms blvm rmdmitfy eldmh prg`fmas oieggh lvlofl`ofoty lih alfiutrotogi. Oi 0><<, tbm ^PD, Oihol, Oihgimsol,
Toiklpgrm, lih Uomt Ila mxpmromidmh hgu`fm-hokot gr dfgsm tg hgu`fm-
hokot eggh prodm oiefltogi, plrtfy hum tg surkoik hgamstod prodms ge
rodm, wbmlt, lih gtbmr stlpfms. Xbos fmh tg l rosm oi kmimrlf oiefltogi,
soidm eggh eokurms prgaoimitfy oi tbmsm mdgigaoms‟ dgisuamr prodm
oihodms (LH@ 0><<h). Xbm homtlry plttmris ge LDO dotozmis lrm mxpmdtmh
tg dblikm hrlaltodlffy, hum tg ur`liozltogi lih oidgam krgwtb.
Orrokltogi systmas aust `m oaprgvmh tg miblidm yomfhs, ls aust
drgp alilkmamit‘plrtoduflrfy egr by`roh rodm. Oivmstamit os immhmh
oi lkrodufturm oierlstrudturm sudb ls trlispgrt, dgaauiodltogis, lih
pgwmr. @mttmr mimrky lih wltmr pgfodoms, flih alilkmamit, lddmss tg
eoilidm, lih fgdlf oistotutogis lrm mssmitolf tg `ggst prghudtovoty (Hmv
0><<).
Xg `mdgam l strgikmr krgwtb mikoim, tbm LDO lkrodufturm smdtgr
woff blvm tg sblrpfy oidrmlsm prghudtovoty lih oiigvltogi. Xbm
lvlofl`ofoty ge fgw-dgst fl`gr os hmdfoioik, lih dgapmtotogi wotb gtbmr
oihustroms egr flih os oidrmlsoik. LDO elras aust mdgam agrm aghmri
`usoimssms, aorrgroik tbm prgkrmss alhm oi agrm hyilaod mdgigaod
smdtgrs. Kgvmriamits sbgufh lfsg bmfp elramrs hovmrsoey oitg igi-dmrmlf prghudtogi sudb ls amlt, eosb, eruot, vmkmtl`fms, lih hlory. Toidm
l flrkm pgrtogi ge LDO lkrodufturlf flih os oi salff bgfhoiks, salff
elramrs woff immh spmdolf lttmitogi tg dgpm wotb tbm roscs lssgdoltmh
wotb sboetoik tg imw drgps, hmdfoioik prghudtovoty, lih mivorgiamitlf
dblffmikms. Mstl`fosboik agrm supmralrcmts, dgitrldt elraoik, lih
prghudmr grkliozltogis dgufh bmfp.
Tgam prgaosoik tmdbigfgkodlf oiigvltogis oidfuhm iutromit
alilkmamit, `ogtmdbigfgky, oiegraltogi tmdbigfgky, lih zmrg tofflkm
amtbghs. Oistotutogis egr wltmr usm lih alilkmamit, suppfy dblois,
flih alilkmamit, wgami‟s dggpmrltovms, lih salff flih bgfhmrs dli
bmfp hossmaoiltm imw tmdbigfgkoms lih prldtodms.
Alrcmtoik lih prodm oidmitovms lrm mssmitolf tg lttrldt provltm
oivmstamit oi lkrodufturm. Flrkm rmtlofmrs blvm migragus `uyoik
pgwmr, lrm agrm lttuimh tbli prghudmrs tg tbm immhs lih tlstms ge
dgisuamrs, lih blvm `mttmr mxpmrtosm oi qulfoty, rmfol`ofoty, prghudt
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Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
hoeemrmitoltogi, lih pldclkoik. AIDs lfsg blvm oaprgvmh lkrodufturm
vlfum dblois tbrgukb gutkrgwmr sdbmams, dgitrldt elraoik, alrcmtoik
dgitrldts, lih gtbmr egras ge vmrtodlf dggrhoiltogi (Kmrmeeo <??8).
Igt lff lkrodufturlf prghudmrs lrm mquoppmh eoilidolffy lihtmdbiodlffy tg dltdb up. Elramrs getmi dliigt g`tloi drmhot `mdlusm
ge roscs sudb ls pmstofmidm lih wmltbmr. L fldc ge kulrlitmm sdbmams
lfsg alcms oivmstamit roscy egr prghudmrs lih drmhotgrs. LDO
kgvmriamits lrm tlcoik stmps tg lhhrmss sudb ossums. Ttoff, tbmrm woff
`m l immh tg `mttmr dgiimdt LDO elramrs tg tbm kfg`lf vlfum dbloi (Ilk,
@blttldblryly, lih Hm 0><0).
Oe LDO dli rm-mimrkozm ots lkrodufturm smdtgr, tbmrm lrm gppgrtuiotoms
egr krgwtb. Xbmrm os li oidrmlsoik kfg`lf hmalih egr lkrodufturlf
prghudts. LDO ls wmff ls tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh woff `mimeot erga agrm
rmfol`fm eggh suppfoms lih agrm meeodomit kfg`lf hostro`utogi.
Xbm pmrsostmidm ge trlhm `lrromrs os gim eldtgr prmvmitoik
lkrodufturlf trlhm erga rmldboik ots pgtmitolf. Bokb tlroees lih
qulitotltovm rmstrodtogis lrm lagik tbm `lrromrs tblt oapmhm tbm
krgwtb ge trlhm oi lkrodufturlf prghudts. Lrkuamits kovmi lrm getmi
rmfltmh tg tbm prgtmdtogi ge tbm fgdlf oihustry gr oi aloitloioik tbm
qulfoty stlihlrhs ge tbm oapgrtmh dgaaghotoms. Bgwmvmr, tbmsm
stua`foik `fgdcs dli `m gvmrdgam wotb prgpmr pgfody amlsurms tblt
woff eldofotltm tbm lhjustamit ge lhvmrsmfy leemdtmh smdtgrs wbofm
midgurlkoik smdtgrs tblt blvm ilturlf dgapmtotovm lhvlitlkms `ut dlistoff `mimeot erga tmdbiodlf oaprgvmamits (Ilk, @blttldblryly, lih Hm
0><0).
Xg oidrmlsm lkrodufturlf trlhm, oapgrt gr vlfum-lhhmh tlxms, mxpgrt
rmstrodtogis, lih prodm dgitrgfs sbgufh `m l`gfosbmh gr rmhudmh. Tudb
ldtogis lfsg woff lttrldt provltm oivmstamit oitg tbm lkrodufturm smdtgr.
Pmflxoik EHO rufms oi tbm rmtlof smdtgr wgufh lfsg `m l stoaufus.
Gtbmr lrmls ge rmkogilf dggpmrltogi oi lkrodufturm lagik tbm LDO
mdgigaoms oidfuhm:
Xbm drmltogi ge li LDO eggh `lic tg rmhudm tbm mxpmism ge blvoik
`ueemr stgdc oi mldb dguitry.
Oidrmlsmh dgffl`grltogi oi imw sdomidms lih rmsmlrdb lih
hmvmfgpamit, plrtoduflrfy egr miblidoik drgp yomfhs, hmvmfgpamit
ge l`ogtod strmss-tgfmrlit vlromtoms lih by`rohs, ilturlf rmsgurdm
alilkmamit tmdbioqums, wltmr hmalih egrmdlstoik, rmagtm smisoik,
lih systma aghmfoik.
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Xl`fm 8.=: Xrlhoik ldrgss @grhmrs‘Xrlhm Eldofotltogi, 0><0
Plicoik
(gut ge <2=
mdgigaoms)
Hgduamitstg mxpgrt
(iua`mr)
Xoam tgmxpgrt
(hlys)
Dgst tgmxpgrt($ pmr
dgitloimr)
Hgduamitstg oapgrt
(iua`mr)
Xoam tgoapgrt
(hlys)
Dgst tgoapgrt($ pmr
dgitloimr)
Lustrlfol 88 5 ? <,<>> ; 2 <,<0>
@ruimo Hlrusslfla 8> 5 <? 52> 5 <= ;8=
Dla`ghol <<2 ? 00 ;== <> 05 ?>>
^PD 52 2 0< =2> = 08 5<=
Oihol <0; ? <5 <,<0> << 0> <,0>>
Oihgimsol 4; 8 <; 588 ; 04 55>
Jlpli <? 4 <> 22> = << ?;>
Pmp. ge Cgrml 4 4 ; 55= 4 ; 5?=
Flg HP <5> <> 05 0,<8> <> 05 0,<0=
Alflysol << = << 84= 5 2 80>
Aylialr IL IL IL IL IL IL IL
^bofoppoims =4 ; <= =2= 2 <8 55>
Toiklpgrm < 8 = 8=5 8 8 84?
Xbloflih 0> = <8 =2= = <4 ;=>
Uomt Ila ;8 5 0< 5<> 2 0< 5>>
Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: [grfh @lic Hgoik @usoimss Oihmx 0><4. bttp://www.hgoik usoimss.grk/hltl/mxpfgrmtgpods/trlhoik-ldrgss-`grhmrs
(lddmssmh 4 Lprof 0><4).
Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
mxplih `usoimss gppgrtuiotoms bls spurrmh l surkm ge rmkogilf ermm
trlhm lkrmmamits (EXLs) tblt wgufh hosalitfm sudb `lrromrs.
Xbm eldofotltogi ge trlhm lih EHO lrm lfsg mdgaoik agrm oapgrtlit
ossums. Xbm wohm rlikm ge pgtmitolf eldofotltogi amlsurms oidfuhms tbmblragiozltogi ge tmdbiodlf stlihlrhs lih soapfoeodltogi ge dustgas
prgdmhurms. Xl`fm 8.= sbgws tblt Oihol, tbm ^PD, lih aliy LTMLI
ama`mrs stoff immh tg rmhudm tbm toam lih dgst lssgdoltmh wotb
dgihudtoik trlhm.
8.5.< Oapfmamitoik l rmkogi-wohm ermm trlhmlkrmmamit
Oi 0>>>, tbmrm wmrm tbrmm EXLs oi Lsol. @y 0><0, tbmrm wmrm ;<.
Ligtbmr 28 lkrmmamits lrm motbmr prgpgsmh gr uihmr imkgtoltogi
(Clwlo lih [okilrljl 0><4). Xbm gify rmkogilf pldt os tbm LTMLI Ermm
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<48
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Xrlhm Lrml (LEXL), mstl`fosbmh oi <??0. Xbm mxpfgsogi ge EXLs rmefmdts
hossltoseldtogi wotb tbm sfgw prgkrmss ge kfg`lf trlhm tlfcs, tbm immh tg
suppgrt sgpbostodltmh prghudtogi imtwgrcs tbrgukb dgitoiumh trlhm
lih oivmstamit fo`mrlfozltogi, lih l hmemisovm rmspgism tg tbm sprmlhge EXLs mfsmwbmrm oi tbm wgrfh.
Xbm mimeots lih dgsts ge tbmsm EXL hmlfs lrm tbm su`jmdt ge pgflrozoik
hm`ltms. Lhvgdltms pgoit gut tblt lkrmmamits strmiktbmi tbm pgfodoms tblt
uihmrpoi rmkogilf trlhm oitmkrltogi, flyoik tbm `uofhoik `fgdcs tgwlrh
auftofltmrlf fo`mrlfozltogi. Alrcmt oitmkrltogi oi Lsol tbrgukb EXLs
lfsg dli prgagtm krmltmr oitrlrmkogilf trlhm lih oivmstamit lih drmltm
gppgrtuiotoms egr krmltmr prghudtogi lih spmihoik oi tbm rmkogi. Xbmrm
lrm fgsmrs, bgwmvmr, wbmi dmrtloi smdtgrs lrm fo`mrlfozmh. Ot os tbmrmegrm
imdmsslry tg eldofotltm fl`gr ag`ofoty (@gx 8.<) lih tbm agvmamit ge eoras
erga fgsoik smdtgrs tg kloioik smdtgrs `y rmtrloioik lih upkrlhoik
wgrcmrs, rmhudoik mitry `lrromrs tg imw eoras, lih eldofotltoik tbm
mxot ge elofoik dgaplioms tbrgukb strudturlf rmegra. Tmdtgr-spmdoeod
prgtmdtogiost pgfodoms sbgufh `m lvgohmh ls audb ls pgsso`fm, wbofm
dgapmtotogi sbgufh `m strmiktbmimh.
Drotods lfsg wgrry tblt tbm wlvm ge EXLs mrghms tbm auftofltmrlf
prgdmss lih os egstmroik l ‖igghfm `gwf‑ ge gvmrflppoik rufms ge grokoi
rmquormamits tblt aly `m dgstfy tg `usoimssms. @lfhwoi lih Clwlo
(0>>2) lrkumh tblt gvmrflppoik, dgapfmx lkrmmamits‘wotb hoeemrmit
fo`mrlfozltogi stlihlrhs, mxdfusogi fosts, rufms ge grokoi, lih stlihlrhs‘rosc `mdgaoik uiwomfhy, alcoik hgoik `usoimss dua`mrsgam.
Hmspotm tbmsm dgidmris, l stuhy sbgws tblt auftopfm rufms ge grokoi
oapgsm foaotmh urhmi gi Mlst Lsoli eoras (Clwlo lih [okilrljl 0>>?).
Xbm stuhy lfsg eoihs tblt Lsoli `usoimssms‘plrtoduflrfy tbm flrkmr,
agrm mstl`fosbmh eoras‘vomw EXLs pgsotovmfy lih tblt tbm wohmr
mxpgrt alrcmt lddmss lih fgwmr dgsts ge oapgrtmh oitmramholtm oiputs
mxdmmh tbm dgsts lssgdoltmh wotb sudb lkrmmamits. Xbos sukkmsts tblt
EXLs lrm oihmmh `gfstmroik trlhm lagik eoras‘plrtoduflrfy ls tbm
mdgigaod rmdgvmry tlcms bgfh‘oi tbm wlcm ge hmdfoioik trlhm vgfuams
lih tbm ilsdmit prgtmdtogiosa trokkmrmh `y tbm kfg`lf mdgigaod drosos.
Xg alcm gptoalf usm ge tbm rmkogi‟s auftotuhm ge EXLs,
dgaplioms immh tg pfli trlhm `usoimssms agrm meeodomitfy. Amliwbofm,
pgfodyalcmrs sbgufh smmc tg aoioaozm trlisldtogi lih lhaoiostrltovm
dgsts lssgdoltmh wotb auftopfm, gvmrflppoik EXLs, wbofm alxoaozoik
`mimeots geemrmh `y prmemrmitolf tlroees lih oidrmlsmh alrcmt lddmss.
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Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
pgsotovm fost lpprgldb. Oi gtbmr wgrhs, fo`mrlfozltogi dgaaotamits
lrm gify alhm oi spmdoeod smdtgrs, wotb l by`roh pgsotovm lih imkltovm
lpprgldb tg fostoik tbm fmvmf ge gpmiimss (Eoic lih Agfoiumvg 0>>2).
Xbm ^PD‟s g`fokltogis uihmr tbm XOT lrm agrm foaotmh tbli ots KLXTdgaaotamits. Xbos sukkmsts tblt ot bls lkrmmh tg aoigr lhhotogilf
fo`mrlfozltogi.
Kgoik egrwlrh, ot woff `m oapgrtlit egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg
dgitoium tg fmvmrlkm rmkogilf oitmkrltogi oiotoltovms tblt rmegra
rmkufltogi ge cmy smrvodms smdtgrs. [bmrmls rmkogilf lkrmmamits
tg fo`mrlfozm kgghs trlhm getmi lrm strgikfy hosdroaoiltgry, tblt os
audb fmss trum egr smrvodms (Aorguhgt, Tluvlkm, lih Tbmpbmrh 0><>).
Xblt os `mdlusm rmegras tg fgwmr mitry `lrromrs gr rmhudm tbm dgst
`urhmis ge oidua`mits lppfy mqulffy tg lff trlhoik plrtimrs, rltbmr
tbli gify prmemrrmh plrtimrs. Xbm pgfotodlf oapmtus `mboih LDO
oitmkrltogi dli tbmrmegrm m usmh tg bmfp prgagtm rglh-`lsmh klois
oi tbm rmkogilf smrvodms mdgigay, prgvohmh tblt oapfmamitltogi gi
tbm krguih os sueeodomit.
Oivmstamit fo`mrlfozltogi trmltoms sbgufh prgvohm su`stlitovm
dflusms egr oivmstamit prgtmdtogi, eldofotltogi, lih fo`mrlfozltogi.
Xbmy sbgufh lfsg dgitloi l prgdmhurlf dgapgimit egr hosputm
smttfmamit. Bokb-qulfoty oivmstamit lkrmmamits woff prgagtm
EHO efgws lih dgitro`utm tg upkrlhoik tmdbigfgky oi hmvmfgpoik
Lsol. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms dgufh lfsg `ggst prghudtovoty `y alcoikot mlsomr egr wgrcmrs‘mspmdolffy scoffmh wgrcmrs‘tg aokrltm lih `y
fo`mrlfozoik tbm smrvodms smdtgr (@gx 8.<).
Xbm LMD @fumproit smts gut oiotoltovms tg fo`mrlfozm lih eldofotltm
oivmstamits. Oivmstamit dggpmrltogi oi LTMLI wls oapfmamitmh
tbrgukb tbm <??2 Erlamwgrc Lkrmmamit gi tbm LTMLI Oivmstamit
Lrml, wbofm oivmstamit prgtmdtogi wls oapfmamitmh tbrgukb
tbm <?2; LTMLI Lkrmmamit egr tbm ^rgagtogi lih ^rgtmdtogi ge
Oivmstamit, gr tbm LTMLI Oivmstamit Kulrlitmm Lkrmmamit (OKL).
Oi Em`rulry 0>>?, tbm LTMLI Oivmstamit Lrml wls rmpfldmh `y
tbm LTMLI Dgaprmbmisovm Oivmstamit Lkrmmamit (LDOL), wbodb
tlcms oitg lddguit oitmriltogilf `mst prldtodms `lsmh gi egur
pofflrs‘fo`mrlfozltogi, prgtmdtogi, eldofotltogi, lih prgagtogi. Xbm
LDOL lfsg oidfuhms imw prgvosogis. Egr mxlapfm, lff oihustroms oi
Xbos plrlkrlpb hrlws gi Cgtmrl (0>>5).
0?
0?
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<42
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Tgurdm: @lsmh gi [ofsgi, Umral, lih Jlyitblcualrli (0><0).
@gx 8.<: Aokrltogi lih ^rghudtovoty
Oidrmlsmh aokrltogi dli dgitro`utm tg prghudtovoty lih
mdgigaod krgwtb `y `ggstoik tbm sozm ge l dguitry‟s wgrcoik-
lkm pgpufltogi (Agrfmy 0>>5). Oidrmlsmh gutput pmr wgrcmr,
plrtoduflrfy `y `mttmr-mhudltmh aokrlits, woff blvm l pgsotovm
oapldt gi krgwtb. Aokrltogi woff miblidm prghudtovoty krgwtb `y
rmlffgdltoik smdtgrlf mapfgyamit lih prghudtogi, hum tg tbm rosm
oi tbm scoffmh vmrsus uiscoffmh wlkm oi `gtb smihoik lih rmdmovoik
dguitroms. Oidrmlsmh rmaottlidms smit `y aokrlits dli egra li
meemdtovm rmhostro`utovm amdbliosa oi tbm smihoik dguitry‟s
mdgigay. Egr tbm rmdmovoik dguitry, aokrltogi woff oidrmlsm dlpotlf
egraltogi lih rmhudm dlpotlf oitmisoty, oidrmlsoik tbm alrkoilf
prghudtovoty ge dlpotlf lih eurtbmr midgurlkoik wgrfh slvoik,wbodb oapfoms dgivmrkmidm ge tbm smihoik lih rmdmovoik dguitroms
(Fmvoim mt lf. 0><>).
LDO os mxpmdtmh tg wotimss oidrmlsmh hmagkrlpbod oa`lflidms
`mtwmmi fl`gr surpfus lih fl`gr hmeodot dguitroms oi tmras ge
fgw-dgst, fgw-scoffmh fl`gr, lih bokbfy scoffmh fl`gr. Xbm ^PD,
Xbloflih, Uomt Ila, lih Oihgimsol, lagik gtbmrs, lrm prgjmdtmh
tg blvm sokioeodlit mfhmrfy pgpufltogis lih hmpmihmidy rltogs
ge `mtwmmi 0=% lih 8>% oi 0>4>. Ermm agvmamit ge fl`gr,
plrtoduflrfy ge scoffmh wgrcmrs ldrgss LDO, dli prgagtm mdgigaod
meeodomidy, prghudtovoty, lih sokioeodlit oaprgvmamits oi tbmor
wmff-`moik lih tbm qulfoty ge foem. Xbmrm lrm flrkm sprmlhs oiwlkms lih fovoik stlihlrhs oi tbm LDO tblt woff ldt ls oidmitovms tg
oidrmlsm oitrlrmkogilf aokrltogi oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. Xbm lkoik
ge pgpufltogis os mxpmdtmh tg sfgw prghudtovoty lih krgwtb ls
fl`gr egrdms hmdrmlsm lfgik wotb slvoiks lih oivmstamit rltms.
Xbos os focmfy tg hoaoiosb gutput lih dgisuaptogi krgwtb rltms
lih rmhudm pmr dlpotl tlx rmdmopts. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms tbmrmegrm
immh tg hmvmfgp lpprgproltm lih dgaagi aokrltogi pgfodoms tg
sblrm tbm `urhmis ge lkoik lih hmpmihmidy.
tbm aliueldturoik, lkrodufturm, eosbmry, egrmstry, lih aoioik lih
qulrryoik smdtgrs, lih smrvodms oidohmitlf tg tbmsm eovm smdtgrs lrm tg
`m fo`mrlfozmh. Xbm LTMLI EXLs wotb tbm ^PD, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml,
lih Lustrlfol—Imw Zmlflih lfsg blvm oivmstamit lkrmmamits. Oihol
lih Jlpli lrm durrmitfy imkgtoltoik li oivmstamit lkrmmamit.
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@gx 8.0: Xbm _liktzm Povmr Mdgigaod Dgrrohgr
<80
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
agrm gppgrtuiotoms tg oaprgvm oierlstrudturm, fmlhoik tg l vortugus
dydfm. Mlstmri Oihgimsol bls flkkmh, oi plrt `mdlusm tbm dguitry os li
lrdbopmflkg. @mttmr foics wotb Oihgimsol‟s elst-krgwoik rmkogis lih tbm
rmst ge tbm wgrfh wgufh stoaufltm hmvmfgpamit.
8.;.4 Pmkogilf dgiimdtovoty^li-Lsoli oiotoltovms. Lt tbm pli-Lsoli fmvmf, tbm aljgr oiotoltovm
os tbm aufto-aghlf trlispgrt alstmr pfli uihmr tbm Lsoli Flih
Xbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD) prgvohms gim ge tbm agst
suddmsseuf dlsms ge tbm strltmkod foiclkm `mtwmmi oierlstrudturm
hmvmfgpamit lih oihustrolf hmvmfgpamit. Xbm _liktzm Povmr Mdgigaod
Dgrrohgr kmimrltms 8=% ge tbm ^PD‟s krgss hgamstod prghudt, alcoik
ot tbm aloi hrovoik egrdm ge ots mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit. Egur dgrrohgrs
blvm `mmi hmvmfgpmh tg dgiimdt tbm flkkoik rmkogis tg tbos lhvlidmh
dglstlf rmkogi. Xbmy lrm tbm Joliksu—_liktzm, Libuo, Bu`mo—_liktzm,
lih Dbgikqoik—_liktzm mdgigaod dgrrohgrs. Xbm rmsufts oidfuhm:
Miblidmh dgiimdtovoty `mtwmmi tbm dglstlf dotoms tg oiflih rmkogis
]pkrlhmh dgitloimr sboppoik eldofotoms lih rovmr trlisot smrvodms
Dgistrudtogi ge trlispgrt oierlstrudturm, sudb ls rglhs, rlofs, tuiimfs,
`rohkms, lih pgrt eldofotoms.
Tgurdm: Joliksu ^rgvoidolf Egrmoki Llors Gffldm. bttp://www.jselg.kgv.di/yoikwmi/ylijolikcloel.lsp
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@gx 8.4: Xbm Hmfbo—Aua`lo Oihustrolf Dgrrohgr (HAOD)‘
Xlcoik tbm Pglh tg Krgwtb
Xbm HAOD loas tg drmltm l ‖`usoimss aghmf‑ gut ge ur`liozltogi.
Ot mivoslkms l <,824-cofgamtmr elst-spmmh hmhodltmh ermokbt dgrrohgr,
wbodb woff eldofotltm tbm drmltogi ge smvmi imw amkldotoms lih oihustrolf
zgims lih smvmrlf gtbmr dotoms lfgik tbm wly. Xbm prgjmdt mapblsozms
mxplihoik tbm aliueldturoik lih smrvodms `lsm. Xbm kgvmriamit
bls liiguidmh l rg`ust $?> `offogi `uhkmt egr tbm prgjmdt. Xruic
oierlstrudturm lfgik tbm dgrrohgr woff oidfuhm ioim amkl oihustrolf
zgims, l bokb-spmmh hmhodltmh ermokbt foim, tbrmm pgrts, sox lorpgrts,
li oitmrsmdtogi-ermm bokbwly, lih l 8,>>>-amklwltt pgwmr pflit. L
aoiostmrolf fmvmf stmmroik lutbgroty os tbm pgfodyalcoik `ghy ge tbm
prgjmdt.
Tgurdm: Hmfbo Aua`lo Oihustrolf Dgrrohgr Hmvmfgpamit Dgrpgrltogi Foaotmh.
bttp://www.haodhd.dga/
Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
Xrlispgrt Oierlstrudturm Hmvmfgpamit (LFXOH) prgjmdt, wbodb oidfuhms
lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms (smm @gx 8.8 egr hmtlofs). Oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhms,
LDO woff wotimss agrm drgss-`grhmr trlispgrt dgrrohgrs tblt woff `ggst
mdgigaod ldtovoty `y dgiimdtoik flkkoik rmkogis tg aljgr `usoimssdmitmrs lih dotoms. Mxostoik trlispgrt dgrrohgrs immh tg `m dgivmrtmh
oitg mdgigaod dgrrohgrs.
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Lsoli Flih Xrlispgrt Oierlstrudturm Hmvmfgpamit (LFXOH)
Xbm LFXOH oiotoltovm bls tbrmm dgapgimits‘tbm Lsoli Bokbwly,tbm Xrlis-Lsoli Plofwly, lih tbm eldofotltogi ge flih trlispgrt
prgjmdts tbrgukb oitmraghlf trlispgrt tmraoilfs. Ots progrotoms lrm
oitmrdgiimdtoik tbm Lsoli Bokbwly lih Xrlis-Lsoli Plofwly imtwgrcs
wotb smlpgrts lih mstl`fosboik ;>> ‖hry pgrts‑ oi flihfgdcmh dguitroms
`y 0><=. Xbm Lsoli Bokbwly prgjmdt smmcs tg oaprgvm mdgigaod foics
`mtwmmi Lsol, Murgpm, lih tbm Aohhfm Mlst. Ot os pfliimh ls l imtwgrc
ge <8<,0;< cofgamtmrs (ca) ge stlihlrhozmh bokbwlys‘oidfuhoik <==
drgss-`grhmr rglhs‘tblt drossdrgss 40 Lsoli dguitroms. Xbm Xrlis-
Lsoli Plofwly imtwgrc, dgvmroik l hostlidm ge <<8,>>> ca oi 02
dguitroms, wgufh foic pli-Lsoli lih pli-Murgpmli rlof imtwgrcs lt
vlrogus fgdltogis, dgiimdtoik aljgr pgrts lih prgvohoik flihfgdcmh
dguitroms wotb `mttmr lddmss tg smlpgrts (]IMTDL^ 0><>).
Krmltmr Amcgik Tu`rmkogi (KAT)
Xbm KAT bls hmvmfgpmh l <>-ymlr strltmkod erlamwgrc egr
miblidoik dgiimdtovoty lih dgapmtotovmimss oi tbm su`rmkogi. Xbm KAT
dguitroms blvm oiotoltmh tbrmm mdgigaod dgrrohgr prgjmdts (mlst—wmst,
igrtb—sgutb, lih sgutb) egr prgagtoik trlhm, oivmstamit, mdgigaod
hmvmfgpamit, lih trlispgrt oierlstrudturm dgiimdtovoty. Xbm KAT Drgss-
@grhmr Xrlispgrt Lkrmmamit dgvmrs lfagst lff lspmdts ge drgss-`grhmr
trlispgrt eldofotltogi. Xbm ama`mr dguitroms lrm lfsg `uofhoik drgss-
`grhmr oitmrdgiimdtogis `mtwmmi mimrky surpfus lih mimrky hmeodot
dguitroms uihmr li Oitmrkgvmriamitlf Lkrmmamit gi Pmkogilf ^gwmr
Xrlhm. Lhhotogilffy, l tmfmdgaauiodltogis imtwgrc bls `mmi hmvmfgpmh
tblt mxtmihs tg Dla`ghol, tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod (Flg
^HP), Xbloflih, lih Uomt Ila.
@ly ge @miklf Oiotoltovm egr Aufto-Tmdtgrlf Xmdbiodlf lih Mdgigaod
Dggpmrltogi (@OATXMD)
@OATXMD smmcs tg dgiimdt Tgutbmlst Lsol wotb Tgutb Lsol.
@OATXMD‟s smdtgrs oidfuhm trlhm lih oivmstamit, trlispgrt lih
dgaauiodltogi, mimrky, lih pmgpfm-tg-pmgpfm dgitldt. Oierlstrudturmrmdmovms spmdolf lttmitogi wotb tbm Mimrky Oierlstrudturm Hmvmfgpamit
^rgjmdt egr ilturlf kls, l emlso`ofoty stuhy egr Xbloflih‟s prgpgsmh
sbgrt-sml sboppoik hmvmfgpamit, prmplrltogi egr tbm prgpgsmh
@OATXMD Erlamwgrc Lkrmmamit gi Auftoaghlf Xrlispgrt, lih hmsoki
ge tbm Clidblil`uro—Xbrmm ^lkghl ^lss Plofwly foim.
@gx 8.8: ^li-Lsoli lih Tu`rmkogilf Dgiimdtovoty
(Dgitoiumh)
<88
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
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8.2 L ^rg-^rghudtovoty Lkmihl
egr LDOLddmfmrltoik prghudtovoty krgwtb os dmitrlf tg LDO‟s prgspmdts egr
aloitloioik rlpoh mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit, lvgohoik tbm aohhfm-oidgam
trlp, lih rmlfozoik ots pgtmitolf. Hmagkrlpbod trmihs, fgwmr kfg`lf
mdgigaod krgwtb, sfgwmr prgkrmss gi kfg`lf trlhm lih oivmstamit
fo`mrlfozltogi, lih mivorgiamitlf lih mimrky dblffmikms lff prmsmit
rmstrloits. Kovmi LDO‟s rmsgurdms lih alilkmrolf scoffs, tbmy lrm igt
oisuraguitl`fm. @ut tbmy woff rmquorm dgidmrtmh pgfody lttmitogi, `gfh
fmlhmrsbop, lih rmkogilf dgbmsogi. Xbm wly tg prgagtm dgapmtotogi
os tg hmrmkufltm hgamstod alrcmts lih fo`mrlfozm trlhm lih EHO, wbodb
woff gpmi hggrs egr imw hgamstod pflymrs lih egrmoki dgaplioms.
L aufto-prgikmh strltmky os rmquormh. Eorst, eoras aust eldm krmltmr
dgapmtotovm prmssurm tg upkrlhm tmdbigfgky, oaprgvm meeodomidy, lih
oiigvltm. Hmrmkufltoik hgamstod alrcmts lih fo`mrlfozoik trlhm wgufh
lddgapfosb tbos `y lttrldtoik imw hgamstod lih egrmoki mitrlits
lih `y uifmlsboik tbm dgapmtotovm prmssurms rmquormh tg stoaufltm
oiigvltogi lih mitrmprmimursbop.
^gfodoms aust lfsg eldofotltm tbm mxtmisogi ge rmkogilf prghudtogi
imtwgrcs tg dgiimdt tbm rmkogi‟s oidrmlsoikfy bokb-wlkm dguitromswotb prghudtogi fgdltogis wbmrm fgw-wlkm wgrcmrs lrm stoff lvlofl`fm.
Oitmkrltoik Oihol, Uomt Ila, Dla`ghol, tbm Flg ^HP, lih Aylialr
oitg rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs (P^Is) wgufh mil`fm tbmsm iltogis
tg l`sgr` aliy ge tbm mstoaltmh 2= aoffogi fgw-wlkm aliueldturoik
jg`s tblt lrm mxpmdtmh tg fmlvm tbm ^PD oi tbm dgaoik hmdlhm lih tg
lttloi tbm mdgigaoms ge sdlfm immhmh tg hmvmfgp kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm
oihustrolf dfustmrs (Foi 0><<l). Ermmr trlhm lih oivmstamit dli eldofotltm
tbm trlisemr ge tmdbigfgky lih alilkmamit cigw-bgw erga egrmoki
eoras tg hgamstod dgaplioms. Oaprgvoik dgiimdtovoty oi tbm rmkogi os
drudolffy oapgrtlit tg prgagtm agvmamit ge kgghs, smrvodms, pmgpfm,
euihs, oiegraltogi, lih gtbmrs, wbodb wgufh dgitro`utm tg oidrmlsm oi
prghudtovoty.
Oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms, oivmstamits oi mhudltogi lih trloioik
woff `m dmitrlf tg mil`fm wgrcegrdms tg l`sgr` tbm bokbmr scoffs
immhmh tg agvm oitg bokb-prghudtovoty oihustroms lih lssoaofltm imw
<85
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
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tmdbigfgkoms. Fl`gr alrcmts immh tg `mdgam efmxo`fm migukb tg mil`fm
wgrcmrs tg agvm wotboi dguitroms‘lih mvmi lagik tbma‘wotb audb
fmss hoeeodufty tbli os tbm dlsm igw.
Eoilffy, tbm LDO mdgigaoms rmquorm mivorgiamits tblt woff mil`fmwohm-sdlfm oiigvltogi. Xbmy aust oivmst oi tmdbigfgkodlf dlpl`ofotoms
oidfuhoik P&H (smm @gx 8.=), strmiktbmi oitmffmdtulf prgpmrty prgtmdtogi,
lih egstmr tbm hmvmfgpamit ge mdgsystmas tblt mil`fm hyilaod
mitrmprmimurs tg g`tloi tbm eoilidolf bmfp, trloioik, lih amitgrsbop
tbmy immh tg fluidb imw kmimrltogis ge `usoimssms lih oihustroms.
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh dgffl`grltm tg ldbomvm tbmsm g`jmdtovms.
L dgaprmbmisovm rmkogi-wohm lkrmmamit ge ermm trlhm lih oivmstamit‘
lih tblt mxtmihs `mygih kgghs tg smrvodms lih lkrodufturm‘wgufh
`m l aljgr lhvlidm, lih fmlh tg `rglhmr mdgigaod dggpmrltogi. Xbm
gikgoik hosdussogis egr li LTMLI+5 erlamwgrc tblt oidfuhms tbm ^PD,
tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, Jlpli, Oihol, Lustrlfol, lih Imw Zmlflih dgufh
`mkoi l prgdmss tblt woff fmlh tg l dgaprmbmisovm mdgigaod plrtimrsbop
oi Lsol. Xbm LDO iltogis, mspmdolffy tbm ^PD lih Oihol, tbm rmkogi‟s twg
rosoik mdgigaod kolits, sbgufh wgrc ofltmrlffy. Xbm hmtlofmh, prlkaltod
oapfmamitltogi ge tbos lkmihl os dmitrlffy oapgrtlit. Ot woff hmtmraoim
wbmtbmr tbm rmkogi dli ldbomvm tbm prghudtovoty klois lih imw mikoims
ge krgwtb rmquormh egr ots krmlt trlisegraltogi.
@gx 8.=: Pgfm ge Xmdbigfgkodlf Dlpl`ofotoms oi Lsoli Mfmdtrgiods^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs
Lsol‟s suddmss oi aliueldturmh mxpgrts oi mfmdtrgiods lih gtbmr
oihustroms bls `mmi uihmrpoiimh `y rmkogilf prghudtogi
imtwgrcs lih gutwlrh-gromitmh hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms. _mt
fottfm os cigwi oi tbm fotmrlturm l`gut tbm rgfm ge eora-fmvmf eldtgrs‘
agst igtl`fy `uofhoik tmdbigfgkodlf dlpl`ofotoms‘oi oiefumidoik tbm
`mblvogr ge prghudtogi imtwgrcs oi mdgigaodlffy oapgrtlit Lsoli
mdgigaoms.
Xg eoff tbos klp, rmdmit rmsmlrdb mxpfgrms `uofhoik tmdbigfgkodlf
dlpl`ofotoms oi tbm mfmdtrgiods prghudtogi imtwgrc oi Lsol tbrgukb leora-fmvmf, drgss-dguitry stuhy dgvmroik gvmr <,>>> eoras oi egur Lsoli
imwfy oihustrolfozoik mdgigaoms: tbm mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD),
Oihol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih. Xbm tmdbigfgkodlffy sgpbostodltmh
mfmdtrgiods oihustry os gim ge Lsol‟s flrkmst mxpgrts lih pflys l
drudolf rgfm oi tbm rmkogi‟s oihustrolf hmvmfgpamit. Xbm ^PD bls
(Dgitoiumh)
Mikoims ge rghudtovoty lih
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lttrldtmh sokioeodlit egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit (EHO) oiefgws lih bls
mamrkmh ls gim ge wgrfh‟s flrkmst mxpgrtmrs ge mfmdtrgiods prghudts.
Amliwbofm, Oihol os lttmaptoik tg egffgw tbm ^PD‟s mxlapfm `y
egstmroik l kfg`lf dgapmtotovm lhvlitlkm oi mfmdtrgiods prghudts.Xbloflih lih tbm ^bofoppoims blvm lfsg rmfomh gi EHO tg mamrkm ls
igtl`fm mfmdtrgiods mxpgrtmrs.
Xbm stuhy egdusmh gi trldoik tbm foics `mtwmmi tmdbigfgkodlf
dlpl`ofotoms lih mxpgrtoik. Mxpgrtoik, oapgrtoik, lih su`dgitrldtoik
lrm dgisohmrmh oapgrtlit eora-fmvmf ldtovotoms oivgfvmh oi oitmkrltoik
oitg prghudtogi imtwgrcs. ]soik rmdmit amtbghgfgkodlf hmvmfgpamits
oi tbm fotmrlturm gi tmdbigfgkodlf dlpl`ofotoms, tbm stuhy alppmh
fmvmfs ge tmdbigfgkodlf dlpl`ofotoms lddgrhoik tg hoeemrmit mitmrprosm
dblrldtmrostods lih mdgigamtrodlffy lilfyzmh eldtgrs leemdtoik eora-
fmvmf mxpgrtoik `mblvogr. Xbm alppoik ge tmdbigfgkodlf dlpl`ofotoms
utofozmh l erlamwgrc hmvmfgpmh `y tbm fltm Tlijlyl Flff wbodb
dltmkgrozmh dlpl`ofotoms oitg vlrogus tmdbiodlf euidtogis pmregramh
`y eoras tg l`sgr` tmdbigfgkoms erga l`rglh. ]soik Flff‟s erlamwgrc,
l tmdbigfgky oihmx (XO) wls dgistrudtmh `lsmh gi ioim eora-fmvmf
euidtogis tg rmprmsmit hoeemrmit fmvmfs ge tmdbigfgkodlf dgapmtmidm
igralfozmh tg rmsuft tg l vlfum `mtwmmi > lih <. Xbm XO sdgrms
dli `m oitmrprmtmh ls tbm bokbmr tbm XO sdgrm, tbm krmltmr tbm fmvmf
tmdbigfgkodlf dlpl`ofoty.
Xl`fm @8.=.<: Amlis ge Xmdbigfgky Oihmx Tdgrms `y Mxpgrt @mblvogr,
Gwimrsbop, lih Tozm
Xbloflih ^bofoppoims ^PD Oihol
Lff ras >.=< >.42 >.=0 >.82
Mxpgrtmrs >.=5 >.85 >.== >.=2
Igi-mxpgrtmrs >.4? >.02 >.=> >.85
Flrkm ras >.=? >.80 >.=8 >.5<
TAMs >.4< >.0; >.82 >.8;
Egrmoki ras >.=2 >.8< >.=8 IL
Hgamstod ras >.8> >.4< >.=< IL
IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 TAMs 1 salff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms.Tgurdms: PD, bofoppoims, Xbloflih hltl erga [okilrljl (0><0l, 0><0`, 0><4)3 Oihol hltl erga
lutbgrs‟ mstoaltogis.
Xl`fm @8.=.< sbgws tbm amlis ge tbm eora-fmvmf XO sdgrms egr
tbm egur Lsoli mdgigaoms `y mxpgrt `mblvogr, gwimrsbop, lih sozm.
(Dgitoiumh)
<82
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
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<=>
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= Alilkoik
Mimrky, [ltmr, lihtbm Mivorgiamit
=.< Oitrghudtogi
Xbm rlpoh mdgigaod mxplisogi ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms soidm tbm
<??>s igt gify bls alhm tbm rmkogi tbm dmitmr ge kfg`lf krgwtb oi
dgisuaptogi lih prghudtogi `ut lfsg bls drmltmh strgik prmssurm gi
tbm rmkogi‟s ilturlf rmsgurdms lih mivorgiamit. Xbm oapldt ge tbm
gvmrusm ge aoimrlfs, wltmr, eosbmroms, egrmsts, lih gtbmr rmsgurdms os
`moik emft ldrgss tbm rmkogi. Dlr`gi maossogis blvm rosmi hrlaltodlffy,
blraoik tbm qulfoty ge lor, wltmr, lih lrl`fm flih lih bmokbtmioik tbm
roscs ge kfg`lf wlraoik.Xbm strgik krgwtb prgjmdtmh egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff `roik wotb
ot mvmi krmltmr rmspgiso`ofoty egr stmwlrhsbop gvmr oidrmlsoikfy sdlrdm
rmsgurdms lih tbm mdgfgkodlf bmlftb ge Lsol lih tbm pflimt. LDO‟s
rosoik trlispgrtltogi immhs, oidrmlsmh leefumidm, bmlvy rmfolidm gi
dlr`gi-`lsmh eumfs, lih mimrky-oitmisovm oihustroms amli tblt mimrky
hmalih woff rosm hrlaltodlffy‘lih woff gutstrop rmkogilf prghudtogi
dlpl`ofotoms. Eurtbmragrm, LDO‟s rgfm ls tbm wgrfh‟s `okkmst sgurdm ge
krmmibgusm kls maossogis os focmfy tg krgw.
Aosalilkmamit ge tbmsm rmspgiso`ofotoms woff alkioey mamrkoik
dblffmikms sudb ls mimrky lih wltmr smduroty, mivorgiamitlf hmkrlhltogi,
lih dfoaltm dblikm‘lih dgufh pgtmitolffy dgistrloi euturm krgwtb
ge oihovohulf LDO mdgigaoms lih tbmor imokb`grs (smm Dblptmr 0 egr l
hmtlofmh lilfysos). Ot lfsg dgufh kmimrltm `ofltmrlf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf
tmisogis ls gtbmr iltogis dgapmtm egr rmsgurdms lih strukkfm tg dgpm
wotb mxtmrilf mdgfgkodlf oapldts. Xbm prmsmit dgursm os uisustloil`fm.
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<=0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Xbos dblptmr lilfyzms tbm trmihs lih oapfodltogis ge LDO‟s
dgisuaptogi ge cmy rmsgurdms sudb ls mimrky lih wltmr lih tbm
rmfltmh mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms. Ot mxlaoims tbm oivmstamits tbm
rmkogi aust alcm oi mimrky meeodomidy lih dgismrvltogi, mivorgiamit-eromihfy mimrky sgurdms, `uofhoiks, lih oierlstrudturm. Ot lfsg mxpfgrms
bgw tbm LDO dguitroms dli wgrc wotb mldb gtbmr lih wotb tbm kfg`lf
dgaauioty tg alilkm rmsgurdms, lhhrmss mivorgiamitlf dblffmikms,
lih hmvmfgp imw stlihlrhs tg dur` maossogis ge krmmibgusm klsms
lih kulrlitmm mimrky lih wltmr smduroty ls tbm rmkogi agvms tgwlrh
l fgw-dlr`gi krmmi krgwtb plrlhoka.
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm suddmsseuf wbmi juhkmh `y tbmor rlpoh
krgwtb. Xbmor rmdgrh os fmss oaprmssovm wbmi mivorgiamitlf hlalkm
os lddguitmh egr. Agst LDO mdgigaoms blvm krgwi rlpohfy `y rmfyoik
bmlvofy gi mxpgrts ge aliueldturoik prghudts. Xbmy mdlam agrm meeodomit
prghudmrs ge proalry dgaaghotoms lih oihustrolf kgghs‘`ut lt l dgst
tg tbmor ilturlf mivorgiamits lih rmsgurdms rmsmrvms (Gutfggc @usoimss
0>>2). Hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms turimh oidrmlsoikfy tgwlrh dfmlimr, smrvodm-
gromitmh prghudtogi, oapgrtoik agrm mimrky-oitmisovm kgghs lt fgw
prodms. ]itof rmdmitfy, LDO lddguitmh egr l salff sblrm ge wgrfh hmalih
egr rmsgurdms sudb ls mimrky, amtlfs, lih eggh dgaaghotoms rmfltovm tg
tbm sozm ge tbmor pgpufltogis. LDO‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf mimrky dgisuaptogi
imlrfy hgu`fmh, erga <5% oi 0>>> tg 0;% oi 0>>? (MOL 0><0).
[bofm tbm LDO dguitroms blvm pgurmh dgisohmrl`fm dlpotlf oitgoihustrolf dlpldoty lih trlispgrtltogi lih mimrky oierlstrudturm,
bgwmvmr, tbmy blvm oivmstmh rmfltovmfy fottfm oi pgffutogi prmvmitogi,
mimrky meeodomidy, rmimwl`fm mimrky, lih sustloil`fm orrokltmh
lkrodufturm. Mxostoik mdgigaod pgfodoms lih alrcmt oidmitovms dgitoium
tg lffgw `usoimssms tg kmimrltm sokioeodlit mivorgiamitlf prg`fmas,
flrkmfy uidbmdcmh lih uilddguitmh egr.
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms agrm tbli hgu`fmh oi sozm `mtwmmi <?2< lih
0><>. @ut 5>% ge tbmor mihgwamit ge ilturlf rmsgurdms wls dgisuamh
huroik tbos pmrogh. Agst ge tbm rmkogi‟s mdgsystmas blvm motbmr `mmi
hmkrlhmh gr gvmrusmh (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IM^ 0><0).
Xbm ^PD‟s gim-gee lttmapt tg dlfdufltm ‖krmmi KH^‑ eguih tblt mivorgiamitlf pgffutogi
dgst 4.>=% ge krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) oi 0>>8, gr lrguih gim-tborh ge KH^ krgwtb oi
tblt ymlr (Tui 0>>;). Lftbgukb sudb mstoaltms lrm uilvgohl`fy spmdufltovm, ot os oihodltovm ge
tbm trum alkiotuhm ge hlalkm tblt tbos plrtoduflr eokurm midgaplssmh gify hormdt mdgigaod
fgssms (sudb ls lkrodufturlf prghudtogi lih bmlftb) lih igt ilturlf rmsgurdm hmkrlhltogi gr
fgik-tmra mdgfgkodlf hlalkm.
4>
4>
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
=.0 Tustloil`fm lih Tmdurmh
Mimrky oi LDO=.0.< Ammtoik mimrky immhs wbofm mlsoik
hmpmihmidm gi egssof eumfs
Mimrky hmalih. Xbm LDO dguitroms lddguit egr ?0% ge mimrky
dgisuamh oi Lsol‘agrm tbli 4 aoffogi tgis ge gof mquovlfmit (Atgm)
ls ge 0>>2 (OML 0><<l)‘lih ?=% ge prghudtogi. Lfagst lff mimrky
rmsgurdms mxtrldtmh oi LDO efgw wotboi tbm rmkogi, lih lrm votlf tg
imokb`groik iltogis sudb ls Jlpli lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml. Xgtlf
proalry mimrky hmalih ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘ls l wbgfm ls wmff ls
oihovohulffy‘woff lfagst hgu`fm oi 0>4> dgaplrmh tg tbm hmalih oi
0>>? (Xl`fm =.<).
@y 0>4>, tbm aljgr sgurdm ge mimrky hmalih oi LDO‘mfmdtrodoty
dgisuaptogi‘os prgjmdtmh tg hgu`fm dgaplrmh tg 0><> eokurms,
lddguitoik egr l`gut ;>% ge Lsol‟s tgtlf dgisuaptogi. Hmalih oi tbm
^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD) woff hgu`fm, lddguitoik egr imlrfy tbrmm-
qulrtmrs ge tgtlf LDO mfmdtrodoty hmalih. Oihol woff eldm l imlrfy tbrmmegfh
oidrmlsm lih tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) l twglih blfe-egfh oidrmlsm oi 0>4> dgaplrmh tg 0><> (Xl`fm =.0).
Mimrky suppfy aox. Lsol‟s immh egr mimrky woff krgw audb krmltmr
`y 0>4> lih woff rmaloi bmlvofy `olsmh tgwlrh egssof eumfs. Oi 0>4>,
82% ge Lsol‟s mimrky woff `m amt `y dglf‘dgaplrmh tg 80% oi 0>>>.
Hmpmihmidm gi gof os prgjmdtmh tg rmldb 0<%, 8% agrm tbli oi 0>>>.
@ogalss, l aljgr dfmli mimrky sgurdm, woff hmdfoim sokioeodlitfy oi
rmfltovm oapgrtlidm erga 08% oi 0>>; tg <>% oi 0>4>. Xbm sblrm ge
dfmli mimrky suppfomh `y iudfmlr mimrky woff rmaloi tbm slam lt =%
huroik tbos pmrogh (Xl`fm =.4).
Egssof eumfs gvmrwbmfaoikfy hgaoiltm tbm rmkogi‟s mimrky
aox (Eokurm =.<). Oi 0>>2, dglf lddguitmh egr =;.2% ge LDO mimrky
dgisuaptogi, gof prghudts egr 00.2%, lih ilturlf kls egr ;.5%.
Hltl oi tbos smdtogi lrm erga L^MPD (0>>?) mxdmpt wbmrm spmdoeomh.4<
4<
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Xl`fm =.<: lst lih ^rgjmdtmh Xgtlf roalry Mimrky
Dgisuaptogi oi LDO (Atgm)
Xl`fm =.0: Mfmdtrodoty Dgisuaptogi oi LDO (X[b)
0>>> 0>>? 0>4>
^PD ?<5.< 0,0;<.> 8,40>.>
Oihol 44?.0 55?.> <,0>8.>
@ruimo Hlrusslfla <.5 4.0 5.2
Dla`ghol >.? <.; <0.>
Oihgimsol ?;.5 <=0.= 402.8
Flg ^HP >.? <.< 5.?
Alflysol 8?.2 5;.? <4>.=
Aylialr 4.? 5.8 05.?
^bofoppoims 02.5 4>.0 ;?.5
Toiklpgrm 42.8 =;.> =0.5
Xbloflih 5=.< <>>.; 0<4.>
Uomt Ila <2.= 80.2 <4<.=
Xgtlf LTMLI 4>=.0 854.= ?22.0
Xgtlf LDO <,25=.2 4,25;.> ;,=>>.8
0>>> 0><> 0>4>
Lsoli mfmdtrodotydgisuaptogi
4,0?8 ;,>=4 <8,<5<
LDO mfmdtrodotydgisuaptogi
<,;;<(=4.2%)
8,?0=(5?.2%)
8,40>(;5.;%)
^PD<,>2<
(40.2%)4,544
(=<.=%);,=<4
(=4.<%)
Oihol45?
(<<.0%)5??
(?.?%)<,?55
(<4.?%)
LTMLI40<
(?.;%)=?4
(2.8%)<,424
(?.2%)
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Flg HP 1 Flg
^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 Atgm 1 aoffogi tgis ge gof mquovlfmit3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge
Dboil.
Tgurdms: 0>>> hltl erga MOL (0><0). bttp://www.mol.kgv/delpps/oph`prgjmdt/OMHOihmx4.dea3
0>>? hltl egr tbm ^PD lih Oihol erga OML (0><<l)3 LTMLI hltl erga MOL (0><0)3 0>4> hltl erga Eli
lih @blttldblryly (0><0).
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 X[b 1 tmrlwltt-bgur.
Igtm: Eokurms oi plrmitbmsms sbgw tbm pmrdmitlkm sblrm oi tgtlf Lsoli dgisuaptogi.
Tgurdms: OML (0>>?`)3 MOL (0><0)3 Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh (0><<).
<=8
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Xl`fm =.4: Mimrky Tuppfy Aox oi Lsol (%)
0>>> 0>>; 0>4>
Dglf 80 8; 82Gof <; 0> 0<
Kls <> << <0
Iudfmlr = 8 =
Byhrg 0 0 0
@ogalss 08 <= <>
Gtbmr > < 0
Tgurdms: OML (0>>?`, 0><<l)3 Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh (0><<).
Eokurm =.<: LDO‟s Xgtlf Mimrky Dgisuaptogi `y Xypm, 0>>2
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol.
Tgurdms: MHAD (0><<)3 OML (0><<`).
Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
Dga`usto`fm rmimwl`fm eumfs lih wlstm lddguit egr tbm rmaloihmr.
Xbos bokb hmpmihmidm gi dglf lih druhm gof os dlusoik dgisohmrl`fm
hlalkm tg LDO‟s mivorgiamit lih dgitro`utms sokioeodlitfy tg kfg`lf
wlraoik lih dfoaltm dblikm.
Mimrky dgisuaptogi os bmlvofy oiefumidmh `y mldb dguitry‟s
ilturlf mihgwamits lih mdgigaod hrovmrs. Oi 0>>2, tbm ^PD, tbm
wgrfh‟s smdgih-flrkmst tgtlf mimrky dgisuamr, rmfomh gi dglf egr ;<%
ge tbm 0,<<5 Atgm usmh lih gof egr <?%. [otb bokb mdgigaod krgwtb
rltms lih agrm tbli <=% ge tbm wgrfh‟s pgpufltogi, Oihol os rosoik elst
ls l aljgr mimrky usmr, rmldboik 50< Atgm oi 0>>2. Oi 0>>2, dglf lih
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<=5
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
pmlt lddguitmh egr imlrfy 80% ge Oihol‟s tgtlf mimrky dgisuaptogi,
egffgwmh `y dga`usto`fm rmimwl`fms lih wlstm (0;%), gof (08%), lih
ilturlf kls (5%) (MDD 0><<).
Oi tbm fmss-hmvmfgpmh LDO mdgigaoms, rmimwl`fm mimrky lddguitsegr l bokb sblrm ge tbm mimrky aox. Oi tbm ^bofoppoims, kmgtbmralf,
sgflr, lih gtbmr rmimwl`fm mimrky lddguit egr l euff 8<% ge tgtlf
dgisuaptogi, dgaplrmh tg 44% egr gof lih <5% egr dglf oi 0>>2. Oi
Oihgimsol, gof lddguitmh egr imlrfy 4=% ge tgtlf mimrky dgisuaptogi
oi 0>>2, egffgwmh `y imlrfy 00% egr dga`usto`fm rmimwl`fm mimrky,
lih ilturlf kls egr <?%, lfagst tbm slam ls dglf. Gof lih kls lddguit
egr vortulffy lff dgisuaptogi oi Toiklpgrm, gim ge tbm wgrfh‟s `usomst
sboppoik pgrts. Oi 0>>2, @ruimo Hlrusslfla rmfomh lfagst mitormfy gi
ots gwi rmsgurdms egr mimrky, wotb ilturlf kls lddguitoik egr ;2.=% ge
dgisuaptogi lih gof egr 0<.=% (MDD 0><<).
Xbm tbrmm agst oapgrtlit kglfs egr mimrky pgfody lrm tg misurm
tblt mimrky suppfy os sustloil`fm, smdurm, lih dgihudovm tg krgwtb.
Dgitoiumh strgik mdgigaod lih pgpufltogi krgwtb amli tblt LDO‟s
bokb rmfolidm gi egssof eumfs, hmpmihmidm gi oapgrts, lih wlstmeuf usm
ge mimrky woff alcm mldb ge tbmsm kglfs oidrmlsoikfy dblffmikoik. Xbm
rmkogi‟s pgfodyalcmrs woff blvm tg alcm blrh dbgodms `mtwmmi sbgrt-
lih fgikmr-tmra progrotoms, soidm tbmsm kglfs aly dgiefodt.
=.0.0 Mimrky smduroty^fmitoeuf lih krgwoik suppfoms ge mimrky lrm mssmitolf tg lfagst lff
smdtgrs ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms, plrtoduflrfy aliueldturoik, lkrodufturm,
lih trlispgrt. Agst LDO mdgigaoms oapgrt agrm tbli blfe ge tbmor gof,
lih gof prghudtogi `y Oihgimsol, Alflysol, lih tbm ^PD os prgjmdtmh
tg hmdfoim.
Mimrky suppfoms dli m tbrmltmimh y kfg`lf pgfotodlf hmvmfgpamits,
hmtmrogrltoik smduroty oi mimrky-prghudoik dguitroms gr lfgik suppfy
rgutms, lih y lddohmits gr ilturlf hoslstmrs. Xbm oapldt os trlisaottmh
tbrgukb suppfy dblois tg lff smdtgrs ge tbm mdgigay lih oidrmlsms tbm
rosc ge oiefltogi. Li mxtrmam euturm sdmilrog os tblt mvmi dguitroms woffoik
tg ply alrcmt prodms egr mimrky prghudts woff `m uil`fm tg ammt tbmor
immhs hum tg suppfy sbgrtlkms. L sbgdc tblt dlusms li uiprmdmhmitmh
oidrmlsm oi mimrky prodms dli lfsg hmrlof hmalih. Lff tbmsm eldtgrs immh
tg `m dgisohmrmh wbmi egraufltoik li mimrky smduroty pgfody. Elst-
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Eokurm =.0: Xrmihs oi Pltm ge Mimrky Tmfe-Tuffldomidy oi LDO,
0>>>—0>>2
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdms: MHAD (0><<)3 OML (0><<`).
Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
krgwoik iltogis focm tbm ^PD lih Oihol lrm plrtoduflrfy dgidmrimh wotb
mimrky smduroty. Xbm dgidmris lrm ls egffgws:
Mimrky smfe-sueeodomidy. LDO‟s hmpmihmidm gi oapgrts bls krgwi
oi rmdmit ymlrs, mxbo`otmh `y hmdrmlsmh gr stlkilit smfe-sueeodomidyrltogs (Eokurm =.0). Egr tbm agst plrt, tbos hmpmihmidy bls krgwi oi
mldb aljgr dltmkgry ge egssof eumf. Oi tbm <?2>s, egr mxlapfm, tbm ^PD
wls li mxpgrtmr ge dglf lih gtbmr rmsgurdms. Xbm ^PD wls mssmitolffy
smfe-sueeodomit oi mimrky ls rmdmitfy ls <??;. Mimrky hmalih krmw
rlpohfy hum tg mimrky-oitmisovm oihustrolf hmvmfgpamit lih tbm sprmlh
ge agtgrozmh trlispgrtltogi. Ls ge 0>>2, tbm ^PD dgufh suppfy ?4.<%
ge ots gwi mimrky immhs. Xbm ^PD stoff prghudms tbm krmlt aljgroty ge
tbm dglf ot dgisuams. @ut ot `mdlam l imt gof oapgrtmr oi <??4, lih ots
hmpmihmidm gi gof oapgrts oidrmlsmh tg =8.0%, ls ge 0>>2. @y 0>4=, tbm
^PD woff oapgrt imlrfy <0.2 aoffogi `lrrmfs pmr hly, gr 28% ge ots tgtlf
hmalih (Hryshlfm 0><<).
Oihol, `y dgitrlst, bls rmfomh gi mimrky oapgrts egr l fgik toam,
wotb l smfe-sueeodomidy rltm ge ;=.8% oi 0>>2. Lftbgukb Oihol os l aljgr
dglf prghudmr, ot bls `mdgam agrm hmpmihmit gi oapgrts, lih gify
Hmpmihmidm gi oapgrtmh mimrky 1 mimrky imt oapgrt/mimrky dgisuaptogi.
Mimrky smfe-sueeodomidy 1 hgamstod prghudtogi/tgtlf dgisuaptogi.
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Xl`fm =.8: LDO‟s Mimrky Tmduroty Egrmdlst, 0>4> (%)
^PD Oihol @ruimoHlrusslfla
Oihgimsol Alflysol Toiklpgrm ^bofoppoims Xbloflih Uomt Ila
Hmpmihmidm gioapgrtmh gof
;8.;= 25.5> >.>> 5>.=> 88.;> <>>.>> <>>.>> ;0.=> ;0.2>
Hmpmihmidm gioapgrtmh kls
;0.8; 4<.8> >.>> >.>> >.>> <>>.>> ?<.=> <>>.>> <.4>
Hmpmihmidm gioapgrtmh dglf
0<.80 40.8> IL >.>> ?=.;> IL ;4.?> 20.>4 >.>>
Mimrkysmfe-suffldomidy
50.;> 8?.;> 0;>.5> <82.<> 25.4> <.;> 48.?> 05.2> ;=.5>
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtms: Hmpmihmidm gi oapgrtmh mimrky 1 mimrky imt oapgrt/mimrky dgisuaptogi. Oihol‟s mimrky smfe-suffldomidy os tbm smfe-suffldomidy ge egssof
mimrky.
Tgurdms: OML (0><>)3 L^MPD (0>>?)3 lutbgrs‟ lilfysos.
<=2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
suppfomh <4.?% ge ots gwi hmalih oi 0>>2. Mimrky smfe-sueeodomidy
lagik LTMLI dguitroms vlroms. @ruimo Hlrusslfla prghudms imlrfy
sox toams agrm mimrky tbli ot immhs, egr mxlapfm, lih os l aljgr
mxpgrtmr. Toiklpgrm, gi tbm gtbmr blih, prghudms gify >.=% ge ots
mimrky. Ot os tgtlffy hmpmihmit gi oapgrts egr gof lih ilturlf kls.
Oihgimsol, Alflysol, lih Uomt Ila lfsg lrm flrkm mimrky mxpgrtmrs, `ut
smfe-sueeodomidy os wmlcmioik oi lff tbrmm dguitroms.
Mimrky smfe-sueeodomidy oi agst dguitroms woff hmdfoim `y 0>4>
(Xl`fm =.8). Xbm ^PD‟s smfe-sueeodomidy rltm os prgjmdtmh tg hrgp tg
50.;%, lih tbm dguitry woff immh tg oapgrt lrguih tbrmm-qulrtmrs geots dglf lih ilturlf kls. Oihol‟s gvmrlff smfe-sueeodomidy rltm woff hrgp
`mfgw =>%. Lagik LTMLI dguitroms, gify @ruimo Hlrusslfla woff
rmaloi euffy mimrky smfe-sueeodomit. Oihgimsol, Alflysol, lih Uomt Ila
woff `m imt gof oapgrtmrs oi 0>4>.
=.0.4 Posc ge suppfy hosruptogis hum tg
kmgpgfotods
Agrm tbli blfe tbm druhm gof oapgrtmh `y tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih
Toiklpgrm dgams erga tbm Aohhfm Mlst lih plssms tbrgukb tbm Ttrlot
ge Alflddl. Xbos ilrrgw sml flim dgufh `m mlsofy sbut tbrgukb aofotlry
Lddgrhoik tg tbm prmsmitltogi `y Plaliltbli (0><<`) erga tbm Mimrky lih Pmsgurdms
Oistotutm (XMPO), Oihol‟s dglf oapgrt hmpmihmidy woff oidrmlsm tg 2>% oi tbm `usoimss ls usulf
sdmilrog.
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
`fgdclhms, tmrrgrost ldts, gr porldy, prmsmitoik roscs ge suppfy. Jgoit
alilkmamit ge alrotoam flims lih jgoit pgfodm ldtogis lkloist porldy
lih tmrrgrosa dgufh oaprgvm tbm slemty ge gof trlispgrtltogi smduroty.
Oi lhhotogi, tbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgufh strmiktbmi tbmor hopfgaltodrmfltogisbops wotb gof-prghudoik dguitroms tg misurm dgisostmit suppfy.
=.0.8 Blrimssoik rmimwl`fm mimrkyKovmi tbm roscs, tbmrm os ig toam egr LDO tg wlot tg hrlw up lih
oapfmamit lftmriltovm imw mimrky sdmilrogs. Xbm imxt <>—0> ymlrs
prgvohm l drotodlf woihgw `mdlusm sg audb imw mimrky hmvmfgpamit
woff `m pfliimh lih oapfmamitmh huroik tbos pmrogh. Agst imw
prghudtogi gvmrwbmfaoikfy elvgrs egssof eumfs. LDO bls l`uihlit dglf
lih ilturlf kls, `ut os rmfltovmfy sbgrt ge druhm gof. @mtwmmi 0>>; lih
0>>2, mimrky prghudtogi oi tbm LDO rmkogi rgsm `y agrm tbli ?%, tg
0,?4< Atgm. Dglf lddguitmh egr 5=% ge prghudtogi, gof <4%, lih ilturlf
kls ?% (OML 0><<l).
Xbm ^PD lih Oihol lrm rodb oi dglf wbofm LTMLI os mihgwmh wotb
ilturlf kls. Xbm ^PD lddguits egr 58% ge tbm rmkogi‟s dglf lih Oihol
40.2%. Oihgimsol bls just 0.8% ge LDO dglf, Xbloflih >.;5%, lih Uomt
Ila fmss tbli >.<%. Ilturlf kls oi Oihgimsol lih Alflysol dgvmrs blfe ge
tbm tgtlf rmsmrvms oi LDO rmkogi, wbofm tbm tgtlf gof rmsmrvms oi Oihgimsol,
Alflysol, lih Uomt Ila alcm up 8>% ge tbm tgtlf (OML 0><<l).Xbm usm ge rmimwl`fm sgurdms‘oidfuhoik sgflr, woih, `ogalss,
gdmli mimrky, byhrgpgwmr, lih kmgtbmralf pgwmr‘os krgwoik oi
LDO. Xbm rmkogi lfsg bls `mdgam l cmy hrovmr ge rmimwl`fm mimrky
tmdbigfgky hmvmfgpamit lih mxpgrt aliueldturmr ge mquopamit sudb
ls pbgtgvgftlod dmff lrrlys lih woih tur`oims. @ut rmimwl`fm sgurdms
lddguit egr fmss tbli <>% ge LDO‟s tgtlf mimrky aox (OML 0><<l). Agst
ge tblt os oi tbm egra ge flrkm byhrgpgwmr, oistlffltogis lih trlhotogilf
`ogalss. @ut tbm smdtgr os krgwoik rlpohfy. Liiulf rmimwl`fm mimrky
oivmstamit rmldbmh $<50 `offogi oi 0>>?, lih rmimwl`fm sgurdms
rmprmsmitmh l`gut 0=% ge imw pgwmr dlpldoty lih <2% ge imw
oivmstamit oi dlpldoty (]IM^ lih @fgga`mrk 0><>). [bofm tbmsm
iua`mrs fggc oaprmssovm, bgwmvmr, LDO os stlrtoik erga l fgw `lsm.
Agrm rmimwl`fm mimrky hmvmfgpamit woff `m imdmsslry egr tbm LDO
mdgigaoms tg ammt euturm mimrky hmalih, plrtoduflrfy egr fgw-dlr`gi
mimrky. Lddgrhoik tg tbm [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0><> , euihs aly
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<5>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
`m lvlofl`fm oi sgam dguitroms `ut igt lffgdltmh gr lddmsso`fm egr
rmimwl`fm mimrky prgjmdts ([grfh @lic 0><>`).
Iudfmlr mimrky dgufh `m li oapgrtlit plrt ge LDO‟s rmimwl`fm
mimrky pgrtegfog. Dgistrudtogi ge iudfmlr pgwmr pflits bls sfuapmhsoidm tbm fltm <?2>s, bgwmvmr. Pmsmlrdb os urkmitfy immhmh tg bmfp
hmtmraoim tbm dgitro`utogi iudfmlr mimrky dli alcm, lih kgvmriamits
aly immh tg bmfp euih igt gify tbm dgistrudtogi ge pflits `ut lfsg
mhudltogi prgkrlas egr scoffmh tmdbiodolis wbg dli `uofh lih gpmrltm
tbma. Kgvmriamits lfsg aust bmfp eoih amtbghs egr hmlfoik slemfy
lih meemdtovmfy wotb tbm wlstm iudfmlr pflits kmimrltm, plrtoduflrfy oi
vomw ge tbm 0><< iudfmlr hoslstmr oi Jlpli.
=.0.= Hmvmfgpoik rmkogilf gr drgss-`grhmrmimrky oierlstrudturm
Kovmi tbmor kmgkrlpby lih mdgigaod rmsgurdms, tbm LDO mdgigaoms
lrm wmff pfldmh tg uihmrtlcm drgss-`grhmr mimrky prgjmdts tblt dli alcm
tbmor mimrky euturm agrm stl`fm lih smdurm. @y dggpmrltoik, tbm LDO
mdgigaoms dgufh lfsg rmhudm tbm dgst ge hmvmfgpoik lftmriltovm mimrky.
Jgoit hmvmfgpamit ge tbm Amcgik Povmr, egr oistlidm, dgufh oaprgvm
bgw tblt rmkogilf rmsgurdm os usmh. LDO lfsg dgufh mstl`fosb l jgoit gof
mamrkmidy systma soaoflr tg tblt ge tbm Oitmriltogilf Mimrky Lkmidyama`mr dguitroms. Xbm rmkogi lfsg dli dgffl`grltm gi sblroik lih
trlisemrroik mimrky tmdbigfgkoms, alilkmamit ge strltmkod pmtrgfmua
stgdcs, lih gpmrltogi ge rmkogilf mfmdtrodoty lih kls imtwgrcs. LDO
rmkogilf dggpmrltogi oi tbm mimrky smdtgr dgufh gddur oi tbm trlisemr
lih sblroik ge mimrky tmdbigfgkoms, alilkmamit ge strltmkod pmtrgfmua
stgdcs, lih oitmkrltogi ge mfmdtrodoty lih kls imtwgrcs.
Xbm LTMLI ^fli ge Ldtogi gi Mimrky Dggpmrltogi (L^LMD) dgufh
smrvm ls l `fumproit egr rmkogilf dggpmrltogi oi mimrky alilkmamit
(LTMLI 0>>?). Cmy ldbomvmamits ge tbm L^LMD oidfuhm mstl`fosbamit ge
li LTMLI pgwmr kroh, l prgjmdt tblt woff dgst li mstoaltmh $=.? `offogi.
L trlis-LTMLI kls popmfoim os tg `m mstl`fosbmh `y 0>0> (Eokurm =.4).
Tmvmrlf `ofltmrlf lih mxtrl-rmkogilf mimrky dggpmrltogi oiotoltovms
oivgfvoik LDO lih Tgutb lih Dmitrlf Lsoli dguitroms lrm lfrmlhy
uihmrwly (@gx =.<). Xbm Flg ^HP lih Xbloflih, egr mxlapfm, blvm
oapfmamitmh smvmrlf jgoit byhrgpgwmr trlhm prgjmdts. Xbm agst
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Eokurm =.4: Xrlis-LTMLI Kls opmfoim
Igtms: Xbm trlis-LTMLI kls popmfoim os l rmkogilf kls imtwgrc tblt os tg m oi pfldm y 0>0>.
Ot oivgfvms dgistrudtogi ge 8,=>> cofgamtmrs (ca) ge popmfoims, aloify uihmrwltmr, lt l dgst ge $; offogi. Mokbt ofltmrlf kls
popmfoim oitmrdgiimdtogi prgjmdts, wotb l tgtlf fmiktb ge lpprgxoaltmfy 0,4>> ca, lrm durrmitfy gpmrltoik oi tbm rmkogi,
dgiimdtoik Alflysol lih Toiklpgrm, Aylialr lih Xbloflih, lih Oihgimsol lih Toiklpgrm, lagik gtbmrs. Xbortmmi
lhhotogilf popmfoims lrm tg m dgistrudtmh uihmr tbm pfli.
Tgurdm: LTMLI (0><>).
Ila Xbmui 0 ^rgjmdt (Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod)
Xbm Ila Xbmui 0 prgjmdt os tbm `okkmst byhrgpgwmr prgjmdt oi
tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod. Xbm prgjmdt dgitro`utms tg fgdlf
lih rmkogilf hmvmfgpamit, rmhudms pgvmrty, lih prgvohms l rmimwl`fm
lih dfmli mimrky sgurdm. Ot `mkli euff kmimrltogi smrvodm gi <= Alrdb
0><>, suppfyoik tbm Mfmdtrodoty Kmimrltoik Lutbgroty ge Xbloflih wotb
<,>>> amklwltts.
@gx =.<: @ofltmrlf/Mxtrl-Pmkogilf Mimrky Dggpmrltogi
Oivgfvoik tbm LDO Mdgigaoms
(Dgitoiumh) Tgurdm: LH@ (0><0d).
Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
igtl`fm os Ila Xbmui 0, tbm Flg ^HP‟s `okkmst byhrg prgjmdt. Xbm
0=>-amklwltt Rmclali 4 byhrg prgjmdt, dgaaossogimh oi 0><>,
suppfoms mfmdtrodoty tg tbm Flg ^HP lih Uomt Ila. Gtbmr dgffl`grltovmbyhrgmfmdtrod gppgrtuiotoms oi tbm Flg ^HP oidfuhm mxplisogi ge tbm
5>-amklwltt Xbmui-Boi`gui prgjmdt tblt woff suppfy Xbloflih.
Tmm IX^D (0><0) egr agrm oiegraltogi.
4=
4=
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Tgurdm: LH@ (0>>;`).
Tgurdm: LH@ (0><0h).
Tgurdm: @@D (0><>).
[mst Tmto Byhrgmfmdtrod ^rgjmdt (Implf)
Xbm <?=-amtmr bokb stgrlkm typm hla bls l dlpldoty ge
;=> amklwltts. L <40.=-cofgamtmr trlisaossogi foim mxtmihs tg tbm
Implf—Oihol `grhmr lt Albmihrlilklr oi tbm Cloflfo hostrodt. Ligtbmr
?2-cofgamtmr trlisaossogi oi ]ttlr ^rlhmsb foics ot tg tbm Oiholi kroh.
Xbm mstoaltmh oivmstamit os $8= aoffogi.
Xurcamiostli—Lekbliostli—^lcostli—Oihol (XL^O)
Xbm $;.5 offogi, <,5>>-cofgamtmr kls popmfoim prgjmdt os suppgrtmh
`y tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic. Ot bls tbm dlpldoty tg dlrry 44 `offogi
du`od emmt ge ilturlf kls pmr ymlr erga Xurcamiostli tg Lekbliostli,
dmitrlf ^lcostli, lih igrtbwmstmri Oihol. Dgistrudtogi os tg `m
dgapfmtmh `y 0><8.
^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil — Pussoli Emhmrltogi Mimrky Dggpmrltogi
Xbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD) bls sokimh l iua`mr ge
mimrky dggpmrltogi lkrmmamits wotb tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi. Xbmsm
lkrmmamits oidfuhm hmlfs gi kls suppfy, mimrky meeodomidy, rmimwl`fm
mimrky, lih iudfmlr mimrky. Xbm twg dguitroms blvm gpmimh l
<,>>>-cofgamtmr gof popmfoim erga Pussoli gof eomfhs oi mlstmri To`mrol
tg l prghudtogi lsm oi Hlqoik oi igrtbmlst PD. Oi ligtbmr lkrmmamit,
tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi woff dgaamidm suppfyoik ilturlf kls tg tbm
^PD oi 0><=.
<50
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
=.4 Xbm Fggaoik [ltmr Drosos
[ltmr os l votlf rmsgurdm lih l cmy oiput egr oihustry lih
lkrodufturm. Bgwmvmr, oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms, tbm hmalih egr wltmr
os lfrmlhy gutstroppoik suppfy, lih tbos klp os prgjmdtmh tg krgw
dgisohmrl`fy. ^rgpmr alilkmamit ge wltmr smduroty os tbmrmegrm l
drotodlf ossum, gim tblt dgufh hmtmraoim wbmtbmr tbm rmkogi os bmlhmh
tgwlrh dggpmrltogi, dgapmtotogi, rovlfry, gr mvmi dgiefodt.
Xbm lvlofl`fm laguit ge ermsb wltmr pmr dlpotl oi Lsol os fmss tbli
blfe tbm kfg`lf liiulf lvmrlkm ge 5,42> du`od amtmrs pmr pmrsgi. [bmi tbm
mstoaltmh rmsmrvms ge rovmrs, flcms, lih lquoemrs lrm lhhmh up, LDO bls fmss
tbli blfe tbm ermsb wltmr pmr dlpotl ge Lerodl, gim-tborh tblt ge Murgpm,
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Xl`fm =.=: [ltmr Alilkmamit Ossums oi Tblrmh Povmr @lsois
Ossum/Ulrol`fm Fgdltogi Hmsdroptogi/Ulfum
[ltmr rmsgurdms pmrdlpotll
(a4 /oibl`otlit/ymlr)
^PD 0,<<0
Oihol <,5<2
LTMLI <<,<<;
Kfg`lf Amholi 8,>80
[ltmr pgffutogi (0><>)
^PD08.4% ge aljgr rovmrs lih flcms uit egr liyusm, oidfuhoik oihustrolf
^PD~ <?> aoffogi rurlf oibl`otlits rmfy gi uislemhroicoik wltmr (0><0)
OiholGvmr 0>> hostrodts oi <? stltms blvm smvmrmfydgitlaoiltmh krguihwltmr (0>>2)
^gpufltogi wotbgutlddmss tg oaprgvmhwltmr sgurdm` (0><>)
^PD <<? aoffogi
Oihol ?; aoffogi
LTMLI ;4 aoffogi
[ltmr hmdot `y 0>4>(ls % ge hmalih)
^PD 0=% (<?? offogi a4)
Oihol =>% (;=8 offogi a4)
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 a4 1 du`od amtmr3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge
Dboil.
Igtms:
l. Xbm Eggh lih Lkrodufturm Grkliozltogi stlihlrh egr wltmr sdlrdoty os <,>>> a4 (ELG 0><<`).
Iltogilf gr rglh-sdlfm lkkrmkltms dli dgidmlf fgdlf gr smlsgilf sbgrtlkms. Egr mxlapfm, LTMLI
gvmrlff bls l rmfltovmfy bokb fmvmf ge pmr dlpotl wltmr rmsgurdms, ut sgam dotoms, sudb ls Aliofl, gr
plrtoduflr lrmls dgaagify mxpmromidm sbgrtlkms.
`. ‖Oaprgvmh wltmr sgurdm‑ rmemrs tg bgusmbgfh dgiimdtogis, pu`fod stlihpopms, `grmbgfms,
prgtmdtmh huk wmffs, prgtmdtmh sproiks, lih rloiwltmr dgffmdtogi ([BG lih ]IODME 0>>2).
Lftbgukb tbm oapfodltogi os lddmss tg l slemr wltmr sgurdm, tbos amlsurm hgms igt oivgfvm l hormdt
lssmssamit ge wltmr qulfoty.
Tgurdms: [BG/]IODME Jgoit Agiotgroik ^rgkrlaam egr [ltmr Tuppfy lih Tliotltogi gifoim
hltl`lsm3 PD Aoiostry ge [ltmr Pmsgurdms wm`sotm3 Pmutmrs (0><>)3 Bgwms lih [yrwgff (0><0l).
<58
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
purpgsms. [ltmr mxtrldtogi oi tbm rmkogi os mxpmdtmh tg oidrmlsm `y l`gut gim-tborh gvmr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs oi rmspgism tg mdgigaod
ldtovotoms (Zlclrol lih Fmotimr 0><<).
Tmvmrlf LDO mdgigaoms, sudb ls tbm ^PD, Oihol, Oihgimsol, lih
Uomt Ila, lrm lagik tbm wgrfh‟s fmlst meeodomit usmrs ge wltmr. L
wltmr drosos tbrmltmis tbm rmkogi‟s mdgigaod rosm lih mivorgiamitlf
sustloil`ofoty. [ltmr bls lfsg mamrkmh ls l sgurdm ge oidrmlsoik
dgapmtotogi lih hosdgrh wotboi, `mtwmmi, lih lagik sgam LDO
iltogis, spurroik tmisogis gvmr sblrmh `lsoi rmsgurdms lih fgdlf
rmsostlidm tg kgvmriamit gr dgrpgrltm hmdosogis tg mstl`fosb wltmr-
oitmisovm oihustroms (Dbmffliy 0><0).
Povmrs lih krguih wltmr `lsois lrm getmi tomh wotb l iltogi‟s
mdgigaod ohmitoty. Gwimrsbop lih dgitrgf gvmr rmsgurdms, tbmrmegrm, os
dgisohmrmh drudolf tg iltogilf mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit. Xbos bls bmfpmh
kovm rosm tg krlih `ut mivorgiamitlffy qumstogil`fm ohmls, sudb ls
tbm krmlt wmstmri rgutm ge tbm ^PD tg hovmrt wltmr erga tbm Xo`mtli
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
^fltmlu tg ots plrdbmh igrtb, tbm Amcgik Povmr @lsoi hlas, lih tbm
igw-stlffmh prgpgslf oi Oihol tg foic up tbm dguitry‟s oapgrtlit rovmrs
(Li`uagzbo, _laljo, lih Osfla 0>>0).
Tmvmrlf eldtgrs dgitro`utm tg tbm oapmihoik wltmr drosos oi LDO. Eorst,tbm rmkogi os tbm agst pgpufgus ls wmff ls tbm elstmst-hmvmfgpoik mdgigaod
`fgd oi tbm wgrfh. [bofm LDO dli oapgrt egssof eumfs, aoimrlf grms, lih
toa`mr mvmi erga hostlit flihs, tbmsm dguitroms aust alcm hg wotb tbmor
gwi wltmr rmsgurdms, l sokioeodlit sblrm ge wbodb os trlisiltogilf. Xbos
prgvohms sgam iltogis l strgik oidmitovm tg dgaalih oitmriltogilffy
sblrmh wltmr `megrm ot fmlvms tbmor iltogilf `grhmrs.
Ligtbmr eldtgr os tbm rosoik krgwtb ge dgisuaptogi ls LDO
`mdgams agrm prgspmrgus, lih tbos os offustrltmh `y dblikoik homts.
Egr oistlidm, LDO pmgpfm lrm mltoik agrm amlt tblt os vmry wltmr-
oitmisovm tg prghudm. Lfsg, orrokltogi os l aljgr dgitro`utgr tg LDO
wltmr strmss. Xbm ^PD lih Oihol agrm tbli hgu`fmh tbmor orrokltmh
drgpflih mtwmmi <?5> lih 0>>>. LDO lddguits egr blfe ge tbm orrokltmh
flih oi tbm wgrfh `ut tbmy wotbhrlw imlrfy tbrmm-qulrtmrs ge kfg`lf
ermsb wltmr egr lkrodufturm (ELG 0><<`).
Xbm imxus `mtwmmi wltmr lih eggh os drudolf oi LDO. Krgwtb oi
tbm gutput ge rodm lih wbmlt bls sfgwmh hgwi soidm tbm fltm <??>s
letmr hrlaltod krgwtb gvmr tbm prmvogus tbrmm hmdlhms, rlosoik
dgidmris tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff `m imt eggh oapgrtmrs `y 0>4>.
Xbm oitmriltogilf eggh alrcmt os igt dgisohmrmh tg `m flrkm migukbtg ammt aljgr oapgrt hmalih erga LDO. Xbm lkrodufturm lih wltmr
smdtgrs lrm bokbfy smisotovm tg dfoaltm dblikm, bmidm dblffmikms erga
hrgukbt, efgghs, lih agisggis dgufh lkkrlvltm eggh smduroty. Ot os
mstoaltmh tblt dfoaltm dblikm dgufh rmhudm lkrodufturlf yomfhs oi
hmvmfgpoik dguitroms `y <>%—0=%, wotb l pgtmitolf 8>% hmdfoim oi
Oihol (Dfoim 0>>;).
L eoilf eldtgr dgitro`utoik tg LDO wltmr strmss os tbm flrkm-sdlfm
oapguihamit ge wltmr rmsgurdms tbrgukb hlas, `lrrlkms, rmsmrvgors,
lih gtbmr ali-alhm strudturms wotbgut rmklrh egr fgik-tmra
mivorgiamitlf dgisohmrltogis (Li`uagzbo lih Plhblcrosbili 0>>=).
]pstrmla hlas gi rovmrs sblrmh `y twg gr agrm iltogis gr prgvoidms
getmi dlrry `rglhmr sgdolf oapfodltogis hgwistrmla soidm tbmy dli
leemdt wltmr qulfoty lih qulitoty.
Xbm roscs tg Lsoli wltmr smduroty erga dfoaltm dblikm lrm
prgeguih. Xbmsm oidfuhm smvmrm wltmr sbgrtlkms hum tg hromr dfoaltms
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<55
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
lih rmhudmh wltmr efgw erga Boalflyli kfldomrs. Tmvmrlf aljgr Lsoli
rovmrs‘oidfuhoik tbm Oihus, Klikms, Amcgik, _liktzm, lih _mffgw‘
grokoiltm oi tbm Boalflyls. Oe tbm sigw lih odm sbmmts oi tbm Boalflyls
dgitoium tg amft, wltmr suppfy oi audb ge Lsol woff `m hrlaltodlffyrmhudmh, pgtmitolffy fmlhoik tg dgiefodt. Huroik tbm <??>s, tbm
Boalflyli kfldolf alss sbrlic tbrmm toams elstmr tbli tbm pldm ge tbm
prmvogus hmdlhm, lih hltl sukkmst ot aly hoslppmlr `y tbm mih ge tbos
dmitury (]IH^ 0>>;).
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms aust tlcm ldtogi lt tbm iltogilf, su`rmkogilf,
lih rmkogilf fmvmfs tg rmvmrsm dfoaltm dblikm roscs lih miblidm wltmr
lih mimrky smduroty. Xbm `ok pgfody qumstogi egr rmkogilf ldtogi os:
bgw dli LDO prmvmit tbm sblrpmioik strukkfm egr wltmr rmsgurdms erga
`mdgaoik l sgurdm ge dgvmrt dgiefodt7 Xg dgitloi tbm smduroty roscs, LDO
aust oivmst agrm oi oistotutogilfozmh dggpmrltogi gi trlis`guihlry
`lsoi rmsgurdms tg uihmrpoi strltmkod stl`ofoty, prgtmdt dgitoiumh
mdgigaod krgwtb, lih prgagtm mivorgiamitlf sustloil`ofoty. Xbmy
aust lfsg oaprgvm kgvmrilidm `y lhhrmssoik ossums sudb tbm igi-
lvlofl`ofoty ge oivmstamit euihs, fldc ge drmhotwgrtboimss ge utofotoms,
uiwoffoikimss ge pgfotodolis tg dblrkm egr tbm usm ge wltmr, fgw dlpldoty
ge smrvodm prgvohmrs oi tbm pu`fod smdtgr, lih wmlc wltmr rmsgurdms
alilkmamit (LH@ 0><<`).
Oitmkrltmh pgfodoms lrm lfsg rmquormh tg alilkm tbm imxus `mtwmmi
wltmr lih mimrky egr dgaagi `mimeot. Egr oistlidm, tbm dggpmrltogioi byhrgpgwmr kmimrltogi lagik tbm flihfgdcmh dguitroms lfgik tbm
Amcgik Povmr bls igt gify gpmimh up l cmy sgurdm ge mfmdtrodoty oi
Lsol, `ut ot os lfsg mxpmdtmh tg dgitro`utm sokioeodlitfy tg tbm mdgigaod
krgwtb ge imlr`y dguitroms tbrgukb trlhm ge mfmdtrodoty (]I, [grfh
@lic, lih Iltogilf Hmvmfgpamit lih Pmegra Dgaaossogi 0>>8).
Xrlis`guihlry wltmr trmltoms dli lfsg pfly li oapgrtlit rgfm.
Gify egur ge tbm =; trlisiltogilf rovmr `lsois oi Lsol blvm trmltoms
dgvmroik wltmr sblroik gr gtbmr oistotutogilfozmh dggpmrltogi. Xbm
l`smidm ge sudb lrrlikmamits alcms wltmr dgapmtotogi l aljgr
smduroty rosc, oidrmlsoik tbm focmfobggh ge kmgpgfotodlf oistl`ofoty.
Tgam mstoaltms sbgws tblt `y trlhoik oi vortulf wltmr, Lsol ls l
Xbm wltmr usmh oi tbm prghudtogi prgdmss ge li lkrodufturlf gr oihustrolf prghudt os
dlffmh ‖vortulf wltmr.‑ Xbos wltmr os dgitloimh oi tbm eoilf prghudt. Oe l dguitry mxpgrts l wltmr-
oitmisovm prghudt tg ligtbmr dguitry, ot tbmrmegrm mxpgrts wltmr oi vortulf egra. Dguitroms
wotb l`uihlit wltmr dli suppgrt wltmr-strmssmh dguitroms (smm bttp://www.wltmreggtproit.
grk/Pmpgrts/Pmpgrt<0.phe).
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
wbgfm dgufh rmhudm ots wltmr usm egr orrokltogi `y up tg <0% tbrgukb
oidrmlsmh dmrmlf oapgrts (Bgmcstrl 0>>4). Bmidm, krmltmr plrtimrsbops
oi hoeemrmit hoamisogis lrm mssmitolf tg rmegra wltmr kgvmrilidm oi
Lsol. Tudb plrtimrsbops sbgufh tlrkmt gim dgaagi kglf‘hmfovmroikwltmr meeodomitfy lih alilkoik ot sustloil`fy (LH@ 0><<`).
[otb ots auftotuhm ge oitmr-dguitry rovmr `lsois, LDO dli dgitoium
tg prgspmr y uofhoik pgfotodlf lih tmdbigfgkodlf plrtimrsbops tblt woff
bmfp stl`ofozm oitmr-roplroli rmfltogisbops, midgurlkm oaprgvmh wltmr
meeodomidy, prgagtm mivorgiamitlf sustloil`ofoty, tlcm gi prldtodl`fm
dgismrvltogi strltmkoms, lih oivmst oi dfmli wltmr tmdbigfgkoms. Xbmrm
os lfsg l immh egr oidrmlsmh oivmstamit erga tbm provltm smdtgr,
plrtoduflrfy oi alilkoik lih hmfovmroik wltmr smrvodms lih oi utofozoik
lpprgproltm tmdbigfgky lih oiigvltogis tg miblidm meeodomidy lih
prghudtovoty oi wltmr usm.
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms immh pgfodoms, pfliioik, lih ldtogi tg lhhrmss
roscs tg tbm dfgsm imxus `mtwmmi wltmr, mimrky, lih eggh. Xbmsm
amlsurms aust `m dgaprmbmisovm, oitmkrltmh, lih systmaltod‘lih
mxmdutmh lt tbm iltogilf, su`rmkogilf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf fmvmfs.
=.8 Aguitoik Mdgfgkodlf
DblffmikmsLDO‟s rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi os mxldmr`ltoik tbm smrogus roscs tg
tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf mivorgiamit. Xbmy oidfuhm rosoik krmmibgusm
kls maossogis, wgrsmioik lor pgffutogi, lih hmkrlhltogi ge flih.
Xbmrm os l bokb dgrrmfltogi `mtwmmi tbm LDO mdgigaoms tblt
dgisuam tbm agst altmrolfs lih tbgsm tblt maot tbm agst DG0. Altmrolf
amtl`gfosa lih mimrky-rmfltmh DG0 maossogis lrm dfgsmfy foicmh ldrgss
dguitroms lt vmry hoeemrmit hmvmfgpamit stlkms lih wotb vmry hoeemrmit
fmvmfs ge KH^ pmr dlpotl. Xbm ^PD‟s DG0 maossogis lrm mxpmdtmh tg
oidrmlsm lfagst twgegfh (oi dgaplrosgi wotb 0><> maossogi fmvmfs),
tg <4.4 `offogi amtrod tgis oi 0>4> (Xl`fm =.5). Toaoflrfy, Oihol‟s DG 0
maossogis lrm mxpmdtmh tg oidrmlsm `y lfagst twg toams tbm fmvmf ge
0><>, tg 0.? `offogi tgis oi 0>4>. Maossogis erga LTMLI ls l wbgfm
lfsg woff lfsg rgukbfy hgu`fm oi 0>4> erga 0>>? maossogi fmvmfs.
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Xl`fm =.5: DG0 Maossogis `y LDO Mdgigaoms (aoffogi tgis)
<??> 0><> 0>4>
LTMLI* 804 <,<?< 0,>;?
^PD 0,02? ;,0<8 <4,0?>
Oihol =20 <,54= 0,2=5
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG0 1 dlr`gi
hogxohm3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: *0><> hltl egr LTMLI lrm igt lvlofl`fm. 0>>? hltl blvm mmi usmh.
Tgurdms: <??>, 0>>?, lih 0><> kurms erga OML (0><<`) lih [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim.
bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh Jufy 0><0)3 0>4>
kurms erga Eli lih @blttldblryly (0><0).
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
=.8.< Lor pgffutogiGuthggr lor pgffutogi os l dgaagi `y-prghudt ge oihustrolf
prghudtogi, agtgrozmh trlispgrt, lih, oihmmh, tbm dmitrlf hrovmrs ge
kfg`lf mdgigaod krgwtb gvmr tbm plst dmitury. Oihggr lor pgffutogi, `y
dgitrlst, os rmklrhmh ls l syaptga ge uihmrhmvmfgpamit. Hum tg tbm
l`smidm ge leegrhl`fm lftmriltovms, aliy bgusmbgfhs `uri huik lih
toa`mr egr mimrky. Ls l dgismqumidm, lor pgffutogi os l proalry dlusm
ge offimss lih hmltb oi `gtb Lsol‟s krgwoik dotoms lih tbm pggr rurlf
lrmls. Xbm prg`fma uihmraoims tbm prghudtovoty lih oidgam ge tbm
fl`gr egrdm, mxldtoik l bmlvy mdgigaod tgff. Lddgrhoik tg gim stuhy,tbm liiulf wmfelrm fgss lssgdoltmh wotb lor pgffutogi oi 0>>= oi tbm
^PD laguitmh tg $<=< `offogi (Altus mt lf. 0><<).
Aliy LDO mdgigaoms blvm bokb fmvmfs ge lor pgffutogi. Xl`fm =.;
sbgws tblt amlsurms vlry erga ls fottfm ls lrguih 0> aodrgkrlas pmr
du`od amtmr egr dguitroms focm tbm ^bofoppoims lih Alflysol tg agrm
tbli tbrmm toams tblt egr Oihgimsol, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol. Xbmrm lrm
sokioeodlitfy agrm pgffutlits oi tbm lor ge tbm ^PD lih Oihol tbli oi
agst LTMLI dguitroms. Lor qulfoty sltoseldtogi lfsg vlroms lagik tbm
LDO mdgigaoms, rmkostmroik ?5% egr Dla`ghol lih ?;% egr Toiklpgrm,
`ut gify ;5% oi Oihgimsol lih ;4% oi `gtb tbm ^PD lih Uomt Ila
(Xl`fm =.;).
Lor pgffutogi dgaagify mxdmmhs slem fmvmfs oi dotoms ldrgss
hmvmfgpoik Lsol (Eokurm =.8). Maossogis ge igxogus kls lih plrtodufltm
Lutbgrs‟ dgivmrsogi ge rmpgrtmh mstoaltm ge $<<<.= `offogi (<??; hgfflrs).4;
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Xl`fm =.;: Lor \ulfoty Tltoseldtogi oi LDO
Lor pgffutogi(aodrgkrlas pmr du`od amtmr)
Lor qulfoty sltoseldtogi(%)
LTMLI
@ruimo Hlrusslfla =>.5 IL
Dla`ghol 8<.0 ?5.>
Oihgimsol ;0.8 ;5.>
Flg ^HP 42.= 2?.>
Alflysol 0>.> 24.>
Aylialr 85.< 22.>
^bofoppoims <2.; 2;.>
Toiklpgrm 4>.2 ?;.>
Xbloflih ==.4 20.>
Uomt Ila =0.; ;4.>
^PD* 5=.5 ;4.>
Oihol =?.0 25.>
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 Flg HP 1 Flg
^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtms: *Hltl egr tbm PD oidfuhm tbgsm egr Xlopmo,Dboil. Lor pgffutogi oidfuhms dguitry-fmvmf hltl
wbodb sbgw aodrgkrlas pmr du`od amtmr ge fmss tbli <> aodrgi plrtodfms wbodb oidfuhm sufeltm,
iotrltm, mfmamitlf lih grkliod dlr`gi, sghoua, lih laagioua. Lor qulfoty sltoseldtogi hltl sbgw
pmrdmitlkm ge rmspgihmits wbg lrm sltosmh wotb tbmor lor qulfoty.
Tgurdms: LH@O (0><0l). Lor pgffutogi hltl erga [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs. bttp://hltl.
wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh 0><<). Lor qulfoty hltl erga
Klffup [grfh ^gff hltl`lsm (0><>). www.klffup.dga.
Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
alttmr erga sgurdms sudb ls agtgr vmbodfms lih oihustry, dga`oimh
wotb tbm krgwtb ge ur`li pgpufltogis mxpgsmh tg tbma, blvm dgitro`utmh
tg oidrmlsms oi rmsporltgry offimssms lih dlidmr (BMO 0><>). \ulb lih
@ggi (0>>4) rmvomwmh smvmrlf stuhoms gi tbm meemdts ge lor pgffutogi gibuali bmlftb oi smvmrlf hmvmfgpoik dotoms lih eguih tblt tbm pmr dlpotl
mdgigaod dgsts rlikm erga $<= tg $08; pmr ymlr. Lsol lddguits egr li
mstoaltmh 5=% ge kfg`lf hmltbs lttro`utmh tg ur`li lor pgffutogi (Dgbmi
mt lf. 0>>=). Xbmrm blvm `mmi rmdmit sokioeodlit oaprgvmamits oi LDO
oi lkkrmkltm (DLO 0><>). @ut wotbgut rmimwmh aotokltogi meegrts, sudb
ls tokbtmr maossogis stlihlrhs lih strgikmr agiotgroik prgkrlas, tbm
sotultogi ldrgss tbm rmkogi dgufh hmtmrogrltm dgisohmrl`fy.
Plpoh ur`liozltogi woff focmfy oidrmlsm lor pgffutogi. Ls igtmh oi
Dblptmr 0, tbm ur`li pgpufltogis ge tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih LTMLI lrm
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
pgffutlits erga aljgr oihustrolf lrmls oi tbm ^PD (Bulik 0><>). Egrmst
eorms dli lhh tg ur`li prg`fmas.
Aotokltoik oihggr lor pgffutogi prmsmits hoeemrmit dblffmikms.
^gvmrty dlusms gvmr 0 `offogi pmgpfm oi hmvmfgpoik Lsol tg usm sgfoheumfs, oidfuhoik `ogalss lih dglf, egr dggcoik lih bmltoik (OML 0><>).
^lrtodufltm alttmr, dlr`gi agigxohm, lih gtbmr blraeuf dbmaodlfs
hlalkm tbm fuiks ge pmgpfm, dlusoik dlidmr lih l vlromty ge offimssms.
Hlofy mxpgsurm tg plrtodufltm alttmr oi hmvmfgpoik Lsol bls `mmi
mstoaltmh tg `m mokbt tg gvmr <>> toams slem fmvmfs hmtmraoimh `y tbm
[grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi ([BG) (Pmbeumss, @rudm, lih Taotb 0><<).
Ls l dgismqumidm, tbm [BG mstoaltms tblt agrm tbli < aoffogi hmltbs
mldb ymlr lrm hormdtfy lttro`utl`fm tg oihggr lor pgffutogi oi LTMLI,
tbm ^PD, lih Oihol ([BG 0>>?).
=.8.0 Hmegrmstltogi lih flih hmkrlhltogiEgrmsts lrm sgurdms ge fovmfobggh ls wmff ls l aljgr dlr`gi soic.
[ohmsprmlh hmegrmstltogi lih flih hmkrlhltogi lrm bokbfy voso`fm
mxlapfms ge tbm uisustloil`fm hmvmfgpamit plttmri ge LDO. Ot bls
`mdgam oidrmlsoikfy lpplrmit tbrgukbgut tbm rmkogi tblt tbm mihuroik
mdgigaod dgsts erga uisustloil`fm flih usm uftoaltmfy gvmrwbmfa tbm
agrm oaamholtm klois. Hmegrmstltogi lih gvmr-duftovltogi lrm fmlhoik
tg hmdfoioik sgof prghudtovoty lih eggh gutput.Lftbgukb mstoaltms hoeemr gi tbm prmdosm sdlfm ge hmegrmstltogi oi
LDO, tbmy lff tmff tbm slam stgry: tbm rmkogi‟s egrmstry rmsgurdms lrm
`moik hmkrlhmh lt l alssovm rltm (Xl`fm =.2).
Oi eldt, oaprgvmh rmkufltogis mfsmwbmrm oi Lsol, plrtoduflrfy oi
tbm ^PD, lrm dgitro`utoik tg dgitoiuoik hmegrmstltogi oi tbmsm LTMLI
dguitroms (Hmaurkmr, _ulizblg, lih [moygik 0>>;). Egr mxlapfm, tbm
mxplisogi ge plfa gof pflitltogis os l aljgr hrovmr ge hmegrmstltogi
oi Oihgimsol lih Alflysol (Eotzbmr`mrt mt lf. 0>>2), wbodb lddguit egr
agrm tbli 2=% ge kfg`lf plfa gof mxpgrts. Xbm ^PD lih Oihol lddguit
egr 8=% ge kfg`lf oapgrts (ELG 0><<`). Toaoflr trmihs blvm mamrkmh oi
tbm Lsoli toa`mr trlhm (Amyergoht, Puhmf, lih Fla`oi 0><>).
Egr mxlapfm, Umrdbgt mt lf. (0><>) qugtm kgvmriamit stltostods ge <.0 aoffogi bmdtlrms
pmr ymlr. ELG (0><<l) rmpgrts 8?2,>>> bmdtlrms pmr ymlr. Tudb hosdrmplidoms lrm dgaagi lih
lrosm erga tbm hoeeoduftoms ge amlsuroik sudb l hyilaod lih kmgkrlpbodlffy hospmrsm ossum.
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Xl`fm =.2: Tmfmdtmh Flih Ttltostods egr Lsol
Ossum/Ulrol`fm Fgdltogi Hmsdroptogi/Ulfum
Liiulf rltm ge dblikmoi egrmst lrml(0>>>—0><>)
^PD <.5% (0,?25,>>> bmdtlrms)
Oihol >.=% (4>8,>>> bmdtlrms)
Oihgimsol ->.=% (-8?2,>>> bmdtlrms)
Alflysol ->.=% (-<<8,>>> bmdtlrms)
Dla`ghol -<.4% (-<8=,>>> bmdtlrms)
Aylialr ->.?% (-4<>,>>> bmdtlrms)
^mrdmitlkm ge iltogilftmrrotgry su`jmdt tgflih hmkrlhltogi(<?2<—0>>4)
^PD 00.25%
Oihol <2.>0%
Xbloflih 5>.<5%
Oihgimsol =4.5<%
^mrdmitlkm ge tmrrotgry
su`jmdt tg mrgsogi
^PD 4;.0%
Oihol 48%
^mrdmitlkm hmdfoimoi lrml ge lrl`fm flih(<??>—0>>2)
^PD <8% (~<= aoffogi bmdtlrms)
Oihol 0.?% (~8.5 aoffogi bmdtlrms)
Xbloflih <=% (~0.0 aoffogi bmdtlrms)
^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Bgwms lih [yrwgff (0><0l).
<;0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Tltmffotm-`lsmh g`smrvltogis ge Oihgimsol‟s flrkmst flih alssms,
Tualtrl lih Clfoalitli, blvm rmvmlfmh tblt =.8 aoffogi bmdtlrms wmrm
hmegrmstmh `mtwmmi 0>>> lih 0>>2 rmprmsmitoik =.4% ge lff flih lrml
lih ?.0% ge lff egrmst dgvmr oi 0>>> (@rgodb mt lf. 0><<). Hmegrmstltogioi Oihgimsol os hum proalrofy tg hmalih egr toa`mr lih dgivmrsogi ge
flih oitg plfa gof pflitltogis, ls wmff ls tbm mxplisogi ge su`sostmidm
elraoik (Umrdbgt mt lf. 0><>).
Flih hmkrlhltogi os l aljgr mdgigaod ossum mdlusm, focm sueeodomit
ermsb wltmr, prghudtovm flih os imdmsslry egr eggh smduroty. Oi Oihol,
tbm kgvmriamit mstoaltms tblt imlrfy blfe ge tbm dguitry‟s flih os
hmkrlhmh. ^ggr alilkmamit prldtodms, plrtoduflrfy oi lkrodufturm,
blvm dlusmh sgof mrgsogi, rosoik slfoioty, dgitlaoiltogi `y pmstodohms,
lih gtbmr ossums (Kgvmriamit ge Oihol 0>>?). Oi tbm ^PD, hmspotm
mxtmisovm flih rmstgrltogi prgjmdts, lrl`fm flih dgitoiums tg sbroic
hum tg mrgsogi lih pgffutogi (Fou lih Plvmi 0><>).
Ge plrtoduflr dgidmri os tbm lhvlidm ge hmsmrtoeodltogi‘tbm
trlisegraltogi ge lrl`fm gr bl`otl`fm flih tg hmsmrt‘oi igrtbmri ^PD.
Lftbgukb hrovmi proidoplffy `y dfoaltm dblikm lih kmgagrpbgfgkodlf
prgdmssms, hmsmrtoeodltogi bls `mmi mxldmr`ltmh `y buali ldtovotoms lih
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
tbrmltmis tbm fovmfobggh ge gvmr 0>> aoffogi pmgpfm ([lik mt lf. 0>>2).
Xbrgukbgut Tgutbmlst Lsol, tbm hrloilkm ge swlapy pmlt flih, usulffy
oitmihmh egr lkrodufturlf purpgsms, bls dlusmh flih tg su`sohm,
`mdgam bokbfy ldohod, lih, bmidm uieot egr liy usm (LTMLI ^mltflihsEgrmsts wm`sotm). Xbm Eggh lih Lkrodufturm Grkliozltogi mstoaltms
tblt oi twg-tborhs ge LTMLI iltogis (mxdfuhoik Toiklpgrm) 8>% ge flih
sueemrs erga motbmr smvmrm gr vmry smvmrm hmkrlhltogi hum tg buali
ldtovotoms (ELG 0><<`).
[mlc oistotutogilf dlpldoty lih fgdlf kgvmrilidm, lih dgrruptogi
lrm dmitrlf tg tbm prg`fmas ge hmegrmstltogi lih flih hmkrlhltogi oi
LDO `mdlusm tbmy foaot tbm strmiktb ge iltogilf flws. Offmklf fgkkoik
oi kgvmriamit-alilkmh lrmls os dgaagi. Gtbmr hrovmrs oidfuhm
tbm sbgrt-tmra eoilidolf kloi oi rmkogilf oidgam lih mapfgyamit
lssgdoltmh wotb hmegrmstltogi ldtovotoms, plrtoduflrfy oi Oihgimsol
(Xlddgio, Jgtzg, lih Krletgi 0>>2). Kgvmriamit pgfodoms oi tbm
<?2>s tblt midgurlkmh flih-usm dblikms lih tbm hmdmitrlfozltogi ge
kgvmrilidm lfsg blvm dgitro`utmh (Bmrlwlto lih Tlitgsg 0><<3 Lrigfh
0>>2). Hmdosogi-alcoik oi tbm oitmrmst ge fgik-tmra sustloil`ofoty
os alhm agrm hoeeoduft `y fgkkoik lih plfa gof dgaplioms, `gtb
hgamstodlffy lih egrmoki gwimh, tblt usm tbmor oiefumidm gvmr rmkogilf
mdgigaoms tg mxtrldt elvgrl`fm trmltamit erga pgfotodolis.
=.= Alilkoik LDO‟s Maossogis
=.=.< Krmmibgusm kls maossogisMaossogis ge dlr`gi hogxohm (DG0) lih gtbmr krmmibgusm klsms lrm
dblikoik tbm bmlt `lflidm oi tbm fgwmr ltagspbmrm, fmlhoik tg kfg`lf
wlraoik. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms maottmh ?.< `offogi tgis ge DG0 oi 0>>2,
l`gut 4>% ge tbm wgrfh tgtlf (OML 0><>). LDO maots audb agrm DG0
rmfltovm tg tbm sozm ge ots mdgigay‘<.0< cofgkrlas (ck) egr mvmry ]T
hgfflr ge KH^ ls ge 0>>2‘tbli tbm kfg`lf lvmrlkm ge >.;4 ck (Eokurm =.=).
Xbm ^PD os LDO‟s `okkmst lih elstmst-krgwoik sgurdm ge DG0. Xbm
^PD‟s 5.= `offogi tgis ge maossogis oi 0>>2 lddguitmh egr 0<% ge tbm
Egr mxlapfm, tbm @rgodb mt lf. (0><<) stuhy eguih tblt 0>% ge hmegrmstltogi gddurrmh oi
fmklffy prgtmdtmh lrmls.
4?
4?
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Eokurm =.5: LTMLI DG0 Maossogis `y Tmdtgr, 0>>2 (aoffogi tgis)
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG0 1 dlr`gi hogxohm.
Tgurdm: OML (0><>).
Eokurm =.=: Dblikm ge LDO‟s DG0 Maossogis Pmfltovm tg Krgss
Hgamstod ^rghudt (ckDG0 /$, 0>>> prodms)
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 DG0 1 dlr`gi hogxohm3
ck 1 co fgkrlas3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: OML (0><>).
<;8
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
wgrfh tgtlf. Xbm kmimrltogi ge bmlt lih mfmdtrodoty wls rmspgiso`fm
egr lrguih blfe ge tbm DG0 maossogis, wotb aliueldturoik oihustroms
lih dgistrudtogi dgitro`utoik 4=%. Xbm oitmisoty ge tbm ^PD‟s DG0
maossogis‘0.4> ck pmr hgfflr ge KH^‘os mxdmptogilffy bokb. Oihol
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
maots fmss DG0 rmfltovm tg tbm sozm ge ots mdgigay lih pgpufltogi‘
lih bls dgitoiugusfy rmhudmh maossogis oi tmras ge DG0 pmr KH^
soidm <??=. LTMLI lddguitmh egr <.>5 `offogi tgis ge DG0 maossogis oi
0>>2, gr 4.=% ge kfg`lf maossogis, lih krgwtb bls sfgwmh soidm 0>>>.Oihgimsol, Xbloflih, lih Alflysol lrm tbm tgp tbrmm DG0 maottmrs oi
LTMLI, wbmrm tbm `okkmst sgurdms lrm mfmdtrodoty lih bmlt kmimrltogi
(Eokurm =.5). Aliueldturoik oihustroms lih dgistrudtogi prghudmh tbm
flrkmst maossogis oi Uomt Ila. Pmfltovm tg KH^, DG0 maossogis blvm
hmdfoimh oi Toiklpgrm, tbm ^bofoppoims, Oihgimsol, lih Xbloflih.
=.=.0 Dfoaltm dblikmXbm mvohmidm ge dfoaltm dblikm os gvmrwbmfaoik (O^DD 0>>;). Xbm
mdgigaod lih bmlftb oapfodltogis egr LDO lrm flrkm. Ls gim ge tbm
wgrfh‟s fmlhoik sgurdms ge mimrky-rmfltmh DG0 maossogis, tbm rmkogi
bls li migragus stlcm lih lfsg l kfg`lf rmspgiso`ofoty tg bmfp aotokltm
kfg`lf wlraoik.
Xbm aloi hmtmraoilits ge dlr`gi maossogis y tbm LDO mdgigaoms‘
lih tbus tbmor dgitro`utogi tg dfoaltm dblikm‘lrm tbmor mdgigaod
strudturm, rmsgurdm mihgwamits, lih oapgrt hmpmihmidy. ^roalry
rmsgurdm mxtrldtogi lih prgdmssoik oihustroms kmimrlffy lrm fmss-
meeodomit usmrs ge mimrky lih rmsgurdms tbli hmvmfgpmh aliueldturoik
lih smrvodms (Bgwms lih [yrwgff 0><0`). Dguitroms wotb foaotmhmihgwamits ge dglf lih gtbmr ilturlf rmsgurdms tmih tg m agrm meeodomit
dgisuamrs tbli iltogis wotb l`uihlit rmsgurdms (TMPO 0><>). Dguitroms
tblt oapgrt bokb sblrms ge tbmor rlw altmrolfs lfsg usm rmsgurdms agrm
meeodomitfy tbli tbgsm tblt mxtrldt lih prgdmss rlw altmrolfs wotboi
tbmor `grhmrs. Xbos dlffs egr tbm usm ge agrm dgaprmbmisovm oihodltgrs
tg amlsurm altmrolf dgisuaptogi lih mvlfultm prghudtovoty, oidfuhoik
tbm upstrmla trlhm efgws (Clforljli 0><0).
=.=.4 Hmdgupfoik krgwtb erga maossogisPmdgkiozoik tbmsm roscs, aliy LDO iltogis lrm lssokioik krmltmr
wmokbt tg mivorgiamitlf dgidmris oi tbmor mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit
strltmkoms. Tmvmrlf blvm dgaaottmh tg smfe-oapgsmh dgistrloits gi
krgwtb ge tbmor dlr`gi maossogis. Xbm ^PD smt l tlrkmt ge rmhudoik
krmmibgusm kls maossogis pmr hgfflr ge KH^ `y 8>%—8=% ge 0>>= fmvmfs
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Xl`fm =.?: DG0 Maossogis Pmhudtogi ^fmhkms `y LDO, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml
Dguitry Maossogi rmhudtogi tlrkmt y 0>0> lih aotokltogi ldtogis @lsm
^PD
Mihmlvgr tg fgwmr DG0 maossogi oitmisoty ge KH^ y 8>%—8=% y
• Oidrmlsoik tbm sblrm ge igi-egssof eumfs oi proalry mimrky dgisuaptogi tg <=%
• Oidrmlsoik egrmst dgvmrlkm `y 8> aoffogi bmdtlrms
• Oidrmlsoik egrmst stgdc vgfuam `y <.4 `offogi du`od amtmrs
0>>=
Oihol
Mihmlvgr tg rmhudm tbm maossogi oitmisoty ge KH^ `y 0>%—0=%, mxdfuhoik lkrodufturm,tbrgukb
• Oidrmlsoik tbm erldtogi ge mfmdtrodoty hmrovmh erga woih, sgflr, lih salff byhrg tg 0>%oi 0>0> (erga 2% oi 0>>=)
• Lhgptoik `uofhoik mimrky dghms `y 0><0
• Lhgptoik eumf mffldomidy stlihlrhs `y 0><<
• Oidrmlsoik egrmst dgvmr tg smqumstmr <>% ge liiulf maossogis
0>>=
Oihgimsol
Ldbomvm 05% rmhudtogi tbrgukb
• Tustloil`fm pmlt flih alilkmamit
• Pmhudoik hmegrmstltogi lih flih hmkrlhltogi
• Dlr`gi smqumstrltogi prgjmdts oi egrmstry lih lkrodufturm
• ^rgagtoik mimrky mffldomidy, rmimwl`fm mimrky, lih fgw-dlr`gi trlispgrt
@L]
JlpliLdbomvm 0=% rmhudtogi, `lsmh gi tbm lssuaptogi ge l elor lih mmdtovm oitmriltogilferlamwgrc wotb tbm plrtodopltogi ge lff aljgr mdgigaoms lkrmmoik tg tbm smt tlrkmts
<??>
Pmpu`fod ge CgrmlLdbomvm 4>% rmhudtogi `mfgw prgjmdtmh fmvmfs `y 0>0>, wbodb mqultms tg lpprgxoaltmfy 8%`mfgw 0>>= fmvmfs
@L]
Alflysol Ldbomvm 8>% rmhudtogi mfgw 0>>= fmvmfs y 0>0> @L]
Toiklpgrm Ldbomvm <5% rmhudtogi tbrgukb fmklffy-`oihoik kfg`lf lkrmmamit @L]
Xbloflih Ldbomvm 4>% rmhudtogi mfgw usoimss ls usulf @L]
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 DG0 1 dlr`gi hogxohm3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod
prghudt3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdms: ]IEDDD (0><>l3 0><>`).
<;5
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
`y 0>0>. Oihol tlrkmtmh l 0>%—0=% rmhudtogi huroik tbm slam pmrogh,lih Oihgimsol pfmhkmh tg rmhudm maossogis `y 05% `mfgw `usoimss-ls-
usulf fmvmfs `y 0>0>. Xbmsm tlrkmts ge tbm mamrkoik LDO mdgigaoms,
bgwmvmr, lrm la`otogus. Xg ldbomvm tbma, tbm LDO mdgigaoms immh tg
tlcm strgik ldtogi lih hmvmfgp oiigvltovm ohmls lih pgfodoms, `gtb
oihovohulffy lih dgffmdtovmfy (Xl`fm =.?).
Xbm ^PD‟s <0tb Eovm _mlr ^fli (0><<—0><=) pfldms ‖krmmi krgwtb‑
lt tbm dmitmr ge ots hmvmfgpamit pltb, wotb la`otogus tlrkmts egr
rmimwl`fm mimrky, dlr`gi oitmisoty, mimrky meeodomidy, lih maossogis ge
aljgr pgffutlits, lagik gtbmrs (Zblik 0><<). Xbm Oiholi kgvmriamit
bls soaoflr kglfs lih vomws mimrky lih wltmr smduroty ls euihlamitlf
tg mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit (Altbur 0><<). Oihgimsol (^ltuiru 0><<),
Xbloflih (Dbgtodbliltblwmwgik 0><<), Uomt Ila (Xgli 0><<), lih
Toiklpgrm (Hgsbo 0><<) egralffy rmdgkiozm tbm imdmssoty ge fgw-dlr`gi
krmmi krgwtb. [bofm mimrky rmsgurdm meeodomidy bls oidrmlsmh sokioeodlitfy
gvmr tbm plst 0> ymlrs oi sgam LDO mdgigaoms, mdgigaod krgwtb bls
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
agrm tbli geesmt tbmsm klois. Meegrts tbmrmegrm aust `m oitmisoeomh tg
alcm euturm mdgigaod krgwtb oi Lsol krmmimr lih eurtbmr hmdgupfmh
erga altmrolf dgisuaptogi lih mimrky-rmfltmh DG0 maossogis.
Oi tbos dgitmxt, ot os mssmitolf tg hoeemrmitoltm `mtwmmi rmsgurdmmeeodomidy lih l`sgfutm fmvmfs ge rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi. Erga li
mivorgiamitlf pgoit ge vomw, l foaot gr mvmi l hmdrmlsm oi l`sgfutm
fmvmfs ge mimrky dgisuaptogi os drudolf3 oidrmlsoik rmsgurdm meeodomidy
dli `m l cmy strltmky tg ldbomvm tbos g`jmdtovm.
Xbm dblffmikm egr tbm hmvmfgpoik LDO mdgigaoms os tg eurtbmr
hmdgupfm krgwtb erga rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi. Dguitroms wotb bokb lih
amhoua fmvmfs ge mimrky lih rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi sbgufh oapfmamit
tlrkmtmh pgfodoms tg hrlstodlffy oidrmlsm rmsgurdm meeodomidy lih hmdrmlsm
rmsgurdm tbrgukbput. ^lttmris ge mxdmssovm dgisuaptogi immh tg `m
ohmitoeomh lih lhhrmssmh. Xbm hyilaod mamrkoik mdgigaoms sbgufh
lfsg alcm mimrky lih rmsgurdm meeodomidy l progroty oi `uofhoik up tbmor
oierlstrudturm, sudb ls `y prgagtoik mimrky-meeodomit `uofhoiks lih
trlispgrt systmas lih `y oaprgvoik tbm usm ge rmsgurdms oi oihustroms
sudb ls amtlfs, dbmaodlfs, lih pufp lih plpmr. Xbm dblffmikm os tg
lvgoh `moik fgdcmh oitg altmrolf lih mimrky-oitmisovm hmvmfgpamit
trljmdtgroms tblt fmlh tg bokb fmvmfs ge pmr dlpotl dgisuaptogi.
Bgwmvmr, tbm pggr lih hmvmfgpoik LDO mdgigaoms wotb vmry fgw
dgisuaptogi fmvmfs immh tg eorst ldbomvm l aoioaua fmvmf ge altmrolf
lih mimrky dgisuaptogi. Tgam pggr iltogis dgisuam gify < gr 0 tgisge rmsgurdms pmr dlpotl, igt migukb tg sltosey mvmi `lsod immhs sudb
ls eggh, sbmftmr, bmlftb, lih mhudltogi. Egr sudb dguitroms, krgwtb oi
l`sgfutm mimrky dgisuaptogi os immhmh tg oidrmlsm wmff-`moik. Bmidm,
rmhudoik pgvmrty os focmfy tg rmaloi l bokbmr progroty tbli dgismrvoik
mimrky gr lhgptoik l rmimwl`fm mimrky pgrtegfog. Agrmgvmr, tbos krgup
ge dguitroms woff `m plrtoduflrfy hmpmihmit gi oitmriltogilf trlisemrs
ge krmmi tmdbigfgkoms oi grhmr tg ldbomvm tbmor krgwtb g`jmdtovms wotb
tbm bokbmst pgsso`fm rmsgurdm meeodomidy.
=.=.8 Xbm `mimts ge `ggstoik medomidyMimrky lih rmsgurdm meeodomidy oaprgvmamits sbgufh `m vomwmh ls
sgurdms ge mimrky suppfy, gi l plr wotb tbm hosdgvmry gr prgdurmamit
ge imw eumf sgurdms. Oidrmlsms oi meeodomidy ermms up suppfoms tblt
dli `m usmh egr gtbmr purpgsms. Meeodomidy lt pgoits wbmrm mimrky os
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<;2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
dgisuamh getmi dgapguihs proalry mimrky slvoiks `y l eldtgr ge twg
gr tbrmm. Egr mxlapfm, < cofgwltt-bgur ge mfmdtrodoty tblt os slvmh dli
mqultm tg 0 gr 4 cofgwltt-bgurs tblt hg igt immh tg `m kmimrltmh.
]r`li pfliioik prmsmits ligtbmr sokioeodlit gppgrtuioty egr slvoikmimrky. Dotoms lddguit egr ls audb ls ;>% ge blraeuf krmmibgusm klsms
ge tbm wgrfh (]I—BL@OXLX 0><<). Amlis ge midgurlkoik lih eldofotltoik
meeodomidoms lih sboets tg fgw-dlr`gi mimrky usm sbgufh oidfuhm `gtb
tmdbigfgky lih foemstyfm sgfutogis (Agblity 0><<). Xbm kglf ge mimrky
meeodomidy sbgufh `m ma`mhhmh oi doty pfliioik, `uofhoik dghms, lih
stlihlrhs. Dotoms sbgufh dggrhoiltm tbm pfliioik ge rlofs, bokbwlys,
lih gtbmr trlispgrt systmas lih eldofotltm rmfltovmfy fgw-dlr`gi egras
sudb ls alss trlisot, `odydfms, lih by`roh gr mfmdtrod vmbodfms.
Xbm dblffmikms egr rurlf lrmls lrm agrm euihlamitlf. Mfmdtrodoty
krohs lrm getmi tgg mxpmisovm tg `m mxtmihmh tg rmagtm lrmls oi LDO.
Hmdmitrlfozmh systmas egr mimrky blvm elofmh oi sgam oistlidms, hum tg
foaotmh trloioik lih fldc ge tbm scoffs immhmh tg usm tbmsm tmdbigfgkoms.
Elofurm tg dgisohmr tbm rgfm ge tbmsm smrvodms oi pmgpfm‟s fovms fmlhs tg
pggr pgfody egraufltogi lih oilhmqultm smrvodm prgvosogi. Oi dgitrlst
wotb oihustrolf ldtovoty, oidrmlsoik mimrky meeodomidy oi lkrodufturm bls
kmimrlffy `mmi imkfmdtmh. Dblikoik lkrodufturlf prldtodms lih usoik
oaprgvmh orrokltogi tmdbigfgky dli su`stlitolffy rmhudm mimrky usm
lih mvmi smqumstmr DG0 (Pmhhy, ^ldbmcpy, lih Alrlio <??;).
Aliy dguitroms blvm dbliimfmh euihs slvmh tbrgukb mimrkymeeodomidy `ldc oitg eurtbmr prgkrlas tg suppgrt tblt kglf. Lkloi, tbos
os getmi li oistotutogilf ossum tblt rmquorms l bgfostod lpprgldb tg mimrky
alilkmamit. Aodrgeoilidm gppgrtuiotoms blvm lfsg `mmi hmvmfgpmh lih
suddmsseuffy oapfmamitmh oi Lsol, sudb ls tbm eoilidoik ge dfmli-mimrky
prgjmdts egr rurlf wgami oi @likflhmsb lih fglis egr spmdoeod mimrky-
slvoik bgusmbgfh prghudts oi tbm ^PD. Xbloflih hmvmfgpmh l flrkmr-sdlfm
mimrky dgismrvltogi euih `lsmh gi l salff fmvy gi pmtrgfmua. Xbm ^PD
bls lfsg hmvmfgpmh l dfmli mimrky euih (LH@O 0><<).
=.=.= Fgwmroik dlr`gi oitmisoty ge egssof eumfsGim wly tg fgwmr dlr`gi oitmisoty oi tbm egssof eumfs smdtgr os tg
swotdb erga dglf tg ilturlf kls. Ilturlf kls maots l`gut blfe ls audb
DG0 pmr uiot ge mimrky gutput ls dglf, alcoik ot li ohmlf eumf egr l
trlisotogi tg l fgw-dlr`gi euturm. Ilturlf kls lfrmlhy prgvohms l flrkm
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
lih krgwoik sblrm ge tbm proalry eumfs egr mfmdtrodoty oi LDO. @y `mttmr
rmefmdtoik tbm mxpmdtmh dgst ge DG0 maossogis oi tbm prodm ge eumfs, tbos
trlisotogi dgufh `m spmh up (Li`uagzbo lih Clwlo 0>>?). LTMLI bls
pflymh l aljgr rgfm oi pfliioik tbm trlis-LTMLI kls popmfoim lih tbmLTMLI pgwmr kroh. Oi lhhotogi, rmkogilf dggpmrltogi dli bmfp dggrhoiltm
lih blragiozm prodoik, tlxltogi, rmkufltogi, lih stlihlrhs, lih dli `m
mxplihmh tg gtbmr trlis-mimrky systmas, sudb ls mfmdtrodoty imtwgrcs.
=.=.5 Imw tboicoik gi mivorgiamitlffy
sustloil`fm krgwtb
Fgw-dlr`gi krmmi krgwtb dgufh put LDO gi l agrm sgfoh eguihltogi
egr fgik-tmra, sustloil`fm hmvmfgpamit. Xbm krmmioik ge mdgigaoms os igt
kmimrlffy l hrlk gi krgwtb, `ut rltbmr l imw mikoim ge krgwtb (LH@ lih
LH@O 0><4). Ot dgufh pgtmitolffy drmltm jg`s ls wmff ls agrm stl`fm mimrky
suppfy lih prodms, lih spur tmdbigfgky lhvlidms. Aljgr oivmstamits oi
rmimwl`fm mimrky, tbmrmegrm, dgufh `roik auftopfm mdgigaod, sgdolf, lih
mivorgiamitlf mimeots. Pmsmlrdb sukkmsts tblt rmimwl`fm mimrky drmltms
twg tg tbrmm toams ls aliy jg`s ls drmltmh y igi-rmimwl`fm mimrky sudb
ls egssof eumfs (^gffoi, Bmoitz, lih Klrrmtt-^mftomr 0>>?).
Egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms, agst ge wbodb igw oapgrt mimrky, hgamstod
rmimwl`fm sgurdms dli lfsg prgvohm `mttmr mdgigaod stl`ofoty, oi tbmsbgrt lih fgik rui. @lflidm ge plyamits lih krgwtb prgspmdts ge
pggr mdgigaoms dgufh `m `mttmr sbomfhmh erga tbm oapldt ge swoiks
oi kfg`lf mimrky prodms. Pmhudmh mxpgsurm tg pgffutlits sudb ls
suspmihmh sgfohs, amliwbofm, dgufh `roik sokioeodlit bmlftb `mimeots
`y swotdboik tg rmimwl`fms.
Imvmrtbmfmss, oivmstamit oi dfmli mimrky wgufh lddmfmrltm l
vortugus dydfm ge oiigvltogis lih tmdbigfgky oaprgvmamit. ^rovltm
smdtgr gpmrltgrs tblt prghudm lih oistlff rmimwl`fm mimrky systmas
wgufh `mimeot, ls wgufh prgvohmrs ge smrvodms sudb ls salrt-kroh
hmvmfgpamit, mimrky meeodomidy oaprgvmamit, lih mimrky stgrlkm.
^rovltm oivmstamit oi sudb tmdbigfgkoms wgufh focmfy rosm sokioeodlitfy,
ls wgufh suppgrt erga auftofltmrlf hmvmfgpamit `lics sudb ls tbm
[grfh @lic lih tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
L trlisotogi tg rmsgurdm-meeodomit krgwtb dgufh prgvohm l aljgr
mdgigaod stoaufus, lcoi tg tbm `uofhoik ge rlofrglhs, mfmdtroeodltogi
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<2>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
ge bgams, lih hmvmfgpamit ge tbm Oitmrimt. Xmdbigfgky mil`fmh sudb
trlisegraltogis, ut wmff tbgukbt-gut mdgigaod pgfodoms lih prgkrlas
wmrm tbm dltlfysts. LDO os oi l plrtoduflrfy strgik pgsotogi tg rmlfozm
l trlisotogi tg krmmi krgwtb. Xbm rmkogi os l`uihlit oi tbm imdmsslryfl`gr lih tmdbiodlf tlfmit. Ot lfsg bls tbm krmltmst immh egr rmimwl`fm
mimrky. Xbm dgsts ge alcoik tbm trlisotogi sbgufh `m fgwmr oi LDO
tbli oi agrm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms `mdlusm tbm rmkogi bls l salffmr
oistlffmh `lsm ge dgivmitogilf mimrky oierlstrudturm.
=.=.; ^gfodoms tg aotokltm dfoaltm dblikmDfoaltm dblikm dli `m aotokltmh `gtb wotb alrcmt-`lsmh lih
tmdbigfgky-`lsmh pgfodoms. Mimrky prodoik pgfodoms sudb ls emmh-oi
tlroees lih tlxms dli prgagtm rmsgurdm dgismrvltogi lih maossogi
dgitrgf. Kgvmriamits dli stoaufltm oivmstamit oi rmimwl`fm mimrky
tmdbigfgky tbrgukb hormdt pu`fod oivmstamit, fgw-oitmrmst fglis, tlx
wrotm-gees, lih lddmfmrltmh hmprmdoltogi.
Xbm agst hrlaltod mxplisogi oi rmimwl`fm mimrky dlpldoty bls
`mmi wotimssmh uihmr tbm emmh-oi tlroee prgkrlas, wbodb prgvohm
tbm agst `mimeot lt fmlst dgst (Xoli 0><<). Emmh-oi tlroees dli `m
lddgapliomh `y kgvmriamit euihoik tg dgvmr tbm hoeemrmitolf
`mtwmmi tbm kulrlitmmh prodm tblt tbm utofoty dgapliy plys tg
tbm rmimwl`fm mimrky suppfomrs lih tbm lvmrlkm rltm tblt utofotydgaplioms dblrkm dgisuamrs egr mldb cofgwltt bgur ge mfmdtrodoty.
Pmkogilf eoilidoik tg suppgrt tbm prodm kulrlitmm wgufh drmltm
bokbfy elvgrl`fm dgihotogis egr lddmfmrltoik rmimwl`fm mimrky
oivmstamit lih hmvmfgpamit.
Emmh-oi tlroee pgfodoms blvm `mmi mapfgymh mxdfusovmfy oi rmklrh
tg mimrky kroh dgiimdtogis. ^gfody erlamwgrcs sbgufh `m lamihmh tg
oidfuhm gee-kroh lrmls ls wmff. Xbm rokbt pgfody aox dli hmfovmr alrcmt
stl`ofoty tblt wgufh tbm bokbmst pgsso`fm fmvmrlkm egr pu`fod eoilidoik
(Coa 0><<). Xbm rokbt pgfodoms dli ag`ofozm up tg <= toams tbm grokoilf
oivmstamit oi lhhotogilf, egffgw-gi euihoik (Bgikg 0><0).
L imw ‖Pmkogilf Oivmstamit Euih‑ immhs tg `m mstl`fosbmh tg
suppfmamit tbm iltogilf kulrlitmms geemrmh `y mldb dguitry. Ot wgufh
bmfp stoaufltm rlpoh lih alssovm mxplisogi ge sgflr, woih, lih gtbmr
rmimwl`fm tmdbigfgkoms‘lih spmmh tbma tgwlrh rmldboik tbm mdgigaod
toppoik pgoit lt wbodb tbmy `mdgam tbm hgaoilit mimrky gptogi.
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
Ls rmimwl`fm mimrky dgsts `mdgam dgapmtotovm wotb egssof eumfs,
su`sohoms dgufh `m hosdgitoiumh. Xbm aljgroty ge LDO‟s pggr wgufh blvm
lddmss tg leegrhl`fm, rmimwl`fm sgurdms ge mimrky‘lih mdgigaods lih
tmdbigfgkoms ge tbm kfg`lf mimrky smdtgr dgufh `m trlisegramh `y 0>4>.^rodoik dlr`gi sgurdms. Pmfltovmfy bokb prodms lrm tbm proalry
`lrromr tg wohmsprmlh lhgptogi ge rmimwl`fm mimrky oi LDO. Durrmitfy,
lt kfg`lf fmvmf, mfmdtrodoty erga pbgtgvgftlod plimfs lvmrlkms lrguih
45 dmits pmr cofgwltt-bgur wbofm woih pgwmr dli dgst ls fgw ls <>
dmits. Xbmsm prodms lrm `mygih tbm amlis ge LDO‟s pggr, egr wbga
mimrky tblt dgsts 4—= dmits pmr cofgwltt-bgur os igt leegrhl`fm. Toapfy
oidrmlsoik tbm prodm ge dgivmitogilf mimrky tg alcm rmimwl`fm mimrky
agrm dgapmtotovm, tbmrmegrm, os igt l prldtodlf gptogi oi pggr LDO
mdgigaoms. Emw LDO kgvmriamits dli leegrh tg su`sohozm rmimwl`fm
mimrky gi l flrkm migukb sdlfm tg `roik prodms hgwi tg sudb fgw fmvmfs.
Oi hmvmfgpmh LDO iltogis, tbm strltmky ge wlotoik egr tbm alrcmt tg
hmfovmr dgapmtotovm rmimwl`fm mimrky lih rmhudm krmmibgusm kls
maossogis bls igt wgrcmh (Mdgigaost 0>>?).
Agst LDO mdgigaoms dgufh, bgwmvmr, pblsm gut su`sohoms egr
egssof-`lsmh mimrky tg rmagvm prodoik hostgrtogis. Dgivmitogilf
su`sohoms oidfuhm prodm dgitrgfs, su`sohoms tg egssof-eumf prghudmrs
lih rmsmlrdb prgkrlas, lih lramh prgtmdtogi ge trlispgrt rgutms.
Lt tbm kfg`lf fmvmf, tbm mstoaltmh mimrky su`sohy laguits tg $==;
`off ogi pmr ymlr (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IM^ 0><0). Kgvmriamits lfsgsbgufh lddguit egr tbm stmmp oihormdt dgsts ge egssof eumfs. Xbmy
oidfuhm tbm fgik-tmra dgsts ge hmlfoik wotb tbm lhvmrsm bmlftb
lih mivorgiamitlf oapldts ge krmmibgusm kls maossogis lih
pgffutogi. Kgvmriamits lfsg sbgufh tlcm oitg lddguit tblt gidm
igi-rmimwl`fm egssof eumf rmsgurdms lrm usmh up, eoihoik lftmriltovm
rmsmrvms gr rmsgurdms woff `mdgam oidrmlsoikfy mxpmisovm lih
pgsso`fy uimdgigaodlf.
Hormdt su`sohoms tg tbm pggr wgufh `m rmquormh tg geesmt bokbmr
prodms ge dlr`gi-`lsmh eumfs tblt euffy rmefmdt sudb dgsts. ^gfodyalcmrs
lfsg sbgufh dgisohmr tbm eldt tblt oi sgam dlsms, bokbmr egssof eumf usm
woff `m imdmsslry oe pmgpfm lrm tg msdlpm pgvmrty.
L rmkogilf prgkrla oi LDO tblt egdusms gi `mst prldtodms oi
eoilidoik lih su`sohoms lih tblt mil`fms euihs tg `m lddmssmh oi l
aliimr tblt rmhudms tbm rosc egr lff plrtoms dgufh lssost iltogilf meegrts.
Ligtbmr gptogi aly `m tg egra l rmkogilffy lih kfg`lffy alilkmh
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<20
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
prgkrla grkliozmh lih euihmh `y l dgffl`grltogi ge eguihltogis,
kgvmriamits, lih kfg`lf oistotutogis.
L aljgr mimrky trlisotogi oi 0>—4> ymlrs woff eorst rmquorm l pgfody
erlamwgrc wotb dfmlr tlrkmts egr mimrky meeodomidy lih usm ge rmimwl`fmmimrky. Xbos pgfody erlamwgrc woff bmfp pgfodyalcmrs qulitoey tbm
pgtmitolf `mimeots, smdurm strgik pgfotodlf dgaaotamit, lih eoih wlys
tg eoilidm lih oapfmamit amlsurms tg ldbomvm tbm tlrkmt. [otb tbm
rokbt pgfodoms lih oistotutogilf lrrlikmamits, mimrky meeodomidy dli `m
bokbfy vol`fm eoilidolffy. Oiegraltogi immhs tg m alhm wohmfy lvlofl`fm
gi l rlikm ge oaprgvmamits tblt dli `m alhm oi oihustry, ur`li lih
trlispgrt pfliioik, `uofhoik hmsoki, mfmdtrod pgwmr kmimrltogi, lih
agtgr vmbodfms, lagik gtbmr lrmls. Pmkogilf `ghoms lih dggpmrltovm
grkliozltogis, sudb ls tbgsm supmrvosoik vgfuitlry dgffl`grltogis, dli
bmfp dgapofm lih hossmaoiltm tbos oiegraltogi lih kggh prldtodms.
=.=.2 Oivmstamit amdbliosas egr sdlfoik up
dfmli mimrky
Li oapgrtlit dblffmikm os bgw tg eoilidm dfmli lih rmimwl`fm
mimrky oistlffltogis. Xbm dlpotlf dgst ge fgw-dlr`gi lftmriltovms os
dgidmitrltmh oi tbm ergit mih ge tbm prgjmdt dydfm, oidrmlsoik tbm
immh egr fgik-tmra eoilidoik (Li`uagzbo lih Clwlo 0>>?). [bofm tbmoiotolf dgst ge sgflr pgwmr os bokb, bgwmvmr, tbmrm os mssmitolffy ig dgst
tbmrmletmr. Eumf egr bokb-dlr`gi mimrky pflits, `y dgitrlst, dgistotutms
tbm `ufc ge tbmor dgsts. LDO woff rmquorm oiigvltovm eoilidoik sdbmams
sudb ls li Lsol-^ldoeod Dlr`gi Euih, tg ldbomvm mimrky-meeodomidy
oaprgvmamits lih hmpfgyamit ge rmimwl`fm mimrky. Hormdt pu`fod
oivmstamit lih oivmstamit suppgrt woff `m mssmitolf. Geesmts lih
gtbmr alrcmt amdbliosas egdusmh gi tbm prodm ge dlr`gi, ls prldtodmh
oi Murgpm, aly lfsg bmfp LDO ldbomvm tbmsm kglfs.
‖Krmmi‑ tlxms gr gtbmr amlsurms tblt fmvy l dgst gi egssof eumfs
gr tbmor maossogis lrm li gptogi egr rlosoik euihs egr dfmli-mimrky
oivmstamits. [bofm sgam dgisohmr krmmi tlxms tg `m rmkrmssovm lih
hmtroamitlf tg tbm pggr, rmdmit stuhoms sbgwmh tblt krmmi tlxms dgufh
blvm l imt prgkrmssovm meemdt oe tbm rmvmiums lrm rmdydfmh oitg tbm
mdgigay, soidm pggr bgusmbgfhs lrm audb fmss dlr`gi-oitmisovm tbli
`mttmr-gee bgusmbgfhs (Li`uagzbo lih ^ltuiru 0><>3 Zblik 0><<).
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
sdlfmh up. Kgvmriamits dgufh lfsg dggpmrltm oi lhvlidmh pu`fod—
provltm pfliioik ge oitmrrmkogilf mfmdtrodlf imtwgrcs.
Pmkogilf dmitmrs egr pu`fod—provltm P&H lih krmmi mimrky prgjmdts
dli dgitro`utm tbm hovmrsm pmrspmdtovms ge aliy dguitroms liheldofotltm oiigvltogi lih tmdbigfgky trlisemr (Plaliltbli 0><<l).
Xbm hmvmfgpamit ge l imtwgrc ge mfmdtrod dlr rmdblrkoik stltogis, egr
mxlapfm, dgufh `m fluidbmh oi gim dguitry `ut wotb tbm dggpmrltogi
lih jgoit euihoik ge gtbmr dguitroms. Tudb dmitmrs sbgufh lfsg dgihudt
prgkrlas gi oitmrrmkogilf oitmkrltogi ge krmmi tmdbigfgkoms. Oi sgam
dlsms, dmitmrs dli bmfp trlisemr tmdbigfgkoms erga rodb LDO iltogis tg
pggrmr gims. @ut oi gtbmr dlsms, fmssgis fmlrimh oi gtbmr pggr iltogis
usoik fmss lhvlidmh `ut fgwmr-dgst tmdbigfgkoms woff `m mvmi agrm
lpprgproltm lih bmfpeuf (Li`uagzbo, Coaurl, lih Osgig 0><>).
=.=.<> L prgkrla egr lhvlidoik krmmi
krgwtb
Hmdgupfoik mdgigaod krgwtb erga maossogis oi LDO oapfoms l
dflssodlf dggrhoiltogi prg`fma. Pmhudoik tbm hmpmihmidm ge mdgigaod
krgwtb gi ilturlf rmsgurdms rmquorms agrm oivmstamit oi l imw
kmimrltogi ge rmsgurdms lih imw mivorgiamit-eromihfy tmdbigfgkoms.
Oidrmlsoik rmsgurdm meeodomidy, mrlsoik pgvmrty, lih rmhudoik rmsgurdmdgisuaptogi oi tbm bokb-dgisuaoik dguitroms sbgufh `m progrotoms oi
hoeemrmit krgups ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Xbmy lfsg sbgufh `m plrt ge
l jgoit rmkogilf pgfody lkmihl egr rmhudoik maossogi rmhudtogis lih
prgagtoik mivorgiamitlffy sustloil`fm krgwtb. Ls igtmh l`gvm, tbm
LDO mdgigaoms alhm vlrogus pfmhkms oi Dgpmiblkmi.
@ut ammtoik tbmsm tlrkmts hgms igt amli tblt tbm oapldts ge
dfoaltm dblikm woff `m wotboi slem foaots (Hmrvoŗ mt lf. 0>>?). Huroik tbm
Dgpmiblkmi imkgtoltogis, agst Liimx O dguitroms pfmhkmh qulitoeol`fm
maossogi rmhudtogis. Oi lhhotogi, smvmrlf hmvmfgpoik dguitroms
su`aottmh iltogilffy lpprgproltm aotokltogi ldtogis. Xbmsm lrm igi-
`oihoik tlrkmts, `ut su`jmdt tg hgamstod amlsurmamit rmpgrtoik lih
vmroeodltogi. Xbm dgaaotamits lrm aghmst, mspmdolffy wbmi dgaplrmh
tg l `usoimss ls usulf sdmilrog ge LDO.
L gim-sozm-eots-lff lpprgldb os igt vol`fm ldrgss lff LDO. Oistmlh,
progrotoms sbgufh `m `lsmh gi mldb dguitry‟s mdgigaod dorduastlidms.
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<25
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Dguitroms wotb bokb lih amhoua fmvmfs ge rmsgurdm dgisuaptogi
lih maossogis aust oapfmamit tlrkmtmh pgfodoms tg hrlstodlffy
oidrmlsm rmsgurdm meeodomidy lih foaot gr rmhudoik maossogis. Egr
hyilaod mamrkoik mdgigaoms, progrotoms lrm rmsgurdm meeodomidy oiimw oierlstrudturm sudb ls `uofhoiks lih trlispgrt systmas lih oi
`lsod oihustroms, sudb ls amtlfs, dbmaodlfs, lih pufp lih plpmr. ^ggr,
hmvmfgpoik dguitroms wotb vmry fgw dgisuaptogi fmvmfs woff rmquorm tbm
suppgrt ge gtbmr rodbmr Lsoli iltogis tg oidrmlsm altmrolf leefumidm
tg oaprgvm fovoik stlihlrhs lih mrlsm pgvmrty. Xbmsm dguitroms aly
plrtoduflrfy `mimeot erga tbm trlisemr ge krmmi tmdbigfgkoms erga
l`rglh tblt lrm lhlptmh tg fgdlf sotultogis.
L prmhodtl`fm mil`foik mivorgiamit lfsg os mssmitolf egr sprmlhoik
rmimwl`fm mimrky lih rmsgurdm meeodomidy. LDO lfsg sbgufh lhgpt
amdbliosas tg midgurlkm tbm rlpoh sprmlh ge imw tmdbigfgkoms egr
wlstm alilkmamit, pgffutogi prmvmitogi, lih mimrky meeodomidy,
sudb ls tbgsm immhmh egr salrt krohs, salrt dotoms, dlr`gi dlpturm,
lih dfmli dglf. Oi tbm `uofhoik smdtgr, rlpoh tmdbigfgky lhvlidms lrm
fmlhoik tg hrlstod rmhudtogis oi tbm mimrky immhs ge `gtb imw lih
rmtrgeottmh bgusoik. Fokbt, bmlt, dggfoik, lih gtbmr mimrky-hmpmihmit
smrvodms tblt usm elr fmss mfmdtrodoty dli igw `m prgvohmh.
L aljgr stmp tgwlrh lhvlidoik krmmi krgwtb os tbm mstl`fosbamit
ge l krgup ge LDO mxpmrts tblt dgufh `ldc up iltogilf oistotutogis,
prgvohm trloioik lih tmdbiodlf suppgrt. Ohmlffy, mxpmrts oi uiovmrsotoms,tmdbiodlf oistotutogis, oihustry lssgdoltogis, lih vgfuitmmr imtwgrcs
dgufh `m ag`ofozmh tg plrtodopltm oi l kfg`lf mitmrprosm. Xbm krgup
wgufh lfsg bmfp lddmfmrltm hmvmfgpamit ge tbm imxt kmimrltogi ge
tmdbiodlf mxpmrts tg smrvm rlpohfy mxplihoik mdgigaod smdtgrs
[otb ots gpmi rmkogilfosa pgfodoms lih oistotutogis tblt dli
suppgrt mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, Lsol os wmff pgsotogimh tg usm rmkogilf
dggpmrltogi ls l strltmky tg lhvlidm fgw-dlr`gi krmmi krgwtb `gtb
hgamstodlffy lih kfg`lffy. Mdgigaoms ge sdlfm oi sgam Lsoli dguitroms
wgufh bmfp gtbmrs gvmrdgam tbm dgst `lrromrs egr hmpfgyamit oe fgw-
dlr`gi tmdbigfgky kgghs lih smrvodms lrm trlhmh ermmfy.
Eoilffy, l imtwgrc ge rmsmlrdb lih pgfody oistotutogis dgufh `m smt up
tg agiotgr oiigvltogi lih hmvmfgpamits mamrkoik lrguih tbm kfg`m. Ot
wgufh prgvohm lilfysms ge imw gppgrtuiotoms tg oaprgvm oapfmamitltogi
wotb `mttmr tmdbigfgkoms lih lhhotogilf pgfody suppgrt.
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
=.=.<< L rmkogilf prgkrla egr dggrhoiltmh
oivmstamit
LDO‟s mivorgiamitlf lih dfoaltm dblikm dblffmikms woff rmquorm
dggpmrltogi oi tmdbiodlf dlpldoty, cigwfmhkm, tmdbigfgky, lih flrkm-
sdlfm oivmstamits. Dggpmrltogi lt l rmkogilf fmvmf dli bmfp tg rmhudm
dlr`gi maossogis, alilkm wltmr lih mimrky rmsgurdms, lih ag`ofozm
euihs egr oierlstrudturm oaprgvmamits. Oi plrtoduflr, dggpmrltogi egr
oivmstamits tbrgukb rmkogilf euihs dgufh `roik auftopfm mdgigaod,
sgdolf, lih mivorgiamitlf `mimeots lih tbus dgitro`utm tg miblidm
mimrky lih mivorgiamitlf smduroty oi LDO. Tudb dggrhoiltmh rmkogilf
euihoik amdbliosas dli igt gify dgitro`utm tg tbm kfg`lf lvlofl`ofoty
ge su`sohoms lih tmdbigfgky egr rmimwl`fm mimrky smrvodms `ut lfsg
suppfmamit tbm iltogilf kulrlitmms geemrmh `y mldb dguitry (]I
0>>?). Xbm mstl`fosbamit ge gim sudb rmkogilf euihoik amdbliosa
gr oistotutogi, tbm Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih (LME), dgufh dgitro`utm
krmltfy tg tbm ag`ofozltogi ge rmkogilf euihs egr miblidoik mimrky
lih mivorgiamitlf smduroty oi LDO.
=.5 Xgwlrh l Tustloil`fm EuturmL fgw-dlr`gi, rmsgurdm-meeodomit pltb woff durtlof euturm mdgigaod
lih sgdolf dgsts ge mivorgiamitlf hmkrlhltogi. Ot woff bmfp lffmvoltm
pgvmrty, misurm l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem `y wohmioik lddmss tg mimrky
smrvodms, prgtmdt bmlftb tbrgukb `mttmr lor qulfoty, alcm tbm LDO
mdgigaoms agrm dgapmtotovm, lih miblidm mimrky smduroty. Xbmrm lfsg
woff m agrm voso`fm plygees ge l swotdb tg krmmi krgwtb. Oivmstamits oi
dfmli-mimrky lih rmsgurdm-meeodomit tmdbigfgkoms, dga`oimh wotb prodm
suppgrts, tlx oidmitovms, hormdt krlits, lih fgli suppgrt, dli egstmr
mimrky, wltmr, lih maossogi-rmhudtogi oihustroms. Tudb l hmvmfgpamit
pltb wgufh mil`fm dguitroms tg prgagtm mdgigaod krgwtb, wbofm
rmhudoik maossogis, aoioaozoik wlstm, lih midgurlkoik agrm meeodomit
usm ge ilturlf rmsgurdms (LH@ lih LH@O 0><4).
Lhhrmssoik LDO‟s egraohl`fm mivorgiamitlf lih rmsgurdm
prg`fmas woff igt `m mlsy. Ot woff rmquorm dgidmrtmh, dggrhoiltmh meegrt
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<22
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
`y pgfodyalcmrs oi aliy eomfhs lih oi plrtimrsbop wotb provltm smdtgr,
oitmriltogilf grkliozltogis, lih cigwfmhkm oistotutms. Ot os urkmit tblt
oistotutogis aust `m strmiktbmimh sg tblt pgfodoms lrm egraufltmh lih
oapfmamitmh agrm meemdtovmfy.Hmvmfgpamit os tbm aloi progroty oi LDO. [ohmioik lddmss tg
mimrky smrvodms egr tbm pggr aly fmlh tg li gvmrlff oidrmlsm oi mimrky
dgisuaptogi oi sgam dguitroms. Bgwmvmr, tbm pgtmitolf tg usm mimrky
agrm meeodomitfy, mspmdolffy oi ur`li lrmls, dgufh kg l fgik wly tgwlrh
geesmttoik oidrmlsmh dgisuaptogi.
Xrlisfltoik iltogilf mimrky, wltmr, lih mivorgiamitlf kglfs
oitg ldtogi woff rmquorm oiigvltovm pgfodoms, eoilidoik sdbmams lt tbm
aodrg- lih aldrg-fmvmf, lih tbm plrtodopltogi ge l `rglh rlikm ge
stlcmbgfhmrs. L `rglh pgrtegfog ge pgfody amlsurms woff `m rmquormh,
oidfuhoik alrcmt-`lsmh oistruamits sudb ls tlxms, emmh-oi tlroees, lih
prodms gi maossogis lih pgffutogi tblt drmltm oidmitovms lih stoaufltm
oiigvltogi `y dgaplioms lih dgisuamrs tg smmc gut dfmli lih krmmi
mimrky lftmriltovms. Xbm LDO iltogis immh rmkufltgry erlamwgrcs tblt
hmeoim tbm rokbt dgihotogis egr alrcmt-`lsmh oistruamits `y rmagvoik
`lrromrs, rmhudoik rosc, lih oidrmlsoik dgieohmidm oi rmimwl`fm mimrky
oivmstamits.
LDO kgvmriamits aust oivmst agrm lih put l bokbmr progroty gi lrmls
tblt stoaufltm mimrky lih wltmr dgismrvltogi, pgffutogi prmvmitogi, lih l
sboet tgwlrh rmimwl`fm mimrky. Oi sgam dlsms‘ls offustrltmh y tbm PD‟srmdmit mdgigaod pgfody sboets‘tbm LDO iltogis aly immh tg hrlstodlffy
lftmr tbmor durrmit pltb ge hmvmfgpamit. Amliwbofm, kgvmriamits sbgufh
foaot spmihoik oi lrmls tblt hmpfmtm rmsgurdms, sudb ls su`sohoms tblt
lrtoeodolffy fgwmr tbm dgst ge usoik egssof eumfs lih tblt hmtmr dgisuamrs
lih oihustroms erga rmsgurdm-meeodomit amlsurms tblt gtbmrwosm wgufh
`m dgst-meemdtovm. Pmegraoik su`sohy prgkrlas os dblffmikoik, kovmi
tbm vmstmh oitmrmsts smmcoik tbmor aloitmilidm. @ut tbmrm lrm aliy
mxlapfms ge prgkrlas tg lamfogrltm tbm imkltovm oapldt tg sgdomty, sudb
ls dgihotogilf dlsb trlisemr sdbmams egr pggr bgusmbgfhs.
Tu`sohoms egr krmmi tmdbigfgky sudb ls prodm suppgrts, tlx `rmlcs,
fglis, lih hormdt krlits dli egstmr imw oihustroms oi mimrky, wltmr,
lih maossogi rmhudtogi. Kgvmriamits lfsg aust oivmst oi dlpldoty
`uofhoik, trloioik, lih mhudltogi sg tblt tbm LDO iltogis dli smozm
gppgrtuiotoms egr oierlstrudturm prgjmdts, prmplrm wgrcegrdms, lih
bmfp mdgigaoms lih pgpufltogis dgpm wotb tbm dblffmikms. Xmdbigfgky
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Alilkoik Mimrky, [ltmr, lih tbm Mivorg
trlisemr woff `m imdmsslry tg lssost hmvmfgpoik dguitroms lddmfmrltm tbm
prgdmss. L amdbliosa tg dgapfmamit tbmsm strltmkoms wotb dfgsm foics
tg tbm mamrkoik dlr`gi alrcmt lih hgamstod eoilidoik sdbmams immhs
tg `m hmvmfgpmh lt tbm iltogilf fmvmf.Xbos lkmihl lfsg rmquorms `gfh fmlhmrsbop. Ot os oapmrltovm tblt
tbm LDO iltogis lssuam l krmltmr, prgldtovm rgfm oi auftofltmrlf
grkliozltogis lih hopfgaltod meegrts tg lhhrmss dblffmikms sudb ls
dfoaltm dblikm, iltogilf rmsgurdm hmpfmtogi, lih mimrky smduroty.
Xbmy sbgufh wgrc tg strmiktbmi oitmriltogilf kgvmrilidm systmas
tg lhvlidm tbm Cygtg ^rgtgdgf. Ls gim ge tbm wgrfh‟s aljgr mimrky
dgisuamrs, egr mxlapfm, tbm ^PD sbgufh pursum krmltmr dggrhoiltogi
wotb gtbmr aljgr gof oapgrtmrs tbrgukb tbm OML, ge wbodb tbm ^PD os
igt ymt l ama`mr. Gtbmr Lsoli dguitroms lfsg aust jgoit dgffl`grltovm
meegrts tg lssuam stl`fm euturm suppfoms ge mimrky (Hryshlfm 0><<).
Xbm LDO iltogis aust dggpmrltm agrm lt tbm rmkogilf fmvmf. Xg
misurm wltmr smduroty lih meeodomidy, tbm LDO mdgigaoms aust oaprgvm
tbmor dggpmrltogi oi sblroik drgss-`grhmr ermsb wltmr sgurdms lih tg
ammt rmkogilf eoilidoik immhs egr oierlstrudturm. Xbm mstl`fosbamit
ge l rmkogilf dlr`gi alrcmt dgufh sokioeodlitfy spmmh up hmpfgyamit
lih oidrmlsm tbm sdlfm ge imw rmimwl`fm mimrky lih mimrky-meeodomit
prgjmdts. Pmkogilf kgvmriamits sbgufh blragiozm mimrky prodoik,
tlxltogi, rmkufltogi, lih stlihlrhs. Pmkogilf sgfutogis lrm mspmdolffy
mssmitolf egr sblroik wltmr sgurdms lih eoilidoik wltmr oierlstrudturm.Ot os oi tbm mdgigaod smfe-oitmrmst ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms tblt tbmsm
dblffmikms `m tldcfmh lkkrmssovmfy. Hmflyoik ldtogi gi tbmsm ergits
woff gify oidrmlsm euturm dgsts. @y lddmfmrltoik tbm trlisotogi tg l fgw-
dlr`gi euturm, LDO dli woi tbm kfg`lf dfmli mimrky rldm lih rmlfozm ots
krmlt trlisegraltogi.
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<?>
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5 Eoilidoik Euturm
Xrlisegraltogi
5.< Oitrghudtogi
Xbm eoilidolf systmas ge LDO blvm mmi oistruamitlf oi suppgrtoik
tbm rmkogi‟s uiplrlffmfmh rmdgrh ge krgwtb lih mil`foik ot tg wmltbmr
aliy eoilidolf stgras oi tbm plst twg hmdlhms: tbm Oiholi drosos oi
<??<, tbm Lsoli drosos oi <??;—<??2, lih agst rmdmitfy tbm kfg`lf
eoilidolf drosos ge 0>>2—0>>? lih tbm misuoik rmdmssogi. Xghly, tbm
eoilidolf systmas ge LDO blvm tbm rmsgurdms tg suppgrt krgwtb uitof
0>4>, ag`ofozoik $8.4 troffogi oi slvoiks lih `glstoik $4.2 troffogi ge
egrmoki mxdblikm rmsmrvms l ymlr ls ge 0><>. LDO eoilidms lrm agrm
rmsofomit, hovmrsoeomh, lih sgpbostodltmh tbli tbmy wmrm oi tbm <??>s.
Egr LDO tg ammt ots 0>4> krgwtb tlrkmts lih sprmlh tbm `mimeots
ge tblt krgwtb agrm wohmfy, bgwmvmr, tbm rmkogi woff blvm tg eoih wlystg agrm meemdtovmfy oitmramholtm ots flrkm mxdmss slvoiks. LDO eoilidolf
alrcmts aust `mdgam hmmpmr, alcm egralf eoilidolf smrvodms lvlofl`fm
tg agrm pmgpfm lih eoras, lih `m `mttmr l`fm tg wotbstlih mxtmrilf
sbgdcs. @lics aust `mdgam agrm meeodomit oi lffgdltoik euihs lih woff
immh krmltmr mxpmrtosm oi smttoik up flrkm lih dgapfmx prgjmdts lih
alilkoik tbm roscs ge sudb oivmstamits. LDO eoilidolf alrcmts lfsg
aust oitmkrltm agrm tbgrgukbfy wotb mldb gtbmr sg tblt euihs dli `m
ag`ofozmh ldrgss tbm rmkogi.
Xbm eoilidolf smdtgr pflys l iua`mr ge cmy rgfms oi mdgigaod
hmvmfgpamit lih krgwtb. Ot eldofotltms trlhm oi kgghs lih smrvodms,
mvlfultms oivmstamit prgjmdts, ag`ofozms pggfs ge slvoiks tg euih
prgjmdts, trlisemrs euihs tg wbmrm tbmy lrm immhmh, agiotgrs tbm
ldtovotoms ge dlpotlf usmrs, hostro`utms lih agiotgrs rosc, lih prgvohms
oivmstgrs wotb hovmrsm slvoiks prghudts. Ot os ig mxlkkmrltogi tg sly tblt
tbm eoilidolf smdtgr os tbm foem`fggh ge tbm mdgigaod systma, lih tblt
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<?0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
hmvmfgpoik l eoilidolf oierlstrudturm dlpl`fm ge suppgrtoik sustloil`fm
fgik-tmra krgwtb oi tbm rmkogi os l drotodlf rmquormamit. Ot os wohmfy
rmdgkiozmh tblt dguitroms wotb `mttmr-hmvmfgpmh eoilidolf systmas tmih
tg krgw elstmr gvmr fgik pmroghs (Coik lih Fmvoim <??43 Fmvoim 0>>=3@mdc, Fmvoim, lih Fglyzl 0>>>3 Pljli lih Zoiklfms <??2). [bmtbmr tbos
meemdt os dluslf gr igt rmalois dgitrgvmrsolf, mspmdolffy oi fokbt ge tbm
rgfm ge eoilidolf oiigvltogi (Pghroc 0>>2l3 Tdbuflrodc lih Ttmkmr 0><>).
L alfeuidtogioik eoilidolf systma, gi tbm gtbmr blih, dli
blvm aljgr imkltovm dgismqumidms egr tbm rmlf mdgigay, mspmdolffy
wbmi uisguih eoilidolf pgfody os dga`oimh wotb wmlc supmrvosogi
lih oapruhmit `mblvogr `y eoilidolf oistotutogis (Aoiscy <?;83
Coihfm`mrkmr <?;23 @blkwlto <??23 Pghroc <???3 Mlstmrfy, Potzmi,
lih [ggfdgdc 0>>>3 Pljli 0>>=, 0><>). Xbmrmegrm, slemkulrhoik
eoilidolf stl`ofoty erga `gtb mxtmrilf lih oitmrilf roscs os l cmy pgfody
rmspgiso`ofoty, l fmssgi tblt bls `mmi rmpmltmhfy alhm dfmlr `y rmdmit
aljgr eoilidolf drosms. Oi Lsoli mamrkoik alrcmts, alilkmamit ge
vgfltofm dlpotlf efgws os votlf egr aldrgmdgigaod lih eoilidolf stl`ofoty.
[bofm LDO‟s eoilidolf smdtgr bls kmimrlffy pmregramh wmff, ot aust
`mdgam agrm sgpbostodltmh ls iltogis oi tbm rmkogi agvm tgwlrh tbm
stltus ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms `y 0>4> lih ls ots pgpufltogi `mdgams
wmlftbomr.
Dgaplrmh tg bokb fmvmfs ge aliueldturoik prghudtovoty krgwtb,
bgwmvmr, hmvmfgpamit ge tbm eoilidolf smdtgr bls flkkmh oi agstLDO mdgigaoms, flrkmfy hum tg bmlvy rmkufltogi lih, oi sgam
dlsms, oisueeodomit sdlfm. LDO‟s eoilidolf alrcmts lrm lfsg bokbfy
erlkamitmh.
5.0 Li Lkmihl egr LDO EoilidolfHmvmfgpamit
L vosogi egr eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit oi tbm Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst
Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol
os gutfoimh oi LH@‟s Oistotutogis egr Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi, wbodb smts
gut tbm egffgwoik kglfs egr li Lsoli mdgigaod dgaauioty:
Li oitmkrltmh alrcmt ermm ge rmstrodtogis gi efgws ge kgghs lih
smrvodms
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
Hmmpmr lih agrm foquoh eoilidolf alrcmts gpmi tg drgss-`grhmr
eoilidolf efgws, wotb bokb stlihlrhs ge gvmrsokbt lih strgik
prgtmdtogi egr iltogilf lih egrmoki oivmstgrs
Meemdtovm erlamwgrcs egr dggrhoiltoik aldrgmdgigaod lihmxdblikm-rltm pgfodoms, tlcoik oitg lddguit kfg`lf dblffmikms lih
hoeemroik iltogilf dorduastlidms
Pmkogilf egruas lih holfgkums tg lhhrmss votlf sgdolf ossums, sudb ls
pgvmrty, mxdfusogi, oidgam oismduroty, aokrltogi, lkoik, bmlftb, lih
mivorgiamitlf tbrmlts
L dgisostmit vgodm tg prgjmdt rmkogilf dgidmris oi kfg`lf pgfody egruas
lih miblidm rmspgiso`fm kfg`lf kgvmrilidm (LH@ 0><>`: 0><).
Eoilidolf oitmkrltogi dli prgagtm mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit
`y rmhudoik dgsts tg `grrgwmrs lih oivmstgrs lih `y oidrmlsoik
dgapmtotogi. Xbm prgdmssms ge hmvmfgpamit, kfg`lfozltogi, lih
oiigvltogi aust `m dlrmeuffy alilkmh. Oe oapfmamitmh blstofy, oi
tbm wrgik smqumidm lih wotbgut lhmqultm slemkulrhs, wmff-oitmihmh
pgfodoms dli oidrmlsm roscs ge eoilidolf drosms. Xbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf
smdtgr aust lfsg eldm tbm dblffmikms ge oaprgvoik eoilidolf oidfusogi,
lddgaaghltoik lkoik pgpufltogis, lih suppgrtoik krmmi krgwtb. L
krgwoik eoilidolf smrvodms smdtgr os lfsg mxpmdtmh tg `mdgam l imw
mikoim ge mdgigaod krgwtb oi LDO.
Xbos dblptmr prgvohms pmrspmdtovms gi tbm durrmit lih prgspmdtovm
sotultogi ge eoilidolf alrcmt hmvmfgpamit oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms lihohmitoeoms tbm cmy progrotoms egr strmiktbmioik oierlstrudturm immhmh
egr eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit lih rmkogilf oitmkrltogi. Egur progrotoms lrm
lhhrmssmh:
Xbm hmmpmioik, gpmioik, lih oidrmlsmh meeodomidy ge eoilidolf
alrcmts, sudb ls tbrgukb flrkmr gih alrcmts lih tbm mstl`fosbamit
ge oierlstrudturm egr hmrovltovms lih egrmoki mxdblikm swlps.
Mxplisogi ge lddmss tg eoilidolf smrvodms egr oihovohulfs lih salff
mitmrprosms.
Miblidmh stl`ofoty tbrgukb oaprgvmh rmkufltogi lih survmofflidm
lih aldrgpruhmitolf pgfody.
Oidrmlsmh eoilidolf oitmkrltogi lih krmltmr rmkogilf lih kfg`lf
dggpmrltogi, oidfuhoik blragiozltogi ge LDO rmkufltgry lih
tlx erlamwgrcs, rmkogilf `gih alrcmts, lih egrmoki mxdblikm
dggrhoiltogi.
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Xl`fm 5.<: Hmvmfgpamit ge LDO Eoilidolf Lssmts
0><> $ offogi Tblrm ge wgrfh tgtlf (%)
0>>> 0>4>E 0><> 0>4>E
@lic hmpgsots
LDO <4,4?> =4,;52 04.; 88.<
LTMLI <,44? 8,<?8 0.8 4.8
^PD <>,?8= 80,440 <?.8 48.;
Oihol <,<>5 ;,084 0 =.?
^rovltm drmhot y hmpgsot agimy lics
LDO 2,0;2 40,??2 <5.; 40.?
LTMLI ?55 4,>04 <.? 4
^PD 5,5;? 0=,24< <4.8 0=.2
Oihol 544 8,<88 <.4 8.<
Ttgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi
LDO <>,525 80,880 <?.8 48.8
LTMLI <,=?5 =,>;< 0.? 8.<
^PD ;,8;8 02,?>; <4.5 04.8
Oihol <,5<5 2,858 0.? 5.?
^rovltm gih alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi
LDO 0,<50 <;,0>4 8.< <4.;
LTMLI 482 <,;>8 >.; <.8
^PD <,554 <0,255 4.0 <>.0
Oihol <=< 0,540 >.4 0.<
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 E 1 egrmdlst3
^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdms: DMOD hltl`lsm. bttp://www.dmodhltl.dga (lddmssmh <0 Lprof 0><<)3 Oitmriltogilf Eoilidolf
Ttltostods Hltl`lsm. bttp://www.mdgihltl.dga/hltl`lsms/oae-lih-gtbmr-oitmriltogilf/oes/
(lddmssmh <0 Lprof 0><<)3 @OT (0><0)3 [grfh Emhmrltogi ge Mxdblikms. bttp://www.wgrfh-mxdblikms.
grk/stltostods/liiulf/0><</mquoty-alrcmts/hgamstod-alrcmt-dlpotlfozltogi (lddmssmh 2 Lukust
0><<)3 lutbgrs‟ mstoaltms.
<?8
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Xbos dblptmr geemrs pgfody rmdgaamihltogis lt tbm iltogilf,
su`rmkogilf, lih rmkogilf fmvmfs.
5.4 Durrmit Ttltus ge LDO
Eoilidolf Alrcmts
@lsmh gi ots durrmit trljmdtgry, LDO‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf eoilidolf
alrcmts woff krgw hrlaltodlffy `y 0>4> oi lff aljgr lssmt dflssms
(Xl`fm 5.<). LDO‟s sblrm ge kfg`lf `lic hmpgsots os prgjmdtmh tg rosm
erga 04.;% oi 0><> tg 88.<% `y 0>4>, wbofm tbm rmkogi os mxpmdtmh tg
lddguit egr gim-tborh ge tbm wgrfh‟s `lic drmhot egr provltm `grrgwmrs
lih stgdc alrcmt mquoty vlfums. @mdlusm LDO os stlrtoik erga l fgw
`lsm, tbm rmkogi‟s sblrm ge provltm fgdlf-durrmidy `gihs os prgjmdtmh tg
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
rmldb gify <4.;%. Bgwmvmr, tblt woff rmprmsmit l tbrmmegfh oidrmlsm oi
twg hmdlhms. LDO‟s sblrm ge lff provltm euihoik os mxpmdtmh tg imlrfy
hgu`fm, tg 05.=%.
LDO‟s aguitoik eoilidolf wmokbt oi tbm wgrfh rmefmdts `gtb otsprgjmdtmh mdgigaod krgwtb lih oidrmlsms oi tbm rltog ge eoilidolf
lssmts tg krgss hgamstod prghudt (KH^) oi sgam dguitroms, sudb ls
Oihol, Oihgimsol, tbm ^bofoppoims, Xbloflih, lih Uomt Ila. Xbm ^PD woff
`y elr alcm tbm `okkmst dgitro`utogi tg tbm rosm ge LDO.
LDO os mxpmdtmh tg alcm ots oidrmlsmh prmsmidm oi kfg`lf alrcmts
emft oi gtbmr hoamisogis ls wmff. Xbm yuli os mxpmdtmh tg `mdgam li
oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit oitmriltogilf rmsmrvm durrmidy ls tbm dguitry
krlhulffy gpmis ots dlpotlf lddguit. Tblikblo lih Aua`lo lrm mxpmdtmh
tg jgoi tbm rlics ge aljgr oitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs.
5.4.< Eoilidolf hmmpmioik lih gpmioikXbm [grfh Mdgigaod Egrua‟s Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0><> ,
hmeoims eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit ls ‖pgfodoms lih oistotutogis tblt fmlh
tg meemdtovm eoilidolf oitmramholtogi lih alrcmts, ls wmff ls hmmp
lih `rglh lddmss tg dlpotlf lih eoilidolf smrvodms.‑ Tmvmi pofflrs lrm
usmh: oistotutogilf mivorgiamit, `usoimss mivorgiamit, eoilidolf
stl`ofoty, `licoik eoilidolf smrvodms, igi-`licoik eoilidolf smrvodms,
eoilidolf alrcmts, lih eoilidolf lddmss ([ME 0><<`: xooo). Xbm lpprgldbusms audb agrm tbli qulitotltovm amlsurms tg lssmss eoilidolf
hmvmfgpamit. Xl`fm 5.0 sbgws bgw tbm LDO dguitroms rlicmh lagik
=; dguitroms oi 0>>? lih 0><>.
[otb tbm mxdmptogi ge tbm ^bofoppoims, Oihgimsol, lih Uomt Ila, tbm
LDO dguitroms rlic ls aghmrltm, wbofm Toiklpgrm rlics ls bokb. Erga
0>>? tg 0><>, LDO rlicoiks blvm kmimrlffy oaprgvmh, wotb Alflysol
lih tbm ^PD sbgwoik tbm `okkmst klois. Bgwmvmr, agst LDO eoilidolf
systmas lrm stoff fmss hmvmfgpmh tbli tbgsm oi hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.
[otboi tbm eoilidolf stl`ofoty pofflr, `licoik systma stl`ofoty os wmokbtmh agrm (8>%)
tbli durrmidy stl`ofoty lih rosc ge sgvmrmoki hm`t drosos (4>% mldb). [otboi tbm `licoik
eoilidolf smrvodms, tbmrm lrm tbrmm su`krgups: tbm sozm ge tbm `licoik systma, tbm meeodomidy ge
tbm `licoik systma (8>% mldb), lih tbm rgfm ge eoilidolf oiegraltogi hosdfgsurm (0>%). [otboi
tbm eoilidolf alrcmts pofflr, l 4>% wmokbt wls lssokimh tg tbm mquoty lih `gih alrcmt, lih l
0>% wmokbt wls lssokimh tg tbm egrmoki mxdblikm lih hmrovltovms alrcmt (krmltmr oapgrtlidm
ge mquoty lih `gih alrcmt hmvmfgpamit).
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Xl`fm 5.0: Dblikms oi Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Lssmssamits
0><> rlic 0>>? rlic 0><> sdgrm
(<—;)Dblikm oi
sdgrm
Toiklpgrm 8 8 =.>4 >.><
Alflysol <; 00 8.0 >.04
Xbloflih 48 4= 4.4; >.>4
Uomt Ila 85 8= 4.>4 >.>8
^bofoppoims => => 0.?; >.<8
Oihgimsol =< 82 0.? >
^PD 00 05 8.>4 >.<5
Oihol 4; 42 4.08 ->.>=
^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: [ME (0><>).
<?5
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
5.8 Amlsuroik LDO‟s Eoilidolf
^rgkrmss
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm alhm prgkrmss oi oidrmlsoik tbm sozm,
meeodomidy, lih oitmriltogilfozltogi ge tbmor eoilidolf alrcmts gvmr tbm
plst hmdlhm. Xbos hmmpmioik dli `m lilfyzmh `y usoik l amtbghgfgkysoaoflr tg tblt ge tbm [grfh @lic‟s Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit lih Ttrudturm
Hltl`lsm (Fmm 0>>23 Dlpliimffo, Fmm, lih ^mtro 0>>?). Lsol‟s prgkrmss
dli `m dgaplrmh wotb tblt ge gtbmr dguitroms `y usoik tbm oihodltgrs
prgvohmh oi @mdc lih Hmaorkud-Cuit (0>>?) egr egur oidgam fmvmfs:
bokb, uppmr-aohhfm, fgwmr-aohhfm, lih fgw.
Lff oihodltgrs ge eoilidolf sozm sukkmst stmlhy prgkrmss (Xl`fm 5.4).
Xbmsm oihodltgrs lrm dmitrlf `lic lssmts, `lic hmpgsots, hmpgsot
agimy `lic lssmts, foquoh fol`ofotoms, provltm drmhot `y hmpgsot
agimy `lics, stgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi, lih provltm `gih alrcmt
dlpotlfozltogi. Lff lrm dgaputmh ls l rltog tg igaoilf KH^. Xypodlffy,
tbm rltog ge dmitrlf `lic lssmts tg KH^ elffs ls oidgam rosms, wbofm
lff gtbmr amlsurms rosm. ^rovltm `gih alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi os usmh
Foquoh fol`ofotoms lrm hmeoimh ls dlsb pfus hmalih hmpgsots lih oitmrmst-`mlroik fol`ofotoms
ge `lics lih gtbmr eoilidolf oistotutogis.
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Xl fm 5.4: Amlsurms ge Eoilidolf Tmdtgr Tozm
Amholi rltog y oidgam dflss, 0>>; LTMLI ^PD Oihol LDO*
Pltog tg KH^ Bokb ]ppmraohhfm
Fgwmraohhfm
Fgw 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>
Dmitrlf lic lssmts >.>< >.>< >.>8 >.>0 >.>2 >.>4 >.>0 >.>= >.>2 >.>0 >.>; >
@lic hmpgsots >.2; >.84 >.4? >.0> >.;4 >.24 <.>8 <.8; >.80 >.58 >.;4 >
Hmpgsot agimy `lic lssmts <.<8 >.== >.4< >.<= >.2= >.;2 <.<4 <.>; >.8< >.5= >.24 >
Foquoh fol`ofotoms >.?> >.8= >.84 >.0; IL <.>= IL <.=; IL >.;= IL <
^rovltm drmhot y hmpgsotagimy lics <.>< >.8; >.4< >.<8 >.;> >.;; <.>5 <.<> >.05 >.8; >.5? >
Ttgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi <.>= >.80 >.4> >.05 >.2; >.;; >.42 <.>> >.45 >.?> >.;4 >
^rovltm gih alrcmtdlpotlfozltogi >.45 >.<5 >.>4 >.>> >.<4 >.<; >.>; >.<? >.>> >.>= >.<> >
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge
Igtm: * Toapfm lvmrlkm.
Tgurdms: @mdc lih Hmaorkud-Cuit (0>>?) lih lutbgrs‟ mstoaltms.
Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
`mdlusm ot os bokbfy dgrrmfltmh wotb oidgam fmvmfs. ^u`fod `gih alrcmt
dlpotlfozltogi sbgws lfagst ig dgrrmfltogi wotb oidgam fmvmfs.
Xl`fm 5.4 dgaplrms tbm vlfums egr LTMLI, tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih lff
ge LDO oi 0>>> lih 0>>? wotb tbm amholi vlfums `y oidgam krgup ge
tbm wgrfhwohm slapfm egr 0>>; (@mdc lih Hmaorkud-Cuit 0>>?). Hltl
egr LDO lrm soapfm lvmrlkms ge tbm rltogs egr tbm ^PD, Oihol, Oihgimsol,
Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, Toiklpgrm, Xbloflih, lih Uomt Ila. Xbmhltl sbgw tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms gi lvmrlkm lrm, oe liytboik, gvmr-
mihgwmh oi tmras ge foquohoty lih `licoik smdtgr sozm dgaplrmh
tg bokb-oidgam dguitroms. Bgwmvmr, tbmy lrm fmss mihgwmh oi tmras
ge hmpgsot `lic lssmts, provltm drmhot `y hmpgsot agimy `lics, lih
stgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi. Xbm ^PD tmihs tg sdgrm bokbmst gi tbmsm
amlsurms, wotb LTMLI oi tbm aohhfm lih Oihol fgwmst. Bgwmvmr, tbmy
lff flk oi provltm `gih alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi.
Lff LDO mdgigaoms sbgwmh su`stlitolf oidrmlsms oi tgtlf provltm
fol`ofotoms rmfltovm tg KH^ erga 0>>> tg 0>>?, mspmdolffy tbm ^PD,
Oihol, lih Uomt Ila. Xl`fm 5.8 sbgws tbmrm wmrm aljgr hoeemrmidms
wbmi ot dlam tg typms ge fol`ofoty. ^rovltm `lic drmhot emff oi Alflysol,
tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih oi tbm letmraltb ge tbm Lsoli eoilidolf
drosos ge <??;—<??2. Ttgdc alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi rgsm oi lff tbm LDO
mdgigaoms, wbofm provltm `gih alrcmt dlpotlfozltogi emff gify oi
Toiklpgrm. Bgwmvmr, lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms, provltm `gih alrcmt
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Xl`fm 5.8: Tgurdms ge ^rovltm Tmdtgr Euihoik (% ge KH^)
^rovltm drmhot yhmpgsot agimy
`lics
Ttgdc alrcmtdlpotlfozltogi
^rovltm gihalrcmt
dlpotlfozltogiXgtlf
0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>?
LTMLI* ;>.8 ;5.? ;0.8 ;5.0 <0.5 <5.? <8<.4 <5;.<
Oihgimsol <;.2 08.> <5.4 44.> <.8 <.= 4=.= =2.5
Alflysol <04.< <<4.0 <08.; <40.5 40.? 8?.5 02>.; 0?=.4
^bofoppoims 42.0 0?.? 40.> 8;.5 >.0 <.> ;>.= ;2.=
Toiklpgrm ?5.; <>0.0 <58.2 <5?.= <5.? <4.0 0;2.= 028.?
Xbloflih <<5.4 ?=.0 08.> =0.8 <<.2 <?.< <=0.> <55.2
Uomt Ila 4>.8 ?5.; IL 0<.2 IL IL 4>.8 <<2.5
^PD <>5.8 <<>.> 82.= <>>.4 ;.> <?.> <5<.? 00?.8
Oihol 05.8 85.= 40.0 2=.8 >.= 8.5 =?.< <45.5
LDO* 5?.8 ;;.0 54.0 2>.4 <>.< <=.8 <44.5 <;<.<
Gtbmrs
Bgik Cgik, Dboil <=>.? <=0.8 458.8 <>22.5 <;.0 <8.0 =40.= <0==.0
Jlpli <?=.4 <>;.0 5;.5 5;.< 8;.8 4;.2 4<>.8 0<0.<
Pmp. ge Cgrml 5?.; <>=.> 40.0 <>>.4 =<.= 5?.4 <=4.8 0;8.;
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3
IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtm: * uiwmokbtmh lvmrlkms3 hltl egr gtbmr LTMLI dguitroms igt lvlofl`fm.
Tgurdms: OET Em` 0><< DH, DMOD hltl`lsm. bttp://www.dmodhltl.dga (lddmssmh <0 Lprof 0><<)3 @OT (0><0)3 [grfh
Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs gifoim. bttp://hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs (lddmssmh
<0 Lprof 0><<).
<?2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
dlpotlfozltogi wls bokb gify oi Alflysol, wbodb uihmrfoims tbm sdgpmegr eurtbmr hmvmfgpamit ge tbos smdtgr.
Foem oisurlidm prmaouas ls l pmrdmitlkm ge KH^ blvm rmldbmh
vmry bokb fmvmfs oi Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil, `meottoik tbmor
stltus ls oitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs (Xl`fm 5.=). Alflysol‟s fmvmf
lfsg os rmfltovmfy bokb lt 5.4% ge KH^. Fmvmfs oi tbm ^PD lih Xbloflih
lrm rmfltovmfy dfgsm tg tbgsm ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, wbmrm prmaouas
mqulf 8.=% ge KH^ lih rmprmsmit l kggh fgik-tmra `midbalrc. Oihol,
Oihgimsol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Uomt Ila blvm eurtbmr tg kg.
LDO‟s lssmt alilkmamit oihustry os mxpmdtmh tg krgw rlpohfy
ls l rmsuft ge rosoik oidgams, bokb slvoiks rltms, lih tbm lkoik ge
pgpufltogis oi agst mdgigaoms. Lkloi, bgwmvmr, tbmrm os wohm vlroltogi
oi tbm rmkogi (Xl`fm 5.=). Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil blvm vmry
bokb pmrdmitlkms ge sblrms ge lssmts uihmr alilkmamit, egffgwmh `y
Hltl gi lssmts lrm igt lvlofl`fm egr agst mdgigaoms.
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Xl`fm 5.=: Oisurlidm lih Autulf Euih Oihustry Hmvmfgpamit
(% ge KH^)
Xgtlf oisurlidm prmaouas Autulf euih lssmts
0>>> 0><> 0>>> 0><>
LTMLI* 8.; 8.2 8;.= <>5.2
Oihgimsol** < <.5 >.8 0.4
Alflysol IL 5.4 <0.0 8?.4
^bofoppoims** <.4 < IL <.<
Toiklpgrm <8.< <8.0 <5?.2 85<.<
Xbloflih 0.= 8.0 ;.; 0>.<
Uomt Ila+ IL <.8 IL IL
^PD <.5 4.; >.? 5.0
Oihol IL 0.4 5.8 2.=
LDO* 8.0 8.8 4= 2<.?
Gtbmrs
Bgik Cgik, Dboil** 40.? 22.0 <28.< 880.?
Pmp. ge Cgrml =.= 8.= <;.; 0>.?
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3
IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtms: * ]iwmokbtmh lvmrlkms. Oistmlh ge 0><> hltl, ** hmigtms 0>>? lih + hmigtms 0>>23
hltl egr gtbmr LTMLI dguitroms igt lvlofl`fm.
Tgurdm: DMOD hltl`lsm. bttp://www.dmodhltl.dga (lddmssmh < Lukust 0><<).
Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
Xbloflih. ]soik tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml ls l `midbalrc, wbmrm sudb
lssmts mqulf lrguih 0>% ge KH^, dguitroms sudb ls tbm ^PD lih Oihol
smma focmfy tg hmvmfgp eurtbmr.
5.8.< Eoilidolf gpmiimssEoilidolf systmas `mdgam agrm gpmi ls mdgigaoms hmvmfgp lih
rmstrodtogis oi lrmls sudb ls dlpotlf lddguits mlsm. Bgwmvmr, dlpotlf
lddguit rmkoams dli lfsg `mdgam agrm rmstrodtovm, plrtoduflrfy
oi dguitroms tblt mxpmromidm sbgdcs erga rlpoh dlpotlf oiefgws gr
gutefgws. Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos ge <??;—<??2 wls l wltmrsbmh
oi Lsol oi tmras ge tbm pmrdmovmh roscs lssgdoltmh wotb gpmi dlpotlf
lddguits. Ls hosdussmh `mfgw, l dmrtloi fmvmf ge dlpotlf alrcmt
gpmiimss os l prmrmquosotm egr rmkogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi. Xbm tlsc
os tg ohmitoey lpprgproltm wlys tg alilkm dlpotlf efgws.
Eoilidolf gpmiimss os igt mlsy tg amlsurm. Xbmrm lrm twg `rglh
lpprgldbms‘hm jurm lih hm eldtg. Hm jurm amlsurms lssmss tbm
rmstrodtovmimss ge pu`fosbmh flws lih rmkufltogis rmklrhoik egrmoki
mxdblikm lih dlpotlf lddguit trlisldtogis. Xbmsm lrm typodlffy `lsmh
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Eokurm 5.<: Dboii—Otg Oihodms egr Aljgr LDO Mdgigaoms
LDO 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Dboii lih Otg (0>>2).
0>>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
gi tbm Liiulf Pmpgrt gi Mxdblikm Lrrlikmamits lih Mxdblikm
Pmstrodtogis (LPMLMP) (OAE 0>>2). Mxlapfms ge tbos lpprgldb oidfuhm
\uoii (0>>4) lih tbm Dboii—Otg Oihmx (Dboii lih Otg 0>>2).
Xbm hmkrmm ge gpmiimss bls rlikmh wohmfy lih bls dblikmhsu`stlitolffy oi aljgr LDO mdgigaoms, lddgrhoik tg tbm Dboii—Otg
Oihmx egr <??5 lih 0>>? (Eokurm 5.<). Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik,
Dboil lrm rltmh ls euffy gpmi, dgisostmit wotb tbmor stltus ls rmkogilf
eoilidolf dmitmrs. @gtb tbm ^PD lih Oihol blvm aloitloimh rmfltovmfy
fgw rltoiks ge —<.<=, sukkmstoik tbmy lrm rmfltovmfy dfgsmh. Oihgimsol
lih Uomt Ila blvm `mdgam sokioeodlitfy agrm gpmi, wbofm Alflysol
lih Xbloflih blvm `mdgam fmss gpmi, proalrofy ls l rmsuft ge tbmor
mxpmromidms huroik tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos.
Bgwmvmr, ot os wohmfy rmdgkiozmh tblt hm jurm amlsurms aly igt
rmfol`fy dlpturm tbm meemdtovm hmkrmm ge dlpotlf alrcmt gpmiimss. Xbm
lftmriltovm lpprgldb os tg amlsurm hm eldtg dlpotlf alrcmt gpmiimss,
`lsmh gi mstoaltms ge ldtulf dlpotlf efgws. Gim ge tbm aloi sgurdms oi
tbos rmklrh os Flim lih Aofmso-Emrrmtto (0>>5). Xbm mssmitolf ohml os tblt
l bokbmr fmvmf ge mxtmrilf lssmts lih fol`ofotoms (rmfltovm tg KH^ gr sgam
Xbm Dboii—Otg Oihmx os dgapofmh `y mvlfultoik egur aljgr dltmkgroms ge rmstrodtogis
gi mxtmrilf lddguits: (o) tbm prmsmidm ge l auftopfm mxdblikm rltm rmkoam, (oo) tbm prmsmidm
ge rmstrodtogis gi durrmit lddguit trlisldtogis, (ooo) tbm prmsmidm ge rmstrodtogis gi dlpotlf
lddguit trlisldtogis, lih (ov) tbm prmsmidm ge l rmquormamit ge tbm surrmihmr ge mxpgrt
prgdmmhs. Xbm oihmx sdgrm rlikms erga —<.28, wbodb oihodltms tbmy lrm euffy dfgsmh, tg +0.82,
amlioik tbmy lrm euffy gpmi.
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Xl`fm 5.5: Mxtmrilf Lssmts lih Fol`ofotoms ls l Tblrm ge Krgss
Hgamstod ^rghudt oi Mamrkoik Lsol, <??>—0>>? (%)
<??> <??= 0>>> 0>>= 0>>?
Dla`ghol IL ?5.4 <;5.2 <8=.0 <=5.>
^PD 42.? =2.; 28.; ?>.5 <>2.4
Bgik Cgik, Dboil <,850.? <,442.5 <,085.= <,848.= 0,>?;.<
Oihol 4>.0 4?.; 80.4 8?.< 58.<
Oihgimsol 2>.5 25.0 <45.2 25.< ;5.?
Pmp. ge Cgrml 4=.8 =>.? 20.; <>;.= <5<.?
Flg HP 0<=.4 <8;.= <?2.; <82.> <=4.0
Alflysol <0<.5 <5>.2 <2=.= <24.? 080.0
^bofoppoims ?=.> ?;.4 <84.4 <<8.; ??.0
Toiklpgrm 45<.4 8<?.= 2>?.= ?55.; <,0<5.8
Xlopmo,Dboil <>4.8 ?;.; <40.4 0=;.> 45?.;
Xbloflih 52.2 <<8.8 <80.; <4=.< <52.>
Uomt Ila IL ?5.0 <<>.; <>>.0 <0?.2
Flg HP 1 Flg mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Clwlo, Fla`mrtm, lih Xlclko (0><0).
Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
gtbmr amlsurm) oihodltmh tbm meemdtovm gpmiimss ge dlpotlf alrcmts.
Xbm smroms wls uphltmh tg 0>>? oi Clwlo, Fla`mrtm, lih Xlclko (0><0).
Xbm vlfums lrm suaalrozmh oi Xl`fm 5.5.
Xbm mxtmrilf lssmts lih fol`ofotoms rltogs kmimrlffy rgsm egr lff Lsolimdgigaoms erga <??> tg 0>>?. Hmspotm tbm rmkogi‟s rmfltovmfy fgw gvmrlff
hm jurm gpmiimss sdgrms, tbm rltogs wmrm dfgsm tg gr mxdmmhmh <>>% egr
lff `ut twg mdgigaoms oi 0>>?. Xbm dlpotlf lddguits ge aliy Lsoli
mdgigaoms, tbmrmegrm, oi eldt lppmlr tg blvm `mmi sueeodomitfy gpmi.
5.8.0 Eoilidolf sguihimss lih kgvmrilidm
amlsurms
Krmlt oaprgvmamits oi tbm sguihimss ge LDO eoilidolf systmas
blvm `mmi ldbomvmh soidm tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf drosos.
Lftbgukb dlpotlf lhmquldy rltogs gi lvmrlkm emff sgamwblt `mtwmmi
0>>> lih 0>>?, tbmy rmaloimh bokb. Igipmregraoik fglis oi tbm rmkogi
emff hrlaltodlffy, erga li uiwmokbtmh lvmrlkm ge <8.<% ge tgtlf fglis
oi 0>>> tg gify 4.8% oi 0>>? (Xl`fm 5.;). Lff tbm LDO mdgigaoms sbgwmh
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Xl`fm 5.;: Amlsurms ge Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty lih Kgvmrilidm
Dlpotlflhmquldy rltog
(%)
Igipmregraoikfglis
(% ge tgtlf)
Pmkufltgryqulfoty+
Pufm ge flw+
0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>? 0>>> 0>>?
LTMLI* <5.8 <=.5 <8.8 8.> >.4 >.4 >.< >.<
Oihgimsol 0<.5 <;.= <2.2 4.2 ->.4 ->.4 ->.2 ->.5
Alflysol <0.= <8.5 <=.8 4.2 >.8 >.4 >.8 >.=
^bofoppoims <5.0 <=.2 <5.5 8.5 >.< >.> ->.= ->.=
Toiklpgrm <?.5 <5.= 4.8 0.4 0.> <.2 <.8 <.5
Xbloflih** <<.? <4.2 <;.; =.; >.= >.4 >.= >.>
Uomt Ila IL IL IL IL ->.; ->.5 ->.8 ->.8
^PD <4.= <>.> IL <.5 ->.4 ->.0 ->.8 ->.4
Oihol <<.< <4.0 <0.; 0.8 ->.< ->.4 >.0 >.>
LDO* <=.4 <8.5 <8.< 4.= >.0 >.0 >.> >.>
Gtbmrs
Bgik Cgik, Dboil <;.2 <5.5 5.< <.= <.; <.2 >.? <.=
Pmp. ge Cgrml <>.= <8.0 5.5 <.= >.5 >.> <.8 >.>
Xlopmo,Dboil** IL <<.8 IL <.0 IL <.< IL >.2
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 IL 1 igt lvlofl`fm3
^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Igtms: * ]iwmokbtmh lvmrlkm3 ** 0>>2 hltl oistmlh ge 0>>?3 +Tdlfm e rga -0.= tg +0.=.
Tgurdms: OAE (0><>)3 [grfh @lic (0><<`).
0>0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
alrcmh oaprgvmamit, mspmdolffy Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims,
lih Xbloflih. Audb ge tbos oaprgvmamit wls hum tg sustloimh
mdgigaod mxplisogi soidm 0>>>, `ut strudturlf oaprgvmamits pflymh
l rgfm ls wmff.Xbmrm bls `mmi audb fmss mvohmidm ge prgkrmss oi qulfotltovm
amlsurms ge kgvmrilidm lih rmkufltgry meeodomidy. Xbm pmregralidm
ge LDO ls l wbgfm gi tbm [grfh @lic‟s oihodms egr Pmkufltgry \ulfoty
lih Pufm ge Flw ([grfh @lic 0><<`) rmaloimh stl`fm `mtwmmi 0>>>
lih 0>>?. Oaprgvmamits oi sgam dguitroms wmrm plrtfy geesmt `y
hmtmrogrltogi oi Xbloflih lih Oihol.
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
5.= ^rgagtoik Eoilidolf
Hmmpmioik lih Gpmioik oi LDO@lics blvm `mmi tbm wgrcbgrsms ge tbm LDO mdgigaod krgwtb
aghmf. Xblt plrtfy os `mdlusm pgfodyalcmrs dli oiefumidm `lics tg
fmih lddgrhoik tg hmvmfgpamit g`jmdtovms. Ligtbmr rmlsgi os tblt
LDO `lics blvm hmvmfgpmh fgik-tmra rmfltogisbops wotb `grrgwmrs,
lih tbmrmegrm mxmrdosm meemdtovm gvmrsokbt. Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos,
bgwmvmr, bokbfokbtmh oilhmqultm `lic kgvmrilidm lih rmkufltogi
oi audb ge tbm rmkogi. Xbm drosos fmh tg li gvmrbluf ge LDO `licoik
smdtgrs lih rmdgkiotogi ge tbm immh tg hmvmfgp `gih alrcmts ls ‖splrm
torms‑ egr eoilidoik huroik toams ge drosos.
Iuamrgus rmkogilf oiotoltovms blvm `mmi uihmrtlcmi tg prgagtm
`gih alrcmt hmvmfgpamit. Xbmy oidfuhm tbm Lsoli @gih Alrcmts
Oiotoltovm lih Lsoli @gih Euihs. Bgwmvmr, eurtbmr wgrc immhs tg `m
hgim oi tbos lrml egr Lsoli `gih alrcmts tg ldbomvm tbmor pgtmitolf,
plrtoduflrfy wotb rmklrh tg dgrpgrltm `gihs. ^rgkrmss dli `m ldbomvmh
oi l iua`mr ge hoamisogis. Xbmy oidfuhm oaprgvoik tbm oierlstrudturm
rmfltmh tg smdurotoms lih egrmoki mxdblikm alrcmts, dgvmrlkm `y
drmhot rltoik lkmidoms, kgvmriamit hm`t alilkmamit, lih gpmrltoik
meeodomidy ge plyamit, dfmlroik, lih smttfmamit systmas. LDO sbgufhlfsg hmvmfgp amdbliosas tg suppgrt oierlstrudturm eoilidoik lih
lhhrmss smdtgrlf dgapmtotogi ossums.
5.=.< Tmdurotoms lih egrmoki mxdblikm
alrcmts oierlstrudturm
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms dli tlcm stmps tg hmmpmi rmkogilf `gih
alrcmts. Xbm fgik-tmra vol`ofoty ge tbos smkamit os dfgsmfy foicmh tg
tbm prmsmidm ge bokbfy foquoh egrmoki mxdblikm lih hmrovltovms alrcmts
tblt eldofotltm rosc alilkmamit lih trlisegraltogi, rmkufltogis tblt
eldofotltm dggpmrltogi wotb alrcmt plrtodoplits, lih `midbalrc ossums
lih dgapmtotovm prodoik `mtwmmi alrcmts (@lttmi, Bgkli, lih Tzoflkyo
0>>?). Kgvmriamits dli oaprgvm tbmor hm`t alilkmamit. Posc-ermm
`midbalrcs lrm mssmitolf egr prodoik lih bmhkoik oi tbm dgrpgrltm `gih
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Xl`fm 5.2: ^mrdmovmh @gih-Alrcmt-Pmfltmh @lrromrs `y Mdgigay
(iua`mr ge survmy rmspgihmits rmpgrtoik prg`fmas)
^rg`fma ^PD BCK OIH OIG ALF ^BO TOI XBL UOM Xgtlf
Fldc ge hmrovltovm oistruamits >
Fldc ge rmpg gpmrltogis < < < < 8 2
Fldc ge smdurotoms fmihoik 0 0
Tmttfmamit ge ER trlhms 4 < 8
Fgdlf durrmidy `grrgwoik < < 0 4 0 0 < <0
ER dlsb rmpltroltogi rmstrodtogis < < 5 0 4 2 4 08
ER mxdblikm rmstrodtogis 0 < 2 8 = <> 8 48
Oidgam plyamits < <
Fmklf juroshodtogi < < 0
Xlxms 0 5 = 0 0 <;
Oivmstgr rmkostrltogi = 4 < < < 8 <=
Fmklf systma homrmidms < < 0
Hormdt lddmss tg fgdlf smttfmamit 0 < < < =
ER 1 egrmoki mxdblikm3 BCK 1 Bgik Cgik, Dboil: OIH 1 Oihol3 OIG 1 Oihgimsol3 ALF 1 Alflysol3 BO 1 bofoppoims3
^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 TOI 1 Toiklpgrm3 XBL 1 Xbloflih3 UOM 1 Uomt Ila.
Tgurdms: LH@ (0><>l)3 Agrkli lih Fla`mrtm (0><0).
0>8
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
alrcmt. ]ftoaltmfy, rosc-ermm kgvmriamit `gihs prgvohm `midbalrcs
egr drmhot sprmlhs. Xbmrmegrm, lhmqultm foquohoty os drotodlf, orrmspmdtovm
ge eosdlf rmquormamits.
Ot os drudolf tblt dgvmrlkm `y iltogilf lih oitmriltogilf drmhotrltoik lkmidoms `m mxplihmh lih prgagtmh (Tpomkmf 0>>?). @gtb kfg`lf
lih rmkogilf rltoik lkmidoms blvm tbmor strmiktbs lih wmlcimssms,
sg `gtb sbgufh `m midgurlkmh. Egrtuiltmfy, Lsol lfrmlhy bls l flrkm
iua`mr ge iltogilf drmhot rltoik lkmidoms.
Oaprgvmamits oi eoilidolf rmkufltgry lih tlx systmas lrm immhmh
oi LDO. Aliy alrcmt oapmremdtogis lrm smfe-oihudmh. Egr mxlapfm,
wotbbgfhoik tlxms lih fmklf dgistrloits smkamit alrcmts erga kfg`lf
dlpotlf (Jolik lih AdDlufmy 0>>8) lih lppmlr tg `m l aljgr hmtmrrmit
tg oivmstgrs. Li LH@O survmy ge oistotutogilf oivmstgrs ohmitoeomh l
iua`mr ge pmrdmovmh lrromrs tg gih alrcmt lddmss oi Lsol (Xl`fm 5.2).
[otbbgfhoik tlxms lih rmstrodtogis gi mxdblikm dgivmrto`ofoty
lih rmpltroltogi wmrm lagik tbm agst ermqumitfy dotmh `lrromrs. Ot os
oapgrtlit tg igtm tblt sgam `lrromrs, sudb ls rmkufltogis lih tlxms,
elff agrm oi tbm lrml ge tbm pu`fod smdtgr. Gtbmrs, sudb ls smttfmamit
prgdmhurms, lrm smt `y tbm provltm smdtgr. Tg meegrts tg rmhudm sudb
`lrromrs aust `m hormdtmh lt `gtb.
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
5.=.0 Oierlstrudturm ilidoikLsol‟s oierlstrudturm oivmstamit immhs lrm alssovm‘mstoaltmh
lt $2 troffogi `mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>0> (LH@ lih LH@O 0>>?). Tgammdgigaoms oi tbm rmkogi eldm sokioeodlit eosdlf dgistrloits tblt wgufh
alcm ot hoeeoduft egr tbma tg eoilidm sudb prgjmdts. Eosdlf dgistrloits
dli `m rmflxmh tbrgukb gvmrsmls hmvmfgpamit lssostlidm, pu`fod
euihoik erga rmkogilf oistotutogis, lih provltm dlpotlf.
Toidm flrkm oidrmlsms oi hmvmfgpamit lssostlidm dliigt m mxpmdtmh,
tbm `urhmi woff blvm tg elff gi rmkogilf pu`fod euihoik lih pu`fod—
provltm plrtimrsbops. Pmkogilf oistotutogis tg suppgrt euihoik ge
pu`fod oivmstamit lrm hosdussmh oi smdtogi 5.2.4. [bofm pu`fod—provltm
plrtimrsbops sguih prgaosoik, bgwmvmr, tbmy lrm dgapfmx lih dgstfy
(Iosbozlwl 0><<). Posc lffgdltogis lrm dblffmikoik mdlusm ge tbm pu`fod
ilturm ge oierlstrudturm smrvodms prgvosogi lih oibmrmit uidmrtloitoms
gvmr tbm fgik tmra. Xbmrm os l pmrdmptogi tblt sudb plrtimrsbops elvgr
provltm prgeot lt tbm pu`fod‟s mxpmism. Hoeeoduftoms lfsg lrosm erga
tbm hoeemrmit lttotuhms ge oivmstgrs, kgvmriamits, fmihmrs, lih tbm
kmimrlf pu`fod. Lftbgukb pu`fod—provltm plrtimrsbops blvm dgaamrdolf
lih dgitrldtulf strudturms lih gpmrltogilf aghlfotoms, tbmy dli `m
mxtrmamfy pgfotodlf, mspmdolffy oi tbm oapfmamitltogi stlkm.
5.=.4 ^u`fod hm`t alilkmamitKgvmriamits aust oaprgvm tbmor hm`t alilkmamit tg suppgrt
tbm foquohoty ge tbmor `gih alrcmts. Posc-ermm `midbalrcs lrm oitmkrlf
lih imdmsslry egr prodoik lih bmhkoik oi tbm dgrpgrltm `gih alrcmt.
]ftoaltmfy, rosc-ermm kgvmriamit `gihs prgvohm `midbalrcs egr drmhot
sprmlhs. Ot tbmrmegrm os drotodlf tg aloitloi lhmqultm foquohoty ldrgss l
rlikm ge alturotoms, orrmspmdtovm ge eosdlf rmquormamits (@lttmi, Bgkli,
lih Tzoflkyo 0>>?).
5.=.8 ^lyamits, smttfmamit, lih dfmlroik
systmas
@licoik lih smdurotoms alrcmts dliigt euidtogi wotbgut meeodomit
systmas egr plyamits, smttfmamit, lih dfmlroik‘tbm mssmitolf
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Xl`fm 5.?: Mitry ge Egrmoki @lics oi LDO Alrcmts (iua`mr ge lics)
Xgtlf `lics* oi tbmstuhy
Fgdlffy
gwimh
Egrmoki
gwimh
Igi-Lsoliegrmokigwimh
Lsoliegrmokigwimh
Igi-LDOgwimh
LDOgwimh
LTMLI 44= ?8 08< <0< <0> =0 52
Oihgimsol 45 <> 05 ; <? 5 <4
Alflysol 04 ? <8 2 5 < =
^bofoppoims 42 <? <? <> ? 8 =
Toiklpgrm <<? 5 <<4 5? 88 <2 05
Xbloflih 40 <0 0> ? << 8 ;
Uomt Ila 2; 42 8? <2 4< <? <0
^PD 42 4; < < > > >
Oihol ;= 82 0; <8 <4 2 =
LDO 882 <;? 05? <45 <44 5> ;4
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge
Dboil.
Igtm: *Mxdfuhoik tbroets.
Tgurdm: @licsdgpm Hltl`lsm. www.`licsdgpm.dga (lddmssmh 0= Aly 0><<).
0>5
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
‖pfua`oik.‑ Xbmsm systmas kmimrlffy bmfh up wmff oi Lsol huroik tbm
kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos. Bgwmvmr, tbmy dli `m strmiktbmimh oi aliy
wlys. Egr mxlapfm, lftbgukb lff aljgr LDO mdgigaoms mxdmpt Uomt Ila
blvm rmlf-toam krgss smttfmamit plyamits systmas, tbmy stoff immh tg `m su`stlitolffy upkrlhmh tg blihfm salffmr trlisldtogis lih vlrogus
coihs ge roscs.
5.=.= Dgapmtotovm rmstrloits
@lrromrs tg mitry rmaloi bokb oi vlrogus LDO eoilidolf smdtgrs, wbmtbmr
wotboi dguitroms gr ldrgss `grhmrs. Xbos fmlhs tg oimeeodomidy lih bokbmr
dgsts. @mdlusm tbm eoilidolf smdtgr lffgdltms slvoiks lih oivmstamit, tbos
rmprmsmits l sokioeodlit dgistrloit gi LDO krgwtb prgspmdts.
@licoik. Dgapmtotogi oi aliy LDO `licoik smdtgrs rmalois
foaotmh `y rmstrodtogis gi tbm mitry ge egrmoki eoilidolf oistotutogis
oitg hgamstod alrcmts. Xbos os mvohmidmh y tbm fgw pmimtrltogi ge LDO-
`lsmh `lics oi gtbmr alrcmts wotboi tbm rmkogi. Xbm prmsmidm ge gtbmr
LDO `lics os plrtoduflrfy fgw oi tbm ^PD, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih
Xbloflih (Xl`fm 5.?). Ls hosdussmh `mfgw, mitry `lrromrs immh tg `m
lhhrmssmh tg prgagtm rmkogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi.
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
Oisurlidm. Alrcmt lddmss oi tbm oisurlidm oihustry, mspmdolffy
tg egrmoki dgaplioms, os foaotmh oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms, fmlhoik tg
oimeeodomidy lih bokb dgsts.
Lssmt alilkmamit. Hmalih egr lssmt alilkmamit smrvodmsos mxpmdtmh tg mxplih ls pgpufltogis rlpohfy lkm gvmr tbm imxt twg
hmdlhms oi aliy LDO mdgigaoms. [otb tbm mxdmptogi ge Toiklpgrm,
Alflysol, lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil, bgwmvmr, hmvmfgpamit ge tbm provltm
lssmt alilkmamit smdtgr oi tbm LDO mdgigaoms os stoff foaotmh. Drgss-
`grhmr dgapmtotogi egr sudb smrvodms os mvmi sdlrdmr, hum tg rmstrodtogis
gi dlpotlf efgws.
5.5 Eoilidolf Oidfusogi
Toidm tbm mlrfy <??>s, lftbgukb LDO bls alhm rmalrcl`fm prgkrmss
oi prgvohoik eoilidolf smrvodms egr pmgpfm wbg prmvogusfy blh ig lddmss
tg tbm `licoik smdtgr, agst bgusmbgfhs stoff blvm gify plrtolf lddmss.
Aoffogis rmaloi mxdfuhmh lftgkmtbmr. Krmltmr eoilidolf oidfusogi dli
bmfp igt gify oaprgvm tbm wmfelrm ge tbm aljgroty ge LDO‟s pmgpfm, `ut
lfsg miblidm eoilidolf stl`ofoty tbrgukb l hmmpmr lih agrm hovmrsoeomh
eoilidolf systma.
L fldc ge lddmss tg eoilidm foaots tbm dgitro`utogi tblt fgw-oidgambgusmbgfhs lih salff mitmrprosms dli alcm tg mdgigaod krgwtb. Ot lfsg
bls gtbmr uihmsorl`fm meemdts, sudb ls fmlhoik tg uiimdmsslrofy bokb
fmvmfs ge slvoiks, bokb-oidgam oimqulfoty, lih vgfltofm dgisuaptogi
lih oivmstamit. Mxplihoik lddmss tg eoilidolf smrvodms, tbmrmegrm, os
oapgrtlit tg smduroik agrm mquotl`fm lih sustloil`fm krgwtb.
5.5.< Durrmit sotultogi
Agrm tbli =>> aoffogi pmgpfm (Eokurm 5.0) lih l sokioeodlit iua`mr
ge aodrg lih salff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms oi LDO blvm ig
lddmss tg egralf gr smao-egralf eoilidolf systmas. Gify l`gut 8>%—
=>% ge Lsoli bgusmbgfhs blvm sgam lddmss tg egralf gr smao-egralf
eoilidolf smrvodms, wbofm l`gut 0=% ge Lsoli bgusmbgfhs fovoik gi fmss
tbli $0 l hly blvm sgam lddmss tg eoilidm. Oi Xbloflih, agrm tbli =>%
ge lff lhufts blvm sudb lddmss. Oi Oihol, tbm ^PD, Oihgimsol, lih Uomt
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Eokurm 5.0: Eoilidolf Oidfusogi‘Aoffogis ge ^mgpfm Mxdfuhmh
^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Emrilihg (0>>?).
0>2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Ila, lddmss rlikms erga 4>% tg 8?%, wbofm oi Dla`ghol, Aylialr,
tbm bofoppoims, lih tbm Flg HP ot os fmss tbli 4>% (Emrilihg 0>>?).
Hum tg krgwtb oi aodrgeoilidm, l qulitua sboet bls gddurrmh
oi lddmss tg drmhot oi sgam LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm plst 8 gr = ymlrs.
Lddmss egr Oihol‟s pggr bgusmbgfhs bls oidrmlsmh erga fmss tbli
2% oi 0>>8 tg l`gut 0>% tg 0=% oi 0>>?. Ls ge 0>>2, aodrgeoilidm
rmldbmh ?.? aoffogi dfomits oi Oihol, lih li lhhotogilf 0.< aoffogi
oi Uomt Ila just soidm 0>>5. Oi tbm ^PD, lddmss tg drmhot egr rurlf
pmgpfm hmdfoimh letmr rmegras ge lics lih rurlf drmhot dggpmrltovms.Oimvotl`fy, tbm sustloil`ofoty ge sudb prgkrlas lfwlys os oi qumstogi
wbmi tbmy rmfy gi su`sohoms.
5.5.0 Talff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosm
ilidm
Talff lih amhoua-sozmh mitmrprosms (TAMs) blvm mmi imkfmdtmh
`y Lsoli `lics. Amlsurms sbgufh `m tlcmi tg drmltm li mil`foik
mivorgiamit egr TAMs `y hmvmfgpoik l dgrpgrltm drmhot oiegraltogi
hltl`lsm lih drmhot kulrlitmm systma lt tbm iltogilf lih rmkogilf
fmvmfs. Xbos dli bmfp mlsm tbm prg`fmas ge ohmitoeyoik suotl`fm
dgffltmrlf egr TAM fglis.
Xbmrm lrm dgapmffoik rmlsgis egr kgvmriamits tg eldofotltm
drmhot lddmss egr TAMs. Xbmy dgitro`utm tg sustloil`fm mdgigaod
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0<>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
5.5.8 Krmmi ilidmEoilidoik egr krmmi krgwtb midgaplssms oivmstamit oi lrmls sudb
ls trlhotogilf pgffutogi dgitrgf, lftmriltovm mimrky sgurdms, mimrkydgismrvltogi, lih prgjmdts tblt rmhudm krmmibgusm kls maossogis.
Xrlhotogilf eoilidoik amdbliosas getmi hg igt prgvohm sueeodomit
oidmitovms egr sgdolffy meeodomit fmvmfs ge oivmstamit oi tbmsm lrmls.
Xbm dgitrgf ge krmmibgusm klsms os plrtoduflrfy dgapfmx `mdlusm
tbm rmfmvlit ‖dgaagis‑ lrml os tbm mitorm pflimt. Oistotutogis sudb
ls tbm Dfmli Hmvmfgpamit Amdbliosa blvm `mmi li oapgrtlit
hmvmfgpamit oi tbm smlrdb egr dgst-meemdtovm sgfutogis tg krmmibgusm
kls rmhudtogis. Xbos erlamwgrc lffgws hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms tg kloi
maossogi drmhots `y eoilidoik fgwmr-dgst krmmibgusm kls rmhudtogi
prgjmdts oi hmvmfgpoik mdgigaoms. [ltmr pgffutogi lih wltmr
alilkmamit lrm getmi rmkogilf ossums, ls oi tbm dlsm ge tbm Amcgik
Hmftl, sg oitmriltogilf eoilidolf trlisemr amdbliosas aly prgvm
usmeuf oi tbos lrml.
5.5.= Fmklf lih rmkufltgry oierlstrudturmXbm hmvmfgpamit ge spmdolfozmh fmihoik oistotutogis egr
dgisuamrs lih TAMs aly rmquorm rmkufltgry oiigvltogis tg dgvmr
tbmsm oistotutogis lih aoioaozm pgtmitolf systmaod eoilidolf rosc.Ttrmiktbmioik ge dgisuamr prgtmdtogi flws tblt oaprgvm hosdfgsurm
lih bmfp prmvmit dgffmdtogi l`usms aly lfsg `m rmquormh.
5.; LDO Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty
Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos ge <??;—<??2 lih tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf
drosos ge 0>>2—0>>? uihmrsdgrmh tbm bokb dgsts ge fgst gutput
lih eoilidolf hosruptogi. Xbmy lfsg bokbfokbtmh tbm oapgrtlidm ge
hmvmfgpoik lih oaprgvoik oistotutogilf erlamwgrcs tg prmvmit drosms
lih tg alilkm tbma oe tbmy hg lrosm. Xbm sgvmrmoki hm`t lih `licoik
drosos oi tbm murgzgim os tbm fltmst alioemstltogi ge kfg`lf eoilidolf
oistl`ofoty lih bokbfokbts tbm immh egr erlamwgrcs tg oisufltm LDO
mdgigaoms lkloist mxtmrilf trlhm lih eoilidolf sbgdcs.
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
Lsoli eoilidolf systmas kmimrlffy pmregramh wmff huroik tbm
0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, plrtfy `mdlusm tbmy lvgohmh
mxpgsurm tg sgpbostodltmh `ut uftoaltmfy tgxod eoilidolf prghudts.
Imvmrtbmfmss, tbmrm lrm stoff fmssgis tg `m fmlrimh. Eorst, lt tbmtrlhotogilf aodrgpruhmitolf gr oihovohulf eora fmvmf ge supmrvosogi,
tbm mapblsos sbgufh `m gi oaprgvoik rmkufltgry dlpldoty lih dfgsoik
rmkufltgry klps. Tmdgih, tbm drosos sbgwmh tbm immh tg ohmitoey lih
alilkm systmaod roscs igt imdmsslrofy g`smrvl`fm lt tbm fmvmf ge tbm
oihovohulf eoilidolf oistotutogi tbrgukb aldrgpruhmitolf supmrvosogi
lih rmkufltogi. Lsoli rmkufltgrs blvm oi aliy dlsms `mmi lbmlh oi
tbos lrml rmfltovm tg hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Bgwmvmr, oapgrtlit eurtbmr
stmps dli `m tlcmi. Ligtbmr fmssgi os tblt sguih erlamwgrcs dli
alilkm tbm dgisohmrl`fm roscs tg mdgigaod krgwtb lih eoilidolf
stl`ofoty pgsmh `y vgfltofm oitmriltogilf dlpotlf efgws.
5.;.< Aodrgpruhmitolf pgfodyXbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos rlosmh smvmrlf dgidmris rmklrhoik
aodrgpruhmitolf rmkufltogi. Gim os tblt `lics sbgufh bgfh agrm dlpotlf,
soidm prmvogus ueemrs blvm prgvmh oilhmqultm tg lffgw lics tg rmdgvmr.
Ligtbmr os tblt `lics sbgufh blvm foquohoty `ueemrs sg tblt tbmy dli
wotbstlih tbm hryoik up ge agimy alrcmts egr l sokioeodlit pmrogh. L
tborh fmssgi os tblt `lics sbgufh igt `m gvmrfy fmvmrlkmh, wbodb oi toamge drosos dli egrdm tbma oitg hrlstod lssmt slfms lt lrtoeodolffy hmprmssmh
prodms. Xbmsm blvm lff mmi rmefmdtmh oi tbm imw @lsmf OOO rmdgaamihltogis
(@lsmf Dgaaottmm gi @licoik Tupmrvosogi 0><>).
Xbm hmvmfgpamit ge rmkufltgry dlpldoty rmalois li oapgrtlit
ossum egr aliy Lsoli mdgigaoms, wbmrm rmkufltgrs strukkfm tg cmmp
up wotb oidrmlsoikfy fo`mrlf lih sgpbostodltmh eoilidolf smdtgrs. Xbos
lppfoms `gtb tg `lics lih gtbmr eoilidolf oistotutogis.
5.;.0 Aldrgpruhmitolf pgfodyAldrgpruhmitolf pgfody loas tg rmhudm systmaod eoilidolf rosc. Oi
mamrkoik mdgigaoms, sudb rosc tmihs tg maliltm erga tbrmm lrmls:
prgdydfodlfoty, wbodb rmemrs tg tbm tmihmidy egr gptoaosa lih rosc-
tlcoik tg `uofh up duaufltovmfy huroik li mxplisogi lih uiwoih
huroik l hgwituri3 oitmrdgiimdtmhimss ge alrcmts lih oistotutogis3
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
l dydfodlf pltb, oi plrt `mdlusm li oistotutogi‟s trldc rmdgrh oiefumidms
ots rltoik. Xlcmi tgkmtbmr, tbmsm eldtgrs dli lapfoey tbm dydfm. Xbos wls
dfmlrfy li uioitmihmh dgismqumidm ge @lsmf OO, ymt gim tblt blh `mmi
pgoitmh gut `megrm ot dlam oitg meemdt (^murl lih Jgcovugffm 0>>4).Gim rmspgism os tg oitrghudm l dguitmrdydfodlf mfmamit, rlosoik
dlpotlf rltogs wbmi mdgigaod krgwtb podcs up lih lffgwoik tbma tg
hoaoiosb ls krgwtb mlsms. Egr `lics, tbos bls tbm `mimeot ge oidrmlsoik
dlpotlf wbmi ot os dbmlp `ut igt blvoik tg hg sg wbmi ot os mxpmisovm.
Tudb dblikms prg`l`fy hg igt rmquorm imw fmkosfltogi oi aliy
dguitroms. @lsmf OOO prgvohms egr sudb `ueemrs, `ut durrmitfy hgms igt
mxpfodotfy sly bgw tbmy lrm tg `m oapfmamitmh. Lsoli mdgigaoms blvm
usmh dguitmrdydfodlf prgvosogis oi tbm plst. Bgik Cgik, Dboil, egr
mxlapfm, bls usmh fgli-tg-vlfum rltogs tblt `mdgam agrm dlutogus tbm
elstmr tbm lssmt prodm uihmrpoiioik tbm fgli oidrmlsms. Lihrotzcy mt
lf. (0>>?) sukkmst l wohm rlikm ge dguitmrdydfodlf amlsurms tblt dli
`m tlcmi tg lhhrmss foquohoty prg`fmas huroik mdgigaod hgwituris,
wbmi dgidmris gvmr fgli qulfoty fmlh tg alrcmt wotbhrlwlfs tblt
ermmzm gut alrkoilf plrtodoplits.
Tystmaodlffy oapgrtlit ilidolf oistotutogis
Xbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos sbgwmh tblt tbm dgfflpsm ge dmrtloi
oistotutogis dli roppfm tbrgukb li mitorm mdgigay hum tg tbmor sozm
lih oitmrdgiimdtogis wotb gtbmr eoras. Xbm @lsmf OOO rmegra prgdmssbls tlcmi l aufto-prgikmh lpprgldb tg tbos ossum. Ot oidfuhms bokbmr
dlpotlf rmquormamits, sukkmstogis egr `lof-ois `y dgivmrtoik hm`t tg
mquoty, l ‖dlpotlf dblrkm‑ lssmssmh gi lssmts, lih tbm mstl`fosbamit
ge drmho`fm rmsgfutogi sdbmams egr systmaodlffy oapgrtlit eoilidolf
oistotutogis (TOEOs), oidfuhoik tbgsm wotb kfg`lf rmldb (@lsmf Dgaaottmm
gi @licoik Tupmrvosogi 0><>). Blvoik l erlamwgrc egr hmlfoik wotb
kfg`lf TOEOs os plrtoduflrfy oapgrtlit egr mamrkoik alrcmts wbmi tbmor
elofurm wgufh pgsm l systmaod rosc `mdlusm iltogilf rmkufltgrs aly
`m uielaofolr wotb tbma gr trmlt tbma ls l fgw progroty (Clwlo 0><<).
Oiigvltovm ilidolf prghudts lih oivmstgr krgups
LDO bls igt rusbmh tg lhgpt tbm sgrts ge hmrovltovm oistruamits,
sudb ls dgffltmrlfozmh hm`t g`fokltogis lih drmhot hmeluft swlps tblt
dlusmh sudb hoeeoduftoms oi tbm ]iotmh Ttltms (]T) wbmi hgu`ts lrgsm
gvmr tbm vlfum ge tbmor uihmrfyoik fglis (Eujoo 0><>). Ls l rmsuft, tbmrm
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0<8
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
wmrm dgidmris gvmr bgw tbmy sbgufh `m blihfmh ls tbm fltmr stlkms ge
tbm drosos uiegfhmh (Agrkli 0>>?). Bgwmvmr, aliy ge tbmsm oistruamits
lrm vlful`fm egr bmhkoik lih sprmlhoik rosc. Ls mxpfloimh l`gvm, tbmor
lhgptogi oi tbm rmkogi woff bmfp hmmpmi alrcmts lih oaprgvm roscalilkmamit. Bgwmvmr, tbmy lfsg dli pgtmitolffy hmstl`ofozm alrcmts.
Xbm hmalih egr sudb prghudts lih tbm oapfodltogis egr rmkufltogi immh
tg m dgisohmrmh.
Lutbgrotoms lrguih tbm wgrfh blvm lfsg `mmi dgidmrimh l`gut tbm
pgtmitolffy hmstl`ofozoik meemdts ge spmdufltovm ldtovotoms ge sudb oivmstgr
krgups ls bmhkm euihs. Gim aljgr dgidmri os tblt sudb grkliozltogis
lrm flrkmfy uirmkufltmh lih fottfm os cigwi l`gut tbma. Ligtbmr dgidmri
os tblt tbmy aly prmsmit sokioeodlit roscs tg eoilidolf stl`ofoty. Ls tbm
0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos hmvmfgpmh, bgwmvmr, ot bls `mdgam
dfmlr tblt bmhkm euihs blvm prmsmitmh emw systmaod prg`fmas. Oihmmh,
bmhkm euihs blvm blh l stl`ofozoik oiefumidm y uyoik oaplormh lssmts
lih l`sgr`oik tbmor fgssms. Igr blvm bmhkm euihs mmi l prgvmi sgurdm
ge dgitlkogi tg tbm alrcmt ls l wbgfm (smm, egr mxlapfm, [ggfhrohkm
0>>?). ^rovltm mquoty euihs blvm `mmi fuapmh tgkmtbmr wotb bmhkm
euihs oi tbos hm`ltm. Bgwmvmr, tbmor ldtovotoms blh fottfm gr igtboik tg hg
wotb eldtgrs tblt fmh tg tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos.
Xbm rmputltogis ge drmhot rltoik lkmidoms smvmrmfy hoaoiosbmh
huroik tbm drosos. Dgieohmidm dgufh `m oidrmlsmh tbrgukb krmltmr
trlisplrmidy lih `y foicoik tbm lkmidoms‟ oidgam tg tbm pmregralidmge tbm lssmts tbmy rltm. Xbm aloi rltoik lkmidoms blvm `mmi sgamwblt
fmss ldtovm oi LDO tbli aokbt blvm `mmi mxpmdtmh, kovmi tbm rmkogi‟s
fmvmf ge eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit, wbofm rmkogilf rltoik lkmidoms blvm
mamrkmh sfgwfy. Xbos amlis tbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf lssmts blvm `mmi
agrm hoeeoduft tg vlfum. Agvoik egrwlrh, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff
wlit tg smm rltoik lkmidoms hmvmfgp, `ut wotboi l imw erlamwgrc ge
dgieohmidm lih wotbgut tbm dgiefodts ge oitmrmst tblt blvm lrosmi erga
lkmidoms ldtoik `gtb ls lhvosmrs lih rltmrs (^fuaamr 0><>).
5.;.4 Dlpotlf ffgwsXbm oiefgw ge dlpotlf bls `mmi oapgrtlit tg LDO‟s dgitoiumh
hmvmfgpamit. Gpmi mdgigaoms, bgwmvmr, lrm vufimrl`fm tg suhhmi
stgps lih rmvmrslfs. Xbmy immh tg `m l`fm tg dgpm wotb rlpoh
efudtultogis oi sudb efgws. Oi tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos, egr mxlapfm,
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Eokurm 5.4: LTMLI8 Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws (% ge KH^)
LTMLI8 1 Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih3 KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt.
\ 1 qulrtmr.
Igtm: Gtbmr oivmstamit oidfuhms ilidolf hmrovltovms. Hltl egr 0\ 0><> mxdfuhm Alflysol.Tgurdm: LH@ stl dlfdufltogis usoik hltl erga tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih lih iltogilf sgurdms
lddmssmh tbrgukb tbm DMOD hltl`lsm.
Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
tbmrm wls l hgu`fm aosaltdb prg`fma wbmrm egrmoki hm`t blh tg `m
rmploh wotb hmprmdoltoik fgdlf durrmidoms, lih tbm oiefgw ge euihs wls
aloify sbgrt-tmra hm`t tblt wls eoilidoik fgikmr-tmra prgjmdts. Xbm
lhvlitlkms ge lddmss tg egrmoki dlpotlf aust `m `lflidmh lkloist tbmoibmrmit pgtmitolf egr eoilidolf oistl`ofoty.
Mxpmromidms huroik tbm 0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos wmrm
`mttmr. Bgwmvmr, dlpotlf vgfltofoty rmaloimh l prg`fma. Lftbgukb
aliy LDO dguitroms stoff aloitloi vlrogus dgitrgfs gi drgss-`grhmr
dlpotlf efgws, tbmor dlpotlf lddguits lppmlr rmfltovmfy gpmi. Xbos os
sukkmstmh `y tbm bokb lih rosoik rltogs ge efgws ge egrmoki lssmts lih
fol`ofotoms tg KH^ (Clwlo lih Fla`mrtm 0><>3 Clwlo, Fla`mrtm, lih
Xlclko 0><0). Eokurm 5.4 sbgws tblt egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit (EHO) oi
Oihgimsol, Alflysol, tbm ^bofoppoims, lih Xbloflih (LTMLI8) dgitoiums
tg `m su`stlitolf. Gvmrlff imt efgws sboetmh erga l rgukb `lflidm oi
0>>; tg alssovm gutefgws oi 0>>2 lih tbm eorst blfe ge 0>>? `megrm
rmdgvmroik lkloi. Xbm ^PD‟s EHO oiefgws lrm su`stlitolf (Eokurm 5.8),
hmspotm l hmdfoim oi 0>>?. Oi dgitrlst, oiefgws oi Oihol lrm hgaoiltmh
`y EHO lih pgrtegfog efgws (Eokurm 5.=).
Ls rmpgrtmh oi tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih‟s Liiulf Pmpgrt gi Mxdblikm
Lrrlikmamits lih Mxdblikm Pmstrodtogis 0>>;.
88
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Eokurm 5.8: PD Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws (% ge KH^)
Eokurm 5.=: Oihol Eoilidolf Lddguit Efgws (% ge KH^)
KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 B 1 blfe3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: LH@ stl dlfdufltogis usoik hltl erga tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih lih iltogilf sgurdmslddmssmh tbrgukb tbm DMOD hltl`lsm.
KH^ 1 krgss hgamstod prghudt3 \ 1 qulrtmr.
Tgurdm: LH@ stl dlfdufltogis usoik hltl erga tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih lih iltogilf sgurdms
lddmssmh tbrgukb tbm DMOD hltl`lsm.
0<5
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Aliy Lsoli dguitroms blvm sgukbt tg eoih l aohhfm wly tbrgukb
tbm prg`fma ge dlpotlf efgw vgfltofoty (Agbli lih Clpur 0><>3
Clwlo lih Fla`mrtm 0><>3 Clwlo, Fla`mrtm, lih Xlclko 0><0). @y
aloitloioik sgam dlpotlf dgitrgfs, tbmy lttmapt tg stmrofozm audb
ge tbm dlpotlf oiefgw tg prmvmit oiefltogi. Xbmy lfsg lhjust agimtlry
lih eosdlf pgfody wbmrm emlso`fm lih alilkm mxdblikm rltms tg foaot
efudtultogis. Xg sgam mxtmit, tbmsm rmspgisms lrm tbm dgismqumidm
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Xl`fm 5.<>: Pmdmit Dlpotlf Dgitrgf Amlsurms oi Tmfmdtmh Lsoli
Mdgigaoms
^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil: Dfgsmh dlpotlf lddguit
0>>0: \EOO oitrghudmh
0>>5: \HOO foaots oitrghudmh
Oihgimsol
0><>: Gim-agitb bgfhoik pmrogh gi T@Os (dmitrlf `lic igtms)
Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml
0><>: Foaots gi egrmoki mxdblikm hmrovltovm dgitrldts gi hgamstod `lics (=>% ge dlpotlf)
lih egrmoki lics (0=>%)
Xbloflih
0>>5: ]irmauimrltmh rmsmrvm rmquormamits (4>%) gi fglis, gihs, autulf euihs, swlps,
lih igi-rmsohmit lbt lddguits
0><>: <=% wotbbgfhoik tlx gi dlpotlf klois lih oitmrmst oidgam gi egrmoki `gihs
\HOO 1 qulfomh hgamstod oistotutogilf oivmstgr, \EOO 1 qulfomh egrmoki oistotutogilf oivmstgr,
T@O 1 @lic Oihgimsol Dmrtodltm.
Tgurdm: Dmitrlf lic rmpgrts lih imws rmpgrts.
Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
ge tryoik tg misurm dgapmtotovmimss lih rlpoh mxpgrt krgwtb wbofm
lfsg lvgohoik mdgigaod lih eoilidolf oistl`ofoty lrosoik erga vgfltofoty.
Bgwmvmr, tbm rlikm ge pgsso`fm rmspgisms os bmlvofy leemdtmh `y tbm
hmkrmm ge gpmiimss ge mldb dguitry.L iua`mr ge mamrkoik mdgigaoms sudb ls Xbloflih, Alflysol,
lih Oihol blvm oitrghudmh amlsurms tg hosdgurlkm sbgrt-tmra dlpotlf
efgws oi li lttmapt tg `ggst stl`ofoty wotbgut blraoik prgspmdts egr
euturm oiefgws ge fgikmr-tmra oivmstamit. Bgwmvmr, ot os igt mlsy tg
hmsoki lih oapfmamit dlpotlf oiefgw dgitrgfs. Xbmy rmquorm bokbfy
dgapmtmit dguitry rmkufltgry lutbgrotoms tblt aust dgistlitfy fggc
gut egr uiwlitmh‘lih getmi hoskuosmh‘dlpotlf mitmroik tbrgukb
gtbmr dbliimfs. Egr rmfltovmfy gpmi mdgigaoms, rmturioik tg tbm hlys
ge hrldgioli dlpotlf dgitrgfs gr rmdrmltoik l systma ge mxtmisovm
lhaoiostrltovm dgitrgfs os ig fgikmr vol`fm. Xl`fm 5.<> sbgws sgam
rmdmit dlpotlf dgitrgf amlsurms lhgptmh oi Lsol.
Mvohmidm gi tbm meemdtovmimss ge dlpotlf oiefgw dgitrgfs os aoxmh
(Clwlo lih Xlclko 0>>2). Dguitry mxpmromidms sukkmst tblt tbm `mst
alrcmt-`lsmh dgitrgfs dli fmiktbmi tbm alturoty ge oiefgws3 `ut tbmy
dli blvm fottfm oapldt gi gvmrlff vgfuam. Xbm meemdtovmimss ge dlpotlf
dgitrgfs tmihs tg wmlcmi gvmr toam ls lkmits oi tbm alrcmts eoih
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0<2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
wlys tg dorduavmit tbma. Dlpotlf dgitrgfs dli lfsg prghudm lhvmrsm
meemdts. Xbmy tmih tg oidrmlsm hgamstod eoilidoik dgsts, rmhudm alrcmt
hosdopfoim, fmlh tg oimeeodomit lffgdltogis ge eoilidolf dlpotlf, hostgrt
hmdosogi-alcoik `y dgaplioms, lih `m hoeeoduft lih dgstfy tg miegrdm.
5.;.8 Pmfltogi tg agimtlry pgfody erlamwgrcXbm dgivmitogilf woshga gi agimtlry pgfody oi rmdmit ymlrs bls
`mmi tblt dmitrlf `lics sbgufh egdus gi cmmpoik oiefltogi fgw lih
stl`fm. Xbos bls fmh tg tbm wohmsprmlh lhgptogi ge oiefltogi-tlrkmtoik
rmkoams `y dmitrlf `lics. Mvmi aliy dmitrlf `lics tblt hoh igt
mxpfodotfy lhgpt sudb tlrkmts mblvmh ls oe tbmy blh hgim sg oi prldtodm.
Xbm mxpmromidm ge tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos, bgwmvmr, sukkmsts igt
migukb dgisohmrltogi wls kovmi tg tbm rosc ge eoilidolf oistl`ofoty. Xbm
audb-blofmh ‖krmlt aghmrltogi‑ ge oiefltogi rltms oi aliy mdgigaoms
alscmh tbm `uofhup ge eoilidolf rosc.
L iua`mr ge dgaamitltgrs blvm sukkmstmh tblt tbm alihltms
ge dmitrlf `lics sbgufh oidfuhm eoilidolf stl`ofoty ls wmff ls prodm
stl`ofoty. Bgwmvmr, Kmi`mrk lih Eoflrhg (0><>) igtm tblt tbmrm lrm
prg`fmas lssgdoltmh wotb sudb li lpprgldb. Dmrtloify l amdbliostod
lpprgldb ge tlrkmtoik eoilidolf alrcmt fmvmfs os imotbmr emlso`fm igr
lpprgproltm. Igimtbmfmss, ot os dfmlr tblt eoilidolf oistl`ofoty os igt
dgisostmit wotb prodm stl`ofoty oi tbm fgik tmra. Dmitrlf `lics austoidrmlsm tbmor agiotgroik ge sudb roscs. Oi tbos dgitmxt, dmitrlf `lics
immh tg dgisohmr gtb hgamstod aldrgpruhmitolf tggfs lih dlpotlf efgw
alilkmamit tggfs oi li oitmkrltmh erlamwgrc tg prgagtm eoilidolf
stl`ofoty.
5.2 Egstmroik PmkogilfOitmkrltogi lih Dggpmrltogi
Hmmpmioik eoilidolf oitmkrltogi wotboi LDO lih wotb kfg`lf alrcmts
os smmi ls l cmy wly tg suppgrt tbm prgdmss ge mdgigaod krgwtb lih
hmvmfgpamit. Lsol 0>=> ohmitoeoms eoilidolf oitmkrltogi ls l cmy lrml egr
rmkogilf dggpmrltogi, lfgik wotb trlhm, trlispgrtltogi, aldrgmdgigaod
dggrhoiltogi, lih ilturlf rmsgurdm alilkmamit (LH@ 0><>`).
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
Eoilidolf oitmkrltogi geemrs aliy `mimeots. Eorst, ot dli bmfp
Lsoli salff mdgigaoms. Ttuhoms sudb ls LH@ (0><>l) blvm eguih
tblt bokb trlisldtogi dgsts lih oisueeodomit foquohoty alcm ot hoeeoduft
egr salff alrcmts tg lttrldt egrmoki oivmstamit. L smdgih `mimeot ostblt oitmkrltogi dgufh `mttmr ag`ofozm Lsol‟s flrkm pggf ge slvoiks tg
eoilidm tbm rmkogi‟s migragus oierlstrudturm lih gtbmr oivmstamit
immhs. L tborh os tblt dggpmrltogi oi tbm lrml ge eoilidolf stl`ofoty dli
rmhudm systmaod roscs oi agrm meeodomit wlys. Murgpm `mst offustrltms
tbm `mimeots ge eoilidolf oitmkrltogi, lftbgukb tbm murgzgim drosos bls
bokbfokbtmh tbm roscs ls wmff.
5.2.< Durrmit stltm ge rmkogilf oitmkrltogiDgaplrmh wotb trlhm oitmkrltogi, eoilidolf oitmkrltogi oi LDO
rmalois wmlc (LH@ 0><>`). Oi sgam dlsms, tbm hmkrmm ge oitmkrltogi
os audb fgwmr tbli aokbt `m mxpmdtmh. Fmm (0>>2) mxlaoimh pgrtegfog
bgfhoiks ge Lsoli mdgigaoms tg hmtmraoim wbmtbmr tbmy tmihmh tg
bgfh mldb gtbmr‟s eoilidolf lssmts hosprgpgrtogiltmfy. ]soik hltl erga
tbm Dggrhoiltmh ^grtegfog Oivmstamit Turvmy 0>>4, Fmm hmvmfgpmh l
krlvoty aghmf ge pgrtegfog oivmstamit tblt oidfuhmh rmkogilf huaay
vlrol`fms (OAE 0>>4). Letmr dgitrgffoik egr tbm meemdt ge rmkogilf
trlhm oitmkrltogi, bm eguih, oitrl-Lsoli bgfhoiks wmrm fgwmr tbli tbm
lvmrlkm prmhodtmh `y tbm aghmf‘mvmi wbmi tbm rmkogilf eoilidolfdmitmrs Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil lrm mxdfuhmh.
Lsoli drgss-bgfhoiks ge eoilidolf lssmts blvm `mmi rosoik gvmr
toam‘li oihodltogi ge oidrmlsmh eoilidolf oitmkrltogi. Bgwmvmr, tbos
os erga l rmfltovmfy fgw `lsm. Xl`fm 5.<< sbgws tbm sblrms ge drgss-
`grhmr bgfhoiks ge tgtlf oitmriltogilf pgrtegfog lssmts lih fol`ofotoms oi
aljgr wgrfh rmkogis. Oi 0>>5, tbm sblrm ge eoilidolf lssmts bmfh oitrl-
rmkogilffy `y tbm <5 oitmkrltoik Lsoli mdgigaoms wls gify ?.5% wbofm
tbm sblrm ge fol`ofotoms wls <<.<%. Xbm sblrm ge lssmts rgsm tg 0=.4% lih
Krlvoty aghmfs lssuam tblt tbm aloi hrovmrs ge efgws `mtwmmi dguitroms rmfltm tg tbmor
mdgigaod sozm lih prgxoaoty. Oe, letmr tlcoik tbmsm lih liy gtbmr uiusulf emlturms sudb ls l
dgaagi flikulkm oitg lddguit, l plor sbgws l flrkmr tbli mxpmdtmh efgw, sgam l`igralf fmvmf
ge oitmkrltogi os prmsuamh.
Xbm <5 oitmkrltoik Lsoli mdgigaoms lrm @ruimo Hlrusslfla3 Dla`ghol3 tbm ^mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 Bgik Cgik, Dboil3 Oihol3 Oihgimsol3 Jlpli3 tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 tbm Flg
^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod3 Alflysol3 Aylialr3 tbm ^bofoppoims3 Toiklpgrm3 Xlopmo,Dboil3
Xbloflih3 lih Uomt Ila.
8=
85
8=
85
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Xl`fm 5.<<: Oitrlrmkogilf ^grtegfog Oivmstamit (%)
Lssmts Fol`ofotoms
Tblrm ge tgtlf pgrtegfog oivmstamit 0>>< 0>>5 0>>< 0>>5
Oitmkrltoik Lsol (OL)-<5 =.5 ?.5 <>.< <<.<
OL-<= (OL-<5 fmss Jlpli) <= 0=.4 <4.; <5.2
LTMLI << <>.8 <<.2 ?.8
LTMLI+4 4.< 4.; =.? 8.4
Mlst Lsol Tuaaot =.; ;.0 ?.< 5.?
M]-<= 5> 5<.; =;.< 50.4
AMPDGT]P =.5 8.= < <.8
ILEXL <5.0 <4.? <<.2 <0.2
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 LTMLI+4 1 <> LTMLI ama`mr stltms pfus tbm
^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 M] 1 Murgpmli ]iogi3 AMPDGT]P 1
Amrdlhg Dgaúi hmf Tur (Tgutbmri Dgaagi Alrcmt)3 ILEXL 1 Igrtb Lamrodli Ermm Xrlhm
Lkrmmamit.Tgurdm: Dlpliimffo, Fmm, lih mtro (0>>?).
00>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
fol`ofotoms tg <5.2% wbmi Jlpli wls mxdfuhmh, flrkmfy hum tg tbm bokb
rltogs egr Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil tblt blvm vmry gpmi dlpotlf
alrcmts lih l flrkm prmsmidm ge aljgr oitmriltogilf `lics. Lftbgukb
tbmsm rltogs lrm igt plrtoduflrfy bokb, tbmy blvm oidrmlsmh sokioeodlitfy
soidm 0>><. Xbm sblrm ge oitrlrmkogilf lssmts wotboi oitmkrltoik Lsol
wls gify =.5% oi 0>>< lih <=% wbmi Jlpli wls mxdfuhmh, wbofm tbm
sblrm ge fol`ofotoms wls <>.<% lih <4.;% wbmi Jlpli wls mxdfuhmh.
5.2.0 Amlsurms tg hmmpmi oitmkrltogiAmlsurms tg hmmpmi eoilidolf oitmkrltogi blvm alhm tbm agst
prgkrmss wotboi LTMLI, aloify ls plrt ge tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod
Dgaauioty (LMD) prgjmdt. Cmy ossums egr tbm ^PD lih Oihol oidfuhm
eurtbmr gpmioik ge tbmor dlpotlf lddguits lih dgivmrto`ofoty ge tbmor
durrmidoms.
LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty prgjmdt. Xbm LMD prgjmdt prgvohms
l tmapfltm egr agrm mxtmisovm eoilidolf oitmkrltogi wotboi LDO. Xbm
prgjmdt os suaalrozmh oi l `fumproit, rltoeomh `y LTMLI ama`mrs oi
0>>; (LTMLI 0>>;l). Xbm la`otogus tlrkmt os tg ldbomvm li LTMLI
Mdgigaod Dgaauioty `y 0><= lffgwoik egr ermm agvmamit ge kgghs,
smrvodms, oivmstamit, lih scoffmh fl`gr wotboi tbm rmkogi, ls wmff ls
l ‖ermmr‑ efgw ge dlpotlf. Xbm `rglh loa ge LMD os tg mil`fm LTMLI
tg mijgy tbm mdgigaoms ge sdlfm ge l uioeomh alrcmt lih tg rmhudm
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
tbm hmvmfgpamit klp lagik ots ama`mr dguitroms. Xbm `fumproit
rmdgkiozms tblt, oi prldtodm, sgam dguitroms woff prgkrmss elstmr tbli
gtbmrs. Fo`mrlfozltogi os tg `m hgim gi l vgfuitlry `lsos, wbodb ot
dblrldtmrozms ls tbm ‖LTMLI aoius R‑ egraufl. Pmklrhoik tbm eoilidolfsmrvodms smdtgr, tbm `fumproit loas egr l eorst rguih ge fo`mrlfozltogi
`y 0><=, wotb gtbmr su`smdtgrs gr aghms `moik fo`mrlfozmh `y 0>0>
(LTMLI 0>>;`).
Xbm `fumproit dlffs egr tbm egffgwoik ldtogis:
Ldbomvm krmltmr blragiozltogi oi LTMLI ge rufms egr hm`t smdurotoms,
hosdfgsurm, lih hostro`utogi.
Eldofotltm l rmdgkiotogi lrrlikmamit gr lkrmmamit egr tbm drgss-
rmdgkiotogi ge qulfoeodltogis, mhudltogi, lih mxpmromidm ge alrcmt
prgemssogilfs.
Ldbomvm krmltmr efmxo`ofoty oi flikulkm lih kgvmrioik flw
rmquormamits egr smdurotoms ossulidm.
Miblidm tbm wotbbgfhoik tlx strudturm, wbmrm pgsso`fm, egr tbm
oivmstgr `lsm oi LTMLI egr hm`t ossulidm.
Eldofotltm alrcmt-hrovmi meegrts tg mstl`fosb mxdblikm lih hm`t
alrcmt foiclkms, oidfuhoik drgss-`grhmr dlpotlf-rlosoik ldtovotoms
(LTMLI 0>>;`: <;).
Xbm `fumproit eurtbmr igtms tblt tbm fo`mrlfozltogi ge dlpotlf
agvmamits os tg `m kuohmh `y tbm egffgwoik proidopfms:
Misurm grhmrfy dlpotlf lddguit fo`mrlfozltogi dgisostmit wotb ama`mrdguitroms‟ iltogilf lkmihls lih tbm rmlhoimss ge tbmor mdgigaoms.
Lffgw lhmqultm slemkulrhs lkloist pgtmitolf aldrgmdgigaod
oistl`ofoty lih systmaod rosc tblt aly lrosm erga tbm fo`mrlfozltogi
prgdmss, oidfuhoik tbm rokbt tg lhgpt imdmsslry amlsurms tg misurm
aldrgmdgigaod stl`ofoty.
Misurm tblt tbm `mimeots ge fo`mrlfozltogi lrm sblrmh `y lff LTMLI
dguitroms (LTMLI 0>>;`: <;).
Dlpotlf efgw fo`mrlfozltogi. Fo`mrlfozltogi ge dlpotlf lddguits oi tbm
^PD lih Oihol, tgkmtbmr wotb dgivmrto`ofoty ge tbm yuli lih tbm Oiholi
rupmm, wgufh `m cmy hmvmfgpamits egr rmkogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi oi
tbm dgaoik twg hmdlhms. Xbmsm agvms lfsg wgufh prgagtm Tblikblo
lih Aua`lo ls eoilidolf dmitmrs, ls hosdussmh `mfgw. Durrmitfy,
bgwmvmr, dlpotlf lddguits oi tbm ^PD lih Oihol lrm stoff rmfltovmfy
dfgsmh. Oi tbm ^PD, EHO bls mssmitolffy `mmi fo`mrlfozmh, `ut pgrtegfog,
fgli, lih hmrovltovm trlisldtogis rmaloi bmlvofy dgitrgffmh.
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Xl`fm 5.<0: ^PD Dlpotlf Lddguit Fo`mrlfozltogi Amlsurms
0>>8 Bgik Cgik, Dboil lics dli gmr yuli hmpgsots
0>>= Egrmoki auftofltmrlf lics dli ossum yuli gihs oi tbm PD (‖ lihl gih‑)
0>>;^PD ilidolf oistotutogis dli ossum yuli `gihs oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil (‖hoa sua
`gih‑)
0>>2 ^PD ilidolf oistotutogis dli ossum yuli `gihs oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil
0>>?
^PD su`soholroms ge Bgik Cgik, Dboil `lics dli ossum yuli `gihs oi Bgik
Cgik, Dboil
^PD sgvmrmoki ossumh yuli `gihs oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil
_uli oisurlidm prghudts lffgwmh oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil
0><>
_uli oitmr-`lic alrcmt gpmimh tg smfmdtmh gsbgrm yuli bgfhmrs
Egrmoki ras dli ossum yuli `gihs oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil lih tbm ^PD
Egrmoki ras dli `grrgw (fglis) oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil
_uli strudturmh hmpgsots lffgwmh oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil
_uli `gih euihs lffgwmh oi Bgik Cgik, Dboil
^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdms: BT@D (0><>, 0><<).
000
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Xbm ^PD bls tlcmi l iua`mr ge stmps tg mlsm rmstrodtogis gi dlpotlf
efgws ls plrt ge ots prgkrla tg oitmriltogilfozm tbm yuli (Xl`fm 5.<0). Xbmsm
stmps blvm `mmi loamh proalrofy lt `lic hmpgsots, yuli-hmigaoiltmh
`gih ossulidm, lih gih euihs. Tg elr, tbm fo`mrlfozltogi ge geesbgrm usm getbm yuli oi dlpotlf lddguit trlisldtogis bls tlcmi pfldm proalrofy oi Bgik
Cgik, Dboil. Mxtmihoik tbos fo`mrlfozltogi tg gtbmr gvmrsmls alrcmts wgufh
`m l cmy hmvmfgpamit.
Oihol bls tokbtmr dgitrgfs gi EHO `ut fggsmr dgitrgfs gi pgrtegfog
efgws. Oihol‟s systma egr rmkostmroik qulfoeomh egrmoki oistotutogilf
oivmstgrs os soaoflr tg tbm systma oi tbm ^PD. Bgwmvmr, Oihol bls ig
gvmrlff qugtls gi pgrtegfog oiefgws `y sudb oivmstgrs.
Blragiozoik rmkufltogis lih tlxltogi. Ls igtmh l`gvm, oivmstgrs
dotm rmkufltogi ls lagik tbm agst pmrvlsovm `lrromrs tg drgss-`grhmr
oivmstamit. Xbmor pmrdmptogis ge lrromrs hoeemr sblrpfy ldrgss hoeemrmit
iltogilf `gih alrcmts. Blragiozoik tlx rufms lih rmkufltogis oi tbm
hormdtogi ge fo`mrlfozltogi dgufh su`stlitolffy oidrmlsm trlisldtogi
vgfuams. Gtbmr `lrromrs rmfltm tg trlhm prldtodms. Lkloi, tbm LMD
prgvohms l kggh aghmf erga wbodb tg stlrt.
LD]-hmigaoiltmh `gih alrcmt. Oi aliy salff Lsoli mdgigaoms,
ot os uifocmfy tblt `gih alrcmts dli `mdgam `ok migukb tg lttloi tbm
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
mdgigaoms ge sdlfm immhmh tg fgwmr dgsts lih lttrldt su`stlitolf
egrmoki oivmstamit. Pmkogilf dggpmrltogi wgufh focmfy `m rmquormh.
Ossuoik `gihs hmigaoiltmh oi sgam coih ge rmkogilf durrmidy `lscmt
tblt wgufh aotokltm tbm durrmidy mxpgsurm ge ossumrs os l prgaosoikgptogi, lftbgukb ot wgufh igt mitormfy mfoaoiltm tbm prg`fma (Tpomkmf
0>>?). Li Lsoli durrmidy uiot (LD]) os l aljgr dlihohltm egr sudb
l dgaagi `lscmt. Ossuoik LD]-hmigaoiltmh `gihs wgufh lfsg
pgpuflrozm usm ge tbm LD] egr gtbmr coihs ge trlisldtogis.
Pmkogilf smttfmamit oistotutogis. Drgss-`grhmr pgrtegfog
oivmstamit dgufh `m midgurlkmh `y tbm hmvmfgpamit ge rmkogilf stgdc
lih `gih mxdblikms. Drgss-fostoiks ge stgdcs sbgufh `m midgurlkmh ls
wmff. L rmkogilf smttfmamit oistotutogi lfgik tbm foims ge tbgsm mxostoik
oi Murgpm (egr mxlapfm, tbm Murgpmli Dmitrlf @lic) dgufh midgurlkm
smdurotoms trlisldtogis wotboi tbm rmkogi.
Pmkogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs. @y 0>4>, Aua`lo lih Tblikblo
lrm mxpmdtmh tg jgoi Toiklpgrm lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil ls oapgrtlit
rmkogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs tblt dgufh dgitro`utm tg rmkogilf krgwtb.
Xbos hmvmfgpamit boikms gi tbm fo`mrlfozltogi ge oitmriltogilf dlpotlf
efgws oi Oihol lih tbm PD, bgwmvmr, lfgik wotb l bgst ge dgrrmspgihoik
hgamstod eoilidolf rmegras lih blragiozltogi ge rmkufltogis lih tlx
rufms. Oihol lih tbm ^PD sbgufh hmvmfgp l agrm trlisplrmit toamtl`fm
egr sudb l trlisotogi.
Pmdmit stuhoms ge tbm eldtgrs kgvmrioik tbm hmvmfgpamit geoitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs oi Lsol oidfuhm Dbmuik lih _muik
(0>>;) lih Fmuik lih ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr (0>>2). Xbm hostoikuosboik
dblrldtmrostod ge sudb dmitmrs os tbm oapgrtlidm ge oitmriltogilf
eoilidolf ldtovotoms oi gvmrlff `usoimss, oidfuhoik tbm prmsmidm ge
oitmriltogilf eoilidolf oistotutogis, bokb fmvmfs ge drgss-`grhmr efgws,
wmlftb alilkmamit smrvodms, lih pmrblps agst oapgrtlitfy, bokb
fmvmfs ge mxpgrts ge eoilidolf smrvodms. Fmuik lih ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr
(0>>2: <<) lrkum tblt ‖…mxpgrts ge eoilidolf smrvodms prgvohm l
dgaprmbmisovm amlsurm ge lff oitmriltogilf eoilidolf ldtovotoms dlrromh
gut oi li mdgigay.‑ Xbmy lfsg lrkum tblt oiwlrh EHO oi tbm eoilidolf
smdtgr alcms l dmitmr lttrldtovm.
Fmuik lih ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr (0>>2) eoih tblt aldrgmdgigaod lih
aodrgmdgigaod eldtgrs, eoilidolf alrcmt strmiktb, lih meeodomidy lrm
oapgrtlit tg tbm egraltogi ge oitmriltogilf eoilidm dmitmrs. Oi tbmor
rmkrmssogi mqultogis usoik eoilidolf smrvodm mxpgrts tg tbm ]T ls tbm
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Eokurm 5.5: Tblrm ge Eoilidolf Tmrvodms oi Xgtlf Tmrvodm Mxpgrts lih
Dboii—Otg Oihmx, 0>>? (%)
BCK 1 Bgik Cgik, Dboil3 OIH 1 Oihol3 OIG 1 Oihgimsol3 J^I 1 Jlpli3 CGP 1 Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3
ALF1 Alflysol, BO 1 ^bofoppoims3 PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil3 TOI 1 Toiklpgrm3
XBL 1 Xbloflih3 ]CK 1 ]iotmh Coikhga3 ]TL 1 ]iotmh Ttltms.
Tgurdm: DMOD hltl`lsm. bttp://www.dmodhltl.dga (lddmssmh <0 Lprof 0><<)3 Lozmiali, Dboii, lih Otg
(0>>2).
Pltog tg tgtlf smrvodm mxpgrts
008
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
hmpmihmit vlrol`fm, Fmuik lih ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr eoih tblt dgaagi
flikulkm, amlsurms ge mdgigaod ermmhga, lih tbm iua`mr ge fostmh
egrmoki dgaplioms lrm sokioeodlit hmtmraoilits ge sudb mxpgrts. Xbmrm
os l strgik dgrrmfltogi `mtwmmi dlpotlf alrcmt gpmiimss lih eoilidolfsmrvodm mxpgrts. Aljgr oitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs lff blvm vmry
bokb Dboii—Otg sdgrms (Eokurm 5.5).
Xbm ldoh tmst egr tbm hmvmfgpamit ge Tblikblo lih Aua`lo ls
rmkogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs os euff durrmidy dgivmrto`ofoty, tgkmtbmr
wotb su`stlitolf fo`mrlfozltogi ge tbm dlpotlf lddguit tg lffgw flrkmfy
uiemttmrmh dlpotlf efgws. Ttlihlrhs ge rmkufltogi, kgvmrilidm, lih tlx
lih fmklf systmas woff lfsg blvm tg rmldb tbgsm ge hmvmfgpmh dguitroms.
Eoilffy, aldrgmdgigaod alilkmamit lih rmkufltogi lih alilkmamit
ge hgamstod eoilidolf smdtgrs woff blvm tg `m strmiktbmimh sg tblt tbmy
dli dgpm wotb fo`mrlf dlpotlf efgws.
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
5.2.4 Ag`ofozoik rmkogilf slvoiksOierlstrudturm oivmstamit euihs. Lftbgukb sgam LDO mdgigaoms
blvm alhm flrkm oivmstamits tg oaprgvm tbmor oierlstrudturm, gtbmrsflk. Xbmsm oivmstamits blvm oaprgvmh iltogilf eldofotoms. Bgwmvmr,
tbm rmkogi woff gify `m wmff oitmrdgiimdtmh wbmi kggh drgss-`grhmr
oierlstrudturm os oi pfldm ls wmff. Lsol‟s durrmit euihoik sgurdms aly
`m oilhmqultm egr tbm rmkogi‟s alssovm oierlstrudturm oivmstamit
immhs. L`ohoi (0><>) prgpgsmh li Mlst Lsoli Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit
Euih tg prgvohm l amdbliosa tg grkliozm tbos euihoik lih tg smrvm
ls l pfltegra egr hmdohoik drgss-`grhmr oierlstrudturm prgjmdts. Xbm
Mlst Lsoli Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit Euih wgufh `m lidbgrmh tg tbm
mxostoik LTMLI+4 amdbliosa, wotb tbm fmlhmrs‟ suaaot `moik tbm
lpmx ge tbm hmdosogi-alcoik prgdmss. Ot wgufh `m hmsorl`fm tg mxtmih
tbos euih tg dgvmr Tgutb Lsol ls wmff, sudb ls tbrgukb li Lsoli
Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit Euih. Xbm euih dgufh `m l pfltegra egr
dguitroms tg dggrhoiltm iltogilf oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamits tblt
dgufh uftoaltmfy `m foicmh tg egra rmkogilf imtwgrcs. Oi tbos wly,
kgvmriamits wgufh stoff blvm rmspgiso`ofoty egr lih gvmrsokbt ge tbmor
iltogilf oierlstrudturm prgjmdts wbofm ammtoik flrkmr rmkogilf kglfs.
Xbm prgpgslf tg pggf Lsoli eoilidolf rmsgurdms hgms igt prmmapt
mxostoik `ofltmrlf meegrts tg euih rmkogilf oierlstrudturm prgjmdts, sudb
ls Jlplimsm geeodolf hmvmfgpamit lssostlidm gr tbm $<> `offogi ^PD—LTMLI Oivmstamit Dggpmrltogi Euih. Oierlstrudturm prgjmdts eoilidmh
`y hmvmfgpamit loh lrm stoff imdmsslry `mdlusm tbmy prgvohm eoilidoik
lt vmry rmlsgil`fm dgsts tg tbm fmlst hmvmfgpmh dguitroms (L`ohoi 0><>).
Miblidmamits tg L@AO, L@E, lih DKOE. Eurtbmr hmvmfgpamit ge
tbm rmkogi‟s `gih alrcmts tbrgukb tbm Lsoli @gih Alrcmts Oiotoltovm
(L@AO) lih tbm Lsoli @gih Euih (L@E) dgufh bmfp dguitroms oidrmlsm
oivmstamit egr oierlstrudturm gr gtbmr provltm oivmstamit. Xbm Drmhot
Kulrlitmm lih Oivmstamit Eldofoty (DKOE) wls smt up oi Aly 0><> ls l
trust euih ge LH@, wbodb dgitro`utmh $<4> aoffogi ge tbm oiotolf dlpotlf
ge $;>> aoffogi. Xbm DKOE prgvohms drmhot miblidmamit sg tblt tbm
rmkogi‟s alrkoilf ossumrs dli ossum fgdlf durrmidy `gihs lih flrkmr
LTMLI fluidbmh li LTMLI Oierlstrudturm Euih (LOE) oi 0><< wotb l euihoik laguit
ge $8=> aoffogi tg $82> aoffogi (Jlclrtl ^gst 0><<). Xbm LOE bls tbrmm aloi hmvmfgpamit
g`jmdtovms: (o) bmfpoik tg oapfmamit tbm Alstmr ^fli gi LTMLI Dgiimdtovoty3 (oo) prgvohoik
lhhotogilf eoilidolf rmsgurdms egr miblidmh oierlstrudturm3 lih (ooo) prgagtoik provltm smdtgr
plrtodopltogi oi oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit tbrgukb pu`fod—provltm plrtimrsbop (Clwlo 0><4).
8;
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005
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
ossumrs dli ossum ldrgss iltogilf `grhmrs wotbgut mxdmmhoik tbmor
sgvmrmoki drmhot dmofoiks. Oi tbm euturm, tbm DKOE dgufh hmvmfgp eurtbmr
ls li oivmstamit eldofoty. Xbmsm meegrts lrm `moik mxtmihmh tg alrcmts
egr mquotoms lih hmrovltovms ls wmff uihmr tbm ru`rod ge tbm [email protected] LTMLI+4 eoilidm aoiostmrs lrm tg stuhy tbrmm lrmls egr
pgsso`fm euturm dggpmrltogi: oierlstrudturm eoilidoik, hoslstmr rosc
oisurlidm, lih tbm usm ge fgdlf durrmidoms egr rmkogilf trlhm smttfmamit.
Oierlstrudturm eoilidoik wls hosdussmh oi tbm LTMLI+4 wgrcoik krgup
ammtoik gi Tmptma`mr 0><< lih Jlpli‟s Aoiostry ge Eoilidm grkliozmh
tbm hosdussogis gi hoslstmr rosc oisurlidm. Hosdussogis gi rmkogilf
trlhm smttfmamit wmrm bmfh oi tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml oi 0><<.
5.? ^rgagtoik PmkogilfDggpmrltogi
Xbm mxpmromidms ge tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos, tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf
drosos, lih tbm murgzgim sgvmrmoki hm`t lih `licoik drosos blvm
bokbfokbtmh tbm prg`fma ge dgitlkogi lih tbm flrkm laguit ge rmsgurdms
immhmh tg rmstgrm eoilidolf stl`ofoty. Xbos pgoits tg tbm immh egr rmkogilf
oistotutogis tg pfly l krmltmr rgfm oi eoilidolf survmofflidm, rmkufltogi,
lih drosos alilkmamit, oidfuhoik tbm prgvosogi ge eoilidolf slemtyimts. Tudb oistotutogis dli lfsg bmfp `rohkm tbm klp `mtwmmi iltogilf
oistotutogis lih kfg`lf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry
Euih (OAE) lih tbm Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty @glrh (ET@). Xbm hmvmfgpamit ge
sudb oistotutogis os li oapgrtlit lspmdt ge tbm pltb tgwlrh 0>4>. Xbm
egffgwoik amlsurms lrm loamh lt oaprgvoik rmkogilf eoilidolf stl`ofoty:
Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum. Gim ge tbm agst oapgrtlit
stmps tgwlrh rmkogilf dggpmrltogi os `mttmr oiegraltogi lih
lilfysos. Xbos dli oaprgvm uihmrstlihoik ge tbm mxtmit ge eoilidolf
oitmrhmpmihmidoms wotboi Lsol lih bgw tg `mst lhhrmss tbm dblffmikms
tbmy pgsm. Xg alcm su`stlitolf prgkrmss oi oaprgvoik rmkogilf
eoilidolf stl`ofoty, tbmrm immhs tg `m l suotl`fm hrovoik egrdm. Clwlo
(0><<), ^fuaamr (0><>), lih gtbmrs suppgrt tbm ohml ge li Lsoli
Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum (LETH) tblt wls eorst sukkmstmh `y
LH@ ^rmsohmit Curghl (Curghl 0>>2). Xbos mitoty dgufh `uofh upgi
mxostoik oistotutogis oi tbm rmkogi, sudb ls tbm Mdgigaod Pmvomw lih
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
^gfody Holfgkum lih tbm Mxmdutovms‟ Ammtoik ge Lsol-^ldoeod Dmitrlf
@lics (MAML^). Xbm `ghy sbgufh oidfuhm tbm plrtodopltogi ge eoilidm
aoiostroms, dmitrlf `lics, lih eoilidolf alrcmt rmkufltgrs lih
supmrvosgrs.Xbm strudturm ge tbm prgpgsmh LETH rmfltms dfgsmfy tg tbm g`jmdtovms
ge tbm ET@ lt tbm kfg`lf fmvmf. Ots prmhmdmssgr, tbm Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty
Egrua, prgagtmh tbm g`smrvlidm ge stlihlrhs lih dghms. Li LETH
dli tbmrmegrm `m smmi ls l eorst stmp tgwlrh ldbomvoik krmltmr eoilidolf
stl`ofoty oi tbm rmkogi. Ot alcms agrm smism tg blvm li grkliozltogi
wotb l foaotmh alihltm tblt alcms suddmsseuf prgkrmss tbli tg try tg
fmlp oaamholtmfy tg dfgsmr dggpmrltogi wotbgut tbm imdmsslry pgfotodlf
lih pgpuflr suppgrt.
Mxmdutovms‟ Ammtoik ge Lsol-^ldoeod Dmitrlf @lics. Xbm ammtoiks
ge rmkogilf dmitrlf `lics blvm `mmi pflyoik li oidrmlsoik rgfm oi
bmfpoik Lsoli dguitroms wgrc tgkmtbmr oi rmdmit ymlrs. [bofm ot aly `m
gvmrla`otogus tg sukkmst tblt MAML^ aly hmvmfgp oitg li Lsoli @lic
egr Oitmriltogilf Tmttfmamits (^fuaamr 0><>), ot imvmrtbmfmss prmsmits
l pgsso`fm grkliozltogilf `lsos egr oidrmlsoik dggpmrltogi. Ls ymt, tbm
grkliozltogi hgms igt blvm l hmvmfgpmh smdrmtlrolt. Oistmlh, plrtodopltoik
dmitrlf `lics smrvodm ots su`dgaaottmms lih wgrcoik krgups.
Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm/Lsoli Agimtlry Euih. Oi fokbt ge
hossltoseldtogi wotb tbm OAE‟s pmregralidm huroik tbm Lsoli
eoilidolf drosos, tbm eoilidm aoiostmrs ge LTMLI+4 (LTMLI, pfus tbm^PD, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml) oi Dbolik Alo oi Aly 0>>>
egramh l rmkogilf dggpmrltovm eoilidoik lrrlikmamit tg suppfmamit
OAE rmsgurdms. Xbm sg-dlffmh Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm oiotolffy tggc
tbm egra ge `ofltmrlf swlp lkrmmamits. Bgwmvmr, oi Aly 0>>;, tbm
LTMLI+4 ama`mrs lkrmmh tg dgivmrt tbm `ofltmrlf oiotoltovms oitg l
auftofltmrlf, smfe-alilkmh sdbmam egr pggfoik rmsmrvms kgvmrimh `y
l soikfm dgitrldtulf lkrmmamit, cigwi ls tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm
Auftofltmrlfozltogi (DAOA). Xbm sozm ge tbm lkrmmamit wls oidrmlsmh
tg $<0> `offogi, lih tbm laguit ge tbm lffgdltogi tblt dgufh `m
wotbhrlwi wotbgut trokkmroik li OAE prgkrla wls oidrmlsmh erga
<>% tg 0>% (Tusslikclri 0><>). Xbm sozm ge tbm eldofoty wls hgu`fmh
lkloi tg $08> `offogi oi 0><0, lih tbm pmrdmitlkm ge `grrgwoik qugtls
tblt dgufh `m lddmssmh wotbgut li OAE prgkrla wls oidrmlsmh.
Xbm LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm (LAPG) wls
mstl`fosbmh oi Aly 0><< tg prgvohm survmofflidm dlpl`ofoty wotboi
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002
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
tbm rmkogi. Xbm uftoaltm loa os tg mih rmfolidm gi OAE dgihotogilfoty,
wbodb bls prgvmh l stua`foik `fgdc tg ama`mrs‟ woffoikimss tg usm
tbm DAOA uitof igw. Mfoaoiltoik OAE dgihotogilfoty os l imdmsslry stmp
tg alcoik tbm DAOA l euidtogilf eoilidolf slemty imt wotboi Lsol‟srmkogilf eoilidolf lrdbotmdturm.
Xbm DAOA immhs gtbmr oaprgvmamits tg alcm ot meemdtovm. Eorst,
tbm DAOA `grrgwoik qugtl aly stoff igt `m migukb oe agrm tbli gim
dguitry midguitmrs smrogus prg`fmas. DAOA euihs sbgufh rmaloi
dgaamisurltm wotb tbm audb flrkmr sozm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms `y
0>4>. Ot sbgufh `m pgsso`fm tg suppfmamit DAOA euihs wotb lhhotogilf
dgitro`utogis erga dguitroms oi tbm krgup. Tmdgih, oistmlh ge just
`grrgwoik erga tbm DAOA, dguitroms sbgufh lfsg `m l`fm tg lrrlikm
swlp eldofotoms wotb tbm DAOA, oi l soaoflr aliimr ls wotb dmitrlf `lic
swlps. Xborh, imw oistruamits, sudb ls l prmdlutogilry drmhot eldofoty
egr l imlr-drosos sotultogi, sbgufh m oitrghudmh. Egurtb, ot sbgufh `m
pgsso`fm egr gtbmr ama`mrs ge tbm Mlst Lsoli suaaot tblt lrm igt plrt
ge LTMLI+4, sudb ls Oihol, Lustrlfol, lih Imw Zmlflih, tg plrtodopltm
oi DAOA ldtovotoms. Eoilffy, tbm DAOA immhs tg blvm sueeodomit rmsgurdms
lih stleeoik tg suppgrt tbm dlpl`ofotoms ge li Lsoli Agimtlry Euih
(Tusslikclri 0><>). Eufeoffamit ge tbmsm oaprgvmamits sbgufh mil`fm
tbm DAOA tg `mdgam l euff-efmhkmh Lsoli Agimtlry Euih.
Pmfltogis wotb oitmriltogilf eoilidolf oistotutogis. Oitmriltogilf
mdgigaod lih eoilidolf hmdosogi alcoik bls `mmi oivokgrltmh `y tbmsboet tg tbm Krgup ge Xwmity (K0>) ls tbm prmaomr oitmriltogilf egrua,
tbmrm`y oidfuhoik tbm vgodms ge mamrkoik mdgigaoms ls wmff ls tbgsm ge
hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Bgwmvmr, meemdtovm kfg`lf mdgigaod kgvmrilidm
woff lfsg rmquorm dblikms oi cmy kfg`lf grkliozltogis‘sudb ls tbm
OAE, [grfh @lic, [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi, lih tbm ET@‘lih dfgsmr
dgffl`grltogi `mtwmmi kfg`lf lih rmkogilf grkliozltogis. Clwlo lih
^mtro (0><>) lrkum oi elvgr ge oitrghudoik emhmrlfosa gi l kfg`lf sdlfm
`y drmltoik foicmh bomrlrdboms ge kfg`lf lih rmkogilf grkliozltogis
wotb gvmrflppoik gwimrsbop strudturms oi vlrogus euidtogilf lrmls.
Xbos erlamwgrc os offustrltmh oi Xl`fm 5.<4 egr tbm tbrmm euidtogilf
lrmls‘aldrgmdgigaod stl`ofoty, hmvmfgpamit eoilidm, lih eoilidolf
systma stl`ofoty. Xbm lppfodltogis tg mldb lrml lrm hmsdro`mh `mfgw.
Xbm LTMLI+4 eoilidm aoiostmrs lih dmitrlf lic kgvmrigrs lkrmmh tg hg sg oi Aly 0><0.
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Xl`fm 5.<4: Oistotutogis egr Kfg`lf lih Lsoli Mdgigaod
Kgvmrilidm
Euidtogi Kfg`lf oistotutogis Lsoli mxlapfms
Aldrgmdgigaod
stl`ofoty
Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih
Turvmofflidm, drosos fmihoik,
systmaod stl`ofoty
Lsoli Agimtlry Euih
(tg mvgfvm erga DAOA)
Pmkogilf survmofflidm, drosos
fmihoik, stl`ofoty
Hmvmfgpamit
ilidm
[grfh @lic
Kfg`lf pu`fod kgghs: pgvmrty,
mivorgiamit, eggh, lih mimrky
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic
Pmkogilf hmvmfgpamit
progrotoms, rmkogilf
oierlstrudturm fmihoik
Eoilidolf systma
stl`ofoty
Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty @glrh
Kfg`lf stlihlrhs, dgffmkms ge
rmkufltgrs
Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty
Holfgkum
(tg `m drmltmh)
Lsol‟s rmkufltgry oiotoltovms
DAOA 1 Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi.Tgurdm: Lhlptmh erga Clwlo, mtro, lih Tosfo-Dolalrrl (0><>).
Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
Aljgr tlscs egr dggpmrltogi `mtwmmi tbm OAE lih rmkogilf eoilidolf
slemty imts oidfuhm oistotutogilfozoik rmfltogis lih dgaauiodltogi
lrrlikmamits, dggrhoiltoik survmofflidm, lih dggrhoiltoik fmihoik
prgkrlas lih dgihotogilfoty (Fla`mrtm lih Agrkli 0><0). Gim cmy
immh os tg strmiktbmi tbm prgdmss ge rmkogilf hmdosogi-alcoik oi Lsol
tg `ldc up tbm rmkogilf eoilidolf slemty imts.
Oi tbm lrml ge hmvmfgpamit eoilidm, rmkogilf hmvmfgpamit `lics
lfrmlhy mxost lfgiksohm tbm [grfh @lic. Xbm imxt stmp os tg oaprgvm tbmhovosogi ge fl`gr `mtwmmi rmkogilf lih kfg`lf grkliozltogis. Ohmlffy,
tbm [grfh @lic sbgufh egdus gi kfg`lf g`jmdtovms lih mxtmrilfotoms,
sudb ls tbm Aoffmiioua Hmvmfgpamit Kglfs, dfoaltm dblikm, eggh
lih mimrky smduroty, lih mpohmaods. Pmkogilf hmvmfgpamit `lics, `y
dgitrlst, sbgufh egdus gi rmkogilf ossums lih mxtmrilfotoms, sudb ls
oierlstrudturm dgiimdtovoty lih mivorgiamitlf prgtmdtogi.
Oi tbm lrml ge eoilidolf systma stl`ofoty, tbm 0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf
eoilidolf drosos bls bokbfokbtmh tbm immh egr li oitmriltogilf erlamwgrc
egr agiotgroik, rmkufltoik, lih supmrvosoik tbm drgss-`grhmr ldtovotoms
ge systmaodlffy oapgrtlit eoilidolf eoras, prghudts, lih trlisldtogis.
Xbm ET@ bls `mmi tlscmh wotb mstl`fosboik sudb l erlamwgrc lih
dggrhoiltoik tbm lutbgrotoms dblrkmh wotb oapfmamitoik ot. Oi
dgffl`grltogi wotb tbm OAE, tbm ET@ os lfsg dblrkmh wotb prgvohoik mlrfy
wlrioik ge aldrgmdgigaod lih eoilidolf roscs lih prgpgsoik ldtogis
tg rmamhy tbma. Xbm LETH prgpgsmh l`gvm dgufh pfly l vlful`fm rgfm
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04>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
`y trlisfltoik ET@ oiotoltovms oitg l rmkogilf dgitmxt lih tbmi bmfpoik
tg oapfmamit tbma.
Egrmoki mxdblikm alilkmamit lih dggrhoiltogi. Tgam
mxdblikm rltm efmxo`ofoty os hmsorl`fm. Bgwmvmr, l purm efgltoik systmaos prg`l`fy igt prldtodlf egr agst Mlst Lsoli mamrkoik mdgigaoms,
kovmi tbm pgtmitolf egr mxdmssovm vgfltofoty lih aoslfokiamit lih
lhvmrsm oapldts gi trlhm lih oivmstamit. Toidm aliy LDO mdgigaoms
dgapmtm wotb mldb gtbmr, sgam mxdblikm rltm stl`ofoty os hmsorl`fm tg
prmvmit li uiimdmsslry rmlffgdltogi ge rmsgurdms tblt dgufh quodcfy
rmvmrsm. LDO immhs l erlamwgrc tblt prgagtms oitrlrmkogilf mxdblikm
rltm stl`ofoty wbofm rmtloioik sueeodomit efmxo`ofoty lkloist mxtmrilf
durrmidoms. Gi tbm gtbmr blih, tbm rmkogi‟s krmlt hovmrsoty ge mdgigaod
dorduastlidms lih dlpotlf alrcmt lih mxdblikm rltm rmkoams amlis
tblt l egralf durrmidy uiogi os igt emlso`fm motbmr‘mspmdolffy oi fokbt
ge tbm murgzgim‟s rmdmit sgvmrmoki hm`t lih `licoik smdtgr drosos.
Clwlo lih Xlclko (0><<) prgpgsm l stlkmh prgdmss egr oidrmlsoik
Lsoli durrmidy dggrhoiltogi.
Aldrgmdgigaod pgfody dggrhoiltogi. Meegrts lt durrmidy
dggrhoiltogi wgufh immh tg `m dga`oimh wotb krmltmr aldrgmdgigaod
pgfody dggrhoiltogi oi tbm rmkogi, mspmdolffy oi agimtlry pgfody. Motbmr
tbm LETH gr tbm DAOA aokbt prgvohm l egrua egr sudb dggpmrltogi,
mspmdolffy oe tbmy lrm oitmkrltmh wotb tbm MAML^ prgdmss.
5.<> Dgidfusogis lih ^gfody
Pmdgaamihltogis
@y 0>4>, aliy LDO mdgigaoms lrm mxpmdtmh tg blvm lttloimh tbm
stltus ge hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. Xbm eoilidolf smdtgr woff `m l drotodlf
plrt ge tbm oierlstrudturm immhmh tg suppgrt bokb lih sustloil`fm
krgwtb oi tbm rmkogi gvmr tbm imxt twg hmdlhms. Xbos smdtogi
suaalrozms gur pgfody rmdgaamihltogis lt tbm iltogilf, su`rmkogilf,
lih rmkogilf fmvmfs.
LDO eoilidolf alrcmts aust `mdgam hmmpmr, agrm sgpbostodltmh,
lih agrm lddmsso`fm tg agrm pmgpfm lih eoras tg suppgrt mdgigaoms
wotb audb krmltmr wmlftb `ut lfsg bokbmr hmalihs egr oivmstamit
lih lddmss tg eoilidolf smrvodms. Xbmsm hmalihs oidfuhm oivmstamit
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Eoilidoik Euturm Xrliseg
oi ‖pu`fod kgghs,‑ sudb ls oierlstrudturm, bmlftb, mhudltogi, lih krmmi
krgwtb, wbmrm provltm eoilidoik dliigt `m rmfomh upgi tg kmimrltm
sueeodomit dlpotlf wotbgut pgfody oitmrvmitogi. Eoilidolf smdtgr
oierlstrudturm aust `m upkrlhmh ls wmff, suppgrtoik hmrovltovmsalrcmts, drmhot rltoik lkmidoms, kgvmriamit hm`t alilkmamit, lih
gtbmr immhs ge agrm sgpbostodltmh, kfg`lffy dgiimdtmh mdgigaoms.
Tystmas egr dfmlroik lih smttfmamit immh tg `m upkrlhmh. Oidrmlsoik
eoilidolf oidfusogi os mssmitolf egr sustloioik krgwtb lih oaprgvoik
oidgam hostro`utogi. Xbos oidfuhms eoilidm egr dgisuamrs, salff
mitmrprosms, aodrgeoilidm, lih krmmi eoilidm.
Lt tbm slam toam, tbm LDO mdgigaoms aust tlcm stmps tg miblidm
eoilidolf stl`ofoty. Xbmy aust upkrlhm aodrgpruhmitolf supmrvosogi
erlamwgrcs oi foim wotb tbm @lsmf OOO rufms lih oaprgvm rmkufltgry
dlpldoty. Xbmy sbgufh rmvomw tbmor agimtlry lih aldrgpruhmitolf
pgfody erlamwgrcs egr supmrvosogi, lih alilkmamit ge prgdydfodlfoty
lih drosms lih strmiktbmi tbma oe immhmh. L erlamwgrc egr alilkoik
vgfltofm dlpotlf efgws sbgufh `m li oitmkrlf plrt ge aldrgmdgigaod lih
aldrgpruhmitolf pgfody alilkmamit. Pmkufltgry erlamwgrcs immh tg
`m mxtmihmh tg suppgrt oidfusovm eoilidoik wbofm lt tbm slam toam
aloitloioik eoilidolf stl`ofoty.
Oi tbmsm lrmls, stmps tlcmi lt tbm dguitry fmvmf woff `m imdmsslry
`ut igt sueeodomit. Xbmy woff immh tg `m suppfmamitmh `y amlsurms
egr rmkogilf oitmkrltogi lih dggpmrltogi lih hmvmfgpamit germfltmh oistotutogis. Aliy LDO alrcmts lrm tgg salff tg kmimrltm tbm
mdgigaoms ge sdlfm tg fgwmr trlisldtogi dgsts tg lttrldtovm fmvmfs.
Bmlvy lih oidgisostmit rmkufltogi ge egrmoki mxdblikm lih gtbmr
trlisldtogis, tlxltogi, lih smttfmamit prgdmhurms hosdgurlkm egrmoki
oivmstgrs lih cmmp alrcmts salff. Pmkufltogis lih tlx pgfodoms sbgufh
`m blragiozmh wotboi tbm rmkogi. ^gtmitolffy, li LD]-hmigaoiltmh
`gih alrcmt sbgufh `m hmvmfgpmh. Ldbomvoik tbm LMD prgkrla os tbm
fgkodlf stlrtoik pgoit lih aghmf. Li Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum
dli prgvohm l egrua egr hmeoioik blragiozltogi amlsurms.
Tgam LDO mdgigaoms fldc lhmqultm eosdlf rmsgurdms egr immhmh
pu`fod oivmstamit. Li Lsoli Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit Euih lih
miblidmamits ge tbm L@AO‘oidfuhoik tbm mxtmisogi tg tbm Lsoli
Dlpotlf Alrcmts Oiotoltovm (LDAO)‘lih L@Es dgufh bmfp rmdydfm LDO‟s
bokb slvoiks wotboi tbm rmkogi tg suppgrt oivmstamit oi oierlstrudturm
lih gtbmr prgjmdts. Eoilffy, stmps tg ldbomvm euff dgivmrto`ofoty ge tbm
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040
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
yuli lih tbm Oiholi rupmm lih tbm hmvmfgpamit ge Tblikblo lih
Aua`lo ls rmkogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs dli prgagtm rmkogilf eoilidolf
oitmkrltogi.
Krmltmr eoilidolf dggrhoiltogi wotboi LDO rmquorms krmltmr rmkogilfdggpmrltogi. Xbm DAOA lih tbm Mdgigaod Pmvomw lih ^gfody Holfgkum
prgdmss bgfh krmlt prgaosm. Gidm tbm rmkogi mihgws tbm DAOA wotb
sueeodomit rmsgurdms lih tbm dlpldoty tg dgihudt rmkogilf mdgigaod
survmofflidm lih egraufltm oihmpmihmit lhjustamit pgfody, ots fmihoik
gpmrltogis dli `m hmfoicmh erga OAE prgkrlas. Gify tbmi woff tbm
eldofoty mstl`fosb otsmfe ls li oihmpmihmit rmkogilf agimtlry euih lih
eoilidolf slemty imt.
Audb wgrc rmalois, bgwmvmr, oi strmiktbmioik dgffl`grltogi
lagik tbm rmkogi‟s eoilidm aoiostmrs lih dmitrlf `lic kgvmrigrs lih
blragiozoik eoilidolf supmrvosogi lih alrcmt rmkufltogi. Ot woff `m
imdmsslry tg hmeoim tbm rgfms ge sudb imw oistotutogis oi rmfltogi tg
tbmor dgrrmspgihoik oitmriltogilf eoilidolf oistotutogis. Xbm prgdmss
ge rmkogilf hmdosogi alcoik lfsg immhs tg `m strmiktbmimh. Eoilffy, tbm
oidrmlsmh usm ge tbm LD] ls l rmemrmidm dli dgitro`utm tg krlhulf `ut
krgwoik durrmidy dggrhoiltogi wotboi tbm rmkogi.
Xbm kggh imws os tblt, mvmi uihmr lhvmrsm sdmilrogs, prgjmdtogis
sbgw tblt LDO woff blvm tbm eoilidolf rmsgurdms immhmh tg euih ots
mssmitolf immhs up tg 0>4>. Xbm rmkogi lfsg os mihgwmh wotb tbm
mxpmrtosm lih prgvmi rmdgrh ge sguih alilkmamit immhmh tg rmlfozml krmlt trlisegraltogi. Xbm dblffmikm lbmlh os tg hmvmfgp tbm rmkogi‟s
alrcmts lih oistotutogis tg l fmvmf tblt dli oisurm tblt LDO‟s imxt
twg hmdlhms ge strgik krgwtb lrm sustloil`fm lih woff oaprgvm fovoik
stlihlrhs lih gppgrtuiotoms egr lff.
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; Pmkogilf
lih Kfg`lfDggpmrltogi
;.< Oitrghudtogi
Tgam ge tbm krmltmst dblffmikms tg sustloioik LDO‟s strgik krgwtb
oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4> dli gify `m rmsgfvmh tbrgukb dgffl`grltogi
wotboi tbm rmkogi lih kfg`lffy. Xbm rmkogi‟s mxplihoik mdgigaoms
lih krgwoik oitmrhmpmihmidm woff drmltm imw hmalihs egr dgffmdtovm
ldtogi gi l rlikm ge ergits. Lftbgukb tbm oitmrmsts ge tbm ^mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), Oihol, lih tbm <> ama`mrs ge tbm Lssgdoltogi
ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) woff dgitoium tg hovmrkm oi sgam
lrmls, lt l kfg`lf fmvmf tbmy woff sblrm l flrkm stlcm oi misuroik gpmiwgrfh trlhm, stl`fm eoilidolf systmas, lih l sustloil`fm mivorgiamit.
LDO‟s hmvmfgpamit woff lfsg roik krmltmr rmspgiso`ofotoms egr alilkoik
tbmsm dblffmikms lih egr mxmrdosoik l krmltmr vgodm oi oitmriltogilf
rufm-alcoik `ghoms.
Dgitoiumh strgik krgwtb woff otsmfe oidrmlsm prmssurm gi tbm
LDO mdgigaoms tg eoih imw wlys tg wgrc agrm dfgsmfy tgkmtbmr.
@mimeodolf ls ot aly `m, krgwtb dgufh strloi rmfltogisbops ge Lsoli
dguitroms wotb mldb gtbmr lih tbm wgrfh. Dgapmtotogi wotboi LDO
egr rmsgurdms, egrmoki oivmstamit, tmdbigfgky, lih alrcmt lddmss
dgufh krgw. Lhhotogilffy, dotoik tbm immh tg ‖fmvmf tbm pflyoik eomfh‑
hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms woff prmss egr krmltmr lddmss tg alrcmts oi LDO,
orrmspmdtovm ge stoff flrkm hoeemrmidms oi oidgam pmr dlpotl. Xbm krgwoik
sboet erga l auftofltmrlf trlhm grhmr tg prmemrmitolf trlhm rmkoams lih
oidrmlsmh trlhm prgtmdtogiosa dgufh wmff smrvm tg foaot LDO lddmss tg
tbm hmvmfgpmh alrcmts egr kgghs lih egr fl`gr. Oe kmgpgfotodlf tmisogis
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048
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
msdlfltm oitg dgiefodts lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms gr `mtwmmi tbma lih
hmvmfgpmh dguitroms, tbm meemdts dgufh `m hmvlstltoik egr oivmstgrs‟
dgieohmidm, oivmstamit, lih krgwtb. Xbm `mst prgtmdtogi lkloist sudb
l hlalkoik dgursm ge mvmits os stmlhy dgaaotamit tg mvmi krmltmrmdgigaod oitmrhmpmihmidm rmkogilffy lih kfg`lffy, lih l dgaaotamit
tg dgffmdtovm rltbmr tbli uiofltmrlf ldtogi. Xbm mxlapfm lfrmlhy smt `y
LTMLI os oistrudtovm oi tbos rmklrh, lih dgufh `m kmimrlfozmh.
Ls sgam stuhoms blvm g`smrvmh, ldbomvoik dfgsm pli-Lsoli
oitmkrltogi lih dggpmrltogi os plrtoduflrfy dblffmikoik egr bostgrodlf
lih sgdogmdgigaod rmlsgis (LH@ 0><>`3 Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh
0><<). Gim os tblt Lsol os pgpufgus, lagrpbgus, lih hovmrsm. Ls l rmsuft,
egralf dggpmrltogi tlcms pfldm agrm lt tbm rmkogilf, su`rmkogilf, lih
`ofltmrlf fmvmfs.
Alrcmts, gi tbm gtbmr blih, lrm pgwmreuf oitmkrltoik egrdms.
Xbm mdgigaoms ge Mlst Lsol, oi plrtoduflr, lrm dfgsmfy foicmh tbrgukb
trlhm lih eoilidolf efgws lih tbrgukb mxtmisovm rmkogilf prghudtogi
imtwgrcs tblt smrvm ls dgihuots egr mxpgrts tg Murgpm lih tbm ]iotmh
Ttltms (]T) lih oapgrtlit sgurdms ge egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit (EHO).
Tgutb Lsol hgms igt ymt plrtodopltm oi prghudtogi imtwgrcs tg tbm
mxtmit ge Mlst Lsol, lftbgukb trlhm bls `mmi li oapgrtlit hrovmr ge
dgapmtotogi, prghudtovoty, lih krgwtb.
Xbos rlpohfy krgwoik mdgigaod miklkmamit bls gddurrmh hmspotm
kmgpgfotodlf tmisogis oi tbm rmkogi. Ot lfsg bls gddurrmh hmspotmrmfltovmfy wmlc suppgrt erga rmkogilf oistotutogis, mvmi wbofm sudb
oistotutogis blvm `mmi krgwoik oi iua`mr. Kfg`lf mdgigaod lih
smduroty oistotutogis blvm prgvohmh li oapgrtlit mil`foik mivorgiamit
egr tbm rosm ge Lsol. [otb tbm mxdmptogi ge Jlpli oi sgam lrmls, Lsoli
pgwmrs blvm igt `mmi prgldtovm oi kuohoik tbmsm oistotutogis.
Imvmrtbmfmss, mdgigaod oitmkrltogi bls hrlaltodlffy rmsblpmh LDO
soidm tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf drosos. Mlrfomr dblptmrs lrkum tblt
oitmkrltogi os rlpohfy rmsblpoik LDO lih woff agst focmfy krgw agrm
pgwmreuf oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4>. Ayrolh mdgigaod foiclkms lrm alcoik
tbm rmkogi agrm oitmrhmpmihmit. L rosoik sblrm ge kgghs prghudmh oi
LDO os igw trlhmh lih dgisuamh wotboi tbm rmkogi. Kovmi tbmor rmfltovm
sozm oi tbm kfg`lf alrcmtpfldm, hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms woff dgitoium tg
`m oapgrtlit egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms, lddguitoik egr blfe ge kfg`lf krgss
hgamstod prghudt (KH^) lt alrcmt prodms oi 0>4> (Foi lih ^mtro 0><03
Flwrmidm 0><<). Ls tbm kfg`lf dmitmr ge mdgigaod ldtovoty sboets tg tbm
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
LDO rmkogi, tbm mlrfomr lssuaptogi tblt tbm aloi tlsc ge alrotoam Lsol
os tg lrrlikm meeodomit suppfy egr eoilf dgisuamrs oi hostlit alrcmts
woff `mdgam guthltmh. [bofm, ls hosdussmh oi Dblptmr 5, drgss-`grhmr
eoilidolf oitmkrltogi bls sg elr igt `mmi prgaoimit oi tbm rmkogi, oitoam, LDO pgrtegfog lih hormdt oivmstamits woff lfsg oidrmlsoikfy tlrkmt
rmkogilf lssmts.
Xbm dgapfmx wm` ge mdgigaod rmfltogis, lih tbm spmmh wotb wbodb
ot bls krgwi bls oi turi kmimrltmh l immh egr amdbliosas tg prgvohm
stl`ofoty lih prmhodtl`ofoty tg tbmsm fgik-tmra rmfltogisbops. Xbos oi
turi bls dgitro`utmh tg l pfmtbgrl ge `ofltmrlf lih rmkogilf trlhm lih
oivmstamit lkrmmamits, ls hgduamitmh `y Zblik lih Tbmi (0><<).
Xbm flrkm iua`mrs ge ermm trlhm lkrmmamits (EXLs) oivgfvoik tbm LDO
mdgigaoms lrm lagik tbm krgwoik ‖sget‑ oierlstrudturm tblt eldofotltms
oitmriltogilf lih oitrlrmkogilf trlhm lih oivmstamit efgws. Xbm
suddmss ge tbmsm pldts lrkums egr dfgsmr dggpmrltogi tblt mvmitulffy
dgufh oidfuhm dgaprmbmisovm EXLs‘wotboi tbm rmkogi lih wotb cmy
plrtimrs mfsmwbmrm.
L durrmidy lih agimtlry uiogi lfgik tbm foims ge tbm murg os igt
lpprgproltm lt tbos stlkm egr elst krgwoik Lsol. Bgwmvmr, tbmrm os l
kmiuoim immh egr krmltmr dgbmrmidm `mtwmmi drgss-`grhmr oitmkrltogi
lih aldrgmdgigaod alilkmamit, plrtoduflrfy tg kulrh lkloist
dgitlkogi lih `mkklr-tby-imokb`gr mxdblikm rltm pgfodoms. Oi lhhotogi
tg agimtlry dggrhoiltogi, dfgsmr dggrhoiltogi lagik eoilidolfrmkufltgrs dgufh bmfp tg drmltm l agrm suppgrtovm mivorgiamit tg
`mttmr ag`ofozm rmkogilf euihs egr alrcmt oivmstamit oi drotodlf
oierlstrudturm. LTMLI, wotb ots mstl`fosbmh rmdgrh ge prgagtoik
oitmriltogilf dggpmrltogi, dgufh smrvm ls tbm bu` ge oistotutogilf
lrrlikmamits tblt foic Mlst Lsoli dguitroms wotb mldb gtbmr lih lfsg
wotb Oihol lih gtbmr Tgutb Lsoli dguitroms.
Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos ge <??;—<??2 prgvohmh l aljgr spur tg
sudb dggrhoiltogi lagik tbm LTMLI+4 dguitroms, `ut sg elr Oihol bls
igt plrtodopltmh oi tbm aloi slemty-imt oiotoltovm, tbm auftofltmrlfozmh
Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm (DAOA). Xbm hm`t drosos oi tbm murgzgim bls
hmagistrltmh tbm hoeeodufty lih pgfotodlf pmrofs ge lttmapts tg oapgsm
lih miegrdm dgihotogilfoty ldrgss sgvmrmoki stltms, mvmi oi tbm wmff-
mstl`fosbmh mivorgiamit egr pgfotodlf dggrhoiltogi tblt mxosts oi tbm
M]. Xbm murgzgim drosos bls lfsg hmagistrltmh tblt, oi l wgrfh ge
ag`ofm, pliodcy sbgrt-tmra dlpotlf, eoilidolf dgitlkogi os l rmlf rosc.
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045
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
[bmtbmr justoeomh gr igt, alrcmt pmrdmptogis dli drmltm sokioeodlit
lih hlalkoik spoffgvmr meemdts.
[bofm tbmrm os ig g`vogus alkod sgfutogi tg lhhrmss tbmsm
prg`fmas, tbm LDO dguitroms immh tg rmdgidofm iltogilf oitmrmsts wotbtrlisplrmidy lih erlic hosdussogi lt geeodolf lih igi-geeodolf fmvmfs.
Xbos prldtodm bls `mdgam oistotutogilfozmh lagik tbm Ltflitod roa
dguitroms soidm tbm <?5>s, sblpmh `y tbm mxpmromidm ge tbm Tmdgih
[grfh [lr, tbm Alrsblff ^fli tblt egffgwmh, lih tbm prmssurms ge tbm
Dgfh [lr. Ls hosdussmh fltmr, wbofm alrotoam Lsol wls li oapgrtlit
tbmltmr oi tbmsm dgiefodts, tbm oistotutogilf letmraltb bls igt `mmi
mqulffy drmltovm.
Lt tbm rmkogilf fmvmf, tbm LTMLI dguitroms, wotb tbmor mstl`fosbmh
rmdgrh ge holfgkum gi prgagtoik smduroty lih mdgigaod oitmriltogilf
dggpmrltogi wotboi l bmtmrgkmimgus krgup, lrm oidrmlsoikfy smrvoik
ls tbm bu` egr oistotutogilf lrrlikmamits tblt foic LTMLI wotb mldb
gtbmr, lih wotb gtbmr Mlst Lsoli dguitroms, Lustrlfol, Imw Zmlflih, lih
Oihol. Bgwmvmr, tbos tmapfltm bls sg elr `mmi agst dgaagify usmh egr
holfgkum gi amrdblihosm trlhm, `ut dgufh `m usmeuf egr imwmr dblffmikms
prgvohmh ot os kovmi lpprgproltm suppgrt `y tbm flrkmr igi-LTMLI
mdgigaoms, plrtoduflrfy tbm ^PD, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, Oihol, lih Jlpli.
Mvmi wotboi LTMLI, tbm fo`mrlfozltogi ge tbm smrvodms trlhm
lih ge tbm agvmamit ge scoffmh pmrsgis rmaloi smisotovm ossums,
wbofm mdgigaod survmofflidm ge tbm coih tblt os uihmrtlcmi `y tbmOitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih (OAE) gr tbm Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-
gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit (GMDH) aly vogfltm LTMLI‟s mstl`fosbmh
proidopfms ge igi-oitmremrmidm oi tbm oitmrilf alttmrs ge ama`mrs. Xbm
Lrtodfms ge Lssgdoltogi ge tbm OAE (plrtoduflrfy Lrtodfm OU) fly hgwi
l erlamwgrc wotboi wbodb sgvmrmoki ldtogis ge kgvmriamits dli `m
su`jmdt tg rmvomw `y li oihmpmihmit stlee gi `mblfe ge tbgsm prmsuamh
tg `m lhvmrsmfy leemdtmh.
Xbm OAE igw prmplrms spoffgvmr rmpgrts egr tbm Krgup ge Xwmity
(K0>) tg qulitoey tbm oapldt ge l systmaodlffy oapgrtlit dguitry‟s
pgfodoms gi ots pmmrs. Toaoflr dgisohmrltogis uihmrfom tbm hosputm
smttfmamit prgvosogis ge tbm [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi ([XG). Xbm
ossums lrm wbmtbmr, wby, lih bgw, tbmsm oitmriltogilf hosdopfoims immh
tg `m suppfmamitmh lt tbm rmkogilf fmvmf, lih wbmtbmr LDO dggpmrltogi
os `mttmr suppgrtmh `y tbm drmltogi ge sudb rmkogilf strudturms, gr `y
krmltmr suppgrt tg tbm mxostoik kfg`lf amdbliosas.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
Pmkogilf dggpmrltogi os lfsg mssmitolf tg bmfp prmvmit tbm sokioeodlit
spoffgvmr meemdts ge pgffutogi lih mivorgiamitlf hmkrlhltogi wotboi
LDO. Ot woff `mdgam oidrmlsoikfy imdmsslry tg misurm tblt dguitroms oi
tbm rmkogi blvm smdurm lih rmfol`fm sgurdms ge mimrky tg ammt tbmormsdlfltoik immhs oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4>.
Xbm oapldt ge flrkm Lsoli mamrkoik alrcmts gi kfg`lf krgwtb bls
oidrmlsmh oi tbm letmraltb ge tbm 0>>2—0>>? kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos,
lih woff dgitoium tg krgw ls tbm pgpufltogis ge Murgpm lih Jlpli
lkm. Xbm ^PD lfrmlhy mxmrts oiefumidm gi kfg`lf trlhm lih eoilidm
tblt os hosprgpgrtogiltm tg ots fgw pmr dlpotl oidgam fmvmf. Ls tbm
^PD‟s mdgigay dgitoiums tg krgw, tbm tmisogi `mtwmmi oitmriltogilf
mxpmdtltogis lih hgamstod oapmrltovms dgufh oidrmlsm. Oi hum dgursm,
tbm slam woff lppfy tg Oihol. Xbmsm sblrmh oitmrmsts lrm lfrmlhy fmlhoik
tg dgisuftltogi lih dg-grhoiltogi `mtwmmi tbmsm twg dguitroms oi lrmls
sudb ls dfoaltm dblikm, trlhm, lih tbm oitmriltogilf agimtlry systma.
Ls tbmor wmokbt oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay krgws, tbm LDO iltogis aust
`m rmlhy tg prgvohm krmltmr fmlhmrsbop lih lssuam l krmltmr rgfm oi
kfg`lf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm [XG, tbm OAE, [grfh @lic, K0>, lih
mivorgiamitlf lih bmlftb `ghoms tblt lrm dgaamisurltm wotb tbmor
krgwoik wmokbt oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. LDO meegrts tg rmsblpm tbm
oitmriltogilf grhmr woff `m dgapfodltmh `y tbm hgaoilit pgsotogi ge
hmvmfgpmh dguitroms oi sudb kfg`lf oistotutogis lih tbmor wmff-mstl`fosbmh
amdbliosas egr dggpmrltogi wotb mldb gtbmr. @ut tbos woff dblikm.Xbos dblikm wls mvohmit huroik tbm 0><0 kfg`lf mdgigaod
sfgwhgwi prmdopotltmh `y tbm drosos oi tbm murgzgim. Oi Juim lih
Jufy 0><0, kfg`lf eoilidolf alrcmts smmamh fmss dgidmrimh l`gut tbm
stlkilit krgwtb oi tbm murgzgim, wbodb pmrblps blh lfrmlhy `mmi
oidgrpgrltmh oitg mxpmdtltogis, tbli l`gut tbm alrkoilf sfgwhgwi
ge krgwtb oi tbm ^PD lih Oihol. Xbm prgspmdt ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms
ig fgikmr `moik strgik fgdgagtovms egr kfg`lf krgwtb oi 0><0 upsmt
oitmriltogilf eoilidolf alrcmts lih dlusmh krmlt dgidmri lagik
pgfodyalcmrs. Xbos wgufh igt blvm `mmi tbm dlsm mvmi = ymlrs lkg.
Li oitmrmstoik qumstogi os wbmtbmr tbm <0 mdgigaoms ge LDO woff oi
toam sblrm migukb dgaagi oitmrmsts tg dgistotutm l hostoidtovm dgbmsovm
rmkogi dlpl`fm ge lrtodufltoik lih prgagtoik rmkogilf oitmrmsts. Xbmrm
lfrmlhy mxost auftopfm, gvmrflppoik flrkm krgups ge dguitroms oi Lsol,
sgam ge wbodb oidfuhm gtbmr ^ldoeod roa dguitroms oidfuhoik tbm ]T,
Dlilhl, Lustrlfol, lih Imw Zmlflih. Xbmsm krgups oidfuhm LTMLI+4,
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042
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
LTMLI+5, LTMLI+2 (tbm Mlst Lsol Tuaaot dguitroms), tbm Pmkogilf
Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop (PDM^), alhm up ge LTMLI
lih ots holfgkum plrtimrs, tbm stmlhofy wohmioik krgup ge dguitroms
plrtodopltoik oi tbm Xrlis-^ldoeod ^lrtimrsbop (X^^), lih tbm Lsol—^ldoeod Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi (L^MD) egrua. Xbm hyilaods ge Lsoli
lih Lsoli—^ldoeod oitmrldtogi lrm stoff mvgfvoik.
Mvmi ls amdbliosas egr oitmrldtogi wotboi Lsol lih ldrgss Lsol
lih tbm ^ldoeod dgitoium tg mvgfvm, mfsmwbmrm sudb krgups sgamtoams
mxost tg prgtmdt iltogilf oitmrmsts lih gify gddlsogilffy tg hmlf wotb
dgffmdtovm ldtogi prg`fmas. Oihmmh, tbmrm lrm emw mxlapfms ge rmkogilf
krgups ldtoik dgffmdtovmfy oi mxtrl-tmrrotgrolf egruas tg hmemih
dgaagi mdgigaod oitmrmsts. Xbm pgsso`fm mxdmptogi os tbm Murgpmli
]iogi (M]), lftbgukb tbmrm tgg iltogilf oitmrmsts lrm su`grhoiltmh
tg l Murgpmli pmrspmdtovm gify letmr blrh `lrkloioik ldrgss l `rglh
dgapfmx ge iltogilf oitmrmsts.
Agrm dgaagify, sudb rmkogilf krgups lrm typodlffy prmgddupomh
wotb smduroty ossums (egr mxlapfm, tbm Lerodli ]iogi, tbm Lrl` Fmlkum,
lih tbm Tblikblo Dggpmrltogi Grkliozltogi). Xbm emw krgups tblt hg
mxost tg lrtodufltm l dgaagi, suprliltogilf pmrspmdtovm tmih igt tg
`m rmkogilf oi ilturm. Mxlapfms lrm tbm Krgup ge Tmvmi (K;), lih tbm
ammtoiks ge tbm @rlzof, tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi, Oihol, lih tbm ^PD
(@PODs) eoilidm aoiostmrs lih bmlhs ge kgvmriamit. Iltogilf oitmrmsts
woff rmaloi tbm aloi hrovmr, lih woff gify sfgwfy `m l`rohkmh oi pursuotge dgffmdtovm ldtogi kglfs.
Xbmrm lrm dgapmffoik rmlsgis egr LDO dggpmrltogi. Gim rmlsgi
os tblt strgik lih syidbrgiozmh krgwtb up tg 0>4> woff kmimrltm
prmssurm tg drmltm l agrm rg`ust erlamwgrc ge oistotutogis egr
rmkogilf dggpmrltogi. Ligtbmr rmlsgi os tblt tbm sboet ge tbm kfg`lf
dmitmr ge krlvoty ge mdgigaod ldtovoty tgwlrh LDO, wbodb os dfmlr erga
tbm mdgigaod egrmdlsts oi Dblptmr 0, woff kmimrltm l agrm Lsol-dmitrod
pmrspmdtovm oi tbm dgrm kfg`lf oistotutogis ge mdgigaod kgvmrilidm.
Kovmi tbm hovmrkmit oitmrmsts ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih
mstl`fosbmh rmfltogisbops wotb pgwmrs gutsohm tbm rmkogi lih wotb
kfg`lf oistotutogis, ig soikfm plttmri ge dggpmrltogi woff hgaoiltm.
LTMLI+4 rmemrs tg tbm <> LTMLI ama`mr stltms pfus tbm ^PD, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod
ge Cgrml. LTMLI+5 dgaprosms tbm LTMLI+4 dguitroms pfus Lustrlfol, Imw Zmlflih, lih Oihol.
LTMLI+2 gr ‖Mlst Lsol Tuaaot‑ dguitroms dgisost ge tbm LTMLI+5 mdgigaoms pfus tbm ]T lih
tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi.
8?
8?
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
Getmi, tbm LDO iltogis woff eoih tbmor oitmrmsts `mttmr smrvmh ls plrts ge
sboetoik, ossum-`lsmh dglfotogis oi tbm oitmriltogilf lrmil. @ut tbmrm lrm
strgik oidmitovms egr tbm rmkogi tg agvm erga l `ofltmrlf, EXL-dmitrod
lpprgldb tg dggpmrltogi oi elvgr ge l ‖imw rmkogilfosa‑ aghmf tbltwoff `m `lsmh gi flrkm, tbgukb sgamtoams gvmrflppoik oiotoltovms. Gvmr
tbm fgik tmra, hmmpmr miklkmamit dli bmfp tg drmltm dgistotumidoms
lih oistotutogis tg mlsm tmisogis (Agbli 0><<). Xbos lfrmlhy bls
gddurrmh oi tbm dlsm ge LTMLI oitmkrltogi lih ots mxtmisogi tg Uomt
Ila oi <??=. Xbmrm lrm strgik rmlsgis egr gptoaosa tblt tbos prgdmss
lfsg os stlrtoik tg mlsm tmisogis lih strmiktbmi `gihs lagik pgwmrs
sudb ls tbm ^PD, Oihol, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml.
;.0 Alrcmt-Hrovmi Oitmkrltogi oiLDO soidm <?;>
Xbm hrlaltod krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit oi Lsol soidm tbm <?5>s
wls `gtb uilitodopltmh lih uiprmdmhmitmh. Aghmriozltogi dlam oi
wlvms. Hmvmfgpoik Lsol blh `mimeotmh erga tbm krgwtb agamitua
oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay lih li mxplihoik oitmriltogilf alrcmtpfldm
kmimrltmh flrkmfy oi tbm mxplihoik dfu` ge tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaods.
Xbm suddmss ge tbos prgdmss os dlpturmh `y tbm eldt tblt ge tbm eorst-wlvm aghmriozmrs egffgwoik Jlpli‘tbm egur imwfy oihustrolfozmh
mdgigaoms (IOMs) ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml3 Toiklpgrm3 Bgik Cgik,
Dboil3 lih Xlopmo,Dboil‘lrm igw dltmkgrozmh `y tbm OAE ls ‖lhvlidmh
mdgigaoms.‑ Jlpli jgoimh tbm GMDH oi <?58 lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge
Cgrml jgoimh oi <??5.
Xbm Mlst Lsoli Aorldfm stuhy ohmitoeomh egur pgfody hmtmraoilits
tg mxpfloi tbm suddmsseuf hmvmfgpamit ge Mlst lih plrts ge Tgutbmlst
Lsol `mtwmmi tbm <?;>s lih tbm mlrfy <??>s ([grfh @lic <??4).
Xbmsm eldtgrs flrkmfy rmfltm tg tbm suppfy sohm ge mdgigaods. Xbmy
lrm mxpgrt-eromihfy mdgigaod pgfodoms, l egdus gi mhudltogi, alrcmt-
eromihfy kgvmriamits, lih gpmiimss tg tmdbigfgkodlf dltdb-up tblt
LH@ rmemrs tg tbmsm mdgigaoms ls ‖hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms.‑
Xbos lilfysos mxdfuhmh tbm ^PD lih Oihol tblt wmrm igt ‖bokb pmregraoik Lsoli
mdgigaoms‑ lt tbm toam, `ut hoh oidfuhm egur ge tbm mxostoik sox LTMLI dguitroms (Toiklpgrm,
Oihgimsol, Alflysol, lih Xbloflih).
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08>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
os getmi lssgdoltmh wotb EHO. Elvgrl`fm hmagkrlpbods, suppgrtovm
aldrgmdgigaod pgfodoms, lih efmxo`fm fl`gr alrcmts bmfpmh cmmp rmlf
mxdblikm rltms dgapmtotovm egr mxpgrt prghudtogi, lih l egdus gi
trlhm lih fgkostods oierlstrudturm bmfpmh tbmsm dguitroms rmlfozm tbmormvgfvoik dgaplrltovm lhvlitlkm.
Dotoik stuhoms `y tbm Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic (LH@) lih
sdbgflrs, Zblik lih Tbmi (0><<) igtm tblt soidm tbm fltm <??>s
krmltmr rmkogilf oitmkrltogi bls trlisegramh Mlst Lsol. Ls hosdussmh
oi Dblptmr 8, mxtmisovm rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs blvm fmh tg
oidrmlsmh spmdolfozltogi ge aliueldturoik prgdmssms lih tlscs,
sgamtoams wotboi dgaplioms lih lt gtbmr toams oivgfvoik lras-
fmiktb trlisldtogis lagik hoeemrmit eoras oi smvmrlf mdgigaoms.
Xbm rmkogi‟s gpmiimss tg EHO bls hrovmi tbos trmih, wbodb os
alioemstmh oi l sblrp rosm oi oitrl-oihustry trlhm oi plrts, dgapgimits,
lih gtbmr oitmramholtm prghudts. Xbm sblrm ge plrts lih dgapgimits
trlhm oi tgtlf aliueldturoik trlhm ge tbm LTMLI+4 mdgigaoms lih
Bgik Cgik, Dboil3 Xlopmo,Dboil3 lih Oihol rgsm erga 08.4% oi <??? tg
0?.8% oi 0>>5‘audb elstmr tbli kfg`lf trlhm oi tbos lrml. Xbm sblrm
ge plrts lih dgapgimits trlhm oi tbm ^PD lfagst hgu`fmh, tg 08%,
gvmr tbm slam pmrogh. L hmtlofmh `rmlchgwi ge oitrlrmkogilf trlhm
oi Mlst Lsol oihodltms tblt tbm aljgroty ge oitrlrmkogilf trlhm os oi
oitmramholtm kgghs oistmlh ge eoilf kgghs (LH@ 0>>2).
Oivmstamit `y auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogis (AIDs) `lsmh oi Jlpli,tbm IOMs, Murgpm, lih tbm ]T bls pflymh li oapgrtlit rgfm oi tbm
hmvmfgpamit ge Lsoli prghudtogi imtwgrcs. @megrm tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli
eoilidolf drosos, tbm rmkogi lttrldtmh l`gut gim-qulrtmr ge wgrfhwohm EHO
oiefgws mldb ymlr. Letmr hrgppoik sblrpfy, tbm LDO sblrm ge kfg`lf EHO
rmdgvmrmh tg <2% oi 0><< (]IDXLH 0><0). Xbm ^PD lih Bgik Cgik,
Dboil blvm tgkmtbmr lddguitmh egr `mtwmmi gim-blfe tg twg-tborhs ge
Lsoli EHO oiefgws gvmr tbm flst hmdlhm, tbgukb soidm 0><> EHO oiefgws
ge $<<; `offogi oitg LTMLI wmrm gi plr wotb tbm $<08 `offogi mitmroik
tbm ^PD (]IDXLH 0><0). Xbmsm oiefgws blvm bmfpmh tbm ^PD mamrkm
ls gim ge tbm agst oapgrtlit hmstoiltogis egr oitrl-Lsoli mxpgrts ge
oitmramholtm kgghs lih eoilf lssma`fy. Xbm sblrm ge mxpgrts ge lff gtbmr
Mlst Lsoli mdgigaoms tg tbm ^PD oidrmlsmh `y smvmrlfegfh ls tbm ^PD
bls `mdgam tbmor aljgr mxpgrt hmstoiltogi (Xl`fm ;.<). Toidm tbm aoh-
0>>>s, Oihol‟s sblrm ge mxpgrts tg tbm ^PD bls oidrmlsmh aghmstfy, `ut
ots sblrm os fgw dgaplrmh tg tbgsm ge Mlst Lsoli mdgigaoms.
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Xl`fm ;.<: Tblrm ge Mxpgrts ge Aljgr Lsoli Mdgigaoms
tg tbm ^PD (%)
_mlr LTMLIBgik Cgik,
DboilOihol Jlpli
Pmp. ge
CgrmlXlopmo,Dboil
<??> <.2 08.; >.< 0.< >.> >.>
<??= 0.; 44.4 >.? 8.? ;.> >.4
0>>> 4.2 48.8 <.2 5.4 <>.; 0.?
0>>= 2.< 8=.> 5.5 <4.8 0<.; 00.>
0><> <>.2 =0.; ;.? <?.8 08.2 02.>
LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: LH@ Oitmkrltogi Oihodltgrs Hltl`lsm. bttp://lrod.lh`.grk/oihodltgr.pbp
(lddmssmh Lukust 0><0).
Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
Mlst Lsoli oitmkrltogi os audb fmss prgiguidmh wbmi ot dgams
tg trlhm oi eoiosbmh kgghs lih oi oitrlrmkogilf bgfhoiks ge pgrtegfog
lssmts. Xbmrm lfsg bls `mmi fottfm lttmapt lt egralf agimtlry
dggrhoiltogi, lftbgukb tbm LTMLI dguitroms lih Oihol ply lttmitogi
tg tbm mxtmrilf vlfum ge tbm yuli lih tbm hgfflr oi smttoik tbmor gwi
agimtlry lih mxdblikm rltm pgfodoms. Ls hosdussmh `mfgw, LTMLI+4
oitmkrltogi rmalois l wgrc oi prgkrmss `y tbm stlihlrhs ge tbm M].
LDO‟s krgwtb pgtmitolf dli `m alxoaozmh `y hmmpmioik lihmxplihoik Mlst Lsoli rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs tg eurtbmr oitmkrltm
rmkogilf trlhm, alrcmts, lih mdgigaoms, plrtoduflrfy wotb tbm fgw-oidgam
LTMLI dguitroms, Oihol, lih tbm rmst ge Tgutb Lsol. Xbmsm mdgigaoms
dli lfsg kloi su`stlitolffy `y hovmrsoeyoik tbmor prghudts lih alrcmts
wotboi lih gutsohm tbm LDO rmkogi lih `y egdusoik tbmor tlrkmt alrcmt
tgwlrh tbm rosoik Lsoli aohhfm dflss (Ilk, @blttldblryly, lih Hm 0><0).
;.4 Oistotutogis egr LDOOitmkrltogi
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms durrmitfy ma`rldm dggpmrltogi. Xbmy
plrtodopltm oi kfg`lf auftofltmrlf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm [grfh @lic,
tbm OAE, lih tbm [XG, lih oi smdtgr-spmdoeod oiotoltovms sudb ls tbm
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080
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
]iotmh Iltogis Erlamwgrc Dgivmitogi gi Dfoaltm Dblikm. Xbmy lfsg
miklkm oi vlrogus rmkogilf dggpmrltogi oiotoltovms, sudb ls LTMLI+4,
LTMLI+2, lih tbm X^^, wbofm tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih Oihgimsol `mfgik tg
mxtrlrmkogilf su`krgups sudb ls tbm K0>. Mldb LDO dguitry lfsg bls `ofltmrlf trlhm lih oivmstamit trmltoms wotb oihovohulf plrtimrs.
Xbm rokbt aghmf egr dggpmrltogi oi l bokbfy oitmrhmpmihmit
`ut oidrmlsoikfy ‖eflt‑ kfg`lf mdgigay os gpmi tg hm`ltm. Meemdtovm
dggpmrltogi egr kfg`lf ossums sudb ls eoilidolf oa`lflidms aly rmquorm
bokb-fmvmf hormdtogi tbrgukb, egr mxlapfm, tbm K0> prgdmss, ls wmff ls
ilrrgwmr egruas tblt lffgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg dgisuft gi alttmrs
sudb ls mxdblikm rltm pgfody.
Murgpm bls fgik krlppfmh wotb tbmsm ossums lih smttfmh gi tbm
dgidmpt ge ‖su`soholroty.‑ Xbos amlis tblt pgfodoms sbgufh `m lhgptmh
lt tbm agst hmdmitrlfozmh fmvmf pgsso`fm. Xrlhm lih dgapmtotogi
pgfodoms aust `m egraufltmh lt tbm M] fmvmf `mdlusm tbmsm ldtovotoms
oivgfvm agrm tbli gim iltogi. @ut `usoimss-rmfltmh pgfodoms lih
tlxltogi dli tlcm pfldm lt tbm dguitry fmvmf prgvohmh tblt tbmy hg igt
hoslhvlitlkm igi-fgdlf plrtodoplits, `y prgvohoik iltogilf trmltamit
egr egrmoki dgaplioms ls prldtodmh `y tbm [XG ama`mrs.
Pmkogilf lih `ofltmrlf oiotoltovms lrm igt imw `ut blvm krgwi
mxpgimitolffy oi tbm 0<st dmitury. [bofm agst LDO mdgigaoms blvm mmi
plrt ge auftofltmrlf egruas sudb ls tbm Kmimrlf Lkrmmamit gi Xlroees
lih Xrlhm (KLXX), tbm [XG, lih tbm OAE egr aliy ymlrs, tbmy blvmimvmr pflymh l strgik rgfm. Toidm tbm mlrfy 0>>>s, tbm sotultogi bls
dblikmh rlpohfy. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm `mmi vmry ldtovm oi hmvmfgpoik
`ofltmrlf lih su`rmkogilf oiotoltovms oi trlhm lt vlrogus fmvmfs. Ls
hosdussmh `mfgw, tbmrm lrm pflis tg dgisgfohltm tbmsm oiotoltovms ldrgss
tbm rmkogi. [bofm tbmrm os ig egralf mxprmssogi ge dggpmrltogi sudb
ls oi tbm egra ge l rmkogilf EXL, li oapgrtlit imtwgrc ge dggpmrltovm
prgdmssms bls `mmi mamrkoik `mtwmmi vlrogus su`krgups wotboi LDO
lih oi pli-Lsoli krgupoiks sudb ls LTMLI+5 lih LTMLI+2.
;.4.< LDO lih kfg`lf mdgigaod kgvmrilidmXbm aloi oistotutogis uihmrpoiioik tbm mxostoik oitmriltogilf
mdgigaod grhmr wmrm flrkmfy dgistrudtmh uihmr ]T fmlhmrsbop
egffgwoik tbm Tmdgih [grfh [lr. Xblt grhmr wls mxpfodotfy hmsokimh
tg smdurm pmldm letmr twg wgrfh wlrs oi 4> ymlrs. Ot wls suppgrtmh
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
proalrofy oi tbm Igrtb Ltflitod `ut lfsg sokioeodlitfy oi alrotoam Lsol
`y l smduroty erlamwgrc oi wbodb tbm ]T lfsg pflymh tbm dmitrlf rgfm.
[bofm tbm LDO mdgigaoms wmrm g`vogusfy igt oiefumitolf oi tbm mlrfy
ymlrs, ls tbm kfg`lf systma mvgfvmh, sgam LDO mdgigaoms‘plrtoduflrfyOihol lih tbm ^PD letmr tbmy jgoimh tbm [XG ‘blvm `mdgam
oiefumitolf ldtgrs oi trlhm lih gtbmr egruas. @ut tbmrm bls imvmr
`mmi li LDO dludus oi auftofltmrlf imkgtoltogis. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms
lrm uihmrrmprmsmitmh lt tbm OAE, hmspotm tbm rmkogi‟s rosoik sblrm ge tbm
kfg`lf mdgigay. Xbm lpprgldb tg dlfdufltoik qugtls bls hoslhvlitlkmh
tbm LDO mdgigaoms lih tbm trlhotogi ge ilaoik l Murgpmli tg bmlh tbm
OAE lih li Lamrodli tg bmlh tbm [grfh @lic os oihodltovm ge oistotutogis
tblt blvm igt cmpt up wotb tbm toams. Imvmrtbmfmss, tbm OAE lih gtbmr
auftofltmrlf kgvmrilidm egruas lrm sfgwfy dblikoik oi grhmr tg kovm
tbm LDO mdgigaoms l agrm dgaamisurltm sblrm oi fmlhmrsbop lih
hmdosogi-alcoik. Xbm rmkogi‟s oiefumidm woff rosm, tbmrmegrm, ls woff ots
rmspgiso`ofotoms.
Xbm `lflidm ge pgwmr oi tbm kfg`lf trlhoik systma bls sboetmh.
Xbm lttmapt tg `rglhmi tbm sdgpm ge imkgtoltogis tg oidfuhm aljgr
hmvmfgpoik dguitroms uihmr tbm Hgbl Hmvmfgpamit Lkmihl bls
`mmi li oapgrtlit rmlsgi egr tbm fldc ge prgkrmss uihmr tbm rguih
fluidbmh oi 0>><. Xbm sboet ge mdgigaod krlvoty tgwlrh tbm ‖Tgutb‑
(hmvmfgpoik rmkogis) amlis tblt tbm oitmriltogilf oistotutogis tblt
blvm suddmsseuffy fmh tbm wgrfh soidm tbm <?5>s immh tg dblikm. Xbm `ok qumstogi os: Bgw audb7
Xbm drmltogi ge tbm K0> fmlhmrs‟ prgdmss oi 0>>2 wls hmsokimh tg
prgvohm mttmr-dggrhoiltmh pgfotodlf kuohlidm lftbgukb mxpmromidm tg hltm
bls igt `mmi midgurlkoik. Oe ot os pgsso`fm tg egrkm dgismisus oi tbm K0>,
tbmrm os l dfmlr dbliimf tg mxprmss Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod dgidmris kfg`lffy.
;.4.0 Drgss-`grhmr oistotutogis wotboi LDO
Oi lhhotogi tg tbmor oivgfvmamit wotb kfg`lf lih mxtrlrmkogilf
krgups, tbm LDO dguitroms lrm oidrmlsoikfy oivgfvmh oi vlrogus rmkogilf
dggpmrltogi oiotoltovms, sudb ls LTMLI+4, LTMLI+2, PDM^ wotb LTMLI
lt tbm dmitmr (@gx ;.<), lih tbm X^^. Mldb LDO dguitry lfsg bls `ofltmrlf
Oihol wls l eguihoik ama`mr ge tbm KLXX (<?8;) lih [XG (<??=), `ut tbm ^PD hoh igt
jgoi tbm [XG uitof 0>><.
=0
=0
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@gx ;.<: Ttrmlafoioik lih Dgisgfohltoik LTMLI Ermm Xrlhm
Lkrmmamits: Xbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod
^lrtimrsbop
Toidm tbm mlrfy 0>>>s, ama`mrs ge LTMLI blvm `mmi ldtovm oi
oitrghudoik ermm trlhm lkrmmamits (EXLs) wotb plrtimrs oi Lsol
lih mfsmwbmrm. @y tbm mih ge 0><0, ge 28 lkrmmamits (motbmr
sokimh, uihmr imkgtoltogi, gr prgpgsmh), 42 wmrm wotb gtbmr Lsoli
plrtimrs, lih 85 wotb igi-Lsoli mdgigaoms. Eovm LTMLI+< lkrmmamits
(wotb Lustrlfol—Imw Zmlflih, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, Oihol,
Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml), blh `mmi sokimh, wotb twg agrm oi
tbm popmfoim‘wotb tbm Murgpmli ]iogi lih ^lcostli. Xmi ymlrs lkg,
Lsol gify blh tbrmm EXLs oi meemdt, oidfuhoik tbm LTMLI Ermm Xrlhm
Lrml (LEXL).(Dgitoiumh)
088
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
trlhm lih oivmstamit trmltoms wotb l wohm smt ge oihovohulf plrtimrs. Xbm
ossum ge oitmrmst os tbm gptoalf `fmih ge kfg`lf, mxtrlrmkogilf, rmkogilf,
lih ofltmrlf oiotoltovms tblt mldb dguitry woff eoih bmfpeuf tg eurtbmr tbm
dlusm ge hurl`fm lih meeodomit oitmkrltogi wotboi tbm LDO krgup.Xbm rokbt aghmf egr mdgigaod pgfody dggrhoiltogi `mtwmmi
sgvmrmoki stltms gpmrltoik oi l bokbfy oitmrhmpmihmit, oidrmlsoikfy
‖eflt‑ kfg`lf mdgigay os l prmssoik ossum egr tbm wgrfh ls l wbgfm,
alhm agrm urkmit `ut ig mlsomr `y tbm dgitoiuoik dgismqumidms ge
tbm eoilidolf lih mdgigaod drosms oi tbm hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Meemdtovm
dggpmrltogi egr kfg`lf ossums sudb ls eoilidolf oa`lflidms aly rmquorm
bokb-fmvmf hormdtogi tbrgukb, egr mxlapfm, tbm K0> prgdmss, ls wmff ls
ilrrgwmr egruas tblt lffgw tbm LDO mdgigaoms tg dggrhoiltm alttmrs
sudb ls mxdblikm rltm pgfody.
Oistotutogis egr Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi geemrs l hmeoiotogi ge wblt
dgistotutms li oistotutogi: ‖hurl`fm rufms tblt sblpm mxpmdtltogis,
oitmrmsts, lih `mblvogr‑ (LH@ 0><>`: =). Xbm stuhy ohmitoeoms egur
tbmams drotodlf tg hmmpmioik rmkogilf oitmkrltogi oi Lsol: (o)
oitmkrltoik prghudtogi, (oo) oitmkrltoik eoilidolf alrcmts, (ooo) alilkoik
aldrgmdgigaod oitmrhmpmihmidm, lih (ov) alcoik krgwtb oidfusovm
lih sustloil`fm. Xbm stuhy miuidoltms tbm dblffmikms tblt dli `mst `m
lhhrmssmh tbrgukb dggpmrltovm ldtogi lt tbm rmkogilf lih su`rmkogilf
fmvmfs lih sukkmsts spmdoeod amdbliosas tblt dgufh bmfp ldbomvm tbm
immhmh dgismisus.
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Oi 0><<, tg strmlafoim mxostoik lkrmmamits uihmr l wohmr ua`rmffl,
LTMLI prgpgsmh l Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop (PDM^)‘
oivotoik trlhm plrtimrs tg jgoi tbm oiotoltovm. Xbm prgpgslf dlam wotb LTMLI
eldoik aguitoik prmssurm erga oitrl- lih oitmr-rmkogilf mdgigaod krgupstg ‖dgisgfohltm‑ mxostoik `ofltmrlf lkrmmamits uihmr `rglhmr erlamwgrcs.
Ot lfsg emft sgam oitmrilf hovosogis prgaptmh `y imkgtoltogis tg drmltm l
Xrlis-^ldoeod ^lrtimrsbop (X^^) lagik l su`smt ge Lsol-^ldoeod Mdgigaod
Dggpmrltogi (L^MD) ama`mrs‘oivgfvoik gify egur ge LTMLI‟s <> ama`mrs.
Oi ^biga ^mib, Dla`ghol, oi Igvma`mr 0><0, LTMLI bmlhs ge stltm lkrmmh
tg stlrt egralf imkgtoltogis wotb tbmor sox EXL plrtimrs. Xbm loa ge tbm PDM^
os tg drmltm l dgaprmbmisovm lkrmmamit tg suppgrt suppfy dbloi hmvmfgpamit
oi tbm rmkogi. Xbm PDM^ os li gpmi egrua, lih mxtmrilf mdgigaod plrtimrs
aly lfsg jgoi tbm PDM^ mvmitulffy.
Oi li mrl ge sfgw krgwtb, plrtoduflrfy lagik Lsol‟s trlhotogilf trlhoik
plrtimrs, tbm PDM^ os pgtmitolffy l vmry pgwmreuf oiotoltovm. Ot egdusms gi
`uofhoik agamitua lagik Lsoli mdgigaoms `y prgagtoik dfgsmr trlhm lih
oivmstamit oitmrhmpmihmidm. Ot os hmsokimh tg prgvohm l `rglh erlamwgrc tg
oidfuhm mxostoik lkrmmamits, miblidoik tbmor proidopfms wbofm hmmpmioik lih
wohmioik dgvmrlkm. Oe suddmsseuf, tbm PDM^ woff krmltfy strmiktbmi LTMLI‟s
dmitrlf rgfm ls tbm cmy oistotutogi egr Lsoli oitmkrltogi. Imkgtoltogis stlrtmh
oi mlrfy 0><4 lih lrm mxpmdtmh tg `m dgapfmtmh `y tbm mih ge 0><=. Xbm
mdgigaod oapgrtlidm ge tbm PDM^ trlhoik `fgd os strocoik, dgvmroik 8?% ge
tbm wgrfh pgpufltogi, 0?% ge krgss hgamstod prghudt, lih 0;% ge wgrfh trlhm
([okilrljl 0><8).
Tgam mxpmrts smm tbm PDM^ oi dgapmtotogi wotb tbm X^^, sukkmstoik tbm
twg imkgtoltogi prgdmssms woff dgmxost wotb sgam rovlfry ([u lih Amlfy 0><0).
Bgwmvmr, wbofm tbm X^^ smts bokb stlihlrhs egr plrtodopltogi‘rmquoroik
lkrmmamits gi `mst prldtodms gr ‖kgfh stlihlrhs‑‘tbm PDM^ os elr agrm
efmxo`fm lih prlkaltod oi lpprgldb, rmdgkiozoik tbm hoeemrmit dorduastlidms
ge bokbfy hovmrsm trlhm lih oivmstamit plrtimrs (Blwcm 0><0). Lddgrhoikfy,
gtbmrs smm tbm PDM^ lih tbm X^^ ls twg rmfltmh prgdmssms wbodb dgufh
pgtmitolffy dgivmrkm oitg li Lsol-wohm EXL (Clwlo lih [okilrljl 0><4).
L suddmsseuf PDM^ geemrs krmlt gppgrtuiotoms egr LTMLI. @ut ot lfsg
prmsmits egraohl`fm dblffmikms, kovmi tbm foaotmh rmsgurdms oivmstmh oi tbm
LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt‘wbodb os suppgsmh tg fmlh imkgtoltogis‘lih iltogilf
pmrspmdtovms tblt aly hovmrkm gvmr toam. Xg gvmrdgam tbmsm dblffmikmslih `roik PDM^ suddmss, LTMLI aust spmlc wotb gim vgodm lih ldt ls l
soikfm mdgigaod krgup. Xbus, drotodlffy oapgrtlit os egr tbm krgup tg rlpohfy
oapfmamit tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty lih agvm mygih. Xbm PDM^ bls
tbm pgtmitolf tg `mdgam l cmy pofflr oi Lsol‟s mvgfvoik mdgigaod lrdbotmdturm.
Tgurdm: Lutbgrs `lsmh gi vlrogus LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt‟s dgaauioquïs lih prmss rmpgrts.
Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
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085
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
[blt `fmih ge su`rmkogilf, rmkogilf, lih auftofltmrlf oistotutogis
os agst focmfy tg ammt tbm hmvmfgpamit kglfs ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi
tbmsm egur spbmrms7 Xbm mxpmromidm ge tbm M] os igt mlsofy lppfodl`fm
tg tbm LDO mdgigaoms, kovmi tbmor hoeemrmit bostgrodlf lih pgfotodlfdgitmxts. @ut tbm M] aly prgvohm oitmrmstoik fmssgis.
L eorst qumstogi tg lsc os: [by sbgufh tbm LDO mdgigaoms ply spmdolf
lttmitogi tg mldb gtbmr ls dgaplrmh wotb lftmriltovm krgups, sudb ls
tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms7 Ot os oapgrtlit tg igtm tbm bmtmrgkmimoty ge
tbm LDO mdgigaoms.
[bofm lff tbrmm ‖pgfms‑ ge tbm LDO trolh lrm prgjmdtmh tg krgw
oaprmssovmfy oi tbm euturm, tbm ^PD woff rmaloi tbm hgaoilit rmkogilf
mdgigay lih mamrkm ls l dguitry wotb kfg`lf mdgigaod oitmrmsts oi lff
hoamisogis: trlhm, eoilidm, lih hopfgaldy (Tu`rlalioli 0><<). Kovmi
ots mdgigaod sdlfm lih mxtmrilf gromitltogi, tbmrm os fottfm hgu`t tblt
`y 0>4> tbm ^PD woff blvm tbm oidmitovm lih tbm dlpldoty tg sblpm
tbm alilkmamit ge tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. Ots ldtogis lih prmemrmidms
woff bmlvofy oiefumidm rmkogilf oistotutogis oi wbodb ot dbggsms tg
plrtodopltm. Ots oitmrmsts lrm lfsg focmfy tg `m hgaoilit oi rmsblpoik
kfg`lf oistotutogis, lih oi lrtodufltoik tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf foics.
Xbm ^PD‟s oitmrmst woff `m tg prgagtm `gtb iltogilf wmfelrm lih prgjmdt
pgwmr, lih agrm `rglhfy tg prgvohm pu`fod kgghs erga wbodb ot stlihs
tg mimeot. L kfg`lf pgwmr immhs tg strocm l lflidm mtwmmi kfg`lf lih
rmkogilf dgidmris, `gtb wotb rmspmdt tg smduroty lih tbm mdgigay. Xbm^PD os oidrmlsoikfy hmpmihmit gi LTMLI, Jlpli, lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge
Cgrml egr oitmramholtm aliueldturmh oiput. Xbos aly `m gim rmlsgi
wby ot lkrmmh tg fluidb imkgtoltogis gi l Igrtbmlst Lsoli EXL oi Aly
0><0. Ot lfsg hmpmihs gi l wohm vlromty ge mxtrlrmkogilf suppfomrs tg
ammt ots sokioeodlit rlw altmrolf immhs. Hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms lrm ots
agst oapgrtlit alrcmts egr eoilf kgghs, lih tbmy lrm lfsg drotodlf tg ots
eoilidolf wmff-`moik. Xbm ^PD woff tbmrmegrm immh tg `m ldtovm oi `gtb
ots boitmrflih lih oi tbm wohmr wgrfh, wotb tbm flttmr lrmil `mdgaoik
oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit egr ot (Zblik lih Tbmi 0><<).
Gim ge tbm ^PD‟s oapgrtlit kglfs os tg misurm aofotlry smduroty oi ots
oaamholtm imokb`grbggh. Kovmi, bgwmvmr, tblt ot os l imokb`grbggh wotb
`gtb sokioeodlit krgwtb pgtmitolf lih oidrmlsoikfy sgpbostodltmh eoilidolf
alrcmts, tbm ^PD woff oidrmlsoikfy eoih ots Lsoli plrtimrs li oapgrtlit
sgurdm ge eoilf hmalih lih ge eoilidolf smrvodms. Dlpotlf lddguit
fo`mrlfozltogi ge tbm yuli wgufh prgvohm eurtbmr kfum tg tbmsm rmfltogisbops.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
]ifocm tbm ]T letmr tbm Tmdgih [grfh [lr, tbm ^PD woff `m alcoik
ots wly oi l pgfydmitrod wgrfh grhmr, wotb smvmrlf gtbmr flrkm, agrm
sgpbostodltmh, lih wmlftbomr mdgigaod pgwmrs. Xg ldbomvm ots kglfs,
tbm ^PD woff immh tg rmsgrt tg pmrsulsogi lih dglfotogi `uofhoik. Lttbm slam toam, ot woff blvm tg hmagistrltm lih mxmrdosm fmlhmrsbop
oi smttoik lih oapfmamitoik lkmihls egr tbm prgvosogi ge kfg`lf lih
rmkogilf pu`fod kgghs.
Oihol‟s pgsotogi os agrm dgapfodltmh lih la`okugus. @y 0>4>,
Oihol‟s sblrm ge KH^ os prgjmdtmh tg `m stoff just gvmr blfe ge tbm ^PD‟s
durrmit sblrm oi wgrfh gutput gi tbm `lsos ge ldtulf mxdblikm rltms,
ls igtmh oi Dblptmr 0. Xbm ^PD bls `mdgam Oihol‟s agst oapgrtlit
trlhoik plrtimr egr kgghs, wbofm tbm ]T lih Murgpm lrm stoff audb
`okkmr alrcmts egr ots oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit trlhm oi smrvodms. Xbm
]T lih Murgpm, ls wmff ls tbm Pussoli Emhmrltogi lih Osrlmf, lrm
oapgrtlit sgurdms ge tmdbigfgky lih lralamits, wbofm tbm Aohhfm
Mlst os bgam tg l flrkm iua`mr ge Oiholi iltogilfs lih l aljgr sgurdm
ge rmaottlidms. Oi tmras ge smduroty ossums, tbm `rglh lrd ge Tgutb Lsol
erga Lekbliostli tg Aylialr woff rmaloi l dmitrlf egdus, wbofm Oihol
bls mxtmisovm alrotoam oitmrmsts oi tbm Oiholi Gdmli (Agbli 0><<).
[bofm tbm ^PD‟s oitmrmsts woff `m oidrmlsoikfy kfg`lf egr tbm imxt
emw hmdlhms, Oihol‟s woff rmaloi rmkogilf. Gvmr tbm imxt 0> ymlrs, Oihol
dli mxpmdt tg rmaloi l wltdbeuf pgwmr oi Tgutb Lsol, Mlst Lsol, Dmitrlf
Lsol, tbm Oiholi Gdmli roa ge Lerodl, lih tbm Aohhfm Mlst wotbgutimmhoik tg `m l trufy kfg`lf mdgigaod gr aofotlry pgwmr. @ut LTMLI
lih tbm ^PD lrm focmfy tg `mdgam agrm oapgrtlit tg Oihol. Gim rmlsgi
os tblt hmvmfgpoik Lsol woff `m tbm wgrfh‟s elstmst krgwoik sgurdm ge
hmalih egr fgw-dgst, amhoua-tmdbigfgky kgghs lih smrvodms, wbmrm
Oihol mijgys l dgapmtotovm lih kmgkrlpbod lhvlitlkm. Ligtbmr rmlsgi
os tblt LTMLI lih tbm ^PD blvm wmff mstl`fosbmh, kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm,
aliueldturoik prghudtogi imtwgrcs. @y `mdgaoik plrt ge tbmsm
imtwgrcs, Oihol dli `mdgam agrm dgapmtotovm oi aliueldturoik lih
tlp oitg oapgrtlit sgurdms ge rlw altmrolfs lih dlpotlf. Oihol‟s elst
krgwoik aohhfm dflss woff `m ligtbmr pgwmreuf hrlw egr dgaplioms
`lsmh oi tbm rmkogi.
Xbm ^PD‟s su`stlitolf dgaamrdolf oitmrmsts oi tbm Aohhfm Mlst
lih tbm Oiholi Gdmli lih ots uirmsgfvmh flih `grhmr wotb Oihol drmltm
pgtmitolf egr `gtb dggpmrltogi lih aosuihmrstlihoik. ^lrtodopltogi oi
kfg`lf lih rmkogilf oistotutogis oi wbodb tbm ^PD lih Oihol lrm `gtb
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082
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
ama`mrs oidrmlsms tbm pgtmitolf egr dgaauiodltogi, holfgkum, lih
prg`fma sgfvoik lt tbm `ofltmrlf fmvmf.
Ot woff tlcm scoffeuf `ofltmrlf hopfgaldy tg ldbomvm hmmp lih `lflidmh
mdgigaod miklkmamit mtwmmi tbm twg dguitroms. [bofm tbm dblffmikm woffflrkmfy m ofltmrlf, rmkogilf lih auftofltmrlf oistotutogis dli oitmramholtm
tbm prgdmss, ls hosdussmh `mfgw. Xrlisplrmidy lih trust kmimrltmh `y
hmmpmr mdgigaod miklkmamit dli bmfp aotokltm smduroty tmisogis, lih
tbos os tbm pltb tblt tbm twg dguitroms lrm durrmitfy ma`lrcmh gi
Egr tbm LTMLI dguitroms, tbm aloi dblffmikm woff `m tg `mimeot
erga tbm gppgrtuiotoms lrosoik erga tbm rosm ge tbm ^PD lih Oihol
wotbgut `moik swlapmh strltmkodlffy, dufturlffy, gr mdgigaodlffy. Ls
igtmh oi Dblptmr 0, tbm LTMLI sblrm ge kfg`lf KH^ os egrmdlst tg rosm
lfagst =>% `mtwmmi 0><> lih 0>4>. @ut lt gify 8%, ot woff `m salffmr
tbli Oihol‟s sblrm (=.8%) lih audb salffmr tbli tblt ge tbm ^PD (<2%).
LTMLI‟s trlhotogilf mdgigaod lih smduroty foics wotb tbm ]T, Jlpli,
lih Lustrlfol woff rmaloi vlful`fm tg rmtloioik `lflidm. Oe oitmkrltogi
`mtwmmi tbm ^PD lih Oihol hgms kloi sokioeodlit agamitua, LTMLI
woff eoih ot hoeeoduft tg rmaloi povgtlf oi rmkogilf oitmkrltogi meegrts,
lftbgukb ama`mrs sudb ls Aylialr woff focmfy eoih tbmor oapgrtlidm
miblidmh. Xbm flrkm, pgpufgus dguitroms ge LTMLI (Oihgimsol, tbm
^bofoppoims, lih Uomt Ila) lfsg stlih tg kloi mvmi agrm tbli Oihol
erga tbm rmfgdltogi ge fokbt aliueldturoik erga tbm dglstlf prgvoidms
ge tbm ^PD ls fl`gr dgsts rosm‘l prgdmss tblt bls lfrmlhy `mkui.[otboi Tgutb Lsol, @likflhmsb os mqulffy wmff sotultmh tg `mimeot erga
hmmpmr LDO dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi.
[bofm mldb LDO mdgigay bls rmlsgis egr hmvgtoik krmltmr lttmitogi tg
hmmpmr rmkogilf oitmkrltogi, tbm oa`lflidm oi tbm rmfltovm sozm lih pgwmr
ge tbm ^PD lih Oihol lih tbm uimlsy smduroty rmfltogisbop `mtwmmi tbm
twg alcm ot uifocmfy tblt oistotutogis rmstrodtmh just tg tbm LDO dguitroms
woff `m tbm agst prghudtovm lvmium egr mdgigaod dggpmrltogi. Oihol‟s
prmvogus meegrts tg egrkm l krgupoik tblt `roiks tgkmtbmr kmgkrlpbodlffy
dgitokugus mfmamits ge Tgutb Lsol lih LTMLI, sudb ls tbm @ly ge
@miklf Oiotoltovm egr Aufto-Tmdtgrlf Xmdbiodlf lih Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi
(@OATXMD), bls `mmi audb fmss suddmsseuf tbli LTMLI+4. Xbos
rmefmdts tbm audb sblffgwmr mdgigaod oitmkrltogi ge tbm plrtodopltoik
dguitroms, mvmi tbgukb LTMLI bls EXLs wotb `gtb Oihol lih tbm ^PD.
@OATXMD dgisosts ge @likflhmsb, @butli, Oihol, Aylialr, Implf, Tro Flicl, lih Xbloflih.
Toidm 0>>=, LH@ bls `mmi lssgdoltmh ls l hmvmfgpamit plrtimr.
=4
=4
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
Blvoik mxlaoimh tbm uihmrfyoik mdgigaod lih smduroty oitmrmsts
ge tbm dguitroms oivgfvmh, tbm imxt qumstogi os bgw tg strudturm drgss-
`grhmr oistotutogis tblt dli smrvm tbm iltogilf oitmrmsts ge tbm LDO
dguitroms ls wmff ls wlrrlit tbm surrmihmr ge foaotmh lutgigay lihsgvmrmokity. Xbmrm os lfrmlhy mstl`fosbmh hopfgaltod oitmrmst oi LTMLI
egr oistotutogilfozmh dggpmrltogi mdgigaodlffy lih strltmkodlffy tblt
os igt hgaoiltmh `y liy soikfm dguitry. Xbos os rmefmdtmh oi mxostoik
strudturms sudb ls LTMLI+4, tbm Lsol—Murgpm Ammtoik (LTMA) prgdmss,
L^MD, lih tbm Mlst Lsol Tuaaot tblt suppgrts LTMLI‟s g`jmdtovm ge
prmsmrvoik lih prgtmdtoik strltmkod lutgigay.
Drgss-`grhmr oistotutogis dli bmfp dguitroms sustloi mdgigaod
krgwtb lih hmmpmi oitmkrltogi. Xbmy dli prgvohm provltm ldtgrs
wotboi lih gutsohm LDO wotb rufms lih trlisplrmit hosputm smttfmamit
amdbliosas. Oistotutogis dli lfsg prgvohm amdbliosas egr blihfoik
oapgrtlit pgtmitolf ‖spoffgvmr meemdts‑ gr mxtmrilfotoms tblt dgufh
rmhudm dgieohmidm lih trokkmr uihmsorl`fm dgapmtotogi lih ‖rldm
tg tbm `gttga‑ `mblvogr oe fmet uilhhrmssmh. ^fus, tbmy oaprgvm
g`jmdtovoty lih trlisplrmidy oi tbm ldtogis ge lff ldtgrs, prgvohoik li
lkrmmh eldtulf `lsos egr uihmrstlihoik `mblvogr lih mstl`fosboik trust
lagik tbm sokiltgroms (LH@ 0><>`).
Tgam ge tbmsm mimeots dli m smdurmh tbrgukb ofltmrlf lkrmmamits,
sudb ls EXLs lih oivmstamit trmltoms. Xbmsm lrrlikmamits blvm tbm
lhvlitlkm ge lffgwoik tbm twg imkgtoltoik plrtimrs tg egdus gi ossumsge plrtoduflr oitmrmst tg tbma. Ot os agrm hoeeoduft egr dguitroms tg eoih
dgaagi krguih wotboi l `okkmr krgup, sudb ls tbm <=;-ama`mr [XG.
Bgwmvmr, `ofltmrlf lrrlikmamits dli `m oiemrogr tg rmkogilf lih kfg`lf
lddgrhs, hum tg tbm pgtmitolf ge trlhm lih oivmstamit hovmrsogi lih
lsyaamtroms oi tbm imkgtoltoik prgdmss.
Egr tbmsm rmlsgis, drgss-`grhmr lkrmmamits tmih tg `m pgpuflr
wotb hyilaod, amhoua-sozmh pgwmrs tblt smmc dglfotogis ge focm-
aoihmh dguitroms tg ldt ls ‖egrdm auftopfomrs‑ tg ldbomvm tbmor
iltogilf kglfs. Erlidm oi tbm M], lih Lustrlfol lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge
Cgrml oi tbm K0> lrm mxlapfms. L trufy kfg`lf pgwmr wgufh loa egr
rufms tblt `oih gtbmrs `ut prgvohm hm jurm gr hm eldtg ermmhga ge
ldtogi egr otsmfe. Focmwosm, hgaoilit rmkogilf pgwmrs sudb ls Oihol
lrm rmfudtlit tg prgvohm l smttoik wbmrm salffmr pgwmrs dli uiotm tg
prmss hmalihs lkloist tbma, uifmss sudb l krgupoik lfsg miblidms
ots l`ofoty tg prgjmdt pgwmr. Tudb strltmkod dgisohmrltogis woff bmfp
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0=>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
hrovm oistotutogilf strudturms egr tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm ymlrs up
tg 0>4>.
Pmkogilf egruas lrm igt tbm gify wly tg tldcfm sudb `ok ossums.
Xbmrm dli `m rmlsgis egr stlrtoik erga soapfmr, fmss la`otogushgalois. Ls bls `mmi mvohmit oi rmdmit trlhm lih dfoaltm dblikm
imkgtoltogis, hmvmfgpmh dguitroms lrm focmfy tg dblffmikm tbm
hmvmfgpoik Lsoli dguitroms tg hg agrm, egrdoik tbma tg l tlcm stlih
motbmr smplrltmfy gr dgffmdtovmfy. [otboi LDO, tbm ^PD os lfrmlhy
hmmpfy miklkmh wotb LTMLI tbrgukb tbm LTMLI+< lih LTMLI+4
prgdmssms. Ot lfsg bls `mmi dmitrlf oi mstl`fosboik tbm eoilidolf
slemty-imt strudturm ge tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm. Hmspotm ots EXL wotb
LTMLI, Oihol rmalois l pmropbmrlf prmsmidm oi Tgutbmlst Lsol lih
woff rmaloi tbm juiogr plrtimr oi liy trofltmrlf egrua.
Xbm rmfltogisbop mtwmmi LTMLI lih tbm PD bls mvgfvmh rlpohfy
soidm tbm aoh-<??>s, l pmrogh alrcmh `y kfg`lf eoilidolf drosms lih
tbm ^PD‟s lddmssogi tg tbm [XG. Xbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos ge <??;—
<??2 smvmrmfy leemdtmh Oihgimsol, Xbloflih, lih Alflysol, ls wmff
ls tbm ^bofoppoims, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Bgik Cgik, Dboil.
Kovmi tbm pgfody mxtmrilfotoms tblt `mdlam mvohmit huroik tbm drosos,
tbm oidmitovm egr lff mdgigaoms oi tbm rmkogi tg miblidm dggpmrltogi
oidrmlsmh.
Xbm drosos stoaufltmh agvms tgwlrh agrm hmdosovm trlhm
oitmkrltogi wotboi tbm LTMLI dguitroms lih oi tbm erlamwgrc getbm LTMLI+ oiotoltovms. Xbm agst sokioeodlit ge tbmsm dggpmrltovm
mihmlvgrs wls tbm 0>>; hmdosogi tg drmltm li LTMLI Mdgigaod
Dgaauioty (LMD) `y 0><=, wbmrm kgghs, smrvodms, EHO, lih scoffmh
fl`gr wgufh efgw ermmfy wotboi LTMLI lih dlpotlf efgws wgufh `m
fo`mrlfozmh. ^mtro, ^fuaamr, lih Zblo (0><0) mstoaltm tblt, mvmi uihmr
rmfltovmfy dgismrvltovm lssuaptogis, tbm LMD dgufh oidrmlsm rmkogilf
wmfelrm `y =.4% l`gvm tbm `lsmfoim KH^, misuroik tblt tbm LMD os
gutwlrh gromitmh lih wmff imstmh oi gtbmr rmkogilf oiotoltovms oi tbm
Lsol lih ^ldoeod rmkogi.
Xbm LMD os li la`otogus prgjmdt lih woff rmquorm strgik
fmlhmrsbop `y LTMLI pgfodyalcmrs lih tbm LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt.
Drmltoik l aghmri, `grhmrfmss LTMLI os pfldoik hmalihs gi tbm
LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt, wbodb bls l cmy rgfm tg pfly oi eldofotltoik tbm
mxmdutogi ge pgfody amlsurms hmfoimltmh oi tbm LMD @fumproit. Xg
hg tbos meemdtovmfy, tbm rmsgurdms ge tbm smdrmtlrolt woff immh tg `m
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Cmsmido 0>>;). Oihol lfsg wlits tg `mdgam li ldtovm pflymr oi tbm
LTMLI alrcmt egr `usoimss, eoilidolf, lih oiegraltogi tmdbigfgky
smrvodms, oi wbodb ot os bokbfy dgapmtotovm. Ot bls `mmi tryoik tg
mxplih ots trlhm lkrmmamit wotb LTMLI tg oidfuhm smrvodms ls wmff lskgghs, lftbgukb sgam LTMLI iltogis wotb soaoflr lsporltogis blvm
rmsostmh. Toaoflrfy, mvmi tbgukb l `ofltmrlf trlhm lkrmmamit `mtwmmi
Toiklpgrm lih Oihol dlffs egr gpmioik tbmor eoilidolf smrvodms tg mldb
gtbmr, `gtb iltogis blvm `mmi wlry ge egffgwoik tbrgukb, dotoik
rmkufltgry lih pruhmitolf dgidmris. Xg ldbomvm tbm krmlt prgaosm
ge hmmpmr LDO oitmkrltogi, tbm sokioeodlit sgurdms ge strltmkod lih
mdgigaod rmsostlidm aust `m gvmrdgam.
Eoilffy, ot os oapgrtlit tg dgisohmr dggpmrltogi oi tbm lrml ge tbm
mivorgiamit. Xbm drotodlf oapgrtlidm ge prgtmdtoik tbm mivorgiamit
ls krgwtb prgdmmhs lpldm oi tbm LDO os hosdussmh oi Dblptmr =. Aliy
mivorgiamitlf ossums rmfltm tg prg`fmas ge tbm ‖kfg`lf dgaagis,‑
oi wbodb dfgsm dggpmrltogi os imdmsslry. Mvmi wbmrm tbmy hg igt
blvm drgss-`grhmr oapfodltogis, dguitroms dli `mimeot erga sblrmh
mxpmromidms, holfgkum, lih oiegraltogi sblroik. Kovmi tbm lssgdoltmh
prg`fmas leefodtoik LDO lih egrmdlsts tblt tbm mivorgiamitlf
dgistrloits woff `m oidrmlsoikfy `oihoik gi krgwtb lih drotodlf tg
sgdolf wmfelrm, li mapblsos gi mstl`fosboik mivorgiamitlf-rmfltmh
oistotutogis os ilturlf.
[bofm agst LDO mdgigaoms blvm mdgam oidrmlsoikfy smisotovm tgtbm immh tg prgtmdt tbm mivorgiamit, tbmrm os fottfm dgidmrtmh meegrt
tg dur` maossogis, dgismrvm wltmr, rmpflit egrmsts, lih prgagtm
rmimwl`fm mimrky. Agrmgvmr, liy dggpmrltogi tblt tlcms pfldm ldrgss
tbm LDO tmihs tg `m lh bgd, lftbgukb tbmrm lrm sgam mivorgiamitlf
oiotoltovms oi LTMLI (Dblptmr =). Oi lhhotogi tg smttoik up egdusmh
krgups tg hosduss rmkogilf dggpmrltogi gi mivorgiamitlf ossums
lih prgpgsm jgoit strltmkoms tg tldcfoik mivorgiamit ossums, pggfoik
rmsgurdms tg oivmst oi flrkm-sdlfm mivorgiamit prgjmdts dgufh
prghudm vmry bokb rmturis. Xbos dgufh `m hgim, egr mxlapfm, vol tbm
prgpgsmh Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih lih oistotutogis sudb ls LH@.
@y rmhudoik uidmrtloity lih misuroik prmhodtl`ofoty oi tbm oihustry,
rmkogilf pu`fod oivmstamit dgufh `ggst provltm oivmstamit. LDO
dgufh dgisohmr l rmkogilf dlr`gi trlhoik lih l aotokltogi prgdmss
soaoflr tg tbm ]iotmh Iltogis Erlamwgrc Dgivmitogi gi Dfoaltm
Dblikm.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
;.8 Xbm Mamrkoik Lrdbotmdturm
ge ‖Imw Pmkogilfosa‑Xbm oapgrtlidm ge kmgkrlpbod prgxoaoty tg oitmriltogilf trlhm bls
`mmi dgieoramh maporodlffy oi iuamrgus mdgigamtrod stuhoms. Agst
`ofltmrlf lih rmkogilf EXLs lrm kmgkrlpbodlffy `lsmh, sukkmstoik tblt
tbm oapgrtlidm ge fgdltogi bls igt `mmi fgst gi pgfodyalcmrs. @ut tbm
rosoik prgaoimidm ge rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs oi Lsol bls drmltmh
l hmalih egr hmmpmioik mdgigaod dggpmrltogi lih blragiozltogi.
Xbos os l cmy rmlsgi egr tbm pusb egr `rglhmr EXLs oi tbm rmkogi.
Ls ge Jliulry 0><0, tbm iua`mr ge EXLs sokimh lih oi meemdt dlam
tg <0 egr tbm PD, <4 egr Oihol, lih 4= egr LTMLI lih ots ama`mrs (LH@
0><0d). Aliy agrm `ofltmrlf lih rmkogilf EXLs lrm uihmrwly. Xbos
dgaplrms tg gify l bliheuf oi 0>>>. Zblik lih Tbmi (0><<) lttro`utm
tbm prgfoemrltogi ge EXLs lagik Lsol‟s `ok trlhoik mdgigaoms tg egur
eldtgrs: (o) tbm sboet tg rmkogilf lkrmmamits `y tbm ]T lih tbm M], (oo)
tbm fldc ge prgkrmss oi tbm Hgbl Hmvmfgpamit Pguih, (ooo) tbm fldc
ge prgkrmss oi fo`mrlfozltogi prgaosmh `y tbm oihustrolfozmh ama`mrs
ge L^MD uihmr tbm ‖@gkgr Kglfs‑ liiguidmh oi <??8, lih (ov) tbm
<??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf drosos. Xbm drosos bmfpmh drmltm l smism ge
dgaagi mdgigaod ohmitoty `mdlusm ge tbm bokbfy oitmkrltmh ilturm getbmsm mdgigaoms (Clwlo 0>>=). Bmidm, tbm kmimrlf smitoamit oi Lsol
bls `mmi tblt tbm rmkogi aust mstl`fosb ots gwi ‖smfe-bmfp‑ amdbliosa
egr mdgigaod alilkmamit.
Ot lppmlrs tblt EXLs oi Lsol blvm amrmfy mmi rmldtogis tg imkltovm
trmihs gr hmeodomidoms mfsmwbmrm. @ut tbmrm bls `mmi li mvmi agrm
pgwmreuf mdgigaod agtovm‘tbm Lsoli provltm smdtgr lih AIDs smm
krmlt lhvlitlkms tg dgaprmbmisovm, ‖hmmp‑ oitmkrltogi oi tbm rmkogi
tg miblidm sgurdoik gppgrtuiotoms, oidrmlsm dgapmtotovmimss, lih
`mimeot erga mdgigaoms ge sdlfm. Xbmsm hmalihs lrm dgisostmit wotb
Xbos os l stlihlrh rmsuft ge mdgigamtrod ‖krlvoty aghmfs,‑ wbodb blvm mdgam l stlihlrh
wgrcbgrsm oi maporodlf oitmriltogilf trlhm. Tmm, egr mxlapfm, Lihmrsgi (0><<) egr l rmdmit
survmy ge hmvmfgpamits oi tbm krlvoty aghmf fotmrlturm.
Lt tbm <??8 L^MD Tuaaot oi @gkgr, Oihgimsol, tbm L^MD fmlhmrs dgaaottmh tg drmltoik
l ‖rmkogi ge gpmi trlhm lih oivmstamit‑ `y 0><> egr hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms lih 0>0> egr
hmvmfgpoik dguitroms.
=8
==
=8
==
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
tbm gutwlrh-gromitmh hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms lhgptmh `y agst ge tbm
rmkogi‟s kgvmriamits.
Xbmsm progrotoms rmefmdt tblt mdgigaod agtovltogis tmih tg `m tbm
hrovoik egrdms `mboih rmkogilfosa oi Lsol, mvmi tbgukb strltmkod lihpgfotodlf agtovltogis lfwlys dgam oitg pfly. Oihmmh, tbos mdgigaod
egdus aokbt hostoikuosb Lsol erga `ofltmrlf lih rmkogilf lddgrhs
mfsmwbmrm. Mlrfy oitmkrltogi oiotoltovms oi Murgpm, `mkoiioik wotb tbm
Dglf lih Ttmmf Dgaauioty lih tbm Murgpmli Mdgigaod Dgaauioty,
blh strgik pgfotodlf agtovms, sudb ls oitmkrltoik Erlidm lih Kmraliy
letmr tbm Tmdgih [grfh [lr lih tbm Dgfh [lr. Mvmi tbm agimtlry
uiogi oi tbm M] wls alhm pgsso`fm hum tg pgst-Dgfh [lr pgfotodlf
rmlsgis, sudb ls tbgsm eldofotltoik tbm pgfotodlf oitmkrltogi ge Mlst
lih [mst Kmraliy. Xbm Igrtb Lamrodli Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamit blh
strgik pgfotodlf lih smduroty dgisohmrltogis. Oihmmh, tbm immh tg
suppgrt mdgigaod oitmkrltogi oi Lsol os bmfpoik tg gvmrdgam sgam
ge tbm agst hoeeoduft g`stldfms tg dggpmrltogi oi tbm rmkogi‘emw oe
liygim dgufh blvm egrmsmmi tblt tbm ^PD, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih
Jlpli wgufh `m l`fm tg oaprgvm rmfltogis sueeodomitfy tg sot hgwi lih
imkgtoltm li EXL. _mt tblt os mxldtfy wblt tbmy pfmhkmh tg hg lt tbmor
Aly 0><0 Tuaaot.
Oe Lsoli rmkogilfosa os `lsmh gi mdgigaods, tbmi tbm drmltogi ge
rmkogilf lddgrhs wgufh mamrkm ls l agrm meeodomit lpprgldb tbli
`ofltmrlf EXLs. Xbm aljgroty ge maporodlf stuhoms gi `ofltmrlf EXLsoi Lsol sukkmst tblt tbmsm lddgrhs blvm blh gr woff blvm l pgsotovm
meemdt gi tbm wmfelrm ge tbmor sokiltgroms, wotb salff imkltovm meemdts
gi tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh oi tmras ge trlhm hovmrsogi. Bgwmvmr, tbmy
blvm oapgrtlit sbgrtdgaoiks. Gim os tblt tbm rufms ge grokoi oi
`ofltmrlf lkrmmamits dli `m hmtroamitlf tg trlhm lih oivmstamit,
hum tg mxdmssovm `urmludrldy, gvmrflppoik rufms, lih tbm pgtmitolf
egr oivmstamit hovmrsogi. Oe lsyaamtroms mxost oi sozm lih mdgigaod
pgwmr‘lih lagik spmdolf oitmrmst krgups ldtoik oi tbmsm dguitroms‘
tbmsm dli fmlh tg oa`lflidmh gutdgams. Talffmr `ofltmrlf EXLs aly
blvm vmry fgw utofozltogi rltms, plrtoduflrfy oe urmludrldy os mxdmssovm.
@ofltmrlf EXLs mspmdolffy elff sbgrt ls l wly ge lhvlidoik
oitmriltogilf lih rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs. Pmkogilf EXLs wgufh
`m immhmh tg gptoaozm rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs, wbofm gutwlrh-
gromitmh rmkogilf EXLs tblt aoioaozm hosdroaoiltogi lkloist igi-
plrtimrs, lhgpt duaufltovm rufms ge grokoi, lih blvm gpmi ama`mrsbop
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
sbgufh `m l progroty, lih lt ots dgrm wgufh `m li EXL tblt dgvmrs
eldofotltogi, fo`mrlfozltogi, mivorgiamit, mimrky, lih oiegraltogi
lih dgaauiodltogi tmdbigfgky (DM^ML ^blsm O Ttuhy Krgup 0>>2).
L su`smqumit DM^ML ^blsm OO Ttuhy Pmpgrt (Mlst Lsol Tuaaot 0>>?)lrkumh tblt l wohmr dgaprmbmisovm rmkogilf mdgigaod plrtimrsbop
tblt oidfuhms Oihol wgufh ldbomvm krmltmr klois tbli liy gtbmr
rmkogilf dgieokurltogi. Xbm blsm OO stuhy smt gut DM^ML‟s g`jmdtovms
ls hmmpmioik mdgigaod oitmkrltogi, ilrrgwoik hmvmfgpamit
klps, lih ldbomvoik sustloil`fm hmvmfgpamit tbrgukb mdgigaod
dggpmrltogi, trlhm lih oivmstamit fo`mrlfozltogi, lih oistotutogilf
hmvmfgpamit.
Xbm MLEXL hosdussogis blvm mmi supmrsmhmh y gtbmr mvmits. L
imw lrrlikmamit, cigwi ls tbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod
^lrtimrsbop (PDM^), bls soidm dgam l`gut. Xbm PDM^ oidfuhms tbm
<> LTMLI ama`mr dguitroms lih LTMLI‟s sox holfgkum plrtimrs
(Lustrlfol, tbm ^PD, Oihol, Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Imw
Zmlflih) (smm @gx ;.<). Imkgtoltogis lagik tbm <5 plrtoms `mkli oi
0><4 lih lrm sdbmhufmh tg `m dgapfmtmh oi 0><=.
Xbm X^^ bls lfsg mmi kloioik agamitua soidm ot wls fluidbmh
oi Gdtg`mr 0>>2. Ot `uofhs gi l bokb-qulfoty EXL lagik egur salff,
gpmi mdgigaoms‘@ruimo Hlrusslfla, Toiklpgrm, Imw Zmlflih, lih
Dbofm‘cigwi ls tbm ^8. Xbm prgdmss bls `mmi mxplihmh tg tbm
X^^? `y oidfuhoik tbm ]T, Lustrlfol, Alflysol, Uomt Ila, lih ^mru.Dlilhl lih Amxodg geeodolffy `mdlam X^^ imkgtoltoik plrtodoplits
oi Gdtg`mr 0><0, lih Jlpli geeodolffy jgoimh imkgtoltogis oi Jufy
0><4.
Xbm X^^ os hostoidtovm igt gify oi tmras ge tbm flrkm hoeemrmidms
oi tbm fmvmfs ge hmvmfgpamit ge ots ama`mrs tblt rlikm erga fgw-
tg aohhfm-oidgam hmvmfgpoik dguitroms focm ^mru lih Uomt Ila tg
bokb-oidgam, hmvmfgpmh GMDH ama`mrs focm tbm ]T lih Lustrlfol.
Ot lfsg hoeemrs oi tmras ge ots la`otogis tg `mdgam l 0<st dmitury
lkrmmamit tblt wgufh ma`rldm mvmrytboik erga trlhm oi kgghs lih
smrvodms tg sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky tg pgfodoms egr salff lih amhoua-
sozmh mitmrprosms. Ot lfsg oidfuhms prgvosogis egr aliy hoeeoduft tg
imkgtoltm, `mboih-tbm-`grhmr amlsurms. X^^ ama`mrsbop os gpmi
tg liy L^MD ama`mr. Oihmmh, ots uftoaltm kglf os tg drmltm l Ermm
Xrlhm Lrml ge tbm Lsol ^ldoeod (EXLL^) tblt wgufh oidfuhm lff L^MD
ama`mrs. L^MD dotmh tbm MLEXL lih X^^ trldcs lt ots 0><> suaaot
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
oi _gcgblal ls pltbs tg tbm drmltogi ge li EXLL^. Xbmrm os l kggh
hmlf ge ama`mrsbop gvmrflp `mtwmmi tbm PDM^ lih X^^ mdgigaoms.
Xg mstoaltm tbm mdgigaod oapldt ge tbm Lsoli trldc lih tbm X^^
ls pltbwlys tg drmltoik l trlis-^ldoeod trlhm lrml, ^mtro, ^fuaamr,lih Zblo (0><<) usm li lhvlidmh dgaputl`fm kmimrlf mquofo`roua
(DKM) aghmfoik lpprgldb. Xbm Lsoli trldc lssuams l ^PD, Jlpli,
lih Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml EXL oi 0><0 lih tbmi li MLEXL (LTMLI+4)
oi 0><=. Egr tbm trlis-^ldoeod trldc, tbmy lssuam l X^^? lkrmmamit
oi 0><0 lih li mxplisogi oi 0><= tg oidfuhm Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod
ge Cgrml, Dlilhl, lih Amxodg. Xbmy lssuam tblt `gtb trldcs woff
fmlh tg li EXLL^ `mkoiioik oi 0>0>. @gtb trldcs wgufh prghudm
klois egr tbm wgrfh mdgigay tblt wgufh `m salff oiotolffy. @ut `y
0>0= tbm liiulf wmfelrm klois wgufh rosm tg $<>8 `offogi gi tbm
X^^ trldc, $4>4 `offogi gi `gtb trldcs, lih $250 `offogi wotb li
EXLL^. Oitmrmstoikfy, tbm `okkmst klois lddrum wbmi tbm twg trldcs
lrm dgisgfohltmh. Mssmitolffy, tbos rmsufts erga oidfuhoik tbm ^PD
lih tbm ]T oi tbm slam lkrmmamit.
Xbm gutfggc smmas rmlsgil`fy `rokbt egr tbm X^^ lih PDM^
wotboi tbm imxt hmdlhm wotboi tbm imxt hmdlhm. Tbgufh mldb ge tbmsm
trldcs `m oapfmamitmh sggi, tbm amhoua-tmra kglf ge li EXLL^
wgufh `m audb agrm wotboi rmldb. Aljgr g`stldfms rmaloi, sudb
ls ]T—^PD trlhm rmfltogis. @ut ot os wgrtb uihmrsdgroik tblt tbm
^PD lih tbm ]T wgufh `m `ok mdgigaod woiimrs uihmr li EXLL^sdmilrog. Tuddmss wgufh `m dgisostmit wotb hopfgaltod lih pgfotodlf
kglfs ge `gtb dguitroms.
Ot os oapgrtlit tg dgisohmr bgw Oihol eots oitg tbos imw Lsoli
rmkogilfosa. Ls igtmh l`gvm, Oihol os l ama`mr ge LTMA, PDM^,
lih tbm MLT lih bls `ofltmrlf trlhm lkrmmamits wotb sgam PDM^
mdgigaoms. @ut ot os imotbmr l ama`mr ge L^MD igr LTMLI+4. Tbgufh
Oihol wosb tg jgoi gim ge tbmsm trldcs, ot wgufh focmfy `m wmfdgamh
`y tbm ]T, wbodb fmlhs tbm X^^ prgdmss, lih `y tbm ^PD lih Jlpli,
wbodb fmlh tbm Lsoli trldc. Mldb lkrmmamit os `lsmh gi tbm dgidmpt
ge ‖gpmi rmkogilfosa,‑ lih ama`mrs wgufh suppgrt lhhoik focm-
aoihmh dguitroms. Xbm agrm hoeeoduft qumstogi os wbmtbmr Oihol
wgufh lddmpt tbm fmklf erlamwgrcs hmvmfgpmh oi tbmsm trldcs. Hmmp,
`mboih-tbm-`grhmr ossums, mspmdolffy oi tbm X^^, aly `m pgfotodlffy
smisotovm oi Oihol. Agrmgvmr, Oihol wgufh focmfy eorst blvm tg jgoi
L^MD `megrm ot dgufh plrtodopltm oi tbm X^^ gr tbm EXLL^.
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0=2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Oihol prmsmits l spmdolf dlsm. Oihol‟s mdgigay bls `mimeotmh
migragusfy erga su`stlitolf rmhudtogi oi oihustrolf tlroees. @ut ot
rmalois eorafy wmhhmh tg tbm proidopfm ge spmdolf lih hoeemrmitolf
trmltamit oi alrcmt lddmss imkgtoltogis. Oihol bls rmsostmh la`otogusfo`mrlfozltogi ge ots lkrodufturlf trlhm, ls wmff ls tbm lhhotogi ge
imw, `mboih-tbm-`grhmr ossums ge tbm typm grokoilffy oidfuhmh oi tbm
Hgbl Hmvmfgpamit Lkmihl, sudb ls trlisplrmidy oi kgvmriamit
prgdurmamit lih dgapmtotogi pgfody. Oihol bls lfsg hosaossmh tbm
oidfusogi ge fl`gr lih mivorgiamitlf stlihlrhs oi trlhm lkrmmamits
ls hoskuosmh prgtmdtogi `y hmvmfgpmh dguitroms. Oihol bls rmsostmh
dlffs egr hmmpmr oitmffmdtulf prgpmrty rokbts prgvosogis lih
fo`mrlfozltogi ge eoilidolf smrvodms. Tgam ge tbmsm ossums lrm `moik
hosdussmh ls pgsso`fm lrmls egr oidfusogi oi tbm PDM^3 lff lrm `moik
imkgtoltmh lt tbm X^^.
Oihol‟s lddmssogi tg tbm PDM^ sbgws tblt ot bls lhgptmh l pgsotovm
lpprgldb gi rmkogilf oitmkrltogi. Bgwmvmr, tbm Kgvmriamit ge Oihol
stoff bls audb tg hg sg tblt fgdlf usoimssms dli mimeot erga rmkogilf
oitmkrltogi. Xbm kgvmriamit immhs tg oivmst agrm oi rmegras lih
oierlstrudturm tblt woff suppgrt lih bmfp fgdlf `usoimssms tbrovm oi
tbos agrm oitmriltogilfozmh mivorgiamit. Lt tbm slam toam, Oiholi
`usoimssms lfsg immh tg oivmst oi imw tmdbigfgky lih systmas tblt
woff miblidm tbmor kfg`lf dgapmtotovmimss.
;.8.0 Efmhkfoik oistotutogis ge ilidolf
dggpmrltogi
[bofm egralf trlhm lkrmmamits oi Lsol lrm agrm iuamrgus lih
lhvlidmh tbli eoilidolf lrrlikmamits, dggpmrltogi oi tbm rmlf lih
eoilidolf smdtgrs bls lfsg `mmi hmvmfgpoik. Mfsmwbmrm, tbm igralf
smqumidoik os tblt trlhm dggpmrltogi hmmpmis wmff megrm eoilidolf
dggpmrltogi. Oi plrt, tbos hoeemrmit lpprgldb rmefmdts tbm eldt tblt
Lsoli rmkogilfosa tggc gee letmr tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos. Ot lfsg
rmefmdts tbm rmdgkiotogi tblt eoilidolf dggpmrltogi os oapgrtlit tg
`gfstmr rmlf-smdtgr dgapmtotogi lih mdgigaod krgwtb.
Gim aljgr hmvmfgpamit letmr tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf
drosos wls tbm mstl`fosbamit ge durrmidy-swlp lrrlikmamits
lagik Mlst Lsoli dguitroms. Xbmsm lrrlikmamits `mkli wotb
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
`ofltmrlf swlps `mtwmmi Jlpli lih gtbmr ilt ogis lih mvgfvmh oitg
wblt `mdlam cigwi ls tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm. Xbm lkrmmamit
wls auftofltmrlfozmh lih mxplihmh oi Aly 0>>? uihmr tbm DAOA.
Xbm vlfum ge swlp lrrlikmamits, wbodb lrm igw dgihudtmhauftofltmrlffy, bls `mmi rlosmh tg $<2> `offogi oi tbm egra ge
li Lsoli Euih eldofoty. Oi 0><0, fmlhmrs prgpgsmh hgu`foik tbm
euih tg $45> `offogi. Xbm rmkogi bls lfsg hmvmfgpmh Lsoli @gih
Euihs, alilkmh uihmr tbm luspodms ge tbm @lic egr Oitmriltogilf
Tmttfmamits lih smvmrlf krgups ge eoilidm aoiostmrs lih dmitrlf
`lics. Oi 0><<, LTMLI+4 mstl`f osbmh tbm LAPG oi Toiklpgrm,
wbodb woff smrvm ls l smdrmtlrolt egr LTMLI+4. [otb tbm LAPG, tbm
DAOA os `mkoiioik tg blvm tbm trlppoiks ge li Lsoli agimtlry
euih, li ohml tblt wls eorst sukkmstmh `y Jlpli huroik tbm Lsoli
eoilidolf drosos oi <??2.
Tmvmrlf egruas lrm hmhodltmh tg holfgkum, tbm mxdblikm ge
oiegraltogi, lih tmdbiodlf oitmrldtogi oi tbm Lsol lih ^ldoeod
rmkogi, lftbgukb tbmy lrm fmss oaprmssovm tbli tbm DAOA oi tmras
ge dgidrmtm oiotoltovms egr lppfomh eoilidolf dggpmrltogi. Xbm
Mxmdutovms‟ Ammtoik ge tbm Mlst Lsol lih ^ldoeod Dmitrlf @lics, l
egrua ge rmkogilf dmitrlf `lics, os ligtbmr oapgrtlit `ghy. Gtbmr
dggpmrltovm krgups oi tbm rmkogi oidfuhm tbm LTMLI+4 eoilidm
aoiostmrs‟ ammtoik lih tbm L^MD eoilidm aoiostmrs‟ ammtoik
prgdmssms. Mstl`fosbmh oi tbm wlcm ge tbm Lsoli eoilidolf drosos,tbm LTMLI+4 eoilidm aoiostmrs‟ ammtoiks egdus gi eoilidolf smdtgr
dggpmrltogi, survmofflidm ge dlpotlf efgws, lih pgfody holfgkum. Xbm
Mdgigaod Pmvomw lih ^gfody Holfgkum wls drmltmh tg strmiktbmi
rmkogilf survmofflidm lih egstmr holfgkum gi kfg`lf, rmkogilf, lih
iltogilf mdgigaod hmvmfgpamits. Oi Aly 0>>=, tbm LTMLI+4
eoilidm aoiostmrs oitmkrltmh lih miblidmh tbm Mdgigaod Pmvomw
lih ^gfody Holfgkum wotb tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm erlamwgrc.
[otb rmspmdt tg oitrl-LTMLI dggpmrltogi, tbm LMD @fumproit
tblt hmfoimltms tbm lrmls tg `m oidfuhmh oi tbm LMD prgkrla, bls
egur proidoplf lrmls ge egdus: (o) tbm drmltogi ge l soikfm alrcmt
lih prghudtogi `lsm, (oo) l agrm dgapmtotovm mdgigaod rmkogi, (ooo)
mquotl`fm mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit, lih (ov) miblidmh oitmkrltogi
oitg tbm kfg`lf mdgigay. Amlsurms rmfltmh tg dlpotlf alrcmts lrm
Xbm LMD @fumproit wls egralffy lpprgvmh `y tbm LTMLI bmlhs ge stltm gi 0> Igvma`mr
0>>; (LTMLI 0>>;`).
=5
=5
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05>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
oidfuhmh uihmr tbm ‖soikfm alrcmt lih prghudtogi lsm‑ lih prgaosm
l ‖ermmr efgw ge dlpotlf.‑ Oi eldt, agst dgidrmtm amlsurms rmfltm
tg hmvmfgpoik iltogilf dlpotlf alrcmts, rltbmr tbli l rmkogilffy
oitmkrltmh alrcmt. Xbm `fumproit oidfuhms blragiozltogi gestlihlrhs, amlsurms tg `rglhmi tbm `lsm ge LTMLI hm`t ossulidm,
lih sgam lspmdts ge autulf rmdgkiotogi, sudb ls ge prgemssogilfs
wgrcoik oi tbm lrml. Xbm lpprgldb os dlutogus, bgwmvmr. Xbm
`fumproit rmemrs tg tbm immh tg aloitloi stl`ofoty, lhmqultm
slemkulrhs, lih prgagtm eoilidolf fo`mrlfozltogi dlrmeuffy.
Oi tbm wlcm ge tbm <??;—<??2 Lsoli eoilidolf drosos, LH@
plrtimrmh wotb drosos-leemdtmh mdgigaoms tg drmltm tbm LTMLI
survmofflidm prgdmss (LT^) tblt wls hmsokimh tg agiotgr tbm
mdgigaod euihlamitlfs ge LTMLI dguitroms lih prgvohm li mlrfy
wlrioik amdbliosa. LH@ oivmstmh sokioeodlitfy oi tbm survmofflidm
prgdmss, sudb ls oi `uofhoik tbm dlpldoty ge tbm stlee ge eoilidm
aoiostroms lih dmitrlf `lics. LH@ lfsg mstl`fosbmh tbm Lsoli @gih
Agiotgr, wbodb trldcs igt gify agvmamits oi Lsoli `gih alrcmts
`ut lfsg tbm mdgigaod euihlamitlfs tblt hrovm tbma.
Oi Tmptma`mr 0>>2, LH@ ^rmsohmit Blrubocg Curghl prgpgsmh
tbm drmltogi ge li Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum. Xbm holfgkum
wgufh m l rmkogilf dgapfmamit tg tbm Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty @glrh lih
oidfuhm geeodolfs erga eoilidm aoiostroms lih dmitrlf lics, eoilidolf
rmkufltgrs lih supmrvosgrs, lih alrcmt plrtodoplits. Mxplihoik,hmmpmioik, lih imstoik tbm ldtovotoms ge tbm LT^ oi tbm egra ge
l agrm dgaprmbmisovm Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum wgufh
smrvm l iua`mr ge purpgsms. Ot dgufh `m li meemdtovm wly tg sblrm
oiegraltogi lih prgagtm hosdussogi lagik eoilidm aoiostroms lih
dmitrlf `lics ldrgss tbm rmkogi. Xbos wgufh bmfp oi aldrgmdgigaod
pfliioik, plrtoduflrfy wotb rmspmdt tg pgtmitolf lhvmrsm agvmamits
oi tbm alrcmts. Tmdgih, li meemdtovm agiotgroik systma wgufh
lfsg oaprgvm trlisplrmidy lih rmhudm alrcmt uidmrtloity. Xborh,
ot dgufh `m usmh tg lppfy pmmr prmssurm gi mdgigaoms tblt immh
tg lhhrmss uihmrfyoik aldrgmdgigaod prg`fmas. Egurtb, ot dgufh
bmfp tbm rmkogi hmvmfgp jgoit pgsotogis tblt dgufh rmhudm mxtmrilf
oa`lflidms. Eoetb, ot dgufh bmfp kgvmriamits dggrhoiltm stoaufus
pflis lih gtbmr rmspgisms tg mdgigaod sbgdcs lih mamrkoik drosms.
Eoilffy, tbm Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum dgufh `m l vmbodfm tg
miblidm rmkogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
;.8.4 LDO, tbm imw rmkogilfosa, lih tbm
murgzgim drosos
Xbm murgzgim hm`t drosos os leemdtoik krgwtb rltms oi tbm LDO
rmkogi. Xlcmi tgkmtbmr, tbm M] rmprmsmits tbm flrkmst mdgigaod lrml
oi tbm wgrfh, lih tbm <; murgzgim dguitroms dgistotutm tbm fogi‟s
sblrm ge tbm M] mdgigay. Xbm M] tggc oi <?% ge mxpgrts erga tbm
^PD, 0<% erga Oihol, lih <<% erga LTMLI, oi mldb dlsm flrkmr tbli
tbm dgrrmspgihoik sblrm ge tbm ]T alrcmt (LH@ 0><<l). Xbm M] os li
oapgrtlit kfg`lf eoilidolf dmitmr, tbrgukb wbodb l kggh hmlf ge Lsoli
slvoiks lrm oitmramholtmh. Oi lhhotogi, tbm M] dgistotutms tbm wgrfh‟s
agrm oapgrtlit sgurdm ge provltm trlhm eoilidm (plrtoduflrfy Ermidb
`lics).
Xbm murgzgim hm`t drosos dgufh oi tbmgry imkltovmfy leemdt tbm
agamitua ge dggpmrltogi oi Lsol, oidfuhoik ldrgss tbm LDO mdgigaoms,
oi lt fmlst twg wlys. Eorst, trlhm fo`mrlfozltogi os imvmr mlsy oi tbm
aohhfm ge l drosos, hum tg mdgigaod lih pgfotodlf rmlsgis. Xbmrm os l
strgik tmaptltogi tg `mkklr-tby-imokb`gr `y oidrmlsoik prgtmdtogiosa
huroik li mdgigaod sfgwhgwi, ls wls tbm dlsm wotb tbm <?4> Taggt—
Blwfmy Xlroee oi tbm ]T, wbodb mxldmr`ltmh tbm Krmlt Hmprmssogi.
Pmagvoik tbos tmaptltogi bls `mmi tbm cmy kglf ge fmlhmrs oi aljgr
oitmriltogilf ammtoiks, sudb ge tbgsm ge tbm K2, K0>, [XG, lih GMDHaoiostmrs, soidm tbm gismt ge tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf drosos oi 0>>2. Xbos
meegrt bls `mmi suddmsseuf.
Tmdgih, lih pmrblps agrm oapgrtlitfy, tbm murgzgim hm`t drosos
bls `mmi smmi mrrgimgusfy ls l drosos ge mdgigaod dggpmrltogi. Xbm
drosos os pgrtrlymh ls li oihodltogi ge bgw Murgpmli oitmkrltogi
bls dgfflpsmh uihmr ots gwi wmokbt, lih tbm euturm woff `m gim ge
hosoitmkrltogi, rltbmr tbli oitmkrltogi. Oe tbos os tbm dlsm, wgufhi‟t tbm
LDO mdgigaoms hg `mst tg lvgoh tbm potelffs ge `ofltmrlf lih rmkogilf
dggpmrltogi7
Xbos pmrdmptogi dgieusms aliy ossums. Agst oapgrtlitfy,
rmlf-smdtgr oitmkrltogi ge tbm M] vol tbm Toikfm Alrcmt bls `mmi l
trmamihgus suddmss‘tbm prg`fmas tblt blvm sureldmh oi Murgpm
lrm eoilidolf oi grokoi. Xbm murg drmltmh l iua`mr ge ‖agrlf blzlrh‑
prg`fmas. Xg rmsgfvm tbos drosos, mxpmrts blvm prgpgsmh, lagik gtbmr
amlsurms, tbm drmltogi ge murgzgim `gih ossums. Xbmsm amlsurms
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050
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
wmrm dfmlrfy oisueeodomit, bgwmvmr. Oi gtbmr wgrhs, lt tbm dgrm ge
tbm murg hm`t drosos bls `mmi oisueeodomit mdgigaod dggpmrltogi
lih oistotutogilf hmvmfgpamit tg hmlf wotb l durrmidy uiogi, igt
mxdmssovm dggpmrltogi.[bofm tbmrm blvm `mmi prgpgslfs egr agimtlry uiogi oi LTMLI
lih LTMLI+4, LDO fmlhmrs blvm imvmr mivosogimh l dgaagi
durrmidy, lt fmlst egr tbm sbgrt gr amhoua tmra, lih ot os dfmlr tblt
tbm murgzgim drosos woff smt `ldc sudb dgisohmrltogis mvmi eurtbmr.
Bgwmvmr, ls igtmh l`gvm lih hosdussmh oi Dblptmr 5, tbos hgms igt
amli tblt dmrtloi egras ge agimtlry lih eoilidolf dggpmrltogi
sbgufh igt dgitoium. Xbmrm lrm aliy lrmls ge eoilidolf lih agimtlry
dggpmrltogi tblt dli `m hmvmfgpmh wotbgut l dgaagi durrmidy oi
aoih, gr wotb mvmi l fgik-tmra igtogi tblt ot sbgufh `m tbm ‖mih
klam.‑
Agrmgvmr, tbm suddmss ge tbm Murgpmli Dgaagi Alrcmt tmstoeoms
tg tbm pgtmitolf `mimeots tblt dggpmrltogi oi tbm rmlf smdtgr dli
`roik. @y elr tbm agst dgaagi prgpgslfs egr egralf dggpmrltogi
oi tbm rmkogi, `m tbmy lt tbm `ofltmrlf, su`rmkogilf, gr rmkogilf
fmvmfs, rmfltm tg EXLs, wbodb dgvmr krguih tblt os lfagst mxdfusovmfy
oi tbm rmlf smdtgr. Xbm LMD os lfsg eorafy lidbgrmh oi rmlf-smdtgr
dggpmrltogi. Eoilidolf dggpmrltogi os mivosogimh tg `m quotm aoigr,
sudb ls amlsurms tg oidrmlsm drgss-`grhmr ossulidms ge smdurotoms
lih tg bmfp strmiktbmi eoilidolf hmvmfgpamit oi ama`mr stltms.Xbm mxlapfm ge Murgpmli dggpmrltogi sbgufh tbmrmegrm `m
dgisohmrmh l pgsotovm gim egr dggpmrltogi oi Lsol. Ttoff, tbmrm os tbm
qumstogi ge bgw l prgfgikmh mdgigaod sfgwhgwi woff leemdt tbm
trmih tgwlrh dggpmrltogi oi tbm rmkogi. ^fuaamr (0>>?) lhhrmssms
tbos qumstogi `y hmvmfgpoik l tlxgigay ge pgtmitolf meemdts tblt l
kfg`lf drosos dgufh blvm gi tbm trmih tgwlrh mdgigaod dggpmrltogi.
Bm igtms tblt lftbgukb tbm pgfotodlf prg`fma ge jg` fgss hum tg dfgsmr
dggpmrltogi dgufh dlusm l hmdmfmrltogi ge tbm prgdmss, krgwtb rltms
lrm stoff sueeodomitfy bokb huroik tbm prmsmit drosos ls tg rmhudm tbm
sokioeodlidm ge tbos meemdt. Eurtbmr, tbm eldt tblt Lsoli rmkogilfosa
os alrcmt-hrovmi lih hmsokimh tg miblidm dgapmtotovmimss ldtulffy
`ghms wmff egr euturm dggpmrltogi lrrlikmamits.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
;.= Xgwlrh li Oitmkrltmh LDO
Krmltmr oitmkrltogi oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay lih hmmpmroitmrhmpmihmidm lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms uihmrsdgrm tbm
oapgrtlidm ge dfgsmr dggpmrltogi oi trlhm, oivmstamit, eoilidm, lih tbm
mivorgiamit. L euffy oitmkrltmh LDO, gim tblt dga`oims tbm rmkogi‟s
krmlt hovmrsoty ge dufturms lih mdgigaod strmiktbs, woff `m hoeeoduft tg
ldbomvm. Xbm oitmrmsts ge hmvmfgpoik Lsoli mdgigaoms hoeemr oi aliy
cmy hgalois, lih mxostoik mdgigaod rmfltogisbops blvm mvgfvmh gvmr
hmdlhms. @ut wm igtm l`gvm tblt tbm mdgigaod lih strltmkod dlsm egr
dfgsmr dggpmrltogi lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms os strgik.
Oitmkrltogi wgufh `roik migragus `mimeots tblt dgufh trufy usbmr
oi tbm krmlt trlisegraltogi. Xbm ermm agvmamit ge kgghs, dlpotlf,
cigwfmhkm, lih pmgpfm uihmr dgaagi rmkufltogis wgufh mil`fm
oihustroms lih eoilidolf alrcmts tg lttloi l sdlfm tblt wgufh alcm
tbma vlstfy agrm meeodomit lih kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm. LDO os mihgwmh
wotb `gtb scoffmh lih uiscoffmh fl`gr. Tg ls hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms
oidrmlsoikfy egdus gi bokb-vlfum smrvodms lih drmltoik oitmffmdtulf
prgpmrty, tbmrm os mvmry rmlsgi tg mxpmdt tblt tbm rmkogi woff rmaloi
tbm kfg`lf mpodmitmr egr aliueldturm ge `rglh rlikm ge trlhl`fm kgghs
lih smrvodms. LDO woff rmaloi dgapmtotovm oi mvmrytboik erga kgghs
egr alss dgisuaptogi lih tmdbigfgkodlffy sgpbostodltmh dlpotlfkgghs. Xbm rmkogi woff lfsg `m dgapmtotovm oi vlrogus smrvodms tblt lrm
oidrmlsoikfy oapgrtlit oi foicoik tgkmtbmr tbm oitmriltogilf prghudtogi
imtwgrcs tblt igw egra tbm `ldc`gim ge mdgigaod oitmrldtogi ge agst
LDO mdgigaoms.
Xbmsm amkl trmihs dlrry smvmrlf oapfodltogis egr tbm LDO
mdgigaoms‟ miklkmamit oi kfg`lf lih rmkogilf trlhm imkgtoltogis. LDO
sbgufh pfly l krmltmr rgfm oi kfg`lf eoilidolf oistotutogis, sudb ls tbm
OAE lih tbm [grfh @lic lih oi dgisuftltovm egruas sudb ls tbm K0>
lih tbm ET@, oi grhmr tg plrtodopltm agrm ldtovmfy oi kfg`lf kgvmrilidm
dgaamisurltm wotb tbm LDO‟s rosoik oapgrtlidm oi tbm kfg`lf
mdgigay lih tg lhvlidm tbm rmkogi‟s oitmrmsts. Oi lhhotogi, kovmi tbm
oapgrtlidm ge l elor, rufms-`lsmh, igi-hosdroaoiltgry oitmriltogilf
trlhoik systma, ot os oi tbm oitmrmst ge lff LDO mdgigaoms tg dgitoium tg
pfldm l strgik mapblsos gi strmiktbmioik tbm [XG lih oi rmokiotoik
tbm Hgbl Hmvmfgpamit Lkmihl. LDO sbgufh lfsg ldtovmfy plrtodopltm
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LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
oi pgsso`fm lddgrhs tblt aly mamrkm oi tbm [XG prgdmss, sudb ls tbm
prgpgsmh pfurofltmrlf lkrmmamit oi smrvodms. Ot os oapgrtlit tg strmss
tblt wotbgut l strgik [XG, rmkogilfosa wgufh pgsm l tbrmlt tg tbm
oitmkroty ge tbm oitmriltogilf trlhoik systma.LDO oitmkrltogi woff lfsg ig hgu`t uifmlsb oiigvltogi,
mitrmprmimursbop, lih dufturlf ldbomvmamits tblt wgufh cmmp LDO
mdgigaodlffy hyilaod oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh lih `roik prgspmroty tg
krmltmr pgtogis ge tbm rmkogi‟s pgpufltogi. Ot wgufh alcm ot mlsomr
egr LDO tg tldcfm tbm rmkogi‟s dgaagi mdgigaod, mivorgiamitlf, lih
sgdolf dblffmikms.
Xbm LDO rmkogi bls tbus elr `mmi suddmsseuf lt egstmroik mdgigaod
krgwtb wotbgut strgik oistotutogis. @ut tbm euturm woff focmfy hmalih
l agrm dgidmrtmh meegrt oe rmkogilf lsporltogis lrm tg `m rmldbmh. Ge
dgursm, tbm kmgamtry ge tbmsm oistotutogis woff vlry, kovmi tbm hovmrsoty
ge iltogis tblt dgistotutm LDO. @ut tbmrm os l kggh hmlf ge rgga egr
dggpmrltogi. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lfsg woff blvm tg pfly l strgik rgfm oi
oitmriltogilf oistotutogis tblt kgvmri trlhm lih eoilidm tblt os agrm
dgaamisurltm wotb tbmor kfg`lf wmokbt.
Xbos dblptmr geemrs dgidrmtm rmdgaamihltogis tg miblidm
dggpmrltogi vol oaprgvmh oistotutogis ge vlrogus sgrts. Ot strmssms tbm
oapgrtlidm ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm imw rmkogilfosa lih igtms
tblt l hmmp LTMLI+5 EXL lfgik tbm Lsoli trldc tblt wgufh oidfuhm
lff LDO mdgigaoms, dgufh kmimrltm oapgrtlit mdgigaod `mimeots liheldofotltm lih lhvlidm mdgigaod oitmrldtogi lt lff fmvmfs. Oi lhhotogi,
kovmi tbm oapgrtlidm ge eoilidm tg tbm mdgigaod hmvmfgpamit ge tbm
LDO mdgigaoms, wm uihmrsdgrm tbm oapgrtlidm ge hmvmfgpoik lih
mxplihoik dggpmrltovm egruas lih gtbmr oistotutogis oi tbm kmimrlf
lrml ge eoilidm, oidfuhoik tbm DAOA lih tbm LAPG, tbm LETH, lih
MAML^. Agrmgvmr, mivorgiamitlf ossums blvm `mdgam oidrmlsoikfy
oapgrtlit tg tbm rmkogi. @ut rmkogilf `ghoms tg hmlf wotb tbmsm
ossums blvm `mmi sfgw tg hmvmfgp. [m uihmrsdgrm tbm oapgrtlidm ge
oivmstamit oi flrkm-sdlfm rmkogilf mivorgiamitlf prgjmdts tblt dgufh
`m eldofotltmh `y tbm Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih lih `y tlppoik gtbmr
eoilidolf sgurdms sudb ls LH@.
^rgspmdts egr euturm krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit woff focmfy hmpmih
gi prgldtovm, oiigvltovm miklkmamit. [m rmaloi gptoaostod tblt tbm
oidmitovms egr `uofhoik tbmsm oistotutogis lt tbm kfg`lf lih rmkogilf
fmvmfs lrm strgik, lih tblt tbm rmkogi‟s pgfodyalcmrs woff rosm tg tbm
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyPmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggp
gddlsogi. Ldtoik ls l rmkogi, LDO lfsg dgufh mamrkm ls l pgwmreuf
egrdm egr kfg`lf stl`ofoty, smduroty, lih prgspmroty.
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2 Dgidfusogis
lihPmdgaamihltogis
2.< Oitrghudtogi
Letmr eovm hmdlhms ge rmalrcl`fm krgwtb, tbm <> Lssgdoltogi ge
Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI) dguitroms, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge
Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol (dgffmdtovmfy LDO) lrm gi tbm dusp ge l krmlt
trlisegraltogi tblt dgufh pfldm tbma lt tbm dmitmr ge tbm kfg`lf
mdgigay. Xbmsm <0 hyilaod, rlpohfy hmvmfgpoik dguitroms lrm mdgaoik
oitmkrltmh tbrgukb trlhm, oivmstamit, lih oierlstrudturm‘li oitmkrltogi
tblt os focmfy tg lddmfmrltm oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4>. Xbm dblffmikm os tg
misurm tblt krgwtb os lflidmh, sustloil`fm, lih rmsofomit.Xbos stuhy lrkums tblt tbos trlisegraltogi os lttrldtovm lih
prg`l`fm‘`ut igt oimvotl`fm. Ot bls ohmitoeomh lih lilfyzmh tbm roscs
lih dblffmikms tblt aust `m lhhrmssmh gvmr tbm amhoua tmra igt gify
tg sustloi rlpoh krgwtb, `ut lfsg tg dgivmrt tbgsm klois oitg l `mttmr
qulfoty ge foem egr tbm aljgroty ge tbm rmkogi‟s pgpufltogi.
Lftbgukb tbm LDO mdgigaoms wmrm bot `y tbm kfg`lf eoilidolf
drosos ge 0>>2—0>>?, tbm rmkogi rmaloimh stl`fm lih uihmrwmit li
oaprmssovm rmdgvmry egffgwoik tbm drosos. Xbm rmkogi lvmrtmh l foquohoty
drosos lih sustloimh krgwtb `y lhgptoik amlsurms sudb ls flrkm eosdlf
stoaufo wotb l egdus gi oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit, mlsoik agimtlry
lih drmhot pgfodoms, lih lhmqultm kgvmriamit kulrlitmms egr `lic
hmpgsots.
[bofm tbm LDO dguitroms lrm tg `m prlosmh egr tbmor pruhmit pgfodoms
gvmr tbm sbgrt tmra, bgwmvmr, tbmy aust igt fgsm egdus gi alcoik tbm
oivmstamits lih rmegras gvmr tbm amhoua tmra immhmh tg pusb tbmor
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052
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
mdgigaoms tg tbm imxt fmvmf. Xbmy aust lddmfmrltm prghudtovoty, oivmst
oi buali dlpotlf lih sdomidm lih tmdbigfgky, lih `ggst hgamstod
hmalih. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms tblt alcm tbm rokbt lhjustamits woff `m
wmff pgsotogimh egr smvmrlf agrm hmdlhms ge strgik krgwtb‘tbgsmtblt hg igt rosc elffoik oitg tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp. Ls tbm mdgigaod
uidmrtloitoms oi Murgpm lrosoik erga tbm hm`t drosos lkloi tbrmltmi
kfg`lf krgwtb, tbm wgrfh os fggcoik lt LDO tg smrvm ls li mdgigaod
krgwtb mikoim. Ot os oapgrtlit lt tbos toam, tbmrmegrm tg stuhy tbm LDO
mdgigaoms lih tbmor euturm.
Li mlrfomr stuhy gi Lsol‟s rosm tg prmmaoimidm sukkmstmh tblt tbm
rmkogi‟s aljgr mamrkoik mdgigaoms dli dgieohmitfy loa lt ldbomvoik
tbm prgspmroty fmvmfs ge tghly‟s hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms `y 0>=>. Xg
ldbomvm tbos, Lsol woff immh tg alilkm auftopfm roscs lih lhhrmss
smvmrlf dblffmikms (Cgbfo, Tblral, lih Tggh 0><<).
2.0 Cmy Eoihoiks
@y 0>4>, strgik mdgigaod krgwtb os prgjmdtmh oi LDO tblt woff
foet buihrmhs ge aoffogis ge pmgpfm gut ge mxtrmam pgvmrty, oaprgvm
`lsod fovoik stlihlrhs, lih eurtbmr oitmkrltm tbm rmkogi mdgigaodlffy,
eoilidolffy, lih sgdolffy. Xbm sboet ge tbm kfg`lf mdgigay‟s dmitmr
ge krlvoty tg LDO amlis tblt tbm oapldt ge tbos trlisegraltogi woff `m emft ldrgss tbm wgrfh. Ls dgisuamrs, oivmstgrs, lih agrm ldtovm
plrtodoplits oi oitmriltogilf oistotutogis, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff
oidrmlsoikfy sblpm kfg`lf alrcmts egr kgghs lih smrvodms lih bmfp
fmlh rmspgisms tg kfg`lf dblffmikms rlikoik erga mimrky lih eoilidolf
stl`ofoty tg smduroty.
Xg rmlfozm ots pgtmitolf, bgwmvmr, ot woff igt `m migukb egr tbm LDO
mdgigaoms amrmfy tg sustloi bokb mdgigaod krgwtb. Xbm qulfoty ge
tblt krgwtb, lih tbm mxtmit tg wbodb tbm `mimeots lih gppgrtuiotoms
lrm mxtmihmh tg krmltmr smkamits ge LDO pgpufltogis, woff lssuam
audb krmltmr oapgrtlidm. LDO lfsg aust ilvokltm l hluitoik iua`mr
ge dblffmikms lih pgtmitolf tbrmlts tg mdgigaod, sgdolf, lih pgfotodlf
stl`ofoty.
Xbmsm dblffmikms oidfuhm tbm roscs ge trlhm prgtmdtogiosa,
prghudtovoty krgwtb sfgwhgwi, rmdmssogi oi tbm rmkogi‟s proidoplf
mxpgrt alrcmts, durrmidy dgiefodts, ilturlf rmsgurdms sdlrdoty, oitmrilf
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@gx 2.<: Cmy Eoihoiks: LDO 0>4>
<. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms‘Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD), lih Oihol‘lrm pgosmh tg alcm uiprmdmhmitmh prgkrmss
oi oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem ge ots pmgpfm. Xbos trlisfltms oitg miblidmh
purdblsoik pgwmr lih `mttmr lddmss tg `lsod smrvodms sudb ls mhudltogi, bmlftb,
wltmr, pgwmr, lih sliotltogi. L tgtlf ge 5>> aoffogi pmgpfm woff `m foetmh gut ge
mxtrmam pgvmrty (oidgam ge $<.0= gr fmss pmr hly), rmhudoik tbm iua`mr tg fmss
tbli <% ge tbm pgpufltogi. Oi Oihol, 58% ge tbm pgpufltogi woff mlri l aohhfm-
dflss oidgam ge `mtwmmi $<> lih $<>> l hly (purdblsoik pgwmr plroty S^^^Q ). Oi
LTMLI, tblt pmrdmitlkm woff rmldb 5?% lih oi tbm ^PD ot woff rmldb ;?%.
0.
]ifmss krgwtb os agrm oidfusovm, oidgam hosplrotoms, sgdolf mxdfusogi, lih uimqulf
lddmss tg `lsod smrvodms woff pmrsost lih dgufh uihmraoim sgdolf dgbmsogi lih
stl`ofoty. Xbos dgufh fmlh tg dgiefodt tblt wgufh blvm l sokioeodlit oapldt gi
dguitroms wotboi lih gutsohm LDO.
4. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms lrm gi l pltb tg `mdgaoik tbm wgrfh‟s fmlhoik dgisuamrs,
prghudmrs, slvmrs, oivmstgrs, lih eoilidomrs.
‘ Xbm ^PD os mxpmdtmh tg `mdgam l bokb-oidgam dguitry wotb l pmr dlpotl
oidgam ge l`gut $05,>>> (^^^ 0>>= tmras). Oihol lih LTMLI woff agvm dfgsmr
tg bokb-oidgam dguitry stltus wotb pmr dlpotl oidgams ge l`gut $<<,>>> lih
$<0,>>> (^^^ 0>>= tmras), rmspmdtovmfy.
8. Xbm dga`oimh krgss hgamstod prghudt dgufh qulhrupfm lih dgaprosm l`gut 8>%
ge wgrfh gutput oi ^^^ (erga 08% oi 0><>) lih 02% oi alrcmt prodms (erga <=%
oi 0><>). Xblt os agrm tbli tblt ge tbm ]iotmh Ttltms lih tbm Murgpmli ]iogi
dga`oimh.
‘ Xbm sblrm ge wgrfh oivmstamit os prgjmdtmh tg rosm erga 08% oi 0><> tg 42%.
Ots sblrm ge kfg`lf dgisuaptogi woff fmlp erga <<% tg 0;% oi alrcmt prodms.
(Dgitoiumh)
Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami
oistl`ofoty, lih mivorgiamit lih dfoaltm hmkrlhltogi. Xbos stuhy
dgidfuhms tblt tbm LDO mdgigaoms pgssmss tbm rmsgurdms, mxpmrtosm,
lih pgfotodlf woff tg dgffmdtovmfy rosm tg tbmsm dblffmikms. @ut ot woff
rmquorm oidrmlsmh dgffl`grltogi, plrtimrsbop, lih dggpmrltogi lagiktbm LDO mdgigaoms ls wmff ls wotb tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh. Xbos stuhy
eoihs tblt, hum tg tbmor sdlfm, mxdmptogilffy bokb krgwtb rltms, lih
krgwoik oitmrhmpmihmidm, tbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm li gppgrtuioty tg
rlhodlffy trlisegra tbm fovms ge tbmor 4 `offogi dotozmis gvmr tbm imxt
twg hmdlhms tbrgukb l sboet tgwlrh oidfusovm, krmmi, lih cigwfmhkm-
fmh krgwtb lih `y alilkoik cmy dblffmikms lih roscs meemdtovmfy.
@gx 2.< suaalrozms tbm cmy eoihoiks ge tbos stuhy .
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=. LDO‟s hmalih egr wltmr lih mimrky os mxpmdtmh tg smm l pbmigamilf
rosm.
‘ LDO‟s proalry mimrky hmalih woff hgu`fm dgaplrmh tg 0>>?. Xbm
^PD‟s hmalih woff hgu`fm wbmrmls Oihol woff eldm l imlrfy tbrmmegfh
oidrmlsm lih LTMLI l twg lih blfe-egfh oidrmlsm dgaplrmh tg 0><>.
‘ Xbm ^PD‟s wltmr hmeodot (ls % ge hmalih) os prgjmdtmh tg rmldb 0=%
(<?? offogi du`od amtmrs). Oihol‟s wltmr hmeodot woff rmldb =>% ge hmalih
(;=8 `offogi du`od amtmrs).
5. DG0 maossogis woff oidrmlsm twg toams‘hgu`fm tbm maossogis ge
hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms. ]ifmss tbos prg`fma os tldcfmh, tbmsm trmihs woff
lapfoey kfg`lf mivorgiamitlf roscs lih kmgpgfotodlf strlois.
;. Drotodlf dblffmikms lih roscs dgufh uihmraoim LDO‟s trlisegraltogi.
‘ Lhvmrsm sdmilrogs oidfuhm tbm aohhfm-oidgam trlp, l aljgr sfgwhgwi
oi prghudtovoty krgwtb oi LDO lih hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, rosoik eggh
lih dgaaghoty prodms, rosoik maossogis, rosoik hostro`utogilf dgidmris,
lih prgtmdtogiosa oi LDO‟s proidoplf mxpgrt alrcmts.
‘ Xbm dga`oiltogi ge prghudtovoty, eggh, mimrky, lih mivorgiamitlf
sbgdcs uihmr lhvmrsm kfg`lf pgfotodlf gr mdgigaod hmvmfgpamits, dgufh
hmprmss LDO‟s krgwtb tg 8.8 %‘0.= pmrdmitlkm pgoits `mfgw tbm 5.?%
`lsmfoim mstoaltms.
2. Hmmpmr rmkogilf lih kfg`lf mdgigaod oitmkrltogi tbrgukb trlhm
lkrmmamits egr eurtbmr fo`mrlfozltogi dgufh lhh =% lih <>%,
rmspmdtovmfy, tg tbm rmkogi‟s oidgam gvmr tbm `lsmfoim. Kfg`lf trlhm
fo`mrlfozltogi dgufh rlosm wgrfh oidgams `y ;% lih LDO oidgams `y <>%.
[grfh trlhm wgufh oidrmlsm `y <?%, wotb Oihol oidrmlsoik ots trlhm `y55%, tbm ^PD `y 4;%, lih LTMLI `y 0<%. Xbm oapldt ge rmkogilf lih
kfg`lf trlhm lkrmmamit gi krgwtb rltms woff `m >.<0 pmrdmitlkm pgoits
lih >.=> pmrdmitlkm pgoits gvmr tbm `lsmfoim
?. Xbm krmlt trlisegraltogi woff rmquorm l agrm hmvmfgpmh lih agrm
oidfusovm eoilidolf smdtgr tg suppgrt tbm rmlf smdtgr krgwtb lih
oierlstrudturm immhs.
‘ @lic hmpgsots lrm prgjmdtmh tg agrm tbli tropfm tg rmldb 88% ge tbm
wgrfh tgtlf `y 0>4>, up erga 08% oi 0><>.
‘ LDO‟s kfg`lf sblrm ge provltm `lic drmhot lih stgdc alrcmt
dlpotlfozltogi woff tropfm, lddguitoik egr 44% ge wgrfh sblrm, dgaplrmh
tg <;% oi 0><>.‘ LDO‟s provltm `gih alrcmts‘drudolf egr fgik-tmra oivmstamit‘woff
oidrmlsm tbrmmegfh‘erga l fgw 8% ge tbm wgrfh tgtlf oi 0><> tg <8%.
‘ LDO‟s aljgr durrmidoms, mspmdolffy tbm yuli, woff `m wohmfy bmfh lih
trlhmh.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dgapofltogi.
0;>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami
2.4 Aljgr Hmvmfgpamit
DblffmikmsLDO‟s dgitoiumh krgwtb up tg 0>4> woff mxldmr`ltm l iua`mr
ge dblffmikms tblt dgufh uihmraoim sgdogmdgigaod hmvmfgpamit.
Lftbgukb tbmsm roscs lrm dgaagi tg tbm mitorm rmkogi, tbm proalry
dblffmikms lih pgfody progrotoms vlry `mtwmmi LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih
Oihol (Xl`fm 2.<). Xbm aljgr dblffmikms bokbfokbtmh oi tbos stuhy lrm:
Pmhudoik oidgam oimqulfoty lih sgdolf mxdfusogi. Xbm klp
`mtwmmi rodb lih pggr os wohmioik ldrgss LDO, lih flrkm smkamits
ge tbm rmkogi‟s pgpufltogi stoff fovm oi mxtrmam pgvmrty wotb fottfm gr
ig lddmss tg `lsod smrvodms sudb ls `lsod utofotoms (egr mxlapfm, wltmr,
mfmdtrodoty, trlispgrt), amhodlf dlrm, lih mhudltogi. Tgdolf oimqulfoty
lih mxdfusogi rmaloi smrogus prg`fmas. Oe igt lhhrmssmh lhmqultmfy,
hosplrotoms `mtwmmi sgdolf lih oidgam krgups lih `mtwmmi rurlf lih
ur`li lrmls dgufh fmlh tg sgdolf dgiefodt lih pgsm smrogus tbrmlts tg
mdgigaod stl`ofoty tbrgukb hoaoiosboik mdgigaod pgtmitolf lih tbm
hmtmrogrltogi ge pgfotodlf stl`ofoty lih sgdolf dgbmsogi.
Miblidoik prghudtovoty lih imw mikoims ge krgwtb. Tmvmrlf cmy
hrovmrs ge rlpoh mdgigaod krgwtb oi LDO soidm tbm <??>s lrm igt focmfy
tg dgitoium oi tbm hmdlhms lbmlh. @y 0>4>, tbm hmagkrlpbod `gius (oitmras ge tbm prmsmidm ge l flrkm prgpgrtogi ge l yguik fl`gr egrdm)
pmrogh woff mih oi dguitroms sudb ls tbm ^PD, Toiklpgrm, lih Alflysol,
drmltoik tbm imw dblffmikm ge l hmdfoim oi wgrcoik-lkm pgpufltogis. Xbm
pldm ge kfg`lfozltogi aly hmdrmlsm hum tg pgsso`fm kfg`lf mdgigaod
hgwituris ls wmff ls stlffmh auftofltmrlf trlhm imkgtoltogis. Xg ammt
tbmor fgik-rlikm mdgigaod krgwtb kglfs, tbm LDO mdgigaoms aust
sblrpfy lddmfmrltm prghudtovoty oidrmlsms lih iurturm imw krgwtb
mikoims tg rmpfldm tbgsm tblt lrm fgsoik kfg`lf dgapmtotovmimss.
Oidrmlsoik oivmstamit meeodomidy os lfsg drudolf, plrtoduflrfy egr tbm PD.
Alilkoik rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit. Tgam ge tbm agst
smvmrm tbrmlts tg tbm qulfoty ge foem lih sustloimh krgwtb oi LDO
lrm pgsmh `y dgistrloimh lddmss tg mimrky, ermsb wltmr, lrl`fm flih,
lih wgrsmioik pgffutogi. Agst LDO mdgigaoms rlic pggrfy oi kfg`lf
stlihlrhs ge mimrky meeodomidy, lih tbmy lrm lagik tbm wgrfh‟s `okkmst
maottmrs ge krmmibgusm klsms. Xbm rmkogi bls lfrmlhy rmldbmh wltmr-
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0;0
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
strmssmh dgihotogis wotb ls aliy ls 2> aoffogi pmgpfm sueemroik erga
tbm fldc ge lddmss tg ermsb wltmr, wbofm euturm dgisuaptogi os prgjmdtmh
tg elr gutstrop suppfy. Xbm aguitoik hmalihs ge oihustrolf ldtovoty
lih oidrmlsoikfy leefumit pgpufltogis ls wmff ls krgwoik mvohmidm gekfg`lf dfoaltm dblikm woff oitmisoey tbm urkmidy egr kgvmriamits tg
eoih wlys tg `mttmr alilkm rmsgurdms lih tbmor mivorgiamits. Mimrky
lih wltmr smduroty woff lfsg blvm oapfodltogis egr eggh smduroty.
[grsmioik lor lih wltmr pgffutogi woff lhvmrsmfy oapldt bmlftb. Xbm
LDO mdgigaoms aust alcm l trlisotogi tg krmmi hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms
tblt rmfy agrm gi rmimwl`fm, dfmli mimrky lih wotb agrm meeodomit usm
ge ilturlf rmsgurdms.
Ttrmiktbmioik lih rmegraoik tbm eoilidolf smdtgr. Hmmpmr, agrm
sgpbostodltmh eoilidolf lih dlpotlf alrcmts lrm mssmitolf oe tbm LDO
mdgigaoms lrm tg agrm meemdtovmfy ag`ofozm tbm rmkogi‟s flrkm pggfs
ge slvoiks oitg tbm prghudtovm oivmstamits immhmh tg sustloi strgik
mdgigaod krgwtb lih lttloi bokbmr fovoik stlihlrhs. Eoilidolf systmas
aust mlsm tbmor rmfolidm gi `lic fmihoik `y mxplihoik provltm, fgdlf-
durrmidy `gih alrcmts lih oiigvltovm oistruamits. Pmegras lrm
immhmh tg alcm eoilidolf smrvodms agrm wohmfy lvlofl`fm lih agrm
leegrhl`fm tg salff usoimssms lih dgisuamrs. @mttmr eoilidolf smrvodms
lrm immhmh tg ammt tbm oivmstamit immhs ge tbm rmkogi‟s rosoik aohhfm
dflss. Ttrgikmr supmrvosogi ge dlpotlf alrcmts os rmquormh tg alcm tbm
rmkogi agrm rmsofomit huroik toams ge oitmriltogilf eoilidolf sbgdcs.Krmltmr rmkogilf dggpmrltogi os immhmh tg lhvlidm tbm alrcmt-`lsmh
rmegras lih oitmkrltogi tblt dli mil`fm tbm LDO dlpotlf alrcmts tg
rmldb tbm sdlfm imdmsslry tg fgwmr trlisldtogi dgsts, rmhudm alrcmt
hostgrtogis, oaprgvm rmsgurdm lffgdltogi, lih aloitloi stl`ofoty.
Miblidoik rmkogilf dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi. Dgffmdtovm
ldtogi `y tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff `m mssmitolf `mdlusm aliy lspmdts ge
LDO‟s hyilaosa woff hmpmih gi rmkogilf dgiimdtogis. Tustloioik lih
`uofhoik l smlafmss rmkogilf mdgigay woff rmquorm oitmrkgvmriamitlf
dggpmrltogi lih suppgrt ge dgaamrdolf, oierlstrudturm, mivorgiamitlf,
lih smduroty dblffmikms. Lfsg, dgaagi rufms lih prgdmhurms woff
`m mssmitolf tg rmkufltm dgapmtotogi, rmsgfvm hosputms, lih lvgoh
dgiergitltogi.
Lftbgukb LDO‟s alrcmts lrm `mdgaoik oidrmlsoikfy oitmkrltmh,
tbmrm os fottfm egralf oistotutogilf dggpmrltogi gi su`stlitovm ossums.
Lt tbm slam toam, tbm LDO mdgigaoms blvm `mmi `ystlihmrs oi fmlhoik
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami
kfg`lf oistotutogis kgvmrioik trlhm, eoilidm, mivorgiamitlf, lih
bmlftb ossums. Xbm krgwoik wmokbt ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi tbm kfg`lf
mdgigay, tbmor oidrmlsoik fmvmf ge mdgigaod oitmrhmpmihmidm, lih tbm
urkmidy ge dgaagi dblffmikms dlff egr hmmpmr rmkogilf dggpmrltogiwotboi tbm rmkogi lih wotb kfg`lf oistotutogis. Xbm rmkogi lfsg aust
tlcm l agrm ldtovm rgfm oi tbm prgvosogi ge pu`fod kgghs. Ot os oi LDO‟s
oitmrmst tg wgrc agrm prgldtovmfy oi lhvlidoik ermm trlhm oi kgghs lih
smrvodms ls tbm rmkogi‟s mdgigaoms smmc imw alrcmts lih tg ammt tbm
hmalihs ge oidrmlsoikfy leefumit dgisuamrs.
Ttrmiktbmioik kgvmrilidm lih oistotutogis. LDO immhs tg
strmiktbmi tbm kgvmrilidm, lddguitl`ofoty, lih meemdtovmimss ge ots
oistotutogis tg lhhrmss tbm l`gvm dblffmikms meeodomitfy. Xbm rmkogi
aust mrlhodltm dgrruptogi tg misurm rlpoh lih oidfusovm krgwtb lih
l `mttmr qulfoty ge foem. Xbm 0><> kgvmrilidm oihodltgrs sbgw tblt tbm
LDO mdgigaoms immh tg oaprgvm kgvmrilidm oi tmras ge vgodm lih
lddguitl`ofoty, pgfotodlf stl`ofoty, pmrsgilf smduroty, rmkufltgry qulfoty,
rufm ge flw, lih kgvmriamit meemdtovmimss.
2.8 Lhhrmssoik LDO‟s Aljgr
Dblffmikms
Xbm dblffmikms lih roscs eldoik LDO oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4> woff
hmalih oiigvltovm lih sgpbostodltmh pgfody rmspgisms. Meemdtovm
alilkmamit ge tbmsm dblffmikms woff lfsg rmquorm mdgigaod lih
eoilidolf stl`ofoty, sgdolf dgbmsogi, lih bokb fmvmfs ge dggpmrltogi.
Xbos `ggc rmdgaamihs pgfodoms, strltmkoms, lih progrotoms lt tbm
iltogilf lih rmkogilf fmvmfs tg lhhrmss tbmsm dblffmikms. Ot geemrs l
erlamwgrc tg egstmr li meemdtovm, dgffl`grltovm lpprgldb tg alilkoik
roscs tbrgukb rmkogilf lih kfg`lf oitmkrltogi. Tdbgflrs lih dguitry
mxpmrts ge tbm LDO rmkogi oivgfvmh oi tbos stuhy ohmitoeomh tbm agst
oapgrtlit dgaagi lih spmdoeod dblffmikms eldoik LTMLI, tbm ^PD,
lih Oihol. Xl`fm 2.< suaalrozms tbmsm dblffmikms. Dguitry-spmdoeod
dblffmikms ge tbm <> LTMLI mdgigaoms lrm hosdussmh oi tbm LTMLI
0>4> stuhy (LH@O 0><8).
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Xl`fm 2.<: Dgaagi lih Tpmdod Dblffmikms egr tbm LDO Mdgigaoms
Dgaagi dblffmikms
• Pmhudoik mdgigaod lih sgdolf oimqulfoty lih mxdfusogi• Miblidoik prghudtovoty, tmdbigfgky hmvmfgpamit, lih oiigvltogi
• Alilkoik rmsgurdms smduroty lih tbm mivorgiamit
• Ttrmiktbmioik lih rmegraoik tbm ilidolf smdtgr, lih miblidoik aldrgmdgigaod dggpmrltogi
• Miblidoik rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dggpmrltogi lih oitmkrltogi
• Ttrmiktbmioik kgvmrilidm, lddguitl`ofoty, lih oistotutogilf mmdtovmimss
Tpmdod dblffmikms
^roalry dblffmikms Tmdgihlry dblffmikms
Alilkoik
rmsgurdms
smduroty lih
mivorgiamitlfsustloil`ofoty
Pmhudoik gvmr-
hmpmihmidm gi
mxtmrilf hmalih
Ttrmiktbmioik
kgvmrilidm,
lddguitl`ofoty,
lih oistotutogilfmmdtovmimss
Miblidoik
prghudtovoty,
tmdbigfgky
hmvmfgpamit,
oiigvltogi,lih oivmstamit
mffldomidy
Pmhudoik
mdgigaod lih
sgdolf oimqulfotylih mxdfusogi
Ttrmiktbmioik
lih rmegraoik tbm
ilidolf smdtgr,
lih miblidoikaldrgmdgigaod
dggpmrltogi
Pmhudoik
mdgigaod lih
sgdolf oimqulfoty
lih mxdfusogi
Alilkoik
rmsgurdms
smduroty lih
mivorgiamitlf
sustloil`ofoty
^rgagtoik
sget (mspmdolffy
buali dlpotlf
hmvmfgpamit)
lih blrh
oierlstrudturm
hmvmfgpamit lih
dgiimdtovoty
Ttrmiktbmioik
kgvmrilidm,
lddguitl`ofoty,
lih oistotutogilf
mmdtovmimss
Miblidoik
prghudtovoty,
tmdbigfgky
hmvmfgpamit,
lih oiigvltogi
Ttrmiktbmioik
lih rmegraoik tbm
ilidolf smdtgr,
lih miblidoik
aldrgmdgigaod
dggpmrltogi
Egrkoik ldgapmtotovm lih
oiigvltovm rmkogi
^rgagtoik
mdgigaoddgivmrkmidm lih
mquotl`fm krgwtb
Iurturoik ilturlf
rmsgurdms lihsustloioik tbm
mivorgiamit
Alilkoik
aldrgmdgigaodlih ilidolf
stl`ofoty
Hmvmfgpoik
buali dlpotlflih oaprgvoik
fl`gr alrcmt
dgihotogis
Miblidoik
oistotutogilfmmdtovmimss
lih oaprgvoik
kgvmrilidm
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: @lsmh gi emmh`ldc erga sdbgflrs oivgfvmh oi tbos stuhy.
L T M L I
O i h o l
^ P D
0;8
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Xl`fm 2.0: Iltogilf lih Pmkogilf ^gfody ^rogrotoms
LTMLI ^PD Oihol LDO rmkogi
Oidfusovm krgwtb lih
qulfoty ge foem
^rgagtm mhudltogi lihscoffs
Pmhudm hmvmfgpamit klpslagik mdgigaoms lihwotboi tbma
Hmvmfgp ur`lioierlstrudturm
^rogrotozm bmlftb lihmhudltogi
Ttrmiktbmi slemty imts
^rmplrm egr lkoikpgpufltogis
Mrlhodltm mxtrmam pgvmrty
Mxplih mhudltogi lihgtbmr lsod smrvodms
Dgiimdt rurlf lih osgfltmhlrmls tg dmitmrs ge krgwtb
Ttrmiktbmi ur`lioierlstrudturm
^rgagtm mxdblikms lihag`ofoty
Tblrm pgfody mxpmromidmlih rmkogilf `mst prldto
^rghudtovoty
Drmltm l `grhmrfmssmdgigaod dgaauioty
Ttrmiktbmi prghudtogiimtwgrcs
^rgagtm tmdbigfgky
]pkrlhm sdomitod lihtmdbigfgkodlf dlpl`ofotoms
Pmvlap kgvmrilidmegr dgapmtotovm,mitrmprmimurolf alrcmts
Hmvmfgp mssmitolfoierlstrudturm
Oitmkrltogi wotb Lsoliprghudtogi imtwgrcs
Mfoaoiltm lrromrs tg LDOtrlhm
^rgagtm ermm trlhm lihmdgigaod oitmkrltogi
^fli lih euihoiotoltovms oi rmkogilfdgiimdtovoty
Pmsgurdms
lih mivorgiamit
Lhhrmss flih hmkrlhltogi
^rgagtm mimrky mffldomidylih dgismrvltogi
Pmhudm mimrky oitmisoty
Pmhudm bokb hmpmihmidmgi dglf
^rgagtm krmmi oihustroms
Oaprgvm wltmralilkmamit
^rgagtm mimrky mffldomidylih dgismrvltogi
Hmvmfgp imw mimrkysgurdms
Dgismrvm mimrky lih wltmr
Pmhudm bokb hmpmihmidmgi dglf
^rgagtm mimrky mffldomidylih dgismrvltogi
Dggrhoiltm rmkogilfamlsurms gi mimrky lihwltmr smduroty
Eldofotltm tmdbigfgky lialilkmamit cigw-bgwmxdblikms
^rgagtm dfoaltm dblikmaotokltogi
Eoilidm lihaldrgmdgigay
Drmltm oitmkrltmh rmkogilfilidolf alrcmts
Oitmisoey aldrgmdgigaoddggpmrltogi
Ttrmiktbmi pruhmitolfgvmrsokbt
Fo`mrlfozm lih hmmpmiilidolf alrcmts
Hmvmfgp mmdtovm aldrg-lih aodrgpruhmitolf
rmkufltogis
Ldbomvm yuli dgivmrto`ofoty
Oidfuhm uihmrsmrvmh raslih oihovohulfs
Oidrmlsm hgamstod slvoikslih oivmstamit
Ttrmiktbmi sdlf hosdopfoim
Oidfuhm uihmrsmrvmh raslih oihovohulfs
Ttrmiktbmi aldrgmdgigholfgkum
Dggrhoiltm aldrg- lihaodrgpruhmitolf rmkuflt
egr stl`ofoty
Ttrmiktbmi rmkogilfilidolf slemty imts
Hmvmfgp rmkogilf dlpotlalrcmts
LDO 1 LTMLI, tbm ^PD, lih Oihol3 LTMLI 1 Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis3 ^PD 1 ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dgapofltogi.
Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami
2.= Iltogilf lih Pmkogilf ^gfody
^rogrotomsXbos smdtogi prmsmits cmy pgfody progrotoms egr lhhrmssoik tbm
l`gvm-amitogimh aljgr dblffmikms lt tbm iltogilf lih rmkogilf fmvmfs
(Xl`fm 2.0).
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0;5
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
2.=.< Miblidoik tbm qulfoty ge foemXg stgp lih rmvmrsm tbm krgwoik oidgam lih sgdolf klps ldrgss
tbm rmkogi, tbm LDO dguitroms sbgufh alcm ot l progroty tg lhgpt li‖oidfusovm krgwtb‑ erlamwgrc oi tbmor hmvmfgpamit strltmkoms. Xbos
oidfusovm krgwtb erlamwgrc sbgufh `m `lsmh gi tbrmm pgfody pofflrs:
Drmltm prghudtovm jg`s tbrgukb bokb, sustloimh, lih `rglh-`lsmh
krgwtb.
@rglhmi lddmss tg gppgrtuioty `y oivmstoik oi mhudltogi, scoff
hmvmfgpamit, lih bmlftb dlrm.
Drmltm sgdolf slemty imts tg prmvmit mxtrmam pgvmrty lih vufimrl`ofoty.
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms immh tg hmvmfgp lpprgldbms tblt tlrkmt tbm
immhs ge spmdoeod krgups oi spmdoeod fgdltogis tblt durrmitfy mxpmromidm
mxdfusogi. Xbm suddmsseuf oapfmamitltogi ge oidfusovm krgwtb pgfodoms
woff lfsg rmquorm oaprgvmh kgvmrilidm lih qulfoty ge oistotutogis, ls wmff
ls dgffl`grltogi `mtwmmi tbm pu`fod lih provltm smdtgrs. Kgvmriamits
dli prgagtm dgbmsogi lih oidfusogi lih oidrmlsm stlihlrhs ge fovoik
`y oaprgvoik tbm ag`ofoty ge pmgpfm ldrgss `grhmrs, plrtoduflrfy ge
fgw-oidgam fl`gr. Kgvmriamits lfsg dli oaprgvm pmgpfm-tg-pmgpfm
lih dovof sgdomty dgitldt, lih dufturlf mxdblikm. Oivmstamits oi
`mttmr oierlstrudturm dgiimdtovoty lih rmegras ge pgfodoms tblt aly
prmvmit pmgpfm erga wgrcoik lih fovoik oi gtbmr rmkogis lrm mssmitolf.
Kgvmriamits dli sblrm suddmsseuf pgfody mxpmromidms lih rmkogilf mstprldtodms, plrtoduflrfy egr hmvmfgpoik aodrg, salff, lih amhoua-sozmh
mitmrprosms. Tudb li lpprgldb tg hmvmfgpamit wgufh bmfp tbm LDO
dguitroms hg l `mttmr jg` ge trlisfltoik mdgigaod klois oitg oaprgvmh
qulfoty ge foem lih miblidmh dgbmsogi lagik tbmor pgpufltogis.
^rogrotoms
Xbm ^PD‟s pgfody progrotoms egr oaprgvoik tbm qulfoty ge foem lrm tg
hmvmfgp ur`li oierlstrudturm, oaprgvm tbm qulfoty lih lddmsso`ofoty ge
bmlftb lih mhudltogi, lih rmhudm sgdolf lih oidgam oimqulfoty. Xbm
^PD aust strmiktbmi sgdolf slemty imts egr tbm buihrmhs ge aoffogis
ge pmgpfm su`sostoik gi vmry fgw oidgams. Xbm ^PD lfsg aust prmplrm
egr tbm lkoik ge ots pgpufltogi. Oihol‟s urkmit progroty os tg rmhudm
mxtrmam pgvmrty tblt krops audb ge tbm dguitry. Oihol aust mxplih
mhudltogi lih gtbmr `lsod smrvodms, mspmdolffy oi rurlf lrmls, lih `uofh
oierlstrudturm tg dgiimdt osgfltmh pgpufltogis tg tbm dmitmrs ge krgwtb.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami
Oihol aust lfsg oaprgvm tbm kgvmrilidm lih meemdtovmimss ge sgdolf
smrvodms‟ oistotutogis. LTMLI‟s progrotoms lrm tg prgagtm mhudltogi
lih scoffs trloioik egr `mttmr lddmss tg mdgigaod gppgrtuiotoms, rmhudm
hmvmfgpamit klps wotboi lih lagik ama`mr dguitroms tbrgukboidfusovm krgwtb, lih miblidm kgvmrilidm, lddguitl`ofoty, lih
oistotutogilf meemdtovmimss.
2.=.0 Miblidoik prghudtovoty lih imw
krgwtb mikoims
Xg rmlfozm ots mdgigaod krgwtb lih hmvmfgpamit pgtmitolf, LDO
woff blvm tg sokioeodlitfy oidrmlsm fl`gr meeodomidy, tmdbigfgky, lih
oiigvltogi oi mxostoik smdtgrs lih hmvmfgp imw, bokbmr-vlfum krgwtb
oihustroms.
Xbos stuhy eoihs tblt gim pgwmreuf hrovmr ge prghudtovoty
klois woff `m tbm mxplisogi lih hmmpmioik ge rmkogilf prghudtogi
imtwgrcs (P^Is) lih tbmor suppfy dblois. P^Is dli bmfp ilrrgw tbm
hmvmfgpamit klp wotboi lih `mtwmmi tbm LDO mdgigaoms `y oidrmlsoik
trlhm gppgrtuiotoms lih `y rm`lflidoik tbm rmkogi‟s krgwtb tgwlrh
oidrmlsmh hgamstod dgisuaptogi. @y jgoioik Lsoli suppfy dblois, tbm
mdgigaoms tblt blvm igt ymt `mdgam aljgr aliueldturoik mxpgrt
pflymrs, sudb ls Oihol lih fgw-oidgam LTMLI dguitroms, dli lttrldtoihustroms tblt rmquorm oimxpmisovm fl`gr lih gtbmr oiputs. Just ls
Jlplimsm, Murgpmli, lih Lamrodli auftoiltogilf dgrpgrltogis (AIDs)
wmrm oitmkrlf tg hmvmfgpoik tbm ^PD lih Tgutbmlst Lsoli dguitroms oi
aljgr mxpgrt pgwmrs, tbm PD‟s AIDs tblt lrm strgik oi aliueldturoik
lih Oihol‟s AIDs tblt lrm strgik oi smrvodms dli hmvmfgp suppfy dblois
oi fgw-wlkm LDO dguitroms.
Lkrodufturm, tgg, dli mdgam li mikoim ge krgwtb oi li mrl ge rosoik
eggh prodms. Oivmstamits oi rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit, oierlstrudturm,
lih trlispgrt foics dli oaprgvm prghudtovoty, oidrmlsm rurlf oidgams,
lih lhvlidm eggh smduroty.
LDO woff rmquorm alssovm oivmstamit oi imxt-kmimrltogi pbysodlf
oierlstrudturm oi trlispgrtltogi, tmfmdgaauiodltogis, lih krmmi
mimrky tg mil`fm tbmsm trlisotogis egr miblidmh rmkogilf dgiimdtovoty.
Tudb oierlstrudturm woff lddmfmrltm prghudtovoty lih fly tbm krguih
egr tbm mamrkmidm ge imw oihustroms. Ot woff stoaufltm imw tmdbigfgky
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0;2
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
hmvmfgpamit, lih smrvm ls l pgwmreuf krgwtb dltlfyst. [grfh-dflss
oierlstrudturm woff lfsg krmltfy oidrmlsm smlafmss dgiimdtovoty lagik
hosplrltm pgpufltogis wotboi LDO lih ldrgss tbm rmkogi, oaprgvoik
tbm ag`ofoty ge scoffmh fl`gr lih spmmhoik tbm sprmlh ge cigwfmhkm, `mst prldtodms, lih dlpotlf. Xbm `mimeots woff `m mspmdolffy flrkm
egr dguitroms lih su`rmkogis tblt lrm stoff gify fokbtfy dgiimdtmh,
sudb ls Aylialr, lrdbopmflkod LTMLI, lih plrts ge Oihol. Krmltmr
dgiimdtovoty tg mstl`fosbmh prghudmrs oi Mlst Lsol lfsg wgufh miblidm
tbmsm dguitroms‟ prgspmdts ge `mdgaoik oitmkrlf ighms oi rmkogilf
prghudtogi imtwgrcs.
Audb ge tbm LDO rmkogi os gi tbm dusp ge sboetoik erga oaotltogi tg
oiigvltogi. @ut tbos trlisotogi woff rmquorm wohm-rlikoik oivmstamits
oi rmsmlrdb lih hmvmfgpamit lih buali dlpotlf. Ot woff lfsg hmpmih
gi tbm mamrkmidm ge mdgsystmas tblt lffgw provltm mitrmprmimursbop
tg efgurosb. Just ls oapgrtlit ls pbysodlf oierlstrudturm oi tbos rmklrh
woff `m ‖sget‑ oierlstrudturm, sudb ls fo`mrlf, trlisplrmit, lih meeodomit
rmkufltgry rmkoams, fmklf systmas, `urmludrldoms, lih tlx rmkoams.
Ermmr fl`gr aokrltogi wotboi LDO woff `ggst prghudtovoty `y lffgwoik
`gtb scoffmh lih uiscoffmh fl`gr tg sboet wbmi lih tg wbmrm ot os agst
immhmh. Dgapfmtoik tbm trlisotogi erga oaotltgrs tg oiigvltgrs‘ls
hoh tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml oi tbm <?2>s‘woff `m drotodlf egr tbm ^PD
lih Tgutbmlst Lsoli dguitroms sudb ls Alflysol lih Xbloflih ls tbmor
trlhotogilf fgw-dgst fl`gr lhvlitlkms elhm.Eoilffy, prghudtovoty dli `m spurrmh `y wmfhoik tgkmtbmr tbm kolit
alrcmts ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms. Xbos strltmky woff rmquorm tbm hosalitfoik
ge tbm rmaloioik `lrromrs tg trlhm lih oivmstamit oitmkrltogi. Xbos woff
hrovm prghudtovoty lih oiigvltogi `y mxpgsoik dgaplioms tg krmltmr
dgapmtotogi, stoaufltoik egrmoki oivmstamit, lih lddmfmrltoik tbm
sprmlh ge oihustry dfustmrs, cigwfmhkm, lih `mst prldtodms.
^rogrotoms
Xbm agst urkmit progrotoms oi Oihol oidfuhm hmvmfgpoik tbm blrh
lih sget oierlstrudturm tblt os mssmitolf egr imw, kfg`lffy dgapmtotovm
oihustroms lih egr oitmkrltogi oitg rmkogilf prghudtogi imtwgrcs lih
oistotutogis. LTMLI sbgufh egdus gi drmltoik l soikfm alrcmt lih
oapfmamitoik tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty ls sggi ls pgsso`fm.
LTMLI dguitroms sbgufh lfsg strmiktbmi tbmor rgfms oi rmkogilf
prghudtogi imtwgrcs lih upkrlhm tmdbigfgky. Oi tbm ^PD, progrotoms
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami
oidfuhm upkrlhoik sdomitoeod lih tmdbigfgkodlf dlpl`ofotoms sg tblt
hgamstod dgaplioms dli alcm tbm trlisotogi erga `moik oaotltgrs tg
oiigvltgrs. Xbm ^PD aust lfsg oaprgvm kgvmrilidm tg egstmr agrm
dgapmtotovm, mitrmprmimurolf alrcmts lih tg midgurlkm tbm provltmsmdtgr.
2.=.4 Alilkoik rmsgurdms lih mivorgiamitLs tbm wgrfh‟s `okkmst dgisuamr ge mimrky lih sgurdm ge
krmmibgusm kls maossogis, tbm LDO rmkogi dli prgvohm l `mttmr
qulfoty ge foem‘tg euturm kmimrltogis lih tg tbm rmst ge tbm wgrfh‘`y
alcoik mimrky rmsgurdms sustloil`fm. L fgw-dlr`gi, rmsgurdm-meeodomit
hmvmfgpamit pltb os rmquormh.
Xg misurm mimrky smduroty lih rmhudm suppfy sbgdcs, tbm rmkogi
immhs tg miblidm oitrlrmkogilf mimrky trlhm, rmhudm hmpmihmidm gi
oapgrtmh gof, mxpfgrm dfmli sgurdms ge mimrky, lih `mdgam l agrm
meeodomit usmr lih alilkmr ge rmsgurdms. Xbos woff amli lhgptoik
pgfodoms tblt stoaufltm fmss dlr`gi-oitmisovm mimrky, sudb ls prodm
suppgrts, tlx oidmitovms, lih krlits gr fglis egr dfmli mimrky lih
oivmstamits oi mdg-eromihfy oierlstrudturm. Ot lfsg woff rmquorm puttoik
l prodm gi maossogis lih pgffutogi. ^gfodoms sudb ls dlr`gi tlxms woff
`m dgstfy. Bgwmvmr, sgam pgfodoms aly lfsg `m `mimeodolf ls mimrky
dgismrvltogi dli slvm rltbmr tbli oidrmlsm dgsts. Xbm woiimrs oitbm rldm tg mstl`fosb imw krmmi oihustroms, erga lftmriltovm eumfs tg
mfmdtrod dlrs lih fgw-dlr`gi kls rmsmrvms, woff `m wmff rmwlrhmh.
Xg aotokltm euturm wltmr sbgrtlkms lih rmfltmh dgismqumidms,
sudb ls eggh lih mimrky oismduroty, LDO immhs tg miblidm rmkogilf
dggpmrltogi egr trlisiltogilf wltmr sblroik lih prgagtm tbm meeodomit
alilkmamit ge wltmr rmsgurdms lt tbm iltogilf lih su`iltogilf fmvmfs.
Dgisohmroik tbm hosplrotoms lagik tbm LDO mdgigaoms oi rmsgurdm-
meeodomit rmkufltgry erlamwgrcs lih miegrdoik amdbliosas, ot os
imdmsslry tg miblidm meegrts tg tlcm rmkogi-wohm pgfody amlsurms lih
suppgrt tbm hmvmfgpoik LDO mdgigaoms oi oaprgvoik tbmor dlpldotoms
lih oapfmamitoik pgfodoms lih prgkrlas.
LDO aust lssuam krmltmr fmlhmrsbop oi kfg`lf meegrts tg aotokltm
kfg`lf dfoaltm dblikm. LDO oi kmimrlf, lih tbm ^PD lih Oihol oi
plrtoduflr, immh tg rmhudm DG0 maossogis `y prgagtoik rmimwl`fm
mimrky sgurdms, mstl`fosboik l rmkogilf dlr`gi alrcmt, lih miblidoik
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02>
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
rmkogilf dggpmrltogi tg dggrhoiltm lih blragiozm prodoik, tlxltogi,
rmkufltogi, lih stlihlrhs egr mimrky lih dlr`gi trlhoik. Xbm rmkogi
sbgufh mstl`fosb prgkrlas tg sblrm tmdbigfgky, `mst prldtodms, lih
alilkmamit cigw-bgw.
^rogrotoms
Xbm agst urkmit progroty oi tbm ^PD os tg rmhudm tbm mimrky
oitmisoty ge oihustroms lih ots bokb hmpmihmidm gi dglf egr mfmdtrodoty
kmimrltogi. Xbm ^PD aust oivmst oi krmmi oihustroms lih oaprgvm
wltmr alilkmamit. Oihol‟s progrotoms oidfuhm hmvmfgpoik imw dfmli
mimrky sgurdms, rmhudoik ots hmpmihmidm gi dglf, lih dgismrvoik
sdlrdm rmsgurdms, plrtoduflrfy mimrky lih wltmr. LTMLI sbgufh egdus
gi lhhrmssoik flih hmkrlhltogi lih miblidoik mimrky meeodomidy lih
dgismrvltogi.
2.=.8 Eoilidoik tbm trlisegraltogiHmvmfgpoik LDO‟s eoilidolf smdtgr woff rmquorm l dgaprmbmisovm
meegrt. Xbm lkmihl os tg sokioeodlitfy oidrmlsm tbm hmptb,
hovmrsoeodltogi, sgpbostodltogi, lih gutrmldb ge eoilidolf alrcmts tg
suppgrt flrkm prgjmdtmh oivmstamit immhs lih alcm egralf, qulfoty
eoilidolf smrvodms agrm leegrhl`fm lih lvlofl`fm tg agrm pmgpfm lih
salff `usoimssms. Xg ag`ofozm euihs egr tbm flrkm-sdlfm oivmstamitsimmhmh egr oihustry lih oierlstrudturm, tbm eoilidolf smdtgr lfsg immhs
oiigvltovm oistruamits, strgik hgamstod lih rmkogilf oistotutogis,
lih meeodomit eoilidoik amdbliosas tg `mttmr oitmramholtm LDO‟s flrkm
pggf ge slvoiks.
Erga l systmaod pmrspmdtovm, ossums sudb ls strmiktbmioik
rmkufltogi, rmkufltgry oistotutogis, lih eoilidolf oierlstrudturm rmaloi
tg `m lhhrmssmh. ]isguih eoilidolf pgfodoms, wmlc supmrvosogi, lih
oapruhmit `mblvogr `y eoilidolf oistotutogis dli blvm aljgr imkltovm
dgismqumidms gi tbm rmlf smdtgr.
LDO woff rmquorm agrm lhvlidmh eoilidolf oierlstrudturm ls immhs
krgw flrkmr lih agrm dgapfmx. Xbos oierlstrudturm sbgufh oidfuhm
agrm sgpbostodltmh rmkogilf dlpotlf alrcmts egr smdurotoms, egrmoki
mxdblikm, lih hmrovltovms, ls wmff ls krmltmr oivgfvmamit `y drmhot
rltoik lkmidoms. Kgvmriamit hm`t alilkmamit immhs tg oaprgvm lih
systmas egr dfmlroik lih smttfmamit upkrlhmh.
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami
Xbm rmkogi‟s eoilidolf oitmkrltogi flks ots trlhm oitmkrltogi. @ut
ot os krgwoik. Eurtbmr meegrts lrm immhmh tg ag`ofozm dlpotlf wotboi
tbm rmkogi `y lffgwoik eurtbmr drgss-`grhmr efgws, blragiozoik rufms
lih stlihlrhs, lih rmagvoik rmaloioik g`stldfms. @ut strgikmrdggpmrltogi os mssmitolf egr aloitloioik stl`ofoty ls eoilidolf
oitmrhmpmihmidm dgitoiums tg krgw. Kovmi tbm roscs ge dgitlkogi lih
krgwoik uidmrtloity, rmkogilf slemty imts aust `m quodcfy miblidmh.
L lflidmh rmegra lkmihl os immhmh tg aoioaozm tbm rosc ge eoilidolf
drlsbms ls LDO eoilidolf alrcmts `mdgam agrm hmmpfy oitmkrltmh
lih fo`mrlfozmh‘lih oi fokbt ge oidrmlsoik mxtmrilf aldrgmdgigaod
lih eoilidolf vgfltofoty. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms aust upkrlhm tbmor
aodrgpruhmitolf supmrvosogi, agimtlry, lih aldrgpruhmitolf pgfody
erlamwgrcs. Pmkufltgry erlamwgrcs aust `m strmiktbmimh lih li
meeodomit rmkogilf eoilidolf slemty imt mstl`fosbmh, sudb ls `y hmmpmioik
lih mxplihoik tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi. Lt prmsmit,
mdgigaod lih eoilidolf dggpmrltogi `y LTMLI pfus tbm ^PD, Jlpli, lih
tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml (LTMLI+4) os dggrhoiltmh uihmr tbm luspodms
ge tbm LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm (LAPG). Eoilidolf
lutbgrotoms ldrgss tbm rmkogi sbgufh eurtbmr strmiktbmi sudb holfgkum
lih dggpmrltogi, mspmdolffy oi aldrgmdgigaod, mxdblikm rltm, lih
agimtlry pgfodoms tbrgukb mxplihoik lih strmiktbmioik tbm LAPG.
Ls tbm ^PD lih Oihol `mdgam aljgr trlhoik plrtimrs, tbm
oitmriltogilfozltogi ge tbmor durrmidoms lih dlpotlf lddguitfo`mrlfozltogi os immhmh tg stoaufltm oitrlrmkogilf trlhm lih
oivmstamit. Xrlisegraoik aljgr eoilidolf dmitmrs sudb ls Tblikblo
lih Aua`lo ls rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf eoilidolf dmitmrs os rmquormh
tg bmfp prgagtm rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf eoilidolf oitmkrltogi egr
oidrmlsmh drgss-`grhmr oivmstamits wotboi LDO lih wotb tbm rmst ge
tbm wgrfh.
^rogrotoms
LTMLI progrotoms lrm tg drmltm oitmkrltmh rmkogilf eoilidolf alrcmts
egr `mttmr oitmramholtogi ge rmkogilf slvoiks, lih tg strmiktbmi
pruhmitolf gvmrsokbt egr miblidoik stl`ofoty. Oihol‟s agst urkmit immh
os tg oidrmlsm hgamstod slvoiks rltms tg prgvohm tbm dlpotlf rmquormh
egr ots oaamism oierlstrudturm lih oihustrolf hmvmfgpamit immhs.
Oihol lfsg aust mxplih tbm lvlofl`ofoty ge eoilidolf smrvodms tg pmgpfm
lih salff mitmrprosms tblt durrmitfy rmfy gi oiegralf agimy alrcmts
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020
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
gr aodrgdrmhot oistotutogis. Ot lfsg sbgufh alcm tbm Oiholi rupmm
euffy dgivmrto`fm. Oihol immhs tg rmhudm ots `ufkoik eosdlf hmeodot tg
sustloi rlpoh krgwtb, lttrldt egrmoki hormdt oivmstamit, lih dgitloi
bokb oiefltogi. Xbm ^PD‟s tgp progrotoms lrm tg fo`mrlfozm lih hmmpmiots eoilidolf alrcmts tg rmfomvm tbm systma‟s rmfolidm gi stltm-gwimh
`lics, wbodb proalrofy fmih tg stltm-foicmh mitmrprosms. Xbm ^PD lfsg
aust hmvmfgp agrm meemdtovm aldrg- lih aodrgpruhmitolf rmkufltogis
wotb iltogiwohm rmldb. Xbm ^PD sbgufh wgrc tgwlrh ldbomvoik euff
dgivmrto`ofoty ge tbm yuli lih egdus gi misuroik tblt egralf eoilidolf
smrvodms lrm lvlofl`fm tg uihmrsmrvmh dgaplioms lih oihovohulfs.
2.5 Pgfm ge Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lfDggpmrltogi
Xbm drotodlf dgaagi dblffmikms lih oidrmlsmh oitmkrltogi ge tbm LDO
mdgigaoms oi tbm ymlrs up tg 0>4> woff hmalih imw fmvmfs ge dggpmrltogi
lt tbm ofltmrlf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lf fmvmfs. Xbos woff m mspmdolffy trum egr
tbm rmkogi‟s twg rosoik supmrpgwmrs‘tbm ^PD lih Oihol.
Xbus elr, LDO‟s mdgigaod oitmkrltogi bls `mmi fmh `y alrcmts
lih mitrmprmimursbop, igt `y rmkogilf gr kfg`lf oistotutogis. Oihmmh,
dgaplrmh tg gtbmr krgupoiks ge dguitroms oi tbm wgrfh, tbm rmkogios ‖oistotutogi wmlc.‑ LDO aust strmiktbmi rmkogilf oistotutogis lih
drmltm imw gims. Dguitroms woff immh tg dggpmrltm oi trlhm, eoilidm,
rmsgurdm lih mivorgiamitlf alilkmamit, oierlstrudturm hmvmfgpamit,
lih mimrky, wltmr, lih eggh smduroty. @gx 2.0 prmsmits sox drotodlf
rmkogilf oistotutogis tblt blvm `mmi prgpgsmh. @ut tbm hoeeoduft wgrc
ge `uofhoik tbmsm oistotutogis foms lbmlh.
Xbm rmkogi‟s lrdbotmdturm ge dggpmrltogi os `lsmh gi l imw, `ut
oapgrtlit, tmapfltm‘dggpmrltogi oi LTMLI tblt bls krgwi erga l
salff egrua gi rmkogilf pgfotods lih smduroty oitg tbm agst la`otogus
oitmkrltogi prgjmdt oi tbm hmvmfgpoik wgrfh. Xbm imxt stmp os tg
ldbomvm l strgikfy oitmkrltmh LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty (LMD).
Tuddmsseuf oapfmamitltogi ge LMD woff mil`fm LTMLI tg `mdgam agrm
dgapmtotovm oi rmfltogi tg tbm ^PD lih Oihol lih tg `mimeot erga tbm
gppgrtuiotoms lrosoik erga tbm dgidurrmit rosm ge tbmsm twg kolit,
imokb`groik mdgigaoms.
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@gx 2.0: Cmy Pmkogilf Oistotutogis
<. LTMLI+5 Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamit gr Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm
Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop: L hmmp, dgaprmbmisovm ermm trlhm lkrmmamitlagik tbm ama`mrs ge tbm LTMLI+5 krgupoik oivgfvoik tbm
Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI), tbm mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod
ge Dboil, lih Oihol (dgffmdtovmfy LDO), lih gtbmr aljgr mdgigaoms‘
Lustrlfol, Jlpli, tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, lih Imw Zmlflih gr li gpmi
Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop oidfuhoik LTMLI+5‘
dgufh rmhudm dgieusogi erga gvmrflppoik trlhm oiotoltovms tbrgukb tbm
dgisgfohltogi ge mxostoik `ofltmrlf lih pfurofltmrlf lkrmmamits lih tg
dgieora tbm rmkogi‟s rgfm ls tbm wgrfh‟s fmlhoik dmitmr ge prghudtogi,
trlhm, lih oivmstamit.
0. Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih: LDO‟s mivorgiamitlf lih dfoaltm dblikm
dblffmikms woff rmquorm strgik dggpmrltogi lih flrkm-sdlfm oivmstamits.
L imw Lsoli Mivorgiamit Euih dgufh prgagtm, dggrhoiltm, lih bmfp
tg euih tbm alssovm lhjustamit prgkrlas rmquormh ldrgss tbm rmkogi.
4. Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty Holfgkum: Li Lsoli Eoilidolf Ttl`ofoty
Holfgkum dgufh `m mstl`fosbmh tg eldofotltm dggrhoiltogi lih
agiotgroik ge rmkogilf eoilidolf stl`ofoty ls wmff ls tg oaprgvm
rmkufltgry meemdtovmimss lih dlpldoty ge ama`mr dguitroms.
8. Lsoli Agimtlry Euih: Li Lsoli Agimtlry Euih dgufh prgagtm
rmkogilf aldrgmdgigaod stl`ofoty tbrgukb dgihudtoik rmkogilf
survmofflidm lih dggrhoiltm rmkogilf slemty imts lih prgvohm eoilidolf
lih tmdbiodlf lssostlidm huroik drosms. Tudb li oistotutogi dgufh `m
`lsmh gi oidrmlsoik meemdtovmimss ge mxostoik rmkogilf oistotutogis lih
oiotoltovms sudb ls tbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi, tbm
LTMLI+4 Aldrgmdgigaod Pmsmlrdb Geeodm, lih tbm Mdgigaod Pmvomw
lih ^gfody Holfgkum.
=. Lsoli Pmkogilf Oierlstrudturm Euih: Mimrky smduroty lih
dgiimdtovoty lrm dmitrlf tg rlosoik LDO‟s prghudtovoty lih dgiimdtoik
ots pgpufltogi tg aljgr dmitmrs ge mdgigaod ldtovoty. Li Lsoli
Pmkogilf Oierlstrudturm Euih dgufh lhhrmss tbm migragus rmkogilf
oierlstrudturm immhs lih eldofotltm dgapfmx hmdosogi-alcoik
prgdmssms lagik plrtodopltoik dguitroms.
5. Li mapgwmrmh lih rmegramh LTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt: Xbm LTMLITmdrmtlrolt immhs tg `m mapgwmrmh lih strmiktbmimh wotb krmltmr
eoilidolf lih buali rmsgurdms tg oapfmamit tbm oitrl-LTMLI, LDO,
lih LTMLI+5 oitmkrltogi lkmihls agrm meemdtovmfy wotb krmltmr
rmspgiso`ofoty lih lddguitl`ofoty.
Tgurdm: Lutbgr‟s dgapofltogi.
Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami
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028
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
Xbm ‖LTMLI wly‑ dli bmfp kuohm dggpmrltogi tgwlrh tbm aufto-
euidtogilf, rmkogi-wohm erlamwgrcs tblt LDO krgwtb woff rmquorm.
^rogroty sbgufh m kovmi tg suddmsseuf oapfmamitltogi ge tbm LTMLI—^PD
Xrlhm oi Tmrvodms Lkrmmamit lih eurtbmr mxplisogi lih hmmpmioik getbm LTMLI—Oihol EXL, wbodb oidfuhms tbm smrvodms smdtgr. Eurtbmragrm,
tbm LTMLI oitmkrltogi prgdmss dli `m strmiktbmimh `y hmmpmioik toms
wotb ots Lsoli imokb`grs, sudb ls Jlpli lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml. Xbm
LTMLI+4 eoilidolf, mxdblikm rltm, lih agimtlry dggpmrltogi prgdmss,
egr mxlapfm, woff prgagtm meemdtovm alilkmamit ge aldrgmdgigaod
oitmrhmpmihmidm lih egstmr rmfolidm. Li mxplihmh Mdgigaod Pmvomw
lih ^gfody Holfgkum dli miblidm tbos prgdmss.
LDO dli smrvm ls l dgistrudtovm egrdm oi tbm prgkrmss ge `ofltmrlf
ermm trlhm lkrmmamits (EXLs), dgisgfohltogi ge rmkogilf EXLs, lih
blragiozltogi wotb auftofltmrlf trlhm pfltegras. LTMLI dli wgrc
tg blragiozm tbm LTMLI pfus-gim EXLs ls wmff ls gtbmr oiotoltovms
sg tblt tbmy dli `m oitmkrltmh uihmr gim ua`rmffl tblt aly `m l`fm
tg uioey tbm rmkogi lih drmltm l dgaagi alrcmt. Xbos woff bmfp LDO
rm`lflidm krgwtb tgwlrh tbm rmkogi lih rmhudm mxtmrilf sbgdcs lrosoik
erga gvmrhmpmihmidm gi Murgpm lih tbm ]iotmh Ttltms. Ls hmmpfy
oitmrhmpmihmit imokb`grs, tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff wotimss strgikmr
lih imw rmkogilf oistotutogis tg oitmkrltm tbmor mdgigaoms lih lhhrmss
dgaagi oitmrmsts oi trlhm, eoilidm, oierlstrudturm, tbm mivorgiamit,
mimrky, wltmr, lih eggh smduroty tbrgukb rmkogilf dggpmrltogi.Hmvmfgpoik lih sblroik tmdbigfgky tblt os fmss rmsgurdm-oitmisovm
lih agrm mivorgiamitlffy sustloil`fm os drotodlf egr rmsgurdm meeodomidy
lih krmmi krgwtb. @mdlusm ge tbm vlryoik dfoaltm lih tgpgkrlpby oi
tbm LDO mdgigaoms, dggpmrltogi oi rmsmlrdb oitg rmsgurdm smduroty lih
mivorgiamitlf sustloil`ofoty dli `m `mimeodolf egr lff dguitroms.
Xbm rmkogi‟s rmfltogisbop wotb kfg`lf oistotutogis aust lfsg hmmpmi.
Ls tbmor rgfm oi tbm kfg`lf mdgigay mxplihs, LDO kgvmriamits aust
lssuam kfg`lf fmlhmrsbop dgaamisurltm wotb tbmor mdgigaod wmokbt.
Lftbgukb tbm K0> mfmvltmh tbm Lsoli fmlhmrs oitg tbm dmitrlf dguidofs
ge kfg`lf pgfodyalcoik, LDO aust `mdgam agrm prgldtovm oi sblpoik
oitmriltogilf oistotutogis sudb ls tbm [grfh Xrlhm Grkliozltogi, tbm
Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih, tbm [grfh @lic, tbm K0>, tbm ]iotmh
Iltogis, lih tbm [grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms
lfsg sbgufh fmlh meegrts tg prgagtm mivorgiamitlf sustloil`ofoty lih
dfoaltm dblikm aotokltogi. LDO immhs tg jgoi egrdms wotb fmlhmrs oi
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Oidfusovm Krgwtb lih tbm \ulfotyDgidfusogis lih Pmdgaami
hmlfoik wotb kmgpgfotodlf dgiefodts tblt dgufh `m rmsgfvmh tbrgukb
holfgkum lt tbm `ofltmrlf lih rmkogilf lih oitmriltogilf fmvmfs tg lssurm
l pmldmeuf rmsgfutogi tg hosputms.
Xbm ^PD lih Oihol immh tg tlcm l fmlhoik lih ldtovm rgfm oirmprmsmitoik Lsol oi hmdosogi-alcoik prgdmssms. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms
sbgufh utofozm tbm lrkloioik strmiktb ge tbm PD lih Oihol tg imkgtoltm
tbm mivorgiamitlf lih dfoaltm dblikm lkmihl gi tbm oitmriltogilf
pfltegra. Xbm rmkogi‟s mxplihmh rgfm oi tbm wgrfh mdgigay woff fmlh tg
dgaamisurltm rmspgiso`ofotoms oi hmdosogi alcoik. Xbm LDO mdgigaoms
woff `m mxpmdtmh tg prgvohm fmlhmrsbop, pu`fod kgghs, cigwfmhkm, lih
euihs tg bmfp sgfvm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf prg`fmas.
2.; Ilvokltoik tbm KrmltXrlisegraltogi
Xbm krmlt trlisegraltogi os uihmrwly. Xbm qumstogi os tbm sdlfm,
qulfoty, lih `rmlhtb ge krgwtb‘lih bgw ots sohm meemdts lrm alilkmh.
Xbm trlisegraltogi prmsmits `gtb bukm gppgrtuiotoms lih trmamihgus
dblffmikms.
Pmlfozoik LDO‟s pgtmitolf rmquorms vosogi, fmlhmrsbop, meemdtovm
oistotutogis, qulfoty kgvmrilidm, lih `ofltmrlf, rmkogilf, lih kfg`lfdggpmrltogi. Alilkoik lih gvmrdgaoik cmy dblffmikms lih roscs woff
rmquorm l plrlhoka sboet tgwlrh oidfusovm, krmmi, lih cigwfmhkm-fmh
krgwtb. Ot woff hmalih oiigvltovm, strgik, lih sgpbostodltmh pgfody
rmspgisms lt tbm iltogilf lih rmkogilf fmvmfs.
Xbm LDO mdgigaoms dli fmlri erga mldb gtbmr lih erga hmvmfgpmh
Lsoli mdgigaoms, sudb ls Jlpli lih tbm Pmpu`fod ge Cgrml, ls wmff
ls erga tbm hmvmfgpmh lih mamrkoik mdgigaoms oi gtbmr rmkogis. Oi
vomw ge tbmor uioqumimss lih hovmrsoty, tbm oihovohulf LDO mdgigaoms
immh tg drlet pgfodms lih oistotutogis lpprgproltm egr tbmor gwi
immhs. Euihlamitlffy, tbm dgitoiuoik rlpoh trlisegraltogi woff
rmquorm tbm alilkmamit lih aotokltogi ge roscs lih dblffmikms
tbrgukb oidrmlsmh mdgigaod rmsofomidm, strgikmr eoilidolf lih
sgdolf systmas, lih oaprgvmh sgdolf dgbmsogi wotboi lih lagik
dguitroms. Ot woff lfsg rmquorm miblidmh dggpmrltogi, plrtimrsbop,
lih dgffl`grltogi egr hmvmfgpoik strgik pgfodoms lih oistotutogis lt
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025
LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol: Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi
tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf fmvmfs tg alilkm hmmp oitmrhmpmihmidm lih
prmvmit dgiefodts.
Xbm lkmihl gutfoimh oi tbos stuhy os la`otogus lih erlukbt wotb rosc.
Bgw wmff tbm LDO mdgigaoms lhhrmss tbm dgrm dblffmikms tblt tbos stuhybls ohmitoeomh‘miblidoik tbm qulfoty ge foem, `ggstoik prghudtovoty,
alilkoik rmsgurdms lih tbm mivorgiamit, upkrlhoik eoilidolf
systmas, lih oistotutogilfozoik rmkogilf lih kfg`lf dgffl`grltogi‘
woff hmtmraoim tbmor l`ofoty tg sustloi strgik, `lflidmh, rmsofomit, lih
sustloil`fm krgwtb up tg 0>4>. Xbm suddmss ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms woff
leemdt tbm prgspmdts ge tbm wgrfh egr kmimrltogis tg dgam.
Xbm plst mposghms ge Lsoli suddmss blvm smmi l pgsotovm, su`tfm,
lih eldofotltovm rgfm ge kgvmriamits. Lsoli kgvmriamits blvm kmimrlffy
prgvohmh egr stl`fm, alrcmt-eromihfy mdgigaod ldtovoty. Lt tbm slam
toam, wbmi alrcmts elof tbmy aust tlcm tbm fmlh oi prgvohoik pu`fod
kgghs `y sgfvoik dggrhoiltogi prg`fmas lih `y oihudoik mdgigaod
lkmits tg lddguit egr pgsotovm lih imkltovm mxtmrilfotoms. LDO sbgufh
`uofh tbm dlpldoty tg pfli, oapfmamit, lih agiotgr tbm pgfodoms immhmh
egr rmsofomit lih `lflidmh krgwtb.
LDO‟s trlisegraltogi woff hmpmih gi tbm drotodlf, `ut foaotmh rgfm
ge kgvmriamits, wbodb ot woff hg `y `gtb fggcoik `ldc tg mxpfgot tbm
fmssgis ge suddmsseuf mdgigaoms lih `y fggcoik egrwlrh tg lssmss tbm
mamrkoik mdgigaod mivorgiamit. Kgvmriamits immh tg drmltm prgpmr
`usoimss mivorgiamits egr prgagtoik provltm smdtgr fmlhmrsbop oialjgr oihustroms.
Xbm kggh imws os tblt LDO bls tbm eoilidolf rmsgurdms, buali
tlfmit, mitrmprmimurs, lih mdgigaod fmlhmrsbop tg lddgapfosb tbos
lkmihl. Imvmr `megrm blvm mdgigaoms blh lddmss tg rmsgurdms gi sudb
li mxtrlgrhoilry sdlfm‘wbodb os wby tbm litodopltmh rmturi erga tbm
suddmss ge tbm LDO mdgigaoms os sg krmlt.
Xbm rmkogi lfsg `mimeots erga trmamihgus agamitua. Mvmi oe
tbm LDO dguitroms elof tg ammt sgam ge tbm mxpmdtltogis mxlaoimh
bmrm, tbmy woff `m strgikmr lih agrm prgspmrgus oi 0>4>. Xbmy woff
blvm alhm ot pgsso`fm egr buihrmhs ge aoffogis ge pmgpfm tg alcm
tbm fmlp erga pgvmrty tg tbm aohhfm dflss lih `mygih. Oi vomw ge tbm
mdgigaod sfgwhgwi oi tbm hmvmfgpmh mdgigaoms, ot os toam egr tbm
aljgr mamrkoik mdgigaoms ge Lsol‘tbm ^PD, Oihol, lih LTMLI‘tg
uihmrtlcm fmlhmrsbop rgfms oi tbm rmkogilf lih kfg`lf mdgigay egr l
pmldmeuf, prgspmrgus, stl`fm, lih blragiogus Lsol lih tbm wgrfh.
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(Dgitoiumh)
Lppmihox:
@ldckrguih ^lpmrs^rmplrmh egr tbm
LDO TtuhyLetmr
@ldckrguih lpmrs gi Xbmaltod Ossums Lutbgr(s)
Ldbomvoik Tgdolf Oidfusogi oi LDO Mdgigaoms wotb l Tpmdolf
Pmemrmidm tg Oihol
^lrtbl Klikgplhbly lih @oswl
Iltb @blttldblryly
Lkrodufturm lih Eggh Tmduroty oi LDO Cya Lihmrsgi lih Liil Ttrutt
Lsol‟s [odcmh Mivorgiamitlf ^rg`fmas: Dblffmikms lih
Tgfutogis egr LDOTtmpbmi Bgwms lih ^luf [yrwgff
Hmmpmioik lih Mxplihoik Aliueldturoik rghudtogiImtwgrcs oi LDO
Tbujorg ]rltl
Hmagkrlpbods lih Fl`gr Ag`ofoty lih ^rghudtovoty oi LDOMhklr [ofsgi, Pmmtu Umral, lih
Clicmsu Jlylitblcualrli
Hmvmfgpoik Oierlstrudturm Imtwgrcs ldrgss LDOAliagbli ^lrclsb lih @oswl Iltb
@blttldblryly
Mamrkoik Xrmihs oi Kmgpgfotodlf Totultogi lih Tmduroty oi LDO D. Pljl Agbli
Mimrky lih [ltmr Tmduroty Gutfggc egr l Krmmi lih
Tustloil`fm LDO
_oik Eli lih @oswl Iltb
@blttldblryly
Eoilidolf Oidfusogi lih Lddmss oi LDOIgrotlcl Lclaltsu lih \oemik
Zblik
Eoilidolf Oierlstrudturm oi LDO^mtmr J. Agrkli lih Alrog @.
Fla`mrtm
Oapldt lih Oapfodltogis ge LDO Krgwtb Pg`mrt Z. Flwrmidm
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022
Lppmihox
@ldckrguih lpmrs gi Xbmaltod Ossums Lutbgr(s)
Oapldt ge rghudtogi Foiclkms gi Oihustrolf ]pkrlhoik
oi LDO Dguitroms
Xgagborg Aldbocotl lih _lsusbo
]mco
Oaprgvoik tbm \ulfoty ge Foem oi LDO Juzbgik Zbulik lih _gcg Iooao
Oierlstrudturm Dgiimdtovoty tbrgukb Xrlispgrt/Mdgigaod
Dgrrohgrs oi LDO
Ltsusbo Alsuhl lih @oswl Iltb
@blttldblryly
Oitmkrltoik Oihol tg Lsoli ^rghudtogi Imtwgrc:
^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms egr LDO
@oswljot Ilk, @oswl Iltb
@blttldblryly, lih Hm`hmmp Hmy
Cigwfmhkm, Oiigvltogi, lih Xmdbigfgky oi LDO Lf`mrt Kulikzbgu Bu
Alilkoik Mimrky Pmsgurdms lih tbm Mivorgiamit oi LDOTlyl Letl` lih Jõri
@rõaamfbõrstmr
Ilvokltoik oi l Dblikoik [grfh: \ulitotltovm Tdmilrogs ge
LDO tbrgukb 0>4>^mtmr L. ^mtro lih Eli Zblo
^lttmris ge Xrlhm, Dgaplrltovm Lhvlitlkm, lih ^rghudtovoty
oi LDOAolgjom _u
Egrkoik Dfgsmr Oitmriltogilf lih Pmkogilf Dggpmrltogi‘L Dboimsm ^mrspmdtovm _uifoik Zblik lih Tbmi Aoikbuo
Tmrvodms ls l Imw Mikoim ge Krgwtb egr LDO @mi Tbmpbmrh lih Kfgrol lslhoffl
Xbm Pgfm ge ^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs oi LDO‟s Mdgigaod
Hmvmfgpamit
[offma Xbgr`mdcm lih @oswl Iltb
@blttldblryly
Xbm Pgfm ge Xmdbigfgky oi Lsoli Mfmdtrgiods rghudtogi
Imtwgrcs: Eora-Fmvmf Lilfysos ge LDOKlimsbli [okilrljl
Uosogi ge LDO oi 0>4> Justoi _oeu Foi lih mtmr L. mtro
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Pmemrmidms
L`ohoi, A. Z. 0><>. Eosdlf ^gfody Dggrhoiltogi oi Lsol: Mlst Lsoli
Oierlstrudturm Oivmstamit Euih. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 040. Xgcyg:
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Lhlas, D. 0><>. Xbm Pgfm ge tbm Ttltm oi Alilkoik lih Egrmstlffoik Tystmaod
Eoilidolf Drosms: Tgam Ossums lih ^mrspmdtovms. LH@O [grcoik
^lpmr 080. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Lozmiali, J., A. Dboii, lih B. Otg. 0>>2. Lssmssoik tbm Mamrkoik Kfg`lf
Eoilidolf Lrdbotmdturm: Amlsuroik tbm Xrofmaal‟s Dgieokurltogis
gvmr Xoam. I@MP [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms Ig. <8=44. Dla`rohkm, AL:
Iltogilf @urmlu ge Mdgigaod Pmsmlrdb.
Lfo, O., lih J. Zbulik. 0>>;. Oidfusovm Krgwtb tgwlrh l ^rgspmrgus Lsol:
^gfody Oapfodltogis. MPH [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms Ig. ?;. Aliofl:
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Li`uagzbo, U. 0>>2. Mimrky Meeodomidy Tgfutogis egr Tustloil`fm Euturm.
L [botm ^lpmr gi Dfoaltm Dblikm oi Lsol. ^rmplrmh egr tbm K2
Mivorgiamit Aoiostmrs‟ Ammtoik. Cg`m, Jlpli. 08—05 Aly.
Li`uagzbo, U., lih A. Clwlo. 0>>?. Xgwlrhs l Fgw Dlr`gi Lsol: Dblffmikms
ge Mdgigaod Hmvmfgpamit, [mstmri Mdgigaod Lssgdoltogi
Oitmriltogilf 2tb ^ldoeod Poa Dgiemrmidm. Cygtg, Jlpli. 08—0;
Alrdb.
Li`uagzbo, U., A. Coaurl, lih C. Osgig. 0><>. Fmvmrlkoik Mivorgiamit lih
Dfoaltm Dblikm Oiotoltovms egr Dgrpgrltm Mxdmffmidm. LH@O [grcoik
^lpmr 44=. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Li`uagzbo, U., lih L. ^ltuiru. 0><>. Eosdlf ^gfodoms egr ^rgagtoik Fgw
Dlr`gi Krmmi Krgwtb. L^MD Ttuhy gi Krmmi Eoilidm egr Krmmi
Krgwtb.
Li`uagzbo, U., lih J. Plhblcrosbili. 0>>=. Meemdts ge Lkrodufturm Ermm
Xrlhm gi Mivorgiamitlf \ulfoty: Mxpfgroik Foiclkms lih Pmsmlrdb
^mrspmdtovms. Gutfggc gi Lkrodufturm. (48) 0: ?<—45.
Li`uagzbo, U., M. _laljo, lih A. Osfla. 0>>0. Oitroisod Meemdts ge Flih lih
[ltmr Pmsgurdms Hmvmfgpamit oi Lsol. [grfh Pmsgurdms Pmvomw.
<8: 055—02<.
LH@ rmdgkiozms Dboil ls tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil.
*
*
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0?>
Pmemrmidms
Lihmrsgi, J. M. 0><<. Xbm Krlvoty Aghmf. Liiulf Pmvomw ge Mdgigaods. 4:
<44—<5>.
Lihmrsgi, C., lih L. Ttrutt. 0><0. Lkrodufturm lih Eggh Tmduroty oi Lsol `y
0>4>. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 452. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic
Oistotutm.
Lihrotzcy, J., J. Coee, F. Cghrms, ^. Alhroh, L. Almdbfmr, L. Ilrloi, I. Tldlsl,
lih J. Tdlrfltl. 0>>?. ^gfodoms tg Aotokltm ^rgdydfodlfoty. OAE Ttlee
^gsotogi Igtm T^I/>?/>?. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry
Euih.
Lrigfh, J., @. Jlvgrdoc, A. Fopsdga`, lih L. Alttgg. 0><>. Tmrvodms Pmegra
lih Aliueldturoik ^mregralidm: Mvohmidm erga Oihol. DM^P
Hosdussogi ^lpmr Ig. 2><<. Dmitrm egr Mdgigaod ^gfody Pmsmlrdb.
Lrigfh, J., L. Alttgg, lih K. Ilrdosg. 0>>2. Tmrvodms Oiputs lih Eora
^rghudtovoty oi Tu`-Tlblrli Lerodl: Mvohmidm erga Eora-fmvmf Hltl.
Jgurilf ge Lerodli Mdgigaoms. <; (8): =;2—=??.
Lrigfh, F. 0>>2. Hmegrmstltogi oi Hmdmitrlfosmh Oihgimsol: [blt‟s Flw Kgt
tg Hg wotb Ot7 Flw , Mivorgiamit lih Hmvmfgpamit Jgurilf. 8 (0):
;=—<><.
Lrvos, J.-E., A. Austrl, F. Gjlfl, @. Tbmpbmrh, lih H. Tlsflvscy. 0><>.
Dgiimdtoik tg Dgapmtm 0><>: Xrlhm Fgkostods oi tbm Kfg`lf
Mdgigay. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.
Lsol-^ldoeod Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi (L^MD). 0>>?. Amlsurms Leemdtoik Drgss
@grhmr Mxdblikm lih Oivmstamit oi Bokbmr Mhudltogi oi tbm L^MD
Pmkogi. Buali Pmsgurdms Hmvmfgpamit [grcoik Krgup Pmpgrt.
Toiklpgrm: L^MD Tmdrmtlrolt.
Lsol ^ldoeod Mimrky Pmsmlrdb Dmitrm (L^MPD). 0>>?. L^MD Mimrky Hmalih
lih Tuppfy Gutfggc 0>>? . Xgcyg: Lsol ^ldoeod Mimrky Pmsmlrdb
Dmitrm.
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic (LH@). 0>>5. Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx egr Dgaaottmh
^gvmrty Pmhudtogi. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
. 0>>;l. Cmy Oihodltgrs 0>>;: Oimqulfoty oi Lsol . Aliofl: Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
. 0>>;`. Implf: [mst Tmto Byhrgmfmdtrod‘Mivorgiamitlf Lssmssamit
Pmpgrt. bttp://www0.lh`.grk/hgduamits/mivorgiamit/
imp/8>?<?-imp-smol.phe
. 0>>2. Mamrkoik Lsoli Pmkogilfosa: L ^lrtimrsbop egr Tblrmh
^rgspmroty . Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
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Pmem
. 0>>?. Mitmrprosms oi Lsol: Egstmroik Hyilaosa oi TAMs. Oi
Cmy Oihodltgrs egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod 0>>? . Aliofl: Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
.
0><>l. L@AO Krgup ge Mxpmrts Eoilf Pmpgrt. ^lrt OOO: @lrromrs tg
Drgss-`grhmr Oivmstamit lih Tmttfmamit oi tbm LTMLI+4 @gih
Alrcmts. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
. 0><>`. Oistotutogis egr Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi: Xgwlrh li Lsoli
Mdgigaod Dgaauioty . Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
. 0><<l. Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit Gutfggc 0><<. Aliofl: Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
. 0><<`. @ldckrguih Igtm. [grfh [ltmr [mmc: Mym gi Lsol.
Ttgdcbgfa. 04 Lukust. bttp://www.lh`.grk/imws/mvmits/wgrfh-
wltmr-wmmc-mym-lsol-0><<.
. 0><<d. Erlamwgrc ge Oidfusovm Krgwtb Oihodltgrs 0><<. Oi Cmy
Oihodltgrs egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod 0><<. Tpmdolf Tuppfmamit.
Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
. 0><<h. Kfg`lf Eggh ^rodm Oiefltogi lih Hmvmfgpoik Lsol . Aliofl:
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
. 0><<m. Xbm Pmvosmh Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi Oihmx: Amtbghgfgky lih
Blih`ggc . Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
. 0><0l. Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit Gutfggc 0><0: Dgiergitoik Posoik
Oimqulfoty oi Lsol . Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
.
0><0`. Lsol Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi Dmitmr (LPOD). Oitmkrltogi
Oihodltgrs Hltl`lsm. bttp://lrod.lh`.grk/oihodltgr.pbp
. 0><0d. Ila Xbmui 0 Byhrgmfmdtrod ^rgjmdt Oiegsbmmt. bttp://www0.
lh`.grk/prgjmdts/ilatbmui0/it0-oiegsbmmt.phe
. 0><0h. Xurcamiostli—Lekbliostli—^lcostli—Oihol Ilturlf Kls
^opmfoim ^rgjmdt. ^blsm 4 ^rgjmdt Hltl Tbmmt. bttp://www.lh`.grk/
prgjmdts/88854-><4/hmtlofs
. 0><8. Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit Gutfggc 0><8. Aliofl: Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm (LH@ lih
LH@O). 0>>?. Oierlstrudturm egr l Tmlafmss Lsol . Xgcyg: Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
. 0><4. Fgw-Dlr`gi Krmmi Krgwtb oi Lsol: ^gfodoms lih ^rldtodms .
Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
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0?0
Pmemrmidms
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic lih Hmplrtamit egr Oitmriltogilf Hmvmfgpamit
(LH@ lih HEOH). 0>>5. Mimrky Meeodomidy lih Dfoaltm Dblikm
Dgisohmrltogis egr Gi-rglh Xrlispgrt oi Lsol . Aliofl: Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm (LH@O). 0><<. Amlsuroik Lsol‟s ^rgkrmss
tgwlrhs Xldcfoik Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Lddmfmrltoik Krmmi Krgwtb.
^rgdmmhoiks ge tbm [grcsbgp egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O Ttuhy gi
Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol . Imw Hmfbo. Tmptma`mr.
. 0><0l. LTMLI 0>4>: Xgwlrh l @grhmrfmss Mdgigaod Dgaauioty.
Hrlet Bokbfokbts . Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
. 0><0`. ^gfodoms lih ^rldtodms egr Fgw Dlr`gi Krmmi Krgwtb.
Bokbfokbts prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O Ttuhy gi Dfoaltm
Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.
. 0><8. LTMLI 0>4>: Xgwlrh l @grhmrfmss Mdgigaod Dgaauioty.
Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Lssgdoltogi ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Iltogis (LTMLI). 0>>;l. LTMLI Mdgigaod
Dgaauioty @fumproit . bttp://www.lsmlismd.grk/0<>24.phe
. 0>>;`. Hmdflrltogi gi tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty @fumproit .
0> Igvma`mr. bttp://www.lsmlismd.grk/0<>2<.bta
. 0>>2. LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty @fumproit . Jlclrtl: LTMLI
Tmdrmtlrolt.
. 0>>?. LTMLI ^fli ge Ldtogi gi Mimrky Dggpmrltogi . www.lsmlismd.
grk/phe/L^LMD>8>?.phe
. 0><>. Alstmr ^fli gi LTMLI Dgiimdtovoty . bttp://www.lsmlismd.
grk/hgduamits/A^LD.phe.
. 0><0l. LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty Tdgrmdlrh . Jlclrtl:
LTMLILTMLI Tmdrmtlrolt. bttp://www.lsmli.grk/rmsgurdms/
pu`fodltogis/lsmli-pu`fodltogis/otma/lsmli-mdgigaod-
dgaauioty-sdgrmdlrh-47dltmkgryWoh1420
. 0><0`. Jgoit Amhol Ttltmamit. Xbm 88tb LTMLI Mdgigaod
Aoiostmr‟s Ammtoik. Lukust. bttp://www.mrol.grk/Jgoit%0>
Amhol%0>TtltmamitW88tb%0>LTMLI%0>Mdgigaod%0>
Aoiostmrs%0>Ammtoik.phe
. Tustloil`fm Alilkmamit ge ^mltflihs Egrmsts oi Tgutbmlst Lsol
wm`sotm. bttp://www.lsmlipmlt.imt/oihmx.dea7&amiuoh1?
@lfhwoi, P. lih A. Clwlo. 0>>2. Auftofltmrlfozoik Lsoli Pmkogilfosa. ^lpmr
prmsmitmh lt tbm LH@O Dgiemrmidm gi Auftofltmrlfozoik Lsoli
Pmkogilfosa. <2—<? Tmptma`mr.
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Pmem
@lic egr Oitmriltogilf Tmttfmamits (@OT). 0><0. @OT \ulrtmrfy Pmvomw .
Tmptma`mr.
@lrhbli, ^. 0><>. Lwlcmioik tbm Kolits: Emmt ge Dfly . ^roidmtgi, IJ: ^roidmtgi
]iovmrsoty ^rmss.
@lsmf Dgaaottmm gi @licoik Tupmrvosogi. 0><>. Xbm @lsmf Dgaaottmm‟s
Pmspgism tg tbm Eoilidolf Drosos: Pmpgrt tg tbm K0> . @lsmf,
Twotzmrflih: @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Tmttfmamits.
@lttmi, J., [. ^. Bgkli, lih ^. Tzoflkyo. 0>>?. Egrmoki @gih Alrcmts lih
Eoilidolf Alrcmt Hmvmfgpamit: Oitmriltogilf ^mrspmdtovms. LH@O
[grcoik ^lpmr <;4. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
@mdc, X., P. Fmvoim, lih I. U. Fglyzl. 0>>>. Eoilidm lih tbm Tgurdms ge
Krgwtb. Jgurilf ge Eoilidolf Mdgigaods . =2 (<-0): 05<—4>>.
@mdc, X., lih L. Hmaorkud-Cuit. 0>>?. Eoilidolf Oistotutogis lih Alrcmts
ldrgss Dguitroms lih gvmr Xoam—Hltl lih Lilfysos. ^gfody
Pmsmlrdb [grcoik ^lpmr. 8?84. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.
@mdcmr, P. E. J. 0>>?. Oitmriltogilf @rlidb Dlapusms: Alrcmts lih Ttrltmkoms .
Fgihgi: Xbm G`smrvltgry gi @grhmrfmss Bokbmr Mhudltogi.
@mbrali, J. lih J. Bghhoigtt. 0>>>. Li Mvlfultogi ge tbm Oapldt ge
^PGKPMTL gi ^rm-sdbggf Dbofh Bmokbt. Pmpgrt Tu`aottmh tg
^PGKPMTL. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Eggh ^gfody Pmsmlrdb
Oistotutm.
@blkwlto, J. <??2. [by Ermm Dlpotlf Ag`ofoty Aly `m Blzlrhgus tg _gur
Bmlftb: Fmssgis erga tbm Fltmst Eoilidolf Drosos. I@MP Dgiemrmidm
gi Dlpotlf Dgitrgfs. Dla`rohkm, AL. ; Igvma`mr.
@blihlro, P., P. @mfylvoil, lih P. Kutomrrmz. 0><<. Ttuhmit Ag`ofoty lih
tbm Oitmriltogilfozltogi ge Bokbmr Mhudltogi: Iltogilf ^gfodoms
lih Ttrltmkoms erga Tox [grfh Pmkogis. Imw _grc: Oistotutm ge
Oitmriltogilf Mhudltogi.
@fyhm, J., lih I. Toiylvsclyl. 0>>;. Xbm Oapldt ge Fo`mrlfozltogi ge Xrlhm oi
Tmrvodms gi Xrlhm oi Kgghs: Li Maporodlf Oivmstokltogi. Pmvomw ge
Hmvmfgpamit Mdgigaods. << (4): =55—=24.
@grdbmrt, O., lih L. Alttgg. 0>>?. Xbm Drosos Pmsofomidm ge Tmrvodms Xrlhm.
^gfody Pmsmlrdb [grcoik ^lpmr Ig. 8?<;. [grfh @lic.
@rotosb @rglhdlstoik Dgrpgrltogi (@@D). 0><>. Pussol lih Dboil Toki Tmroms ge
Mimrky Lkrmmamits. 0; Tmptma`mr. bttp://www.``d.dg.uc/imws/
`usoimss-<<8<;;2<
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0?8
Pmemrmidms
@rgodb, A., A. Blismi, E. Ttgffm, ^. ^gtlpgv, @. L. Alrkgig, lih @. Lhusmo.
0><<. Pmagtmfy Tmismh Egrmst Dgvmr Fgss Tbgws Bokb Tpltolf lih
Xmapgrlf Ulroltogi ldrgss Tualtrl lih Clfoalitli, Oihgimsol
0>>>—0>>2. Mivorgiamitlf Pmsmlrdb Fmttmrs. 5: <—?.
@rggcs, H. B., P. Blsli, J. [. Fmm, B. B. Tgi, lih J. Zbulik. 0><>. Dfgsoik
Hmvmfgpamit Klps: Dblffmikms lih ^gfody Gptogis. LH@ Mdgigaods
[grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms Ig. 0>?. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Dlifls, H., A. M. Cbli, lih J. Zbulik, mhs. 0>>?. Holkigsoik tbm ^bofoppoim
Mdgigay. Fgihgi: Litbma ^rmss lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Dlpliimffo, K., J. [. Fmm, lih ^. ^mtro. 0>>?. Hmvmfgpoik Oihodltgrs egr
Pmkogilf Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi lih Dggpmrltogi. LH@ [grcoik
^lpmr Tmroms gi Pmkogilf Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi Ig. 44. Aliofl:
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Dbluhburo, T., lih A. Plvlffogi. 0>>;. ^lrtolffy Lwlcmimh Kolits: ]idgvmr
Krgwtb oi Dboil lih Oihol. Oi F. Lfli [oitmrs, lih T. _usue,
mhs. Hlidoik [otb Kolits: Dboil, Oihol, lih tbm Kfg`lf Mdgigay.
[lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic. pp. <;=—0<>.
Dbmffliy, @. 0><0. Lsol‟s [grsmioik [ltmr Drosos. Turvovlf: Kfg`lf ^gfotods lih
Ttrltmky. =8 (0): <84—<=5.
Dbmuik, F., lih U. _muik. 0>>;. Bgik Cgik ls li Oitmriltogilf Eoilidolf
Dmitrm: Amlsuroik ots ^gsotogi lih Hmtmraoilits. BCAL [grcoik
^lpmr Ig. <8/0>>;. Bgik Cgik, Dboil: Bgik Cgik Agimtlry
Lutbgroty. bttp://www.oieg.kgv.bc/bcal/mik/rmsmlrdb/wgrcoik/
phe/BCAL[^>;W<8Weuff.phe
Dbol, T. _. 0>>?. Xrlhm lih Oivmstamit ^gfodoms lih Pmkogilf Mdgigaod
Oitmkrltogi oi Mlst Lsol. ^lpmr prmsmitmh lt tbm LH@O lih LH@
Dgiemrmidm gi Lsoli Lrdbotmdturm lih Kfg`lf Kgvmrilidm. 0?
Gdtg`mr.
Dboii, A., lih B. Otg. 0>>2. L Imw Amlsurm ge Eoilidolf Gpmiimss. Jgurilf ge
Dgaplrltovm ^gfody Lilfysos . 4: 4>?—400.
Dbg, _. J. 0><>. Xbm Pgfm ge Ttltm Oitmrvmitogi oi tbm Eoilidolf Tmdtgr: Drosos
^rmvmitogi, Dgitloiamit, lih Pmsgfutogi. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr
<?5. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Dbgtodbliltblwmwgik, \. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms
lih ^gfody Ldtogis: Xbloflih. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm
LH@ lih LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.
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Pmem
Dfmli Lor Oiotoltovm (DLO). 0><>. Lor \ulfoty oi Lsol: Ttltus lih Xrmihs 0><>
Mhotogi. bttp://dfmliloroiotoltovm.grk/pgrtlf/sotms/hmeluft/eofms/
hgduamits/L\WoiWLsol.phe.
Dfoim, [. P. 0>>;. Kfg`lf [lraoik lih Lkrodufturm: Oapldt Mstoaltms `y
Dguitry. [lsboiktgi, HD: ^mtmrsgi Oistotutm.
Dgbmi, L. J., B. Pgss Lihmrsgi, @. Gstrg, C. H. ^lihmy, A. Crzyzligwsco,
I. Cöizfo, C. Kutsdbaoht, L. ^gpm, O. Pgaomu, J. A. Tlamt, lih C.
Taotb. 0>>=. Xbm Kfg`lf @urhmi ge Hosmlsm Hum tg Guthggr Lor
^gffutogi. Jgurilf ge Xgxodgfgky lih Mivorgiamitlf Bmlftb. ^lrt L
(52): <—;.
Hmltgi, L., lih L. Bmstgi. 0><>. ]ihmrstlihoik ^^^s lih ^^^-`lsmh Iltogilf
Lddguits. Lamrodli Mdgigaod Jgurilf: Aldrgmdgigaods. 0 (8):
<—4=.
Hmaurkmr, T., B. _ulizblg, lih _. [moygik. 0>>;. Egrmst Alilkmamit
^gfodoms lih Pmsgurdm @lflidm oi Dboil: Li Lssmssamit ge tbm
Durrmit Totultogi. Xbm Jgurilf ge Mivorgiamit Hmvmfgpamit. <2
(<): <;—8<.
Hmik, ^., lih K. Jmeemrsgi. 0><<. Mxpfloioik Tpltolf Dgivmrkmidm ge Dboil‟s
Oihustrolf ^rghudtovoty. @rlihmos ]iovmrsoty. ]ipu`fosbmh.
Hmrvoř, C., L. Jgims, C. Cgri`fub, lih T. ^urotz. 0>>?. Dfoaltm Drosos, Drmhot
Drosos: Xbm \umst egr Krmmi Krgwtb‘@rggcoiks @fua Pguihtl`fm
0>>?. [lsboiktgi, HD: @rggcoiks Oistotutogi.
Hmv, A. 0><<. Posoik Eggh ^rodms lih Eggh Tmduroty oi Tgutb lih Tgutb [mst
Lsol: ^gfody Gptogis. ^rmsmitmh lt tbm ]IMTDL^ Dgiemrmidm. <=—<5
Hmdma`mr. Imw Hmfbo.
Hgsbo, X. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody
Ldtogis: Toiklpgrm. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih
LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.
Hryshlfm, ^. 0><<. Tmduroik Dboil‟s Mimrky Tuppfoms. Mlst Lsol Egrua. =
Hmdma`mr. bttp://www.mlstlsolegrua.grk/0><</<0/>=/smduroik-
dboils-mimrky-suppfoms/
Huefg, M. 0>>8. Tdlfoik ]p lih Mvlfultogi. Oi E. @gurkuokigi lih @. ^fmscgvod,
mhs. Liiulf [grfh @lic Dgiemrmidm gi Hmvmfgpamit Mdgigaods
0>>8. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic. pp. 480—45;.
Mlst Lsol Tuaaot. 0>>?. ^blsm OO Pmpgrt ge tbm Xrldc Xwg Ttuhy Krgup gi
Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop oi Mlst Lsol (DM^ML). bttp://
www.amto.kg.jp/amtoWfo`/rmpgrt/0><>ey></M>>4??8.phe
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0?5
Pmemrmidms
Mlstmrfy, [., J. Potzmi, lih A. [ggfdgdc. 0>>>. Gi ‖Kggh‑ ^gfotodolis lih
‖@lh‑ ^gfodoms‘Tgdolf Dgbmsogi, Oistotutogis, lih Krgwtb. ^gfody
Pmsmlrdb [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms 0882. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.
Mdgigaod Oitmffokmidm Dmitmr (MOD). 0><0. @usoimss Gppgrtuiotoms egr
Tmrvodms Tmdtgr uihmr tbm LMD. Oisokbt . Jliulry—Juim. bttp://
www.sd`mod.dga/stgdcs/mxtrl/4>;;W0><0>50=<<<?48.
phe7`dsoWsdliWl5m=0?>?`0>memd21>&`dsoWsdliW
eofmilam14>;;W0><0>50=<<<?48.phe
Xbm Mdgigaost. 0>>?. Ttgppoik Dfoaltm Dblikm. =—<< Hmdma`mr.
. 0><>. Gi Hmle Mlrs: Hgms Oihol‟s Kgvmriamit ^ly Liy Bmmh tg Ots
Mdgigaod Lhvosmrs7 5 Alrdb: 24.
. 0><<. Mhudltogi oi Alflysol: L Pmvmrsm @rloi Hrloi: La`otogus
^flis tg @mdgam li Lsoli Bu` egr [mstmri Mhudltogi. = Aly.
Modbmikrmmi, @., H. ^lrc, lih C. Tboi. 0><<. [bmi Elst Krgwoik Mdgigaoms
Tfgw Hgwi: Oitmriltogilf Mvohmidm lih Oapfodltogis egr Dboil.
[grcoik ^lpmr <5?<?. Dla`rohkm, AL: Iltogilf @urmlu ge
Mdgigaod Pmsmlrdb.
Mimrky Dgismrvltogi Dmitrm (MDD). 0><<. Blih`ggc ge Mimrky lih Mdgigaods
Ttltostods. Xgcyg: Mimrky Dgismrvltogi Dmitrm.
Mimrky Oiegraltogi Lhaoiostrltogi (MOL). 0><0. Oitmriltogilf Mimrky
Ttltostods. bttp://www.mol.kgv/delpps/oph`prgjmdt/OMHOihmx4.dea
Mimrky Hltl lih Aghmfoik Dmitrm (MHAD) 0><<. L^MD Mimrky Hltl`lsm.
Mimrky Hltl lih Aghmfoik Dmitrm, Oistotutm ge Mimrky Mdgigaods,
Xgcyg, Jlpli.
Eli, _., lih @. I. @blttldblryly. 0><0. LDO Mimrky Tmduroty Gutfggc egr l
Krmmi lih Tustloil`fm Lsol. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm
LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm
^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm,
lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
Emfopm, J. 0><>. Oidfusovm Krgwtb, Euff Mapfgyamit, lih Ttrudturlf Dblikm.
Fgihgi: Litbma ^rmss lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Emrilihg, I. L. 0>>?. Xbm Ttltm ge Eoilidolf Oidfusogi oi Lsol: Li Gvmrvomw.
^rmsmitltogi lt tbm LEO Kfg`lf ^gfody Egrua. Ilorg`o. <8
Tmptma`mr. bttp://www.leo-kfg`lf.grk/sotms/hmeluft/eofms/K^EW
IoalfW Emrilihg.phe
Eoilidolf Xoams. 0><>. @mojoik Pmvomws Bokb-spmmh Plof ^flis. ; Igvma`mr.
bttp://www.et.dga/das/s/>/0l<>?;58-mll2-<<he-`02h-
>><88eml`8?l.btaf#lxzz<8rUX>lrs
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Pmem
Eoic, D., lih A. Agfoiumvg. 0>>;. Mlst Lsoli Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamits oi
Tmrvodms: Pglroik Xokmrs gr Xoaoh ^lihls7 [grcoik ^lpmr.
[lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.
.
0>>2. Mlst Lsoli Ermm Xrlhm Lkrmmamits oi Tmrvodms: Cmy
Lrdbotmdturlf Mfmamits. Jgurilf ge Oitmriltogilf Mdgigaod Flw. <<
(0): 054—4<<.
Eotzbmr`mrt, M. @., A. J. Ttrum`ok, L. Agrmf, E. Hliomfsmi, D. L. @rubf, ^. E.
Hgilfh, lih @. ^blfli. 0>>2. Bgw [off Gof ^lfa Mxplisogi Leemdt
@oghovmrsoty7 Xrmihs oi Mdgfgky lih Mvgfutogi. 04 (<>): =42—=8=.
Efmur`lmy, A. 0>>?. @mygih KH^: Xbm \umst egr l Amlsurm ge Tgdolf [mfelrm.
Jgurilf ge Mdgigaod Fotmrlturm. 8; (8): <>0?—<>;=.
Eggh lih Lkrodufturm Grkliozltogi (ELG). 0><<l. Ttltm ge tbm [grfh‟s Egrmsts
0><<. Pgam: Eggh lih Lkrodufturm Grkliozltogi.
. 0><<`. ELGTXLX. Ttltostodlf Hltl`lsm ge tbm Eggh lih Lkrodufturm
Grkliozltogi ge tbm ]iotmh Iltogis. bttp://elgstlt.elg.grk/hmeluft.
lspx
Eujoo, A. 0><>. Tmdurotozmh ^rghudts, Eoilidolf Pmkufltogi, lih Tystmaod
Posc. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 0>4. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic
Oistotutm.
Klffup. 0><>. Klffup [grfh ^gff Hltl`lsm. www.klffup.dga.
Klikgplhbyly, ^., lih @. I. @blttldblryly. 0><0. Ldbomvoik Tgdolf Oidfusogi
oi LDO Mdgigaoms wotb l Tpmdolf Pmemrmidm tg Oihol. @ldckrguih
plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik
Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr
l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
Kmi`mrk, B., lih L. Eoflrhg. 0><>. Agimtlry ^gfody Erlamwgrcs oi Lsol. LH@O
[grcoik ^lpmr 0>4. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Kmrmeeo, K. <??8. Xbm Grkliosltogi ge @uymr-Hrovmi Kfg`lf Dgaaghoty
Dblois: Bgw ]T Pmtlofmrs Tblpm Gvmrsmls ^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs. Oi
K. Kmrmeeo lih A. Cgrzmiomwodz, mhs. Dgaaghoty Dblois lih Kfg`lf
Dlpotlfosa. [mstpgrt: ^rlmkmr. pp. ?=—<00.
Kmrtfmr, ^. J. 0>>>. Eoilf Pmpgrt: Xbm Oapldt ge ^PGKPMTL gi Bmlftb. Pmpgrt
Tu`aottmh tg ^PGKPMTL. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Eggh
^gfody Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm.
Koff, O., lih B. Cblrls. 0>>;. Li Mlst Lsoli Pmilosslidm. [lsboiktgi, HD:
[grfh @lic.
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0?2
Pmemrmidms
Kgfhali Tldbs. 0>>4. Hrmlaoik wotb @PODs: tbm ^ltb tg 0>=>. Kfg`lf
Mdgigaods ^lpmr Ig. ??. Imw _grc: Kgfhali Tldbs.
Kgvmriamit ge Dla`ghol. 0><>. Iltogilf Ttrltmkod Hmvmfgpamit ^fli ]phltm
0>>?—0><4. ^biga ^mib.
Kgvmriamit ge tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil (^PD). 0>>5. Xbm <<tb Eovm
_mlr ^fli ge Iltogilf Mdgigay lih Tgdolf Hmvmfgpamit ge ^mgpfm‟s
Pmpu`fod ge Dboil 0>>5—0><> . @mojoik.
. 0><<. Xbm <0 tb Eovm _mlr ^fli ge Iltogilf Mdgigay lih Tgdolf
Hmvmfgpamit ge ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil 0><<—0><=. @mojoik.
Kgvmriamit ge Oihol. ^fliioik Dgaaossogi. 0>>5. Xgwlrhs Elstmr lih Agrm
Oidfusovm Krgwtb: Li Lpprgldb tg tbm <<tb Eovm _mlr ^fli. Imw
Hmfbo.
. .Aoiostry ge Mivorgiamit lih Egrmsts. 0>>?. Ttltm ge Mivorgiamit
Pmpgrt egr Oihol, 0>>?.
Kgvmriamit ge Oihgimsol. Aoiostry ge Iltogilf Hmvmfgpamit lih ^fliioik.
0><>. Pmkufltogi ge tbm ^rmsohmit ge tbm Pmpu`fod ge Oihgimsol
Iua`mr = ge 0><> Pmklrhoik tbm Iltogilf Amhoua-Xmra
Hmvmfgpamit ^fli (P^JAI) 0><>—0><8. Jlclrtl.
Kgvmriamit ge Jlpli. Aoiostry ge Mdgigay, Xrlhm lih Oihustry. (AMXO).
0><<. [botm ^lpmr gi Oitmriltogilf Xrlhm. Xgcyg: AMXO.
Kgvmriamit ge tbm Flg ^mgpfm‟s Hmagdrltod Pmpu`fod. Aoiostry ge ^fliioik
lih Oivmstamit. 0><<. Xbm Tmvmitb Eovm-ymlr Iltogilf Tgdog-
Mdgigaod Hmvmfgpamit ^fli (0><<—0><=). Uomitolim.
Kgvmriamit ge Alflysol. Mdgigaod ^fliioik ]iot. 0><>. Xmitb Alflysol ^fli
0><<—0><=. Culfl Fuapur.
Kgvmriamit ge tbm ^bofoppoims. Iltogilf Mdgigaod lih Hmvmfgpamit
Lutbgroty. 0><<. ^bofoppoim Hmvmfgpamit ^fli 0><<—0><5. Aliofl.
Kgvmriamit ge Xbloflih. Iltogilf Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Hmvmfgpamit @glrh.
0><<. Tuaalry ge tbm Mfmvmitb Iltogilf Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf
Hmvmfgpamit ^fli (0><<—0><5). @likcgc. bttp://tbloflihtghly.
grk/mdgigay/mfo`rlry/lrtodfm/=20.
Kgvmriamit ge Uomt Ila. Aoiostry ge ^fliioik lih Oivmstamit. 0><<. Hrlet
Eovm-_mlr Tgdog-Mdgigaod Hmvmfgpamit ^fli 0><<—0><=. Mxtrldt ge
TMH^ 0><<-0><=. ]igeeodolf Xrlisfltogi. Bl Igo.
BT@D. 0><>. PA@ Geesbgrm @gihs: Hmvmfgpamits, Hyilaods lih Gutfggc.
Bgik Cgik, Dboil: BT@D.
. 0><<. Geesbgrm PA@: [blt‟s Imxt7 Egur Xrmihs tg [ltdb. Bgik
Cgik, Dboil: BT@D.
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Pmem
Jlclrtl ^gst. 0><<. LTMLI tg Fluidb Oierlstrudturm Euih tbos _mlr. = Lukust.
bttp://www.tbmjlclrtlpgst.dga/imws/0><</>8/>2/lsmli-fluidb-
oierlstrudturm-euih-ymlr.btaf
Jlpli @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Dggpmrltogi (J@OD). 0><>. Turvmy Pmpgrt
gi Gvmrsmls @usoimss Gpmrltogis `y Jlplimsm Aliueldturoik
Dgaplioms. Xgcyg: Jlpli @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Dggpmrltogi.
bttp://www.j`od.kg.jp/mi/l`gut/prmss/0><>/<0>4-></
mo`uiiW<0>008.phe
Jolik, K., lih P. AdDlufmy. 0>>8. Lsoli Fgdlf Durrmidy @gih Alrcmts. @OT
\ulrtmrfy Pmvomw . @lsmf: @lic egr Oitmriltogilf Tmttfmamits. Juim.
Jgoit Mxpmrt Krgup egr Emlso`ofoty Ttuhy gi MLEXL. 0>>5. Xgwlrhs li Mlst
Lsol EXL: Aghlfoty lih Pglh Alp. Jufy. bttp://www.tbloetl.dga/
tbloetl/^grtlfs/>/mletlWrmpgrt.phe
Jgoit Mxpmrt Krgup gi MLEXL ^blsm OO Ttuhy. 0>>?. Hmsorl`fm lih Emlso`fm
Gptogi egr li Mlst Lsol EXL. Juim. aoamg. bttp://www.tbloetl.
dga/tbloetl/^grtlfs/>/mletlWpblsm0.phe
Clcwlio, I., lih M. A. ^mriol. 0>>>. [blt Os ^rg-^ggr Krgwtb7 Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit Pmvomw . <2 (<): <—<5.
Clforljli, C. 0><0. Pmkogilf Dggpmrltogi: Xrlhm lih Oivmstamit (0><0).
@ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy gi
Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol .
Clwlo, A. 0>>=. Mlst Lsoli Mdgigaod Pmkogilfosa: ^rgkrmss lih Dblffmikms.
Jgurilf ge Lsoli Mdgigaods. <5 (<): 0?—==.
. 0><<. K0> Eoilidolf Pmegras lih Mamrkoik Lsol‟s Dblffmikms. Oi
C. Hmrvoř, A. Clwlo, lih H. Fga`lrho, mhs. Lsol lih ^gfodyalcoik
egr tbm Kfg`lf Mdgigay. [lsboiktgi, HD: LH@O lih @rggcoiks
Oistotutogi. pp. <>=—<=>.
. 0><4. Eoilidoik Hmvmfgpamit Dggpmrltogi oi Igrtbmlst Lsol. LH@O
[grcoik ^lpmr 8>;. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Clwlo, A., lih A. @. Fla`mrtm. 0><>. Alilkoik Dlpotlf Efgws: Mamrkoik
Lsol‟s Mxpmromidms, ^gfody Ossums lih Dblffmikms. Oi A. Clwlo lih
A. @. Fla`mrtm, mhs. Alilkoik Dlpotlf Efgws: Xbm Tmlrdb egr l
Erlamwgrc. Dbmftmibla, ]C lih Igrtblaptgi, AL: LH@O lih
Mhwlrh Mfklr ^u`fosboik. pp. ?—8=.
Clwlo, A., A. @. Fla`mrtm, lih T. Xlclko. 0><0. Alilkoik Dlpotlf Efgws:
Fmssgis erga tbm Pmdmit Mxpmromidms ge Mamrkoik Lsoli Mdgigaoms.
^lros: Grkliosltogi egr Mdgigaod Dg-gpmrltogi lih Hmvmfgpamit.
bttp://www.gmdh.grk/hltlgmdh/;/<;/8?;>>852.phe
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4>0
Pmemrmidms
Clwlo, A., lih ^. L. ^mtro. 0><>. Lsol‟s Pgfm oi tbm Kfg`lf Mdgigaod
Lrdbotmdturm. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 04=. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit
@lic Oistotutm.
Clwlo, A., ^. L. ^mtro, lih M. Tosfo-Dolalrrl. 0><>. Lsol oi Kfg`lf Kgvmrilidm:
L Dlsm egr Hmdmitrlfozmh Oistotutogis. Oi A. Clwlo, J.-[. Fmm, lih
^. L. ^mtro, mhs. Lsoli Pmkogilfosa oi tbm [grfh Mdgigay: Mikoim
egr Hyilaosa lih Ttl`ofoty. Dbmftmibla, ]C: Mhwlrh Mfklr. pp.
885—8;=.
Clwlo, A., lih T. Xlclko. 0>>2. L Turvmy ge tbm Fotmrlturm gi Alilkoik
Dlpotlf Oiefgws. LH@O Hosdussogi ^lpmr Ig. <>>. Xgcyg: Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
. 0><<. L ^rgpgslf egr Mxdblikm Pltm ^gfody Dggrhoiltogi oi Mlst
Lsol. Oi A. Clwlo, T. Xlclko, lih ^. J. Agrkli, mhs. Agimtlry lih
Durrmidy ^gfody Ossums egr Lsol: Oapfodltogis ge tbm Kfg`lf Eoilidolf
Drosos. Dbmftmibla, ]C: Mhwlrh Mfklr. pp. 054—0?4.
Clwlo, A., lih K. [okilrljl. 0>>?. Xbm Lsoli ‖Igghfm @gwf‑: Os Ot Tmrogus egr
@usoimss7 LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr <45. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit
@lic Oistotutm.
. 0><4. ^lttmris ge Ermm Xrlhm Lrmls oi Lsol. Mlst-[mst Dmitmr,
^gfody Ttuhoms 5=. bttp://www.mlstwmstdmitmr.grk/sotms/hmeluft/
eofms/provltm/ps>5=.phe
Clwlo, A., lih E. Zblo. 0><>. Lsol‟s ^gst-Kfg`lf Eoilidolf Drosos Lhjustamit:
L Aghmf-@lsmh Hyilaod Tdmilrog Lilfysos. Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit
Pmvomw. 0; (0): <00—<=<.
Cbli, A.T. ,lih L. Tmiblhjo. 0>>>. Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit lih Mdgigaod
Krgwtb: li Gvmrvomw. OAE [grcoik ^lpmr Ig. >>/0>?. [lsboiktgi,
HD: Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih.
Cblrls, B. 0>>?. Dboil‟s Xrlisotogi tg L Bokb Oidgam Mdgigay: Msdlpoik tbm
Aohhfm Oidgam Xrlp. [lsboiktgi, HD: @rggcoiks Oistotutogi.
Coa, J. X. 0><<. Eoilidoik Krmmi Krgwtb. L^MD Ttuhy gi Krmmi Eoilidm.
Coihfm`mrkmr, D. <?;2. Aliols, ^liods, lih Drlsbms: L Bostgry ge Eoilidolf
Drosms. Imw _grc, ]T: [ofmy Oivmstamit Dflssods.
Coik, P. K., lih P. Fmvoim. <??4. Eoilidm lih Krgwtb: Tdbuapmtmr Aokbt `m
Pokbt. ^gfody Pmsmlrdb [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms <>24. [lsboiktgi,
HD: [grfh @lic.
Cgbfo, B. T., L. Tblral, lih L. Tggh, mhs. 0><<. Lsol 0>=>: Pmlfozoik tbm Lsoli
Dmitury. Imw Hmfbo: Tlkm ^u`fodltogis.
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Pmem
Cgtmrl, L. 0>>5. Miblidoik tbm \ulfoty ge Oivmstamit Xrmltoms (@OXs).
]ipu`fosbmh. Xgcyg: Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm ge Mdgigay, Xrlhm lih
Oihustry.
Curghl, B. 0>>2. Lsol‟s Dgitro`utogi tg Kfg`lf Hmvmfgpamit lih Ttl`ofoty.
Dfgsoik Pmalrcs lt tbm LH@O Liiulf Dgiemrmidm. Xgcyg. =
Hmdma`mr. bttp://www.lh`o.grk/spmmdbms/0>>2/<0/>=/0;5>.
dfgsoik.rmalrcs.curghl.lsol.kfg`lf.eoilidolf.drosos.dgiemrmidm/
Fla`mrtm, A. @., lih ^. J. Agrkli. 0><0. Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Agimtlry
Dggpmrltogi. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 485. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit
@lic Oistotutm.
Flim, ^., lih K. Aofmso-Emrrmtto. 0>>5. Xbm Mxtmrilf [mlftb ge Iltogis
Alrc OO: Pmvosmh lih Mxtmihmh Mstoaltms ge Egrmoki Lssmts lih
Fol`ofotoms, <?;>—0>>8. OAE [grcoik ^lpmr >5/5?. [lsboiktgi, HD:
Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih.
Flwrmidm, P. Z. 0><<. Oapldt lih Oapfodltogis ge LDO Krgwtb. @ldckrguih
plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik
Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr
l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
Fmm, J. 0>>2. ^lttmris lih Hmtmraoilits ge Drgss-`grhmr Eoilidolf Lssmt
Bgfhoiks oi Mlst Lsol. LH@ [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms gi Pmkogilf
Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi Ig. <4. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Fmm, J. [., lih C. Bgik. 0><>. Mdgigaod Krgwtb oi Lsol: Hmtmraoilits lih
^rgspmdts. LH@ Mdgigaods [grcoik ^lpmr Tmroms Ig. 00>. Aliofl:
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Fmagoim, E., lih H. ]ilf-Cmsmido. 0>>;. Dboil lih Oihol oi Oitmriltogilf
Xrlhm: Erga Flkklrhs tg Fmlhmrs7 DM^OO [grcoik ^lpmr Ig. 0>>;-
<?. Igvma`mr.
Fmuik, D., lih G. ]itmrg`mrhgmrstmr. 0>>2. SBgik Cgik, DboilQ ls l Eoilidolf
Dmitmr egr Lsol: Xrmihs lih Oapfodltogis. OAE [grcoik ^lpmr Ig.
[^/>2/=;. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Agimtlry Euih. bttp://
www.oae.grk/mxtmrilf/pu`s/et/wp/0>>2/wp>2=;.phe
Fmvoim, P. 0>>=. Eoilidm lih Krgwtb: Xbmgry lih Mvohmidm. Oi ^. Lkbogi
lih T. Hurflue, mhs. Blih`ggc ge Mdgigaod Krgwtb. Lastmrhla:
Mfsmvomr Tdomidm.
Fmvoim, ^., M. Fgtto., J. ^mlrfali, lih P. ^omrsm. 0><>. Krgwtb lih [mfelrm
Meemdts ge [grfh Aokrltogi. Tdgttosb Jgurilf ge ^gfotodlf Mdgigay.
=; (=): 5<=—584.
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4>8
Pmemrmidms
Foi, J. _. 0><<l. Bgw tg Tmozm tbm 2= Aoffogi Jg`s @gilizl. Fmt‟s Xlfc
Hmvmfgpamit (@fgk bgstmh `y [grfh @lic‟s Dbome Mdgigaost). 0;
Jufy. bttp://`fgks.wgrfh`lic.grk/hmvmfgpamittlfc/bgw-tg-smozm-
tbm-2=-aoffogi-jg`s-`gilizl
.0><<`. Imw Ttrudturlf Mdgigaods: L Erlamwgrc egr Pmtboicoik
Hmvmfgpamit. [grfh @lic Pmsmlrdb G`smrvmr. 05 (0): <?4—00<.
Foi, J. _., lih D. Agikl. 0><<. Krgwtb Ohmitoeodltogi lih Eldofotltogi: Xbm Pgfm ge
tbm Ttltm oi tbm Hyilaods ge Ttrudturlf Dblikm. Hmvmfgpamit ^gfody
Pmvomw. 0? (4): 058—0?>.
Foi, J. _., lih ^.L. ^mtro. 0><<. Uosogi ge LDO oi 0>4>. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh
egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI,
tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm
lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
Fou, J., lih ^. B. Plvmi. 0><>. Dboil‟s Mivorgiamitlf Dblffmikms lih Oapfodltogis
egr tbm [grfh. Drotodlf Pmvomws oi Mivorgiamitlf Tdomidm lih
Xmdbigfgky. 8>: 204—=<.
Aldbocotl, X., lih _. ]mco. 0><0. Oapldt ge ^rghudtogi Foiclkms gi Oihustrolf
]pkrlhoik oi LDO Dguitroms. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm
LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm
^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih
Pmsofomit Lsol.
Alhhosgi, L. 0>>2. Xbm [mst lih tbm Pmst oi tbm [grfh Mdgigay: <>>>—0>4>.
[grfh Mdgigaods . ? (8): ;=—??.
Altbur, P. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody Ldtogis:
Oihol. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy gi
Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.
Altus, C., C. A. Ila, I. M. Tmfoi, F. I. Flaslf, J. A. Pmoffy, lih T. ^lftsmv. 0><<.
Bmlftb Hlalkms erga Lor ^gffutogi oi Dboil. Kfg`lf Mivorgiamitlf
Dblikm. 00 (<): ==—55.
AdCoismy & Dg. 0><<. Imw Ergitomrs ge Krgwtb: 0><< Liiulf Dboimsm Dgisuamr
Ttuhy. Tblikblo: AdCoismy & Dg.
AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm. 0>>?. ^rmplroik egr Dboil‟s ]r`li @offogi. Tblikblo:
AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm. Alrdb.
. 0><<l. Pmsgurdm Pmvgfutogi: Ammtoik tbm [grfh‟s Mimrky, Altmrolfs,
Eggh, lih [ltmr Immhs. Tmguf: AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm.
. 0><<`. ]r`li [grfh: Alppoik tbm Mdgigaod ^gwmr ge Dotoms. AdCoismy
Kfg`lf Oistotutm. Alrdb.
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Pmem
. 0><0. ]r`li [grfh: Dotoms lih tbm Posm ge tbm Dgisuaoik Dflss.
AdCoismy Kfg`lf Oistotutm. Juim.
Amyergoht, ^., X. C. Puhmf, lih M. E. Fla`oi. 0><>. Egrmst Xrlisotogis,
Xrlhm, lih tbm Kfg`lf Hospfldmamit ge Flih ]sm. ^rgdmmhoiks
ge tbm Iltogilf Ldlhmay ge Tdomidms. bttp://www.pils.grk/dko/
hgo/<>.<>;4/pils.<><8;;4<>;.
Aoiscy, B. <?;8. Xbm Aghmfoik ge Eoilidolf Oistl`ofoty: Li Oitrghudtogi.
Aghmfoik lih Toaufltogi. ^rgdmmhoiks ge tbm Eoetb Liiulf
^otts`urkb Dgiemrmidm.
Aorguhgt, T., J. Tluvlkm, lih @. Tbmpbmrh. 0><>. Amlsuroik tbm Dgst ge
Oitmriltogilf Xrlhm oi Tmrvodms. [grcoik ^lpmr. KMA-Tdomidms ^g.
bttp://kma.sdomidms-pg.er/dgitmit/pu`fodltogis/phe/AorguhgtW
TluvlkmWTbmpbmrhWdgstgesmrvodms>8<>0><>.phe
Agbli, D. P. 0><<. Mamrkoik Xrmihs oi Kmgpgfotodlf Totultogi lih Tmduroty
oi LDO. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy
Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaod ‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge
Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
Agbli, P., lih A. Clpur. 0>>?. Fo`mrlfozltogi lih Pmkufltogi ge Dlpotlf
Efgws: Fmssgis egr Mamrkoik Alrcmt Mdgigaoms. LH@O [grcoik
^lpmr <20. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Agblity, @. 0><<. Foem Ttyfm Dbgodms lih Tgdomtlf @mblvogr Dblikms ls Fgdlf
Dfoaltm Ttrltmky. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih
LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol .
Agrkli, ^. J. 0>>?. ]irmkufltmh Mitotoms, ^rghudts, lih Alrcmts: Dblffmikms
egr Agiotgroik lih Pmkufltogi. LH@O Pmsmlrdb ^gfody @rome 4>.
Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Agrkli, ^.J., lih A. @. Fla`mrtm. 0><0. Ttrmiktbmioik Eoilidolf
Oierlstrudturm. Ttrmiktbmioik Eoilidolf Oierlstrudturm. LH@O
[grcoik ^lpmr 48=. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
bttp://www.lh`o.grk/wgrcoik-plpmr/0><0/>0/<;/=>>4.
strmiktbmioik.eoilidolf.oierlstrudturm/
Agrfmy, @. 0>>5. Dluslfoty `mtwmmi Mdgigaod Krgwtb lih Oaaokrltogi: Li
LPHF @guihs Xmstoik Lpprgldb. Mdgigaods Fmttmrs. ?>: ;0—;5.
Ilk, @., @. I. @blttldblryly, lih H. Hm. 0><0. Oitmkrltoik Oihol tg Lsoli
^rghudtogi Imtwgrc: ^rgspmdts lih Dblffmikms egr LDO.
@ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge
Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil,
lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
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4>5
Pmemrmidms
Ila Xbmui 0 ^gwmr Dgapliy (IX^D). 0><0. bttp://www.ilatbmui0.dga/.
Iooao, _., lih J. Zbulik. 0><<. Amlsuroik \ulfoty ge Foem oi Lsol. @ldckrguih
plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik
Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr
l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
Iosbozlwl, X. 0><<. Dblikms oi Hmvmfgpamit Eoilidm oi Lsol: Xrmihs,
Dblffmikms, lih ^gfody Oapfodltogis. Lsoli Mdgigaod ^gfody Pmvomw.
5 (0): 00=—088.
GMDH. 0><>. Mhudltogi lt l Kflidm 0><>: GMDH Oihodltgrs. ^lros: GMDH.
Grtoz, O., lih J. _l`fgisco. 0><>. Oivmstoik oi ^mgpfm: Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi egr Lff.
Oi T. [. Blihlylio, mh. Miblidoik Tgdolf ^rgtmdtogi oi Lsol lih
tbm ^ldoeod: ^rgdmmhoiks ge tbm Pmkogilf [grcsbgp. Aliofl: Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic. pp. 45—=5.
Gutfggc @usoimss. 0>>2. Krl` egr Pmsgurdms. ? Em`rulry. Imw Hmfbo: Gutfggc
@usoimss.
^ltuiru, L. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody
Ldtogis: ^PD. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O
stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.
^mgpfm‟s Hlofy Gifoim. 0><4. Plof Tpmihoik tg Posm 4% oi 0><4. <2 Jliulry.
bttp://mikfosb.pmgpfmhlofy.dga.di/?>;;2/2>?5?=?.btaf
^mtro, ^. L. 0>>2. Eoilidoik Lsoli Krgwtb. Oi A. Clwlo lih T. E. Ttgim, mhs.
L Hmdlhm ge Hmvmfgpamits. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic
Oistotutm. pp. 04—88.
^mtro, ^. L., A. K. ^fuaamr, lih E. Zblo. 0><<. Xbm Xrlis-^ldoeod ^lrtimrsbop:
L \ulitotltovm Lssmssamit, Mlst-[mst Dmitmr [grcoik ^lpmr Ig.
<<?. 08 Gdtg`mr. bttp://www.mlstwmstdmitmr.grk/sotms/hmeluft/
eofms/provltm/mdgiwp<<?W0.phe
. 0><0. Xbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty: L Kmimrlf Mquofo`roua
Lilfysos. Lsoli Mdgigaod Jgurilf. 05 (0): ?4—<<2.
^mtro, ^. L., lih E. Zblo. 0><0. Ilvokltoik l Dblikoik [grfh Mdgigay: LTMLI,
tbm ^PD, lih Oihol, 0><>—0>4>. @ldckrguih plpmr egr tbos stuhy.
^murl, T., lih M. Jgcovugffm. 0>>4. Toaufltogi-@lsmh Ttrmss Xmstoik ge @lics‟
Pmkufltgry Dlpotlf Lhmquldy. @lic ge Eoiflih Hosdussogi ^lpmr
>8/0>>4. Bmfsoico: @lic ge Eoiflih.
^fuaamr, A. K. 0>>?. Xbm Kfg`lf Mdgigaod Drosos lih Ots Oapfodltogis egr
Lsoli Mdgigaod Dggpmrltogi. Mlst-[mst Dmitmr ^gfody Ttuhoms Ig.
==. Bgigfufu lih Toiklpgrm: Mlst-[mst Dmitmr lih OTMLT.
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Pmem
. 0><>. Pmkogilf Agiotgroik ge Dlpotlf Efgws lih Dggrhoiltogi ge
Eoilidolf Pmkufltogi: Ttlcms lih Gptogis egr Lsol. LH@O [grcoik
^lpmr 0><. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
.
0><0. Xbm Mamrkoik ^gst-Hgbl Lkmihl lih tbm Imw Pmkogilfosa
oi tbm Lsol-^ldoeod. ^lpmr prmplrmh egr tbm PTOT lih LH@O
Dgiemrmidm. Xbm Mvgfvoik Kfg`lf Lrdbotmdturm: Erga l Dmitrlfozmh
tg l Hmdmitrlfozmh Tystma. 05—0; Alrdb 0><0. Toiklpgrm.
^gfliyo, C. <?88. Xbm Krmlt Xrlisegraltogi: Xbm ^gfotodlf lih Tgdolf Grokois ge
Gur Xoam. Imw _grc: Poimblrt.
^gffoi, P., J. Bmoitz, lih B. Klrrmtt-^mftomr. 0>>?. Xbm Mdgigaod @mimeots ge
Oivmstoik oi Dfmli Mimrky. ^gfotodlf Mdgigay Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm.
]iovmrsoty ge Alssldbusmtts, Labmrst.
\ulb, M., lih X. F. @ggi. 0>>4. Xbm Mdgigaod Dgst ge ^lrtodufltm Lor ^gffutogi
gi Bmlftb oi Toiklpgrm. Jgurilf ge Lsoli Mdgigaods. <8: ;4—?>.
\uoii, H. 0>>4. Dlpotlf Lddguit Fo`mrlfozltogi lih Eoilidolf Kfg`lfozltogi,
<2?>—<???: L Tyigptod Uomw. Oitmriltogilf Jgurilf ge Eoilidm lih
Mdgigaods. 2 (4): <2?—0>8.
Pljli, P. 0>>=. Bls Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Alhm tbm [grfh Poscomr7 I@MP
[grcoik ^lpmr Ig. <<;02.
. 0><>. Eluft Foims: Bgw Bohhmi Erldturms Ttoff Xbrmltmi tbm [grfh
Mdgigay. ^roidmtgi, IJ: ^roidmtgi ]iovmrsoty ^rmss.
Pljli, P., lih F. Zoiklfms. <??2. Eoilidolf Hmpmihmidm lih Krgwtb. Lamrodli
Mdgigaod Pmvomw. 22 (4): ==?—=25
Plaliltbli, C. 0><<l. Mdg-Oiigvltogi lih Xmdbigfgky Xrlisemr egr Fgw
Dlr`gi Krmmi Krgwtb. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@
lih LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.
. 0><<`. Tustloil`fm Mimrky Euturm: Oihol‟s Dblffmikms & Pmspgisms.
^rmsmitltogi alhm lt tbm LH@ lih LH@O Xmdbiodlf [grcsbgp gi
tbm Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol‘egr
l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol. <2—<? Lukust. Imw
Hmfbo.
Plvlffogi, A., lih T. Dbmi. 0>>4. Amlsuroik ^rg-^ggr Krgwtb. Mdgigaods
Fmttmrs . ;2 (<): ?4—??.
Pmhhy, U. P, _. L. ^ldbmcpy, lih L Alrlio. <??;. Dlr`gi ^grtogioik oi Dgttgi
lih Tgy`mli Drgps oi Lsol uihmr Dfoaltm Dblikm Dgihotogis.
[grfh Pmsgurdms Pmvomw. ;. 4=?—4;<.
Pmbeumss, M. L., I. K. @rudm, lih C. P. Taotb. 0><<. Tgfoh Eumf ]sm: Bmlftb
Meemdt. Midydfgplmhol ge Mivorgiamitlf Bmlftb. =: <=>—5<.
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4>2
Pmemrmidms
Pmutmrs. 0><>. ^gffutogi Alcms \ulrtmr ge Dboil‟s [ltmr ]iusl`fm: Aoiostry.
Jufy 05. bttp://www.rmutmrs.dga/lrtodfm/0><>/>;/05/us-dboil-
mivorgiamit-wltmr-oh]TXPM55^4?B0><>>;05
Pghroc, H. <???. [bmrm Hoh Lff tbm Krgwtb Kg7 Mxtmrilf Tbgdcs, Tgdolf
Dgiefodt lih Krgwtb Dgfflpsms. Jgurilf ge Mdgigaod Krgwtb. 8:
42=—8<0.
. 0>>2l. L ^rldtodlf Lpprgldb tg Egraufltoik Krgwtb Ttrltmkoms.
Oi J. Ttokfotz lih I. Tmrrl, mhs. Xbm [lsboiktgi Dgismisus
Pmdgisohmrmh: Xgwlrhs l Imw Kfg`lf Kgvmrilidm. Imw _grc:
Gxegrh ]iovmrsoty ^rmss. pp. 4=5—455.
. 0>>2`. Xboicoik l`gut Kgvmrilidm. Oi Kgvmrilidm, Krgwtb,
lih Hmvmfgpamit Hmdosogi-Alcoik‘Pmefmdtogis `y Hgukflss
Igrtb, Hlrgi Ldmagkfu, Erlidos Eucuylal, lih Hlio Pghroc.
[lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic. pp. <;—08.
Pgmamr, J. M. <??5. Xbmgroms ge Pmhostro`utovm Justodm. Dla`rohkm, AL: Blrvlrh
]iovmrsoty ^rmss.
Pgflih-Bgfst, H., J. ^. Umr`omst, lih E. Zblo. 0>>=. Krgwtb lih Xrlhm
Bgrozgis egr Lsol: Fgik-tmra Egrmdlsts egr Pmkogilf Oitmkrltogi.
MPH [grcoik ^lpmr Ig. ;8. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Pgs, J. 0>>=. Hovmrkmidm lih Krgwtb Dgfflpsms: Xbmgry lih Maporodlf
Mvohmidm. Oi J.-L. Gdlapg, mh. @mygih Pmegras: Ttrudturlf
Hyilaods lih Aldrgmdgigaod Uufimrl`ofoty. ^lfg Lftg, DL:
Ttliegrh ]iovmrsoty ^rmss. pp. 0<<—040.
Tlsflvscy, H., lih @. Tbmpbmrh. 0><0. Eldofotltoik Oitmriltogilf ^rghudtogi
Imtwgrcs: Xbm Pgfm ge Xrlhm Fgkostods. [grfh @lic ^gfody Pmsmlrdb
[grcoik ^lpmr 5008. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.
Tdbuflrodc, A., lih X. Ttmkmr. 0><>. Eoilidolf Oitmkrltogi, Oivmstamit,
lih Mdgigaod Krgwtb: Mvohmidm erga Xwg Mrls ge Eoilidolf
Kfg`lfozltogi. Xbm Pmvomw ge Mdgigaods lih Ttltostods. ?0 (8):
;=5—;52.
Tdbuftz, X. ^. 0>>>. Eoilf Pmpgrt: Xbm Oapldt ge ^PGKPMTL gi Tdbggf
Mirgffamits. Pmpgrt Tu`aottmh tg ^PGKPMTL. [lsboiktgi, HD:
Oitmriltogilf Eggh ^gfody Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm.
Tmi, L. C. 0><<. \ulfoty ge Foem: Dboil vs. Oihol. Xbm Imw _grc Pmvomw ge
@ggcs. <0 Aly. bttp://www.iy`ggcs.dga/lrtodfms/lrdbovms/0><</
aly/<0/qulfoty-foem-oihol-vs-dboil/
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Pmem
Tbmpbmrh, @., lih K. ^lslhoffl. 0><0. Tmrvodms ls l Imw Mikoim ge Krgwtb egr
LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol. LH@O [grcoik
^lpmr 48?. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Tcgueols, M. 0>><. ^PGKPMTL lih ots Oapldt gi Buali Dlpotlf lih [mfelrm
ge Bgusmbgfhs oi Purlf Amxodg: L Tyitbmsos ge tbm Pmsufts ge li
Mvlfultogi `y OE^PO. [lsboiktgi, HD: Oitmriltogilf Eggh ^gfody
Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm.
Tglrms, E. U., T. Tglrms, A. Amhmorgs, lih P. K. Gsôrog. 0>>5. Dlsb Xrlisemr
^rgkrlaams oi @rlzof: Oapldts gi ^gvmrty lih Oimqulfoty. O^D
[grcoik ^lpmr Ig. 0<. @rlsofol: Oitmriltogilf ^gvmrty Dmitrm.
Tgmslstrg, B. 0>>2. Oapfmamitoik tbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty (LMD)
@fumproit. Oi B. Tgmslstrg, mh. Hmmpmioik Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi
oi Mlst Lsol: Xbm LTMLI Mdgigaod Dgaauioty lih @mygih. MPOL
Pmsmlrdb ^rgjmdt Pmpgrt 0>>;. Ig.<—0, Alrdb: 8;—=?.
Tpomkmf, A. 0>>?. Hmvmfgpoik Lsoli Fgdlf Durrmidy @gih Alrcmts: [by lih
Bgw7 LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr <20. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic
Oistotutm.
Ttokfotz, J. M., L. Tmi, lih J. Eotgusso. 0>>?. Pmpgrt `y tbm Dgaaossogi gi tbm
Amlsurmamit ge Mdgigaod ^mregralidm lih Tgdolf ^rgkrmss. ^lros.
Tu`rlalioli, L. 0><<. Mdfopsm: Fovoik oi tbm Tblhgw ge Dboil‟s Mdgigaod
Hgaoilidm. [lsboiktgi, HD: ^mtmrsgi Oistotutm ^rmss.
Tui, R. 0>>;. Dlff egr Pmturi tg Krmmi Lddguitoik. Dboil Hlofy. <?
Lprof. bttp://www.dboilhlofy.dga.di/dboil/0>>;->8/<?/
dgitmitW2=4?<;.bta
Tusslikclri, D. 0><>. Xbm Dbolik Alo Oiotoltovm Auftofltmrlfozltogi: Grokoi,
Hmvmfgpamit, lih Gutfggc. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr 04>. Xgcyg: Lsoli
Hmvmfgpamit @lic Oistotutm.
Tustloil`fm Murgpm Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm (TMPO). 0><>. Xmdbiodlf Pmpgrt gi tbm
Dgapofltogi ge tbm Altmrolf Efgw Hltl`lsm. Uomiil: Tustloil`fm
Murgpm Pmsmlrdb Oistotutm. www.altmrolfefgws.imt.
Xlddgio, F., E. Jgtzg, lih P. \. Krletgi. 0>>2. Fgdlf Dlusms, Pmkogilf Dg-
gpmrltogi lih Kfg`lf Eoilidoik egr Mivorgiamitlf ^rg`fmas:
tbm Dlsm ge Tgutbmlst Lsoli Blzm pgffutogi. Oitmriltogilf
Mivorgiamitlf Lkrmmamits. 2: <-<5.
Xblpli, L. 0><>. Gpmioik Pmalrcs lt tbm [ltmr: Drosos lih Dbgodms. LH@
lih ^lrtimrs Dgiemrmidm 0><>. bttp://www.lh`.grk/imws/mvmits/
wltmr-drosos-lih-dbgodms-lh`-lih-plrtimrs-dgiemrmidm-0><>.
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4<>
Pmemrmidms
Xoli, J. 0><<. ^rmsmitltogi alhm lt tbm ^gfody Holfgkum gi Dfoaltm Dblikm
lih Krmmi Lsol. Bgik Cgik, Dboil. Alrdb.
Xgli, ^. B. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody
Ldtogis: Uomt Ila. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih
LH@O stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.
]iotmh Iltogis (]I). 0>>;. Hmvmfgpamit oi li Lkmoik [grfh: [grfh
Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Turvmy 0>>;. Imw _grc: ]iotmh Iltogis.
. 0>>?. Pmsofomit ^mgpfm Pmsofomit ^flimt. Xbm Pmpgrt ge tbm ]iotmh
Iltogis Tmdrmtlry-Kmimrlf‟s Bokb Fmvmf ^limf gi Dfoaltm Dblikm.
Imw _grc: ]iotmh Iltogis.
. 0><0. [grfh ]r`liozltogi ^rgspmdts: Xbm 0><< Pmvosogi. Imw _grc:
]iotmh Iltogis.
]iotmh Iltogis Dgiemrmidm gi Xrlhm lih Hmvmfgpamit (]IDXLH).
0><0. [grfh Oivmstamit Pmpgrt 0><0. Kmimvl: ]iotmh Iltogis
Dgiemrmidm gi Xrlhm lih Hmvmfgpamit.
]iotmh Iltogis Hmvmfgpamit ^rgkrlaam (]IH^). 0>>;. Buali Hmvmfgpamit
Pmpgrt 0>>;/0>>2: Eokbtoik Dfoaltm Dblikm: Buali Tgfohlroty oi
l Hovohmh [grfh. bttp://bhr.uihp.grk/mi/rmpgrts/kfg`lf/bhr0>>;-
0>>2/
]iotmh Iltogis Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Dgaaossogi egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod
(]IMTDL^). 0><>. ]IMTDL^ Xrlispgrt Hovosogi [m`sotm. bttp://
www.uimsdlp.grk/tthw/oihmx.lsp
]iotmh Iltogis Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Dgaaossogi egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod,
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic, lih ]iotmh Iltogis Hmvmfgpamit
^rgkrlaam (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IH^). 0><0. Lddmfmrltoik
Mquotl`fm Ldbomvmamit ge tbm AHKs: Dfgsoik Klps oi Bmlftb lih
Iutrotogi Gutdgams. Lsol-^ldoeod Pmkogilf AHK Pmpgrt 0><</<0.
@likcgc: MTDL^, LH@, lih ]IH^.
]iotmh Iltogis Mdgigaod lih Tgdolf Dgaaossogi egr Lsol lih tbm ^ldoeod,
Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic, lih ]iotmh Iltogis Mivorgiamit
^rgkrlaam (]IMTDL^, LH@, lih ]IM^). 0><0. Krmmi Krgwtb,
Pmsgurdms lih Pmsofomidm. Mivorgiamitlf Tustloil`ofoty oi Lsol lih
tbm ^ldoeod. bttp://www.uimsdlp.grk/msh/mivorgiamit/eflkpu`s/
KKPL^/hgduamits/Krmmi%0>Krgwtb-<5Tmpt%0>(Eoilf).phe
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4<0
Pmemrmidms
[okilrljl, K. 0><<. Mdgigaod Pmegras, Pmkogilfosa, lih Mxpgrts: Dgaplroik
Dboil lih Oihol. Mlst-[mst Dmitmr, ^gfody Ttuhoms 5>. bttp://www.
mlstwmstdmitmr.grk/sotms/hmeluft/eofms/provltm/ps>5>.phe
.
0><0l. Xbm Pgfm ge Xmdbigfgky oi Lsoli Mfmdtrgiods ^rghudtogi
Imtwgrcs: Eora-Fmvmf Lilfysos ge LDO. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh
egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘
LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh,
Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
. 0><0`. Oiigvltogi, Fmlrioik lih Mxpgrtoik oi Dboil: Hgms P&H gr
l Xmdbigfgky Oihmx Alttmr7 Jgurilf ge Lsoli Mdgigaods. 04 (4):
008—044.
. 0><4. ]ihmrstlihoik Oiigvltogi oi ^rghudtogi Imtwgrcs oi Mlst
Lsol. LH@O [grcoik ^lpmr Ig.8<>. Xgcyg: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit
@lic Oistotutm. bttp://www.lh`o.grk/eofms/0><4.>4.><.wp8<>.
uihmrstlihoik.oiigvltogi.prgh.imtwgrcs.mlst.lsol.phe
. 0><8. Xbm Pmkogilf Dgaprmbmisovm Mdgigaod ^lrtimrsbop. Oi
X. Kugqolik lih ^. L. ^mtro, mhs. Imw Hormdtogis oi Lsol-^ldoeod
Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi. Bgigfufu: Mlst-[mst Dmitmr. pp. 25—?2.
[ofsgi, M., P. Umral, lih C. Jlyitblcualrli. 0><0. Hmagkrlpbods lih Fl`gr
Ag`ofoty lih ^rghudtovoty oi LDO. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh
egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘
LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh,
Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
[ggfhrohkm, ^. 0>>?. Pmkufltgry Erlamwgrc egr Bmhkm Euihs lih ^rovltm
Mquoty. ^rmsmitltogi lt GMDH—LH@O <>tb Pguihtl`fm gi Dlpotlf
Alrcmt Pmegra oi Lsol. Xgcyg. 4 Alrdb. bttp://www.gmdh.grk/
hltlgmdh/<</4/80==>;4?.phe
[grfh @lic. <??4. Mlst Lsoli Aorldfm: Mdgigaod Krgwtb lih ^u`fod ^gfody.
[lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.
. 0>>5. Mquoty lih Hmvmfgpamit. Oi [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0>>5.
[lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.
. 0><>l. Xbm Dgsts tg Hmvmfgpoik Dguitroms ge Lhlptoik tg Dfoaltm
Dblikm: Imw Amtbghs lih Mstoaltms. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.
. 0><>`. [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0><>: Hmvmfgpamit lih Dfoaltm
Dblikm. [lsboiktgi, HD: [grfh @lic.
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Pmem
. 0><<l. [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs 0><< Hltl`lsm. bttp://
hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs.
(lddmssmh 0><<).
.
0><<`. [grfhwohm Kgvmrilidm Oihodltgrs wm`sotm. bttp://oieg.
wgrfh`lic.grk/kgvmrilidm/wko/oihmx.lsp (lddmssmh <= Lprof
0><<).
. 0><0. [grfh Hmvmfgpamit Oihodltgrs 0><0 Hltl`lsm. bttp://
hltl.wgrfh`lic.grk/hltl-dltlfgk/wgrfh-hmvmfgpamit-oihodltgrs
(lddmssmh Jufy 0><0).
[grfh @lic lih Hmvmfgpamit Pmsmlrdb Dmitmr ge tbm Ttltm Dguidof, tbm
^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil. 0><0. Dboil 0>4>: @uofhoik l Aghmri,
Blragiogus, lih Drmltovm Bokb Oidgam Tgdomty. [lsboiktgi, HD:
[grfh @lic.
[grfh Mdgigaod Egrua ([ME). 0>>>. Kfg`lf Dgapmtotovmimss Pmpgrt 0>>>—
0>><. Kmimvl: [grfh Mdgigaod Egrua.
. 0><>. Kfg`lf Dgapmtotovmimss Pmpgrt 0><>—0><<. Kmimvl: [grfh
Mdgigaod Egrua.
. 0><<l. Kfg`lf Dgapmtotovmimss Pmpgrt 0><<—0><0. Kmimvl: [grfh
Mdgigaod Egrua.
. 0><<`. Xbm Eoilidolf Hmvmfgpamit Pmpgrt 0><> . Kmimvl: [grfh
Mdgigaod Egrua.
[grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi ([BG). 0>>5. Lor \ulfoty. Kfg`lf ]phltm 0>>> .
Kmimvl: [grfh Bmlftb Grkliozltogi.
. 0>>?. Iltogilf Ttltostods egr Oihggr Lor ^gffutogi‘@urhmi ge
Hosmlsm. bttp://www.wbg.oit/oihggrlor/bmlftbWoapldts/`urhmiW
iltogilf/mi/oihmx.btaf
. 0><<. Lor \ulfoty lih Bmlftb Eldt Tbmmt. bttp://www.wbg.oit/
amholdmitrm/eldtsbmmts/es4<4/mi/oihmx.btaf
. Guthggr Lor ^gffutogi oi Dotoms Hltl`lsm. bttp://www.wbg.oit/
pbm/bmlftbWtgpods/guthggrlor/hltl`lsms/mi/ (lddmssmh ? Lukust
0><0).
[BG lih ]IODME. 0>>2. ^rgkrmss gi Tliotltogi lih Hroicoik [ltmr: 0>>2
]phltm. Jgoit Agiotgroik ^rgkrlaam egr [ltmr Tuppfy lih
Tliotltogi. bttp://www.wssoieg.grk/hltl-mstoaltms/oitrghudtogi/.
[grfh Oitmffmdtulf ^rgpmrty Grkliozltogi ([O^G). bttp://www.wopg.oit/
pgrtlf/oihmx.btaf.mi
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4<8
Pmemrmidms
[yms, B. [. 0><<. Oistotutogis lih Kgvmrilidm Tystmas egr Fgw Dlr`gi
Krmmi Krgwtb. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O
stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.
[u, H., lih A. Amlfy. 0><0. Mxpfloioik ‖Dgapmtoik‑ Uosogis: LTMLI—PDM^,
X^^, EXLL^. ^ld Imt Ig. 8>. Dmitmr egr Ttrltmkod lih Oitmriltogilf
Ttuhoms. 05 Juim.
_u, H., lih L. ^ukfomsm. 0><0. Aljgroty ge Dboimsm ^rogrotozm Mivorgiamit
Gvmr Mdgigay. 2 Juim. www.klffup.dga (lddmssmh <0 Juim 0><0).
Zlclrol, T., lih T. Fmotimr. 0><<. Tgutbmlst Lsol: [ltmr Tmduroty. @ldckrguih
plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge Cmy Mamrkoik
Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil, lih Oihol‘egr
l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm, lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
Zblo, E. 0>>2. Lraoiktgi Ammts Amfotz: Oitrghudoik Eora Bmtmrgkmimoty oi l
Kfg`lf DKM Aghmf ge Xrlhm. Jgurilf ge Mdgigaod Oitmkrltogi. 04 (4)
Tmptma`mr: =;=—5>8.
Zblik, _. 0><<. Hmvmfgpamit Xrljmdtgroms, Maossogi ^rgeofms lih ^gfody
Ldtogis: ^PD. @ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O
stuhy gi Dfoaltm Dblikm lih Krmmi Lsol.
Zblik, _., lih A. Tbmi. 0><<. Pmkogilf lih Kfg`lf Dggpmrltogi oi LDO.
@ldckrguih plpmr prmplrmh egr tbm LH@ lih LH@O stuhy Pgfm ge
Cmy Mamrkoik Mdgigaoms‘LTMLI, tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil,
lih Oihol‘egr l @lflidmh, Tustloil`fm lih Pmsofomit Lsol.
Zbulik, J. 0><0. LTMLI, ^PD, lih Oihol Krgwtb ^rgjmdtogis 0><>—0>4>.
]ipu`fosbmh. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
Zbulik, J., lih O. Lfo. 0><>. ^gvmrty, Oimqulfoty, lih Oidfusovm Krgwtb oi Lsol.
Oi J. Zbulik, mh. ^gvmrty, Oimqulfoty, lih Oidfusovm Krgwtb oi Lsol:
Amlsurmamit, ^gfody Ossums, lih Dguitry Ttuhoms. Fgihgi lih
Aliofl: Litbma ^rmss lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic. pp. <—40.
Zbulik, J., M. hm Hogs, lih L. Flkali-Alrtoi. 0><>. Kgvmrilidm lih
Oistotutogilf \ulfoty lih tbm Foics wotb Krgwtb lih Oimqulfoty:
Bgw Lsol Elrms. Oi J. Zbulik, mh. ^gvmrty, Oimqulfoty, lih Oidfusovm
Krgwtb oi Lsol: Amlsurmamit, ^gfody, Ossums, lih Dguitry Ttuhoms.
Fgihgi lih Aliofl: Litbma ^rmss lih Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
pp. 052—40>.
Zbulik, J., ^. Ulihmi`mrk, lih _. Bulik. 0><<. Krgwoik `mygih tbm Fgw-
Dgst Lhvlitlkm: Bgw tbm ^mgpfm‟s Pmpu`fod ge Dboil Dli Lvgoh tbm
Aohhfm-Oidgam Xrlp. Aliofl: Lsoli Hmvmfgpamit @lic.
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