as nzs 4270.1-1995 geographic information systems - spatial data transfer standard logical...

7/31/2019 As NZS 4270.1-1995 Geographic Information Systems - Spatial Data Transfer Standard Logical Specifications

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AS/NZS 4270.1:1995

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Geographic information systemsSpatial data transfer standard

Part 1: Logical specifications

[Based on FIPS PUB 173-1992, Spatial Data Transfer Standard]


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AS/NZS 4270.1:1995

This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical

Committee IT/4, Geographical Information Systems. It was approved on behalf of the

Council of Standards Australia on 12 September 1994 and on behalf of the Council of

Standards New Zealand on 28 September 1994. It was published on 5 January 1995.

The following interests are represented on Committee IT/4:

Association of Aerial Surveyors, AustraliaAustralasian Urban & Regional Information Systems AssociationAustralia New Z ealand Land Information CouncilAustralian Bureau of StatisticsAustralian Geological Survey OrganizationAustralian Key Centre in Land Information StudiesAustralian Map CircleAustralian Photogrammetric & Remote Sensing SocietyAustralian Surveying & Land Information Group (AUSLIG),

Department of Administrative ServicesCommonwealth Spatial Data Committee, AustraliaCSIRO, Division of Information Technology, AustraliaDepartment of Defence, AustraliaDepartment of Environment & Land Management, Tas.Department of Environment & Natural Resources, S.A.Department of Lands, Housing & Local Government, N.T.Department of Lands, QldDepartment of the Environment, Land & Planning, A.C.T.Electrical Supply Association of New ZealandInstitution of Surveyors, AustraliaLand Information New Zealand Support GroupOffice of Geographic Data Coordination, Department of Finance, Vic.State Land I nformation Council, N.S.W.Telecom AustraliaWestern Australian Land Information System Council

Additional interests participating in the preparation of this Standard:

Australasian Spatial Data Exchange Centre (Ausdec)AUSTROADSComputer consultantsDepartment of Survey and Land Information, New ZealandLand Information Centre, N.S.W.Local Government

Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/New Zealand Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by theissue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that

Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and anyamendments thereto.

Full details of all Joint Standards and related publications will be found in theStandards Australia and Standards New Zealand Catalogue of Publications; thisinformation is supplemented each month by the magazines The Australian Standardand Standards New Zealand, which subscribing members receive, and which givedetails of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawnStandards.

Suggestions for improvements to Joint Standards, addressed to the head office of eitherStandards Australia or Standards New Zealand, are welcomed. Notification of anyinaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should bemade without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate actiontaken.

This Standard w as issued in draft form for comment as DR 93066 (in part).


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Part 1: Logical specifications

First published as Joint Standard AS/NZS 4270.1:1995.

PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA1 T he Crescent,Homebush NSW 2140 Australia

STANDARDS NEW ZEALANDLevel 10, Radio New Zealand House,

155 The Terrace,Wellington 6001 New ZealandISBN 0 7262 9314 8


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PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards A ustralia/Standards New Zealand Committee IT/4on Geographical Information Systems. It is based on and reproduced from FIPS PUB 173, Spatial DataTransfer Standard, Part 1: Logical specifications , a US Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS)

publication. The Standard varies from FIPS PUB 173-1992 as follows:

(a) The Australian and New Zealand revisions to the FIPS PUB 173 text are contained inAppendix AA. The FIPS PUB 173 text has been left as published to simplify future revisions.

(b) In the FIPS PUB 173 text, read metres for meters.

(c) References to specific American spatial reference systems have been retained in this Standard toensure compatibility with the US Standard. Spatial reference systems common in Australia andNew Zealand, such as the Australian Map Grid, are catered for as versions of the UniversalTransverse Mercator grid system. P articular Australian S tate and Territory co-ordinate systems,such as the Lambert Conformal Conic and Integrated Survey Grid systems, are catered forspecifically. Similarly, the New Zealand Map Grid, which is a minimum error conformal projection,is also catered for specifically.

(d) Reference to Part 2 of the FIPS PUB 173 Standard is included for compatibility with theUS Standard. Users may replace Part 2 by specific Australian and New Zealand spatial featuredefinition Standards.

The objective of this Standard is to provide users of geographical information systems with a uniformformat for the transfer of information.

AS 2482, Geographic information systemsGeographic dataInterchange of feature-coded digitalmapping data, has been used to specify a file structure and formats for the interchange of digitalmapping data and associated information. The Committee is mindful that, while it is preferred that theAS/NZS 4270 series be used f or data transfer, AS 2482 has been implemented in many systems. Assuch, it is intended that AS 2482 be withdrawn five years after publication of this Standard.

The Standard contains a specification of the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), that will serve as

a national spatial data transfer m echanism for Australia and New Zealand. As such, it is designed totransfer a wide variety of data structures that are used in the s patial sciences, such as cartography,geography, geology, and geographic information systems. Part 1 of this S tandard contains the SETSlogical superstructure that presents the organization and structure of the SDTS transfer m echanism.

In this Standard, Australian and New Zealand variations have been listed in Appendix AA and,accordingly, the source text should be amended, supplemented or replaced as required. The changes tothe source text are indicated with a marginal bar against each clause, table, figure or part thereofaffected.

For the purpose of this Joint Standard, the references in the FIPS PUB 173 text to international or otherstandards should be replaced by references to the following Australian/New Zealand Standards:

Refer ence to International Standardor Other Publication


ANSIX3.4 Information systemsCoded character

sets7-bit American NationalStandard Code for informationinterchange

AS1776 Information processing7-bit coded

character set for information interchange


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X3.173 Unrecorded Magnetic Tape andCartridge for Information Interchange,20-Track, Serial, 1/2 in (12.65 mm)12000 ftpi (472 ftpmm)

FIPS PUB4-1 (ANSI X3.3) Representation for

Calendar Date and Ordinal Date forInformation Interchange

AS3802 Data elements and interchange

formatsInformation interchangeRepresentation of dates and times(ISO 8601). (See note)

5-2 Codes for Identification of the States,District of Columbia and OutlyingAreas of the United States

6-3 Counties and County Equivalents ofthe States of the United States andDistrict of Columbia

8-5 Metropolitan Statistical Ar eas

9 Congressional Districts of the UnitedStates

10-3 Counties, Dependencies, Areas ofSpecial Sovereignty and their PrincipalAdministrative Division

19- 1 Catalog of W idely U sed Code Se ts

58-1 (ANSI X3.43) Representations ofLocal Time of the Day for InformationInterchange

59 (ANSI X3.51) Representations ofUniversal Time, Local Time

Differentials, and United States TimeZone References for I nformationInterchange

70-1 (ANSI X3.61) Representation ofGeographic Point Locations forInformation Interchange

95 Codes for Identification of Federal andFederally Assisted Organizations

103 Codes for the Identification ofHydrological Units in the United Statesand Caribbean Outlying Areas

104-1 Guideline for Implementation of ANSI

Codes for the Implementation ofNames of Countries, Dependencies andAreas of Special Sovereignty

FIPS PUBS123 (ANSI/ISO 8211) Information

processingSpecification for a datadescriptive file for informationinterchange (DDF)

AS3654 Information processing

Specification for a data descriptive filefor information interchange (ISO 8211)

128 (ANSI X3.122) Computer GraphicsMetafile (CGM)

3603 (NZS/ISO 8632) computer graphicsMetafiles for the storage and transfer ofpicture description information


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153 (ANSI X3.144) InformationSystemsComputer GraphicsProgrammers Hierarchical InteractiveGraphics Systems (PHIGS)

3732 (NZS/ISO-IEC 9592) Computergraphics-Programmers HierarchicalInteractive Graphics Systems (PHIGS)

IEEE803 Recommended Practice for Unique

Identification in Power Plants andRelated FacilitiesPrinciples andDefinitions

803A Recommended Practice for UniqueIdentification in Power Plants andRelated FacilitiesComponent FunctionIdentifiers

ISO6093 Information processingRepresentation

of numerical values in character stringsfor information interchange

3767 Information processingRepresentation of numerical values incharacter strings for informationinterchanges (ISO 6093)

TR 9973 Information processingProcedures for registration of graphicalitems

NOTE: AS 3802 is not technically equivalent to FIPS PUB 4-1.

Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALANDUsers of Standards are r eminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand publications andsoftware. Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided f or below no publications or software produced byStandards Australia or Standards New Zealand may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system i n any form or transmitted by anymeans without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand. Permission may be conditional on anappropriate royalty payment. Australian requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directedto the head offi ce of Standards Australia. New Zealand requests should be directed to Standards New Zealand.

Up to 10 percent of t he technical content pages of a Standard may be copied f or use exclusively i n-house by purchasersof the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice t o Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand.

Inclusion of copyright material in computer software programs is also permitted without royalty payment provided suchprograms are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.

Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it i s updated whenever theStandard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should t herefore be clearly i dentified.

The use of material in print form or i n computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in

commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a r oyalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia or StandardsNew Zealand at any time.


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CONTENTS

Page

1 Introduc tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 .1 S co pe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Conforma nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.1 General Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2.2 Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.2.1 Form of a Quality Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2.2.2 Tests for Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2.2.3 Quality Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.3 Conformance Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.4 Transfer Specification Conformance Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2.4.1 Profile Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.4.2 External Spatial Reference Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2.4.3 Features level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.5 Private Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.3 Refe rence s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Spatial Data Conce pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.1 Conce ptua l Mode l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.1.1 Model of Spatial Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.1.2 Model of Spatial Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.1.3 Model of Spatial Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 Classification and Intended Use of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.3 Definition of Spatial Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.3.1 Definition of Zero-dimensional Spatial Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.1.1 Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3.1.1.1 Entity point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.1.1.2 Label point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.1.1.3 Area point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3.1.2 Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.2 Definition of One-dimensional Spatial Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3.2.1 Line Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.2.2 String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.2.3 Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3.2.4 Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3.2.5 Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14


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2.3.2.5.1 Complete chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3.2.5.2 Area chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3.2.5.3 Network chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3.2.6 Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3.2.6.1 G-ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3.2.6.2 GT-ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3.3 Definition of Two-dimensional Spatial Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3.3.1 Interior Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3.3.2 G-Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3.3.3 GT-Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.3.3.3.1 Universe polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3.3.3.2 Void polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.3.3.4 Pixel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.3.3.5 Grid Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.3.4 Definition of Aggregate Spatial Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.3.4.1 Digital Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.3.4.2 Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.3.4.3 Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.3.4.4 Ra ster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.3.4.5 Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.3.4.5.1 Plannar graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.3.4.5.2 Two-dimensional manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.3.4.5.3 Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3 Spatial Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.1 Linea ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2 Pos itional Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.2.1 Deductive Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.2.2 Internal Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.2.3 Comparison to Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.2.4 Independent Source of Higher Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.3 Attribute Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.3.1 Deductive Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.3.2 Tests Based on Independent Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.3.3 Tests Based on Polygon Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.4 Logical Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.4.1 Tests of Valid Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.4.2 General Tests for Graphic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.4.3 Specific Topological Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.4.4 Date of Tes t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.5 Comple tene ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4 General Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.1 Spatial Data Transfer Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25


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4.1.1 The Conceptual Model of Spatial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.1.2 The Data Structure Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.1.3 The Transfer Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.1.3.1 Ordering Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.1.3.2 Backus-Naur Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.1.3.3 Implicit Relationships between Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.1.3.3.1 Modules within a Spatial Data Transfer . . . . . . . . . . 294.1.3.3.2 Module Records within Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.1.3.3.3 Module Fields within Module Records . . . . . . . . . . . 314.1.3.3.4 Subfields within Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.1.3.3.5 Optionality of Module Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.1.3.3.6 Optionality of Module Subfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.1.3.3.7 Extra module fields and subfields shall not be added,

exc ept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.1.3.3.8 Preservation of Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.1.3.3.9 Nulls and Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.1.3.4 Explicit Relationships between Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.1.3.4.1 Modules, Records, Files, and Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . 344.1.3.4.2 Module Cross-References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.1.3.4.3 Modules and Spatial Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.1.3.4.4 Module Record Cross-References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.1.3.4.5 Wildcard Characters in References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4.1.3.5 Spatial Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.1.3.5.1 Spatial Address and Coordinate Coding . . . . . . . . . . 384.1.3.5.2 Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.1.3.5.3 Universal Transverse Mercator/Universal Polar

Stereographic Grid Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394.1.3.5.4 State Plane Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394.1.3.5.5 Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.1.3.6 Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.1.3.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.1.3.6.2 Attributes and Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.1.3.6.3 Attributes and Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.1.3.6.4 Object and Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.1.3.6.5 Attributes and the Universe and Void Polygons . . . . . 414.1.3.6.6 Attribute Definition, Authority, and Domain . . . . . . . 424.1.3.6.7 Foreign Identifiers as Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.1.3.6.8 Attribute Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

4.2 Transfer Module Specification Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434.2.1 Specification Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.2.2 Generic Versus Explicit Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464.2.3 Notation and Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.2.3.1 Explicit Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474.2.3.2 Generic Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47


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4.2.3.3 Classes of Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474.2.3.4 Repeated Subfields in Generic Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.2.3.5 Variably Repeating Subfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.2.3.6 Shared Module Field Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.2.3.7 Subfields with Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.2.3.8 Mandatory and Optional Presence and Absence of Fields . . . . . 494.2.3.9 Notation Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

5 Transfer Module Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535.1 Spatial Address and Foreign Identifier Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

5.1.1 Spatial Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535.1.2 Foreign Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5.2 Global Information Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575.2.1 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

5.2.1.1 Identification Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575.2.1.2 Conformance Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

5.2.1.2.1 Profile specification subfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585.2.1.2.2 External spatial reference subfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.2.1.2.3 Features level subfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

5.2.2 Ca ta log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.2.2.1 Catalog/Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.2.2.2 Catalog/Cross-Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.2.2.3 Catalog/Spatial Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

5.2.3 Se curity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.2.4 Spatial Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

5.2.4.1 Internal Spatial Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

5.2.4.2 External Spatial Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795.2.4.3 Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.2.5 Spatia l Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845.2.6 Data Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

5.2.6.1 Data Dictionary/Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885.2.6.2 Data Dictionary/Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905.2.6.3 Data Dictionary/Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

5.2.7 Transfer Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985.3 Data Quality Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

5.3.1 Line age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005.3.2 Positional Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025.3.3 Attribute Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

5.3.4 Logical Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065.3.5 Comple te ne ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085.4 Attribute Module s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5.4.1 Attribute Primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105.4.2 Attribute Secondary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

5.5 Compos ite Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114


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5.6 Vector Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165.6.1 Point-Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185.6.2 Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.6.3 Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245.6.4 Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275.6.5 Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

5.7 Ras ter Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315.7.1 Subfield Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

5.7.1.1 Object Representation Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315.7.1.1.1 Seque nc ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315.7.1.1.2 Enc oding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315.7.1.1.3 Attributes for each cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325.7.1.1.4 Object Representation Code GI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.7.1.1.5 Object Representation Code GJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.7.1.1.6 Object Representation Code GK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1345.7.1.1.7 Object Representation Code GM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

5.7.1.2 Spatial Referencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355.7.1.2.1 The scan reference system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355.7.1.2.2 The internal reference system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355.7.1.2.3 The external reference system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

5.7.1.3 Default Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365.7.1.4 Absence of Module Name in the Cell Module . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375.7.1.5 Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375.7.1.6 Tesseral Indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385.7.1.7 Radiometric Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385.7.1.8 Ce ll Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

5.7.2 Raster Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385.7.3 Ce ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455.8 Graphic Representation Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

5.8.1 Text Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505.8.2 Line Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555.8.3 Symbol Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585.8.4 Area Fill Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615.8.5 Color Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1655.8.6 Font Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

ANNEXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

A: The SDTS Model of Spatial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170A.1 Model of Spatial Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171A.2 Model of Spatia l Objec ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172A.3 Model of Spatial Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

B: Attribute Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175


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B.1 Attribute Primary and Attribute Secondary Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175B.2 Data Dictionary/Schema Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178B.3 Data Dictionary/Definition Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

B.4 Data Dictionary/Domain Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182B.5 Attribute Labels and SQL keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182B.6 Suggested Code Se ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

C: Spatial Address Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186C.1 Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

C.1.1 Representation of Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187C.1.2 Hemisphere Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

C.2 Universal Transverse Mercator/Universal Polar Stereographic Grid Systems . 188C.2.1 Universal Transverse Mercator Grid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188C.2.2 Universal Polar Stereographic Grid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189C.2.3 Hemisphere and Zone Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189C.2.4 Unit of Meas ureme nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

C.3 State Plane Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189C.3.1 Zone Re pres enta tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190C.3.2 Coordinate Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190C.3.3 Unit of Meas ureme nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

C .4 Alt it ud e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1

D: Catalog Module Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192D.1 Catalog/Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192D.2 Catalog/Cross-Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193D.3 Catalog/Spatial Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

E: Gloss ary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

F: Re fe rences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199


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List of Tables

Page

1 Feature Ins ta nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Intended use of defined spatial objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123a Transfer constructs of this standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263b Relationships between the transfer logical constructs,

implementation constructs, and typical medium constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Character sets used to express the Graphics Characters,

Alphanumeric, Alphabetic, and Numeric domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Summary of the special flags used with field names and subfield names . . . . . . . . 516 Spatial Addre ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Foreign Identifie r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Global module type s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Presence or absence of object types by Profile Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

10 Ide ntific ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6111 Catalog/Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6512 Catalog/Cross-Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6713 Catalog/Spatial Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 4 S ecu rit y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7215 Internal Spatial Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7516 External Spatial Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8017 Regis tration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8318 Spa tial Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8519 Data Dictionary/Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8920 Data Dictionary/Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9121 Data Dictionary/Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

22 Transfer Sta tis tics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9923 Linea ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10124 Pos itiona l Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10325 Attribute Ac curac y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10526 Logical Consis te nc y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10727 Completenes s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10928 Attribute Primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11129 Attribute Se condary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11330 Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11531 Modules and vector-based object representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11732 Point-Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1193 3 Lin e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2

3 4 Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 53 5 R in g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 836 Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13037 Raster Object Representation Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13238 Subfields omitted in the default raster implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13739 Ras ter Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139


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4 0 C el l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 641 Representation module type and object representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14942 Text Re pres enta tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

43 Line Re pres enta tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15644 Symbol Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15945 Area Fill Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16246 Color Inde x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16647 Font Inde x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168


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1

AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND STANDARD


Part 1:Logical specifications

1 Introduction

This Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) provides a solution to the problem of spatial(i.e., geographic and cartographic) data transfer from the conceptual level to the details ofphysical file encoding. Transfer of spatial data involves modelling spatial data concepts,data structures, and logical and physical file structures. To be useful, the data to betransferred must also be meaningful in terms of data content and data quality. SDTS

addresses all of these aspects for both vector and raster data structures.

The standard is in th ree p arts. Part 1 addresses the logical specifications in terms ofconformance requirements, a conceptual model, quality specifications, the data structuremodel, and the transfer format. Part 2 addresses data content by providing a standard listand definitions of spatial features and their attributes. Part 3 specifies the implementationof SDTS in terms of the International Organization for Standardization for a DataDescriptive File for Information Interchange.

Section 1 of part 1 in cludes a statement of scope and conformance requirements for SDTS.It also in cludes normative references to other standards and definitions of terms.

The conceptual model of spatial data is presented in section 2 to provide a framework fordefining spatial features and a context for the definition of a set of spatial objects. Thisconceptual model supports the translation of user data models to and from the SDTSmodel. Within section 2 is a defined set of spatial objects, for zero, one, and twodimensions, used in spatial data systems to represent real-world spatial phenomena. Three-dimensional sp atial ob jects have not been specified. The defined set of objects will supportthe three major types of spatial data operations: (1) geometry only, (2) geometry andtopology, and (3) topology only. These objects have been specified in a modular fashion sothat more elaborate composite objects can be constructed from them.

Section 3 includes specifications for a quality report concerning the objects in a transferand their attributes. The purpose of the quality report is to p rovide detailed information for

a user to evaluate the fitness for a particular use. This style of standard can becharacterized as truth in labelling, rather than fixing arbitrary numerical thresholds ofquality. To implement this portion of the standard, a producer is urged to include the mostrigorous and quantitative information available on the components of data quality describedin this section.

Sections 4 and 5 present specifications for the transfer of spatial data. Section 4 containsgeneral concepts and sp ecifications, the u nderlying models that pertain to the transfermodule specifications of section 5 . Section 4 also specifies the general elements of animplementation, the relationships of the log ical constructs of the data models to the

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AS/NZS 4270.1:1995, Geographic informationsystems - Spatial data transfer standard Logicalspecifications
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