asas anatomi dan fisiologi unit berstruktur sel, tisu dan membran kulit dr. norlena salamuddin...
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ASAS ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGIUnit BerstrukturSel, Tisu dan Membran
Kulit Dr. Norlena Salamuddin
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Pengenalan
DefinisiAnatomi
Kajian mengenai struktur badan
Fisiologi Kajian mengenai fungsi badan
Organisasi struktur Kimia – kesemua sebatian kimia Sel – gabungan sebatian kimia Tisu – kumpulan sel yang mempunyai tugas
yang sama Organ – tisu yang mempunyai fungsi yang sama Sistem – gabungan organ yang mempunyai
tugas yang sama Organisma – gabungan kesemua sistem
**Fungsi utama sistem-sistem dalam badan adalah untuk homeostasis
Hubungkait antara sistem
Kesemua sistem melakukan fungsi masing-masing untuk membolehkan organisma membesar dan berfungsi
Antara aktiviti sistem-sistem ialah pergerakan, penghazaman, pencernaan, pengangkutan, respirasi, sintesis, asimilasi (penyerapan), pertumbuhan, eskresi, regulasi, dan pembiakan
11 Sistem Badan Manusia11 sistem dalam badan manusia adalah:
-- sistem saraf -- sistem integumentari
-- sistem respiratori -- sistem digestif
-- sistem perkumuhan/urinari -- sistem rangka
-- sistem otot -- sistem peredaran darah
-- sistem endokrina -- sistem reproduktif
-- sistem limfatika (imunisasi)
Sel dan Tisu
Sel menjalankan kesemua aktiviti kimia yang diperlukan untuk memastikan kelangsungan hayat
Tisu adalah sekumpulan sel yang serupa dari aspek struktur dan fungsi
Sel Sel tidak serupa tetapi
berkongsi struktur umum Disusun kepada tiga
komponen utama: Nukleus Sitoplasma Plasma membran
NukleusPusat kawalan selMengandungi bahan genetik (DNA)
Membran plasmaLapisan halangan kandungan sel
SitoplasmaBahan di luar nukleus tetapi dalam membra
plasmaTerdiri dari sitosol, organel dan inclusion
Organel sitoplasmaOrganel sitoplasma
Tisu Merupakan kumpulan sel-sel khusus untuk
fungsi tertentu Tisu terdiri dari sel-sel yang mempunyai
struktur dan fungsi yang serupa 4 jenis utama:
Tisu epiteliumTisu konektifTisu sarafTisu otot
Tisu Epitelium Terdapat di pelbagai kawasan badan
Menutup badanMelapisi badanPada kelenjar
FungsiKeselamatanPenyerapanPenapisanPerkumuhan
Ciri-ciri epiteliumCiri-ciri epitelium
Sel-sel yang rapat Satu permukaan lapisan tisu sentiasa
bebas Bahagian bawah diikat oleh membran
asas Avascular (tiada saliran darah) Mampu regenerate sekiranya cukup
nutrisi
Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium
Slide 3.44aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Number of cell layers
Simple – one layer
Stratified – more than one layer
Figure 3.16a
Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium
Slide 3.44bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Shape of cells
Squamous – flattened
Cuboidal – cube-shaped
Columnar – column-like
Figure 3.16b
Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium
Slide 3.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple squamous Single layer of flat
cells Usually forms
membranes Lines body
cavities Lines lungs and
capillariesFigure 3.17a
Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium
Slide 3.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple cuboidal Single layer of
cube-like cells Common in
glands and their ducts
Forms walls of kidney tubules
Covers the ovaries Figure 3.17b
Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium
Slide 3.47Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple columnar
Single layer of tall cells
Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus
Lines digestive tract
Figure 3.17c
Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium
Slide 3.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pseudostratified Single layer, but
some cells are shorter than others
Often looks like a double cell layer
Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract
May function in absorption or secretion
Figure 3.17d
Stratified EpitheliumStratified Epithelium
Slide 3.49Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stratified squamous Cells at the free edge
are flattened Found as a protective
covering where friction is common
Locations Skin Mouth Esophagus Figure 3.17e
Stratified EpitheliumStratified Epithelium
Slide 3.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stratified cuboidal Two layers of cuboidal cells
Stratified columnar Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
Stratified cuboidal and columnar Rare in human body Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Stratified EpitheliumStratified Epithelium
Slide 3.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transitional epithelium
Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
Lines organs of the urinary system
Figure 3.17f
Glandular EpitheliumGlandular Epithelium
Slide 3.52Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product
Two major gland types Endocrine gland
Ductless Secretions are hormones
Exocrine gland Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface Include sweat and oil glands
Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Slide 3.53Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Found everywhere in the body
Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
Functions
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection
Connective Tissue CharacteristicsConnective Tissue Characteristics
Slide 3.54Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Variations in blood supply
Some tissue types are well vascularized
Some have poor blood supply or are avascular
Extracellular matrix
Non-living material that surrounds living cells
Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.56Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone (osseous tissue) Composed of:
Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
Hard matrix of calcium salts
Large numbers of collagen fibers
Used to protect and support the body Figure 3.18a
Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.57Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hyaline cartilage Most common
cartilage Composed of:
Abundant collagen fibers
Rubbery matrix Entire fetal skeleton
is hyaline cartilage Figure 3.18b
Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.58aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Elastic cartilage
Provides elasticity
Example: supports the external ear
Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.58bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fibrocartilage
Highly compressible
Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae
Figure 3.18c
Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.59Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dense connective tissue Main matrix element
is collagen fibers Cells are fibroblasts Examples
Tendon – attach muscle to bone
Ligaments – attach bone to bone Figure 3.18d
Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.60Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Areolar connective tissue Most widely
distributed connective tissue
Soft, pliable tissue Contains all fiber
types Can soak up excess
fluid Figure 3.18e
Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.61Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Adipose tissue Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat
globules predominate Many cells contain
large lipid deposits Functions
Insulates the body Protects some organs Serves as a site of
fuel storageFigure 3.18f
Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.62Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Reticular connective tissue Delicate network of
interwoven fibers Forms stroma
(internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Bone marrow
Figure 3.18g
Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.63Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood
Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix
Fibers are visible during clotting
Functions as the transport vehicle for materials
Figure 3.18h
Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
Slide 3.64Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Function is to produce movement Three types
Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types
Slide 3.65Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skeletal muscle Can be controlled
voluntarily Cells attach to
connective tissue Cells are striated Cells have more than
one nucleusFigure 3.19b
Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types
Slide 3.66Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiac muscle Found only in the
heart Function is to pump
blood (involuntary) Cells attached to
other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
Cells are striated One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19c
Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types
Slide 3.67Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Smooth muscle Involuntary muscle Surrounds hollow
organs Attached to other
smooth muscle cells No visible striations One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19a
Nervous TissueNervous Tissue
Slide 3.68Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neurons and nerve support cells
Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body
Irritability
Conductivity Figure 3.20
Tissue RepairTissue Repair
Slide 3.69Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regeneration Replacement of destroyed tissue by the
same kind of cells
Fibrosis Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
(scar tissue)
Determination of method Type of tissue damaged Severity of the injury
Events in Tissue RepairEvents in Tissue Repair
Slide 3.70Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillaries become very permeable Introduce clotting proteins Wall off injured area
Formation of granulation tissue Regeneration of surface epithelium
Regeneration of TissuesRegeneration of Tissues
Slide 3.71Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tissues that regenerate easily Epithelial tissue Fibrous connective tissue and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly Skeletal muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System
Integument is skin Skin and its appendages make up the
integumentary system A fatty layer (hypodermis) lies deep to it Two distinct regions
EpidermisDermis
Functions of skin
Protection Cushions and insulates and is waterproof Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria Screens UV
Synthesizes vitamin D with UV Regulates body heat Prevents unnecessary water loss Sensory reception (nerve endings)
Remember…
Four basic types of tissue
Epithelium – epidermis just discussedConnective tissue - dermisMuscle tissueNervous tissue
Skin appendages
Derived from epidermis but extend into dermis
IncludeHair and hair folliclesSebaceous (oil) glandsSweat (sudoiferous) glandsNails
Nails
Of hard keratin Corresponds to hooves and claws Grows from nail matrix
Hair and hair follicles: complexDerived from epidermis and dermisEverywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia
*“arrector pili” is smooth muscle
*
Hair papilla is connective tissue________________
Hair bulb: epithelial cells surrounding papilla
Functions of hairWarmth – less in man than other mammalsSense light touch of the skinProtection - scalp
PartsRoot imbedded in skinShaft projecting above skin surface
Make up of hair – hard keratin Three concentric layers
Medulla (core)Cortex (surrounds medulla)Cuticle (single layers, overlapping)
Types of hair Vellus: fine, short hairs Intermediate hairs Terminal: longer, courser hair
Hair growth: averages 2 mm/week Active: growing Resting phase then shed
Hair loss Thinning – age related Male pattern baldness
Hair color Amount of melanin for black or brown; distinct form of
melanin for red White: decreased melanin and air bubbles in the
medulla Genetically determined though influenced by
hormones and environment
Sebaceous (oil) glands Entire body except palms and soles Produce sebum by holocrine secretion Oils and lubricates
Sweat glands Entire skin surface Prevent overheating 500 cc to 12 l/day!
(is mostly water) Humans most
efficient (only mammals have)
Produced in response to stress as well as heat
Types of sweat glands Eccrine or merocrine
Most numerous True sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of waste Open through pores
Apocrine Ducts open into hair follices The organic molecules in it decompose with time - odor
Modified apocrine glands Ceruminous – secrete earwax Mammary – secrete milk
Questions???