arzrda bibliur iudaizmsi - tsas.ge...2019/11/07 · wigni warmoadgens damxmare saxelmzrvanelos,...
TRANSCRIPT
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aRzrda bibliur
iudaizmSi
avTandil asaTiani
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TBILISI THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY
UPBRINGING IN BIBLICAL JUDAISM
THE PUBLISHING HOUSE OF TBILISI THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY AND SEMINARY
TBILISI
2016
Tbilisis sasuliero akademia
aRzrda bibliur iudaizmSi
Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis gamomcemloba
Tbilisi
2016
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wigni warmoadgens damxmare saxelmZRvanelos, romelSic ganx-ilulia aRzrdis sakiTxebi bibliur iudaizmSi. dasabuTebu-lia RvTiuri samyaros roli aRzrdaSi, kanonis anu rju-lis pedagogikis primati da sibrZnis didaqtika iudaizmSi. gaanalizebulia iudaisturi da antikuri aRzrdis sistemebi da mocemulia iudaisturi aRmzrdelobiTi tradiciis Tana-medrove interpretacia.wigni daxmarebas gauwevs studentebs qristianuli peda-
gogikis SeswavlaSi. masSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi sainteresoa, agreTve, religiis pedagogikis sferoSi moRvawe mecnierebisa da multikulturul sazogadoebaSi tolerantobis aRzrdis problemebze momuSave pedagogebisaTvis.
The present book represents a supplementary text-book which gives a discourse on the issues of pedagogy in biblical Judaism. It cor-roborates the role of the divine world in the upbringing of children, the primate of the pedagogy of law which is the Great Canon Law and the didactics of wisdom in Judaism. It gives an analysis of sys-tems applied in Judaic and Classical upbringing, and a study of a con-temporary interpretation ofupbringing in Judaic tradition. The book will be a helpful guide for students involved in the study of Christian Pedagogy. The issues it offers the reader will also be interestingfor scholars working in the field of Pedagogy and teachers working at the problems related to the inculcation of tolerance inthe process of upbringing within a multicultural community.
© Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis gamomcemloba
ISBN 978-9941-9473-0-8
redaqtori imer basilaZe
pedagogikis doqtori, quTaisis ak. wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi.
recenzentebi: rusudan wiqvaZe
filosofiis doqtori, Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis profesori.
xaTuna memaniSvili
filologiis doqtori, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis profesori.
EDITOR IMER BASILADZE
PHD of Pedagogy, Professor of Akaki Tsereteli State University of Kutaisi, Academician of the Academy of educational sciences of Georgia.
REVIEWERS: RUSUDAN TSIKVADZE
PHD of Philosophy, Professor of Tbilisi Theological Academy and Seminary.
KHATUNA MEMANISHVILI
PHD of Philology, Professor of Saint Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of Tbilisi.
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7
winaTqma
`gainaTeT yoveldRiuri cxovreba mcnebebis
sanTliTa da Toris SuqiT~
(Talmudi)
ebraelTa dramatuli istoria ramdenime aTa s
wleuls iTvlis. saukuneTa qartexilebSi SeinarCu
na am uZvelesma xalxma erovnuli TviTmyofadoba da
rwmena, raSic gadamwyveti roli tradiciebis mamidan
Svilze gadacemam da umTavresi ebrauli wignebis –
Toras swavlebam Seasrula: `da gaumeore isini (To
ras sityvebi) Sens Svilebs~ [dvarim 6:7]1, _ auwyebda
rCeuli eris Svilebs RvTis sityva.
ebrauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, vinc moses kanonebs
aswavlis bavSvs, igivea, TiTqos Tavad gaeCinos igi.
e.i. maswavlebeli, romelic bavSvs Toras aswavlis,
adamians `qmnis~, mis formirebaSi monawileobs da
misi damsaxureba biologiur mSoblebze aranaklebia.
amitomac damkvidrda israelianebSi maswavleblis
mimarT gansakuTrebuli mowiweba da pativiscema.
religiis arseba RmerTsa daadamians Soris kavSir
Si gamoixateba. religiis struqturis ZiriTadi ele
mentia religiuri cnobiereba, romelic warmoadgens
1 naSromSi paralelurad viyenebT Toras anu moses xuTwigneulis qarTul da ebraul saxeldebebs: dabadeba – bereSiTi, gamosvlaTa – SmoTi, levitelTa – vaikra, ricxvTa – bemidbari, meore rjuli – dvarimi.
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98
ideebisa da Cveulebebis erTobliobas, rac morwmu
neTaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. aqedan gamomdinare,
religiuri cnobiereba iyofa or nawilad – religi
ur ideologiad da religiur fsiqologiad.
adamianis aRzrdaSi wamyvania religiuri ideolo
gia, romelic warmoadgens SexedulebaTa sistemas
samyaros, sazogadoebisa da adamianis Sesaxeb.
iudaizmis istoriaSi gamoiyofa oTxi periodi:
pirveli dakavSirebulia iahves kultTan da mono
Teizmis CamoyalibebasTan, igi XVXIV ssSi iwyeba da
RmerTis mier abraamis gamorCeviT sruldeba. meore,
e. w. palestinur periodSi Camoyalibebas iwyebs iu
dauri religiuri tradicia, mis kvaldakval uqmdeba
Zveli RvTaebebis Tayvaniscema. am periodis dasasru
lad miCneulia Zv. w. aR.is 586 weli, roca babilonis
mefem daipyro ierusalimi, daangria misi taZari da
ebralebi tyved waiyvana. Mmesame periods uwodeben
`meore taZris xanas~, romelic dakavSirebulia babi
lonis tyveobidan iudevelTa gaTavisuflebasa da
ierusalimis taZris aRdgenasTan, rac Zv. w. aR.is 538
wels moxda. xolo ax. w. aR.is IIV ssebSi anu meoTxe
periodSi, romelsac ,,diasporis periods~ uwode
ben, mTavrdeba iudauri religiis Camoyalibeba.
iudaizmis wminda wigns Tanaxi hqvia. saxelwode
ba `Tanax~ miRebulia misi Semadgeneli sami nawilis
sawyisi asoebidan: T Tora (moses xuTwigneuli), n
nabiim (winaswarmetyvelni), x qeTubim (werilni, ,,q~
bgera ,,x~ d Seicvala momdevno xmovnis gavleniT).
winamdebare narkvevis ZiriTad wyaros swored Tanaxi
warmoadgens, romelsac ebraul bibliasac uwodeben.
iudaizmi Tavidanve Zalian kargad grZnobda
adamianis saidumlos, magram metismetad iyo da
moCilebuli rjulis mcnebebs, radgan cxovrebis
Sefasebisas utilitarizmidan amodioda. Tumca, wi
naswarmetyvelTa gamocxadebis safuZvelze, mainc im
azramde midioda, rom religiuri principebiT Sesa
Zlebelia cxovrebis gasxivosneba. marTalia, Zvelma
aRTqmam SeiZina mesianisturi molodini, magram mas
ar miscemia yvelaze mTavari _ gamocxadeba RmerT
kacis Sesaxeb, romelsac pedagogikisaTvis bazisuri
mniSvneloba aqvs.
`rwmena aRzrdis wyalobiT idgams suls~, wer
da dekanozi vasili zenkovski, _ “misive wyalobiT
eZleva suls feriscvalebisa da gabrwyinebis Sesa
Zlebloba, _ Tumca es Tavis TavSi ukve gulisxmobs
`sikeTis sawindars~, romelic cxovrobs misi cx
ovrebis bunebrivi dialeqtikisgan damoukideblad~
[4,37]1.
aRzrda aris adamianis sulier samyarosTan
mimarTebis yvelaze marTebuli gza. swored aRzr
dam unda SeanivTos adamianis yofiTi moTxovnebi da
molodini maradiulobis RvTiur kanonebs. aRzrda
unda iqces adamianis momzadebis erTaderT saSuale
bad ara mxolod amsofliuri cxovrebisaTvis, aramed
maradiuli sulieri arsebobisaTvis.
magram aRzrda am urTules amocanas mxolod ma
1 iq, sadac frCxilebSi miTiTebul cifrebTan ar aris wignis dasaxeleba, igulisxmeba gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSi Sesuli wignebis rigiTi nomeri da
gverdi.
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11
RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
10
Sin Seasrulebs, roca aRzrdis procesi liturgiad
iqceva, roca aRmzrdelSi mRvdelmsaxuris grZno
ba gaiRviZebs [7,33]. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
aRsazrdelisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba bavSvis
cxov rebis pirvel wlebSi.
radgan pedagogika socialuri mecnierebaa, am
sferoSi mecnieruli kvlevaZiebisaTvis gansa
kuTrebulia dakvirvebis, gamocdilebisa da eqspe
rimentebis roli. magram aRzrdis procesSi mxolod
gansjaze damyarebuli midgoma Sedegis momtani
ver iqneba. srulfasovani pedagogika mxolod maSin
gveqneba, roca mxolod garegnulze dakvirvebiTa da
misi gansjiT ki ar davkmayofildebiT, aramed Sinaga
nad da Rrmad aRviqvamT samyaros saidumloebebs, ro
melTa Soris yvelaze didi saocreba RvTis msgavsad
da xatad Seqmnili adamianis aRzrdaa.
winamdebare naSromi qarTul enaze iudaizmSi aR
zrdis Sesaxebnarkvevis Seqmnis pirveli mcdelobaa.
bunebrivia, wamoWril kiTxvebze Cveneuli pasuxebic
ver iqneba yovlismomcveli da uxarvezo. amitom yve
la saqmian SeniSvnas da winadadebas madlierebiT mi
viRebT.
RvTiuri samyaro – aRzrdis safuZveli
Tora gvauwyebs, rom xiluli samyaro RmerTma eqvs dReSi Seqmna. Tumca, dabadebis wignSi
miTiTebuli eqvsi dRe Cveulebriv dReRames ar
niSnavs, radgan dReRamis monacvleoba damo
kidebulia mzis arsebobaze, romelic mxolod
meoTxe dRes warmoiSva. manamde ki `miwa iyo usa
xurudaburi, da iyo bneli ufrskrulis pirze.
da suli iZvroda wylis pirze~ [dab. 1:1]. RmerTma
daiwyo am udaburebisa da qaosisagan mwyobri
sistemis Camoyalibeba, rac eqvsi dRis ganmav
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1312
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
lobaSi mimdinareoda.
meore dRes RmerTma Seqmna myari sivrce. mes
ame dRes igi qmnis xmeleTsa da zRvas da gamo
yofs erTmaneTisgan. meoTxe dRes RmerTi qmnis
mzes, mTvaresa da sxva mnaTobebs, rac dRisa da
Ramis monacvleobis dasawyisia. mexuTe dRes
RvTis nebiT zRvaSi warmoiSvnen Tevzebi da qve
warmavlebi, xolo haerSi _ frinvelebi. bolos
ki, meeqvse dRes, uflis brZanebiT iqmnebian cxo
velebi da adamianebi.
kidev erTi sayuradRebo detalia gamosayofi
_ kerZod, aq araferia naTqvami meSvide dReze,
romelic jer ar dasrulebula, xolo bibli
uri eqvsi dRe aris eqvsi Tanmimdevruli etapi
Sesaqmisa, romelic gzadagza viTardeba, vidre
RmerTi ar Seqmnis adamians _ miwieri samyaros
gvirgvins.
radgan RvTis pirvelive qmedeba usaxuruda
buri, qaosuri samyaros gardaqmnisaken aris
mimarTuli, amiT, faqtobrivad, sacnauri xdeba
uzenaesi Semoqmedis yovlisSemZleoba, romelic
udides sikeTes uyris safuZvels. marTalia, misi
qmedeba materializebulia, magram mis mier sasike
To Zvrebi sityvis ZaliT xdeba da amiT samyaroc
TandaTan srulyofilebas iZens. rogorc biblia
gvaswavlis, RmerTma adams met yvelebis unari
uboZa. es unari Tavad RmerTs hqonda. maSasadame,
es aqtic cxadyofs, rom adamiani RvTis xatadaa
Seqmnili. enis saSualebiT ara marto adamianebi
amyareben erTmaneTTan kav Sirs, aramed, rogorc
bibliaSi vkiTxulobT, roca RmerTi edemis baR
Si Camodioda da adamians elaparakeboda, ada
mianic elaparakeboda RmerTs. es urTierToba
adam sa da mis Semqmnels Soris yovelgvari SiSis
grZnobisagan Tavisufali, siyvaruliT gamTbari
da gonivruli iyo. e. i. RvTiuri samyaro araTu
gamoricxavs, aramed amkvidrebs wesrigs da har
monias, romlis upirvelesi Semoqmedi RmerTia;
xolo qaosi da uwesrigoba mravali mankierebi
sa da borotebis saTavea, amdenad, igi RvTiuri
nebis sapiripiro movlenaa.
RvTis mier usaxurudaburobisagan kargad
gamarTuli samyaros Seqmna umizezod ar mox
deboda. RmerTs SemTxveviT araferi gaukeTebia,
misi yvela qmedeba did miznebs emsaxureba. maS,
ra iyo samyaros Seqmnis mizani?
RmerTi aris absoluturi srulyofileba, ami
tom samyaros SeqmniT mas araferi moemateboda,
radgan ufali absoluturi srulyofilebaa da
ar ganicdis raimes naklebobas: `Tavad aniWebs
yvelas sicocxles, sunTqvas da yovelives~ [saqm.
moc. 17:25]. `aravis ar SeuZlia miagos mas raime
iseTi, rac RmerTs SeuZlia, radganac yovelive
misgan gamovida, misken midis~ [rom. 11:36]. wminda
mamebis azriT, samyaros Seqmnis mizezi RvTaeb
rivi wyaloba iyo. rogorc fsalmunebSia naT
qvami, `keTil ars ufali da mowyale yovel mis
saqmeSi~ [fsal. 144:9]. amdenad, samyaros Seqmnis
mizezi uflis wyaloba da siyvaruli iyo.
grigol RvTismetyvelis azriT, saerTod,
madls aqvs ganvrcobis Tviseba, romelic Sem
deg gardamoedineba da aniWebs wyalobasa da
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1514
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
madls sxva arsebebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT wm.
mama werda: `radganac wyalobisa da madlisaT
vis ar aris sakmarisi, Wvritos marto saku
Tari Tavi, aramed igi ganivrcoba, gardamodis,
moedi neba gareT, sxva gan, amravlebs, rogorc
SeiZleba metad, viszec es wyaloba gadmodis.
amis msgavsad RmerTma Seqmna yovelive xiluli
da uxilavi _ angelozebrivi, zecieri Zalebi
iqneba es Tu xiluli miwieri samyaro~. xolo
wmida ioane damaskeli ambobs: `radganac yovl
admowyale da yovladsrulyofili RmerTi ar
dakmayofilda sakuTari Tavis WvretiT, aramed
wyalobis gardamomatebis gamo, keTilad ineba,
rom yovelive warmoSobiliyo, rac iqneboda Sem
deg am wyalobis mimRebi da rasac am wyalobis
miReba esaWiroeboda. Seiqmna RvTaebrivi azriT,
romelic movida qmedebaSi RvTaebrivi sityviTa
da suliT~.
amgvarad, samyaros Seqmnis aqti da adamia
nisTvis masSi gansakuTrebuli adgilis mikuT
vneba imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom ufals surda
Tavisi usasrulo madliT, wyalobiTa da siy
varuliT, hyoloda is qmnilebebi, romelTac igi
madls mianiWebda, isini eziarebodnen mis dide
bas da swored maTze ganxorcieldeboda usas
rulo srulyofilebani. uflis dideba, rogorc
xateba da msgavseba, airekleba adamianSi, romel
ic gvirgvinia qmnilebaTa Soris.
adamianis ganRmrToba iyo is mizani, ris gamoc
RmerTma samyaro Seqmna. e. i. RmerTma moisur
va, RvTaebrivi didebisaTvis adamianic eziarebi
na. Tumca, amis misaRwevad garkveuli pirobebic
daawesa, rac, pirvel rigSi, saTno cxovrebasa
da RvTis didebas gulisxmobs. swored amisken
mimarTavda RmerTi Cvens pirvel winaprebs, ro
melTa pirveli maswavlebeli da moZRvari TviT
ufali iyo, xolo uSualo gzis gamkvalavi _ is
RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia, romelebic miwier
qveyanaSi swored maTTvis daamkvidra RmerTma.
TviT RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia uflis sib
rZnezea aRmocenebuli. wesrigma da sayovelTao
harmoniam swored RvTis sibrZniT daisadgura
samyaroSi. amis Sesaxeb igavTa wigni gvauwyebs:
`ukunisidan var dafuZvnebuli, Tavidanve, miwaze
uwinares. ufskrulTa aryofnisas davibade, wya
roTa wylebis siuxvis aryofnisas. sanam mTebi
dadgebodnen, borcvebze adre davibade. rodesac
jer kidev ar iyo Seqmnili miwa da mindvrebi,
samyaros dasabami mtveri. roca is cas amyareb
da, mec iq viyavi, roca wres hkravda ufskrulis
zedapirze, roca Rrublebs amagrebda maRliT,
roca Zlierdeboda ufskrulTa wyaroebi, roca
daadgina zRvisTvis sazRvari, roca wylebs ar
gadaelaxaT misi napiri, roca awesebda dedami
wis safuZvlebs, me viyavi mis gverdiT aRmSeneb
lad..... vxarobdi misi miwis samyaroSi, da iyo
Cemi sixaruli adamis ZeTa mimarT~ [igav. 8:2331].
miuxedavad imisa, rom sibrZnem uflis SemweobiT
daivana Zalian adre, yoveliveze uwinares, misi
daniSnuleba mainc konkretulia da igi adamianis
gakeTilSobilebisken aris mimarTuli; sikeTe ki
uflis mcnebaTa dacvaSi mdgomareobs: `ismineT
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1716
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
Cemi darigeba, dabrZendiT da nu gandiddebiT. ne
taria kaci, vinc momismens me, vinc fxizlobs Cems
karebTan dReniadag....~. [igav. 8:3334]. sayovelTao
wesrigis mosurne RmerTma yvelaze kargad uwyis,
Tu saiT mouwodebs kacobriobas: `samarTliania
yoveli naTqvami Cemi pirisa, araa masSi araferi
daklaknili da mrude. yovlad naTelia isini
gonierebisaTvis da simarTlea codnis mpovnel
TaTvis~ [igav. 8:89]. yvelaze didi saunje, rac
samyaroSi arsebobs adamianisaTvis, sibrZnea. am
itom, Tvalmargalitis Sovnaze ufro, sibrZnes
unda daewafos adamiani, radgan: `me, sibrZne~, _
gvaswavlis igavTa wigni, _ `vmkvidrob goniere
basTan da gansjis codnas vpoveb. uflis SiSi
borotebis siZulvilia. siamaye da qedmaRloba
da boroti gza, da ukuRmarTi piri mZuls me. Ce
mia rCeva da goniereba, me var goneba, Cemia Zala~
[igav. 8:1214].
samarTlianobis, wesrigisa da sayovelTao
harmoniis mosurne RmerTma Tavisi RvTiuri
miznebis aRsrulebas safuZvlad sibrZne daudo.
igi mudam aswavlis kacTa modgmas im sayovelTao
WeSmaritebas, rom sibrZne sikeTe da sicocxlea,
xolo misgan gandgoma daRupvas niSnavs: `Tavis
gulze daimedebuli briyvia, xolo sibrZniT ma
vali gadarCeba~ [igav. 28:26]. vinc sibrZnis gziT
ivlis, misi moRvaweoba gamarTlebuli iqneba da
gonierebas eziareba. amitom mouwodebs adami
anebs RmerTi: `datoveT sibriyve da icocxleT
da iareT gonierebis gziT~ [igav. 10,6].
dabadebis wignis mixedviT, vidre RmerTi de
dakacs Seqmnida, jer yvela cxoveli da sxva
cocxali arseba mihgvara adams, romelmac Ti
Toeul maTgans saxeli daarqva. amiT ufalma
cxadyo adamis, e. i. misive Seqmnilis, upirateso
ba yvelas mimarT. amitomac asxams xotbas fsal
munebi RvTis umaRles qmnilebas [fs. 148,15, 711;
150, 1, 6]. cocxal arsebaTa Soris ar iyo adamis
Sesaferi TanaSemwe, igi martosuli aRmoCnda.
amitom Seqmna RmerTma kacis neknidan qali. es
epizodi aSkarad adasturebs adamianis maRal mi
sias yvela suldgmulTan SedarebiT, romlebic
manamde Seuqmnia RmerTs.
mkvlevarni xazs usvamen Toras narativis
geocentrizms. samyaros Seqmnis mesame dRidan
dawyebuli, RmerTi mimarTavs qveyanas da imas,
rac masze warmoiSoba. AamaSi Rrma simboluro
ba Zevs. gamoCenili mecnieri v. loski wers: `es
ar aris neSti raime primitiuli kosmogoniisa...
Seusabamo Cveni kopernikis Semdgomi samyarosi.
geocentrizmi aq aris ara fizikuri, aramed su
lieri: qveyana sulierad centralizebulia imi
tom, rom is adamianis sxeulia, imitom, rom ada
miani centraluri arsebaa, is arseba, romelic
Tavis TavSi aerTianebs grZnobadsa da zegrZno
bads, da amitom ufro meti sisruliT, vidre an
gelozebi, monawileobs qveynisa da cis mTel
mwyobrSi. samyaros centrSi adamianis guli
feTqavs~ [12, 234235]. amitomac adamis gansxvavebu
loba cxovelebisgan mis sicocxles adamianurs
da gansacvifrebels xdis. Tumca, arc samyaro da
arc dedamiwa adamianTa sakuTreba ar aris, isini
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1918
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
RvTis sakuTrebaa: `uflisa aris qveyniereba da
savseba misi, samyaro da misi mkvidrni~ [fsalm.
23:1]. adamianebi mdgmurebi arian RvTis miwaze, is
maT ar ekuTvniT. amitom bibliaSive aris gacxa
debuli is pirobebi, romelTa dacva aucilebe
lia adamianebisaTvis. maTi cxovreba damokidebu
lia imaze, ramdenad kargad Seasruleben isini
RvTis nebas; radgan yoveli qmnileba, adamianis
CaTvliT, Seiqmna RmerTis samsaxurad da misi
nebis aRsasruleblad [gamocx. 4:11]. swored am
zneobriv postulats efuZneba religiuri peda
gogika _ adamianma yovelTvis unda icodes, rom
RvTis nebis Sesruleba misi arsebobis aucile
beli pirobaa, xolo misgan gadaxveva safrTxes
uqmnis ara marto adamianis cxovrebas, aramed
samyaros arsebobasac. es saSiSroeba ukanask
nel saukuneSi kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxda.
radgan, mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, amJa
mad pla netaruli katastrofebis xelovnurad
gamowvevac ki SesaZlebelia, amitom adamianze
bevri ram aris damokidebuli, rac yvelam kar
gad unda gaacnobieros.
adamiani ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva ram
dedamiwaze, radgan yvelaferi adamianisTvis ar
sebobs da ara piriqiT. adamianis mniSvneloba
bevrad aRemateba samyaroSi arsebul materia
lur Zalebs, romlebzec TviT adamianebi varT
damokidebulni. magaliTad, Cven mzis gareSe ver
vicocxlebT, magram, mniSvnelobis Tvalsaz
risiT, mze adamians emsaxureba da ara piriqiT.
igi adamianisTvis Seiqmna, rogorc misi msaxu
ri da RvTaeba, rogorc Zvel xalxebs miaCndaT.
Cven viciT mzis daniSnuleba da adgili, man ki
araferi icis Cven Sesaxeb.
fizikuri sicocxle saidumloebad rCeba. ara
viTari cnoba ar arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, rom
Tundac yvelaze primitiuli mikroorganizmebi
odesRac spontanuri TviTwarmoSobis Sedegad
aRmocendnen usicocxlo materiisagan.Ees iseve
ver moxdeboda, ,,rogorc jarTis grovisgan qa
riSxali ver warmoqmnis Tanamedrove manqanas~
[6. 16].
rac ufro meti gaoceba da mowiweba dagveuf
leba sicocxlis saocrebis mimarT, miT ufro
metad davafasebT sicocxles. umaduroba Semoq
medis mimarT, gveubneba Tora, sicocxlis ga
ufasurebisaken gadadgmuli nabijia, misgan
gamomdinare maxinji SedegebiT. amis Taobaze
sayuradRebo mosazreba ganaviTara eleqtro
magnetizmis fuZemdebelma, frangma fizikosma,
andre mari amperma, romelic werda: `bunebaSi
SegviZlia vWvritoT Semoqmedis saqmeebi da maTi
saSualebiT mivideT Semoqmedis Secnobamde~.
saWiroa axalgazrdebma icodnen, rom adami
anis sxeuli da tvini zustad dabalansebuli
sistemaa, romelsac saTanado movla esaWiroeba.
zomiereba adamianma yvelaferSi unda gamoiCi
nos, TviTnebobam SeiZleba daarRvios sxeuli
sa da tvinis faqizi sistema da ubedurebamde
miiyvanos adamiani (nikotini, alkoholi, Sidsi,
prostitucia...).
adamians araTu Txovnas usrulebs ufali,
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2120
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
aramed zogjer sjis kidec. amisTvis mouvlens
stiqiur da fizikur ubedurebebs. Tumca, ro
gorc RvTismetyvelebi Tvlian, esec adamianis
sasikeTod xdeba, radgan RmerTs unda, adamiani
moaqcios sinanulisken, daicvas codvisagan da
sikeTis gzaze ataros. amdenad, RvTiuri sasje
li boroteba ki ara, ukeTurobisgan adamianis
dacvaa, rac sabolood sikeTed masve moubrun
deba. amitom unda daemorCilos adamiani RvTi
ur kanonebs da im harmoniis Tanaziari gaxdes,
romelsac es kanonebi amkvidrebs TviT adamianis
sakeTildReod.
RvTiuri wesrigis gamovlenad da dedamiwaze
harmoniis damyarebad unda miviCnioT is faqti,
rom RmerTma adamians SemoqmedebiTi da esTe
tikuri aRqmis unari uboZa. es garemoeba kidev
erTxel usvams xazs imas, rom RvTiuri wesrigi
adamianis harmoniuli arsebobisaTvis aucilebe
li piroba iyo. amitom RmerTma miwis erT na
wilSi baRi gaaSena da iq kaci daasaxla, raTa
boZebulisTvis moevlo. baRSi marto sakvebad
gamosayenebeli xeebi ki ar iyo, iq `sanaxavad~
saamo xeebic idga. aqedan gamomdinare, adami
ans unari ASeswevs daafasos mSveniereba. ami
tomac aSeneben adamianebi baRebs _ eswrafvian
silamazes. aseTi ram cxovelebs ar axasiaT
ebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamravlebis periodSi
cxo velebsa da frinvelebs erTmaneTis kaSkaSa
Seferiloba izidavT, zogierTi jiSis frinveli
sawinaaRmdego sqesis yuradRebis misapyrobad
mReris kidec, maT mSvenierebis aRqmis unari
da SemoqmedebiTi Se saZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT.
aseTi unari mxolod adamians aqvs, romliTac
igi RmerTs uaxlovdeba. kacobriobis istoria
adamianis Semoqmede biTi potencialis gamovle
na, RmerTis, Semoqmedis mibaZvaa. xolo is, vinc
Rupavs dedamiwas, abinZurebs mdinareebs, arRvevs
atmosferul Sreebs da safrTxes uqmnis Cvens
planetas, RvTis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs. amitom
axalgazrdebma unda icodnen, rom aseTi adami
anebi did codvas sCadian. bibliur iudaizmSi
mniSvnelovani miniSnebebia mocemuli amasTan
dakavSirebiT. Tanamedrove mecnierebi zneo
brivekologiur aRzrdaSi bibliur safuZvlebs
xedaven.
adamianma samyaros harmoniidan bevri iswavla.
swored es mizani hqonda RmerTs, roca mkacrad
reglamentirebul samyaros qmnida. zneobis pir
veli gakveTilebi adamianebma samyaroSi arsebu
li RvTiuri wesrigisa da harmoniis wyalobiT
miiRes, romliskenac ufali dReniadag mouwodeb
da: `Sekribe xalxi: kacebi, qalebi da bavSvebi,
da xiznebi, romelic Sens karibWeebSi arian, rom
gaigon da iswavlon, da eSinodeT uflisa, Seni
RmerTisa, da Sesasruleblad daicvan am rju
lis yoveli sityva~ [II rjl. 31,12].
samyaroSi arsebuli harmonia da wesrigi ada
mianebSi yovelTvis iwvevda dadebiT ganwyo
bas da ajansaRebda sazogadoebas. amis Sesaxeb
avtoritetuli azri gamoTqmuli aqvT rogorc
qristianuli samyaros, ise sxva aRmsareblobis
mimdevrebs. magaliTad, didi Cineli filosofo
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2322
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
si konfuci miiCnevda, rom `ca masSi qmnida zneo
bas~. xolo, bibliuri fsalmunTmgalobeli da
viTis azriT, es cac da irgvliv yovelive RvTis
Semoqmedebis nayofia: `...Sevxedav Sens cas _ Seni
TiTebis namoqmedars, mTvaresa da varskvlavebs,
romlebic daafuZne. ufalo, Cveno mbrZanebelo!
raoden didia Seni saxeli mTels qveyanaze~
[fsalm. 8:4,10]. amis miuxedavad, uflis nebiT Seq
mnili samyaro mainc winaaRmdegobrivad viTar
deboda, radgan adamianma ver gaamarTla imedebi.
amitomac zrunavs dReniadag Semoqmedi dacemu
li adamianis zneobrivi gajansaRebisaTvis.
adamis modgmam jer kidev edemis baRSi
gaucrua imedebi RmerTs, roca ar daemorCila
uflis nebas da akrZaluli xis nayofi igema,
rasac SemdgomSi axali imedgacrueba mohyva kae
nis saSineli codvis saxiT: `ixila ufalma, rom
gamravlda boroteba adamianisa miwaze, da misi
gulis yoveli wadili mudam boroteba iyo. da
inana ufalma, rom Seqmna adamiani miwaze da dam
wuxrda Tavis gulSi~ [dab. 6, 56]. RmerTs ar
SeuZlia Seeguos garyvnilebasa da borotebas,
amitom ganizraxa miwis piridan aRgva da ganad
gureba yovelive imisa, rac manve didi siyvaru
liT Seqmna. es aqti TvalnaTliv migvaniSnebs,
rom RmerTma samyaro sikeTisa da wesrigisaTvis
Seqmna ase mimzidveli. misi saboloo mizani am
samyaros gvirgvinis _ adamianis maRali zneo
baa da ara misi dacema, borotebis gamravleba,
rac adamianis sisustis bralia. RmerTi yovel
nairad uwyobs xels dacemul adamians codve
bis gamos yidvaSi. es pirvelad gamovlinda maSin,
roca RmerTma edemis baRidan gamoaZeva adami
da eva. maT sakuTari SromiT unda moepovebinaT
sarCosabadebeli, magram ufali mainc ar akleb
da mzrunvelobas dacemul adamianebs. Tumca,
Sedegi kvlav arasaxarbielo aRmoCnda. amitom
RmerTma samyaros warRvna mouvlina, magram sike
TiT savse noe da misi STamomavlebi gadaarCina.
amis Semdeg ufali kvlav agrZelebs noes STamo
mavlebsa da sxva sulier arsebebze zrunvas:
`akur Txa RmerTma noe da misi Zeni da uTxra maT:
`inayofiereT da imravleT da aRavseT miwa, da
adamianis sisxlis damRvrelis sisxli adamian
is mierve daiRvreba~ (dab. 9:6). RmerTma warRvnis
movlinebiT daasrula gaurCebuli adamis STamo
mavlebis dasja da noes memkvidreebTan aRTqma
dado, romelic arsebiTi zneobrivi Rirebulebis
Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebs adamianTa mxridan,
xolo, Tavis mxriv, RmerTi noes modgmas (adami
anebs) warRvniT aRar emuqreba. Tumca, misi yur
adReba samyaros kanonzomierebaTa dacvasa da
adamianTa zneobas yovelTvis Tavs dastrialebs.
mravali saukune da adamianTa modgmis uamravi
Taoba dasWirda imaSi darwmunebas, rom adamma
da evam umZimesi codva HCaidines. swored pirve
li codvidan imata ukeTurobam da pirvel urCo
bas mravali boroteba miemata. kacobrioba jer
kidev ver darwmunda, rom RvTis urCoba da cod
viT dacema kargs arafers uqadis TviT mas da
mTel samyaros.
RmerTi rom im momentSi gamoCeniliyo da gve
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2524
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
lis mier evas cdunebisaTvis xeli SeeSala, eva
da adami verasodes gaigebdnen, Tu rogori dam
Rupveli Sedegebi SeiZleba moutanos adamians
Tavisufali nebis borotad gamoyenebam.
adamisa da evas pirvelcodvam gamoiwvia RvTi
sagan gaucxoeba. amis gamo RmerTTan urTierToba
veRar iqneba sasiamovno da SiSisagan Tavisufali.
Tumca, RmerTma mainc ar gawira Tavisi Seqmnili
adamiani da mudam exmareba codvis gamos yidvaSi:
`ufals ar waurTmevia adamianisaTvis arc xati
RvTisa, arc Tavisufali neba, sulier sawyisTa
Semmecnebeli goneba da sxv. RmerTi adamians mo
eqca, rogorc mkurnali da aRmzrdeli _ samosiT
dafara misi siSiSvle. RmerTma adamiani fizikur
sikvdils dauqvemdebara, raTa aecilebina misT
vis saboloo, sulieri sikvdili, anu masSi
codvis sawyisebis ukiduresi, satanur zRvars
miRweuli ganviTareba. saRvTo gangebulebam wi
naswar ganWvrita adamis jer kidev ganumtkice
beli Tavisufali nebis dacema da misi aRdgine
bac aseve winaswar moawyo. adamis codviT dacema
ar iqca kacobriobis gamousworebel daRupvad.
RvTis winasaukuno ganCinebis Tanaxmad, mis ama
RorZinebel Zalad dedamiwaze gardamomxdari Ze
RvTisa iqca~1 amiT RmerTma adamians codvaTa ga
mosyidvis Sansi kvlav SeunarCuna.
codviT dacemis Semdeg adamianTa urTierTo
bebi gasastikda. Tundac marto is rad Rirs, rom
1 protopresviteri miqael pomazanski, dogmaturi RvTismetyveleba, Targmna nino belTaZem (seria: marTlma
didebluri dogmatika, Tb., 2004, gv. 108109).
bavSvis dabadeba did tkivilTan iqneba dakav
Sirebuli; Semdgom misi aRzrdaganaTleba xom
faTerakebiTaa aRsavse, xolo lukmapurisaTvis
umZimesi jafa adamianis mudmivi Tanamgzavria
wuTisofelSi. magram Tavdapirveli antagonizmi
mainc kacsa da qals Soris Cainerga, radgan ma
makacebi cdiloben TavianTi upiratesoba gamoi
yenon qalebze gasabatoneblad, Tumca, RmerTma,
Tavisi xalxis siyvarulis gamo, aqac daamkvidra
siyvarulis ideali colqmars Soris: ,,amitom
miatovebs kaci Tavis mamas da Tavis dedas da
miekroba Tavis cols, da oriveni erT xorcad
iqmnebian~ [dab. 2:24].
rogorc iTqva, codviT dacemis Sedegad Sroma
adamians mZime tvirTad eqca, rasac avadmyofo
ba da epidemiebic daerTo. amdenad, adamianis
cxovreba aRar iyo saamo da usafrTxo. Tumca,
RmerTi masze zrunvas agrZelebda da xsnis gzac
mudam Tavisufali iyo, magram ara advilad mis
aRwevi, adamianis didi codvebis gamo. gonivruli
daskvnis gakeTeba TiTqos Zneli ar unda iyos,
rodesac erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo movaleo
bis Seusrulebloba xSirad did usiamovnebebs
iwvevs, anu is, rac Zalian iolia, Zalian rTu
li Sesasrulebeli xdeba. swored amis Tval
saCino magaliTs warmoadgens adamisa da evas
codviT dacema. amitomac aris aRzrdis procesi
mravalmxrivi da rTuli.
sayuradReboa adamianTa gaerTianebuli Za
lisxmevis RvTiuri Sefaseba babilonis godo
lis magaliTze. logikuria, kvlav davsvaT kiTx
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2726
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
va: ra saWiro iyo godolis aSeneba? xalxis erTi
nawili ambobda: ̀ ai, warRvna iyo. axali warRvnis
SemTxvevaSi Cven koSkze avZvrebiT da wyali
ver mogvwvdeba~. xalxis meore nawili fiqrob
da: `Cven SevqmniT CvenTvis saxls~. isini apireb
dnen koSkis Tavze Sekrebis adgilis mowyobas,
saidanac kerpebs moemsaxurebodnen. kidev sxva
jgufi acxadebda: `ar aris samarTliani erTi
RmerTis (hameSis1) mbrZanebloba~. Tumca, iyvnen
iseTebic, romlebic fiqrobdnen: `warRvna iyo
bunebrivi movlena da rogorc drodadro ca ise
irxeva, rom saWiroa misi damagreba. Cven gava
keTebT iseT maRal koSks, rom ca mas daeyrdnos.
maSin Cven hameSis aRar SegveSindeba!“ [2,48].
mTavari Segoneba, romelsac babilonis godo
lis epizodiT adamianebs RmerTi auwyebs, isaa,
rom `koSkis~ aSeneba dedamiwaze namdvilad sa
Wiroa, magram ara babilonis, aramed RvTiuris.
saWiroa Torasa da locvebis, mcnebebisa da
keTili saqmeebis imgvarad gamravleba, rom koS
ki ufro maRla miwvdes, vidre adamianis sxe
ulebrivi moTxovnilebebi. swored aseTi koSki
iqneba RvTis mier kurTxeuli da, rogorc qris
tianuli WeSmariteba sulis taZris – eklesiis
Sesaxeb gvauwyebs, `bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ere
odian mas~ (maT. 16,18).
yvelaze srulyofili, vinc RmerTma samyaro
Si Seqmna, adamiani iyo, magram, amis miuxedavad,
ar dauSva misi gaampartavneba. amitom auria ena,
1 haSemi – ebraulad RmerTi. naSromSi viyenebT orive saxeldebas.
raTa adamianebs veRar gaegrZelebinaT babilonis
godolis Seneba da mimofantuliyvnen dedamiwis
sxvadasxva mxares.
RmerTis mier enaTa aRrevis aqts kidev erTi
garemoeba axlavs, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula dedamiwaze harmoniis damkvidrebaSi.
rogorc sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, samyaros
mravalferovneba misi harmoniulobis umTavresi
winapirobaa. amitom sxvadasxva erebi da erovne
bebi srulyofilebas sZenen Cvens miwier cxo
v rebas, romlis ganuyofeli komponenti enaTa
mravalferovnebacaa. amdenad, RmerTis mier babi
lonis godolis mSeneblobis SeCereba, rac ena
Ta aRrevis gziT moxda, logikurad samyaroSi
wesrigisa da harmoniis iseTi Semadgeneli ele
mentebis Semotanis winapiroba gaxda, rogoric
enebis da xalxebis warmoSoba iyo.
dabadebis wignSi RvTiuri wesrigisa da har
moniis damkvidrebis kidev ramdenime epizodia.
maTgan gavixsenoT sodomisa da gomoris ganad
gurebis ambavi, romelic did zneobrivaRmzrde
lobiT plastebs Seicavs, magram masSi RvTiuri
wesrigi da harmonia mainc mniSvnelovnad gvesa
xeba. swored es ukanasknelni arian TavisTavad
zneobriv RirebulebaTa safuZveli, radgan zneo
ba kanonzomierebas, wesrigs da adamianTa Soris
marTlzomier qmedebas gulisxmobs.
rac Seexeba sodomis epizods, igi iyo adamian
Ta ara marto zneobrivi gaukuRmarTeba, aramed
gamowveva da protesti bunebis kanonzomierebaTa
winaaRmdeg, romelic ar dauSva RvTiuri wesri
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2928
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
gisa da harmoniis mosurne ufalma da ,,... daamxo
es qalaqebi da mTeli maTi Semogareni, da yove
li mkvidri am qalaqisa da yoveli mcenare miwi
sa~ [dab. 19:25].
dedamiwaze RvTiuri wesrigi yovelgvari gan
viTarebisa da progresis safuZvlad aris miC
neuli, amitom ufali dReniadag dastrialebs
Tavs missave Seqmnil adamians da zneobrivi
kataklizmebisgan icavs mas; Tumca, radikaluri
zomebisganac ar ixevs ukan da xSirad umkacresi
ganaCenic gamoaqvs, magram sasjelic adamiani save
sakeTildReod wesdeba, raTa ar ganadgurdes
mTavari _ ar dairRves RvTiuri wesrigi da har
monia.
gamosvlaTa wignSi RmerTi mravalgzis mou
wodebs Tavis rCeul xalxs dadgenili wese
bis dacvas [gam. 13:10], magram es marto zogadi
mowodeba rodia, aq aris mocemuli zneobrivi
kodeqsi da mTeli cxovrebis sazrisi [gam. 20:1
17], romlis Sesaxeb sagangebo msjeloba qvemoT
gveqneba. amjerad mxolod imas vityviT, rom ama
ve wignSi ufali rCeul xalxs moses meSveobiT
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis iseT wesebs udgens, ro
goricaa: dadgenileba msaxurTa Sesaxeb, adamia
nis dazianebis Sesaxeb, qurdobisa da sazRauris,
aRTqmebisa da Sesawiravebis, samsxverplos, ga
mosasyidis da sxvadasxva akrZalvis Sesaxeb [gam.
21:2223].
roca RmerTma Seqmna samyaro (miwa, wyali,
mnaTobebi, cocxali arsebebi da sxva aracoc
xali sagnebi da movlenebi) da misi gamorCeuli
umaRlesi arseba _ adamiani, wesebi da kanonebi
daudgina, romlebic urTierTdamoukidebeli da,
amave dros, erTmaneTis ganmapirobebelic aris.
adamianebma aqedan is daskvna unda gamovitanoT,
rom, rogorc dauSvebelia planetaTa moZraobis
Secvla an mzis sistemis kanonzomierebaTa dar
Rveva, rasac katastrofebi da sicocxlis ganad
gureba mohyveba, ise ar SeiZleba uflis mier
adamianebisTvis dadgenili wesebidan gadaxveva;
radgan adamiani miwieri cxovrebis gvirgvinia,
uflis mier dadgenili, da misi yoveli gadac
doma Semoqmedis winaaRmdeg gadadgmuli nabijia.
amitom adamianis mier RvTiuri wesrigis dar
Rvevis TiToeuli mcdeloba codvad miiCneva, ra
sac iudaizmSi fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba eni
Weba.
miwieri cxovreba zedmiwevniT racionalurad
aris mowyobili. rogorc zemoT iTqva, cocxali
arsebebi da aracocxali sinamdvile ise mWidrod
arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, rom gana
pirobeben erTmaneTis arsebobas da funqciebs.
aseTi gonivruli urTierTmimarTeba, samyaro
Si arsebuli RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia imis
mtki ce safuZvelia, rom adamianebma iwamon RvTis
arseboba, rac xels ar uSlis cxovrebis empi
riul Semecnebas; piriqiT, igi Semoqmedis mimarT
rwmeniT aRavsebs adamians.
erTi SexedviT, TiTqos RmerTma gamoarCia
ebraeli eri da masze daawesa mzrunveloba, mas
dastrialebs Tavze da mis mier uflis dadgeni
li wesebis Sesrulebas ganapirobebs: `da aswav
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3130
avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
loT israelis ZeT, yoveli wesi, romelic uTx
ra maT ufalma moses xeliT~ [lev. 10:11]. magram
ufro siRrmiseulad Tu davakvirdebiT uflis
sityvas, WeSmariteba sxvagvaria. RmerTisaTvis
adamiani ganirCeva mxolod imiT, ramdenad icavs
igi RvTis gangebas. marTalia, uflis rCeuli
xalxi ebraeli iyo, magram RmerTisTvis mainc
yvela erTia, radgan `abraami rom gaxdeba didi
da Zlieri eri, da misiT ikurTxeba yvela eri~
(dab. 18:18). cxadia, erTi rCeuli eris meSveobiT
RmerTi mTel kacobriobaze zrunavs. misTvis
ar arsebobs erovnuli, rasobrivi da sxva gan
sxvavebani, mTavaria, adamiani asrulebdes uflis
mcnebebs. aseTia RvTiuri wesrigis gamovlineba
sxvadasxva xalxTan mimarTebiT.
RvTis mier samyaros Seqmna yvelaze brZnuli
aqti iyo, amitom aris igi sayovelTao wesrigis
nimuSi. Tumca, marto samyaros Seqmna bevri ve
raferi sikeTe iqneboda, amas rom misi raciona
luri mowyoba ar mohyoloda. swored wesrigsa
da dedamiwis racionalur gamarTulobas gana
pirobebs codna da umaRlesi goniereba, radgan
`ufalma sibrZniT daafuZna dedamiwa, gonebiT
ganamtkica ca~ [igav. 3,19]. winaaRmdeg Sem TxvevaSi,
yvelaze kargad mowyobili samyaroc veras gax
deboda, Tu masSi uwesrigoba da qaosi daisad
gurebda. magram brZnulad Seqmnils isev go
niereba mihyveba kvalSi, raTa SeinarCunos da
mudmivad ganamtkicos RvTiuri wesrigi ukve
adamianTa Soris, radgan swored adamianTaT
vis Seiqmna yovelive da mas adamianma unda upa
tronos RvTis gangebulebis Sesabamisad. swored
amaze miuTiTebs kvanturi Teoriis fuZemdebeli,
germaneli fizikosi maqs planki: `saiTac ar
unda gavixedoT, ra sagansac ar unda davakvir
deT, versad vipoviT winaaRmdegobas mecniere
basa da relgias Soris. piriqiT, Cven aSkarad
davinaxavT maT Soris srul harmonias – reli
giac da mecnierebac eZebs WeSmaritebas da midis
RvTis aRiarebamde~.
amdenad, RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia ar aris
raRac ganyenebuli idea, mas konkretuli da
niSnuleba aqvs, rac adamianis mier mis gacnobi
erebaSi, dacvasa da ganmtkicebaSi mdgomareobs.
amitom adamianma umaRlesi zneobis gakveTile
bi samyaros RvTiuri wesrigidan unda miiRos.
uflis mcnebaTa dacva RvTiuri wesrigis gamov
lenaa TiToeuli adamianisagan. RmerTi kanonebi
sa da kanonzomierebaTa dacvisaken mouwodebs
yve las. simarTlis msaxurebis Segneba Taobidan
TaobaSi unda gadadiodes, swored amiT dam
yardeba RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia. rogorc
dabadebis wigni gvaswavlis: `radgan amovirCie,
rom amcnos Tavis Zeebsa da Tavis saxls Tavis
Semdeg, rom daicvan gza uflisa, qmnan simarTle
da samarTali, raTa Seusrulos ufalma abraams,
rasac Sehpirda~ [dab. 18,19].
RvTiuri wesrigi uflis gangebulebis Ses
rulebas avaldebulebs yvelas, maT Soris,
ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa, romlebmac sxvebze me
tad unda daicvan RvTiuri mcnebebi da amiT sa
magaliToni gaxdnen TavianT qveSevrdomTaTvis:
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avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
`maS, mismineT da SeigneT, mefeno, iswavleT mTe
li dedamiwis msajulno! yurad iReT, mraval
Ta mbrZanebelno, qedmaRlurad rom dahyurebT
xalxebs! ufalma moganiWaT Zalaufleba, uze
naesmameufeba; is gamoiZiebs Tqvens saqmeebs da
Tqvens zraxvebsac gamoscdis~ [sol. 6:13]. mar
Talia, mefeebs umaRlesi Zalaufleba upyriaT
xelT, magram es Zalaufleba ukontrolo araa.
yvela wess ufali adgens. zRvargadasul qcevas
RmerTi ar dauSvebs, radgan RvTiuri wesrigi
umaRlesi harmoniaa, romelsac yvela unda em
saxuros. xolo xalxis winamZRolT gacilebiT
didi misia akisriaT: `brZeni msajuli aRzrdis
Tavis xalxs da gonivrul mmarTvelobas daam
yarebs. rogoricaa mmarTveli, iseTnive arian
misi msaxurni. rogoricaa qalaqis Tavi, iseTnive
arian misi mcxovrebnic~ [zir. 10:12]. wesrigisa
ken mowodeba RmerTisTvis TviTmizani ar aris
_ RvTiuri wesrigi yvelasaTvis sasargebloa,
misi mimdevari adamiani srulyofilia, radgan
harmoniulad ewereba RvTiur samyaroSi da misi
organuli nawili xdeba; xolo uflis mcnebaTa
damrRvevi ewinaaRmdegeba samyaros RvTiur wes
rigs, mis RvTiur gamarTulobas da, DdRevande
li terminiT rom vTqvaT, anaqronizmad iqceva.
RmerTma samyaro winaaRmdegobebisa da katak
lizmebisaTvis ki ar Seqmna, aramed misi survili
sayovelTao siyvaruli da harmonia iyo: `siyva
ruli ki isaa, rom daicva misi kanonebi, xolo
kanonTa dacva ukvdavebis sawindaria, ukvdaveba
ki RmerTTan gvaaxloebs~ [sol. 6:1919].
samyaros gaCenidan RvTiuri wesrigi misi
aucilebeli komponenti iyo. usaxurudaburi bne
leTisa da qaosisagan Seqmna RmerTma yovelive,
rac gvxiblavs Tavisi wesrigiTa da gamarTulo
biT. swored es aris yvelaze didi maniSnebeli
imisa, saidan unda aiRos adamianma magaliTi,
vis unda mibaZos, radgan yvelaze TvalsaCino
sibrZne samyaros RvTiuroba, misi wesrigianoba
da harmoniulobaa. amitom gonieria is, vinc amas
kargad aRiqvams da swor daskvnebs akeTebs. go
nierebas da sibrZnes Zveli aRTqma gansakuTre
bul rols aniWebda: `brZenTa simravle samyaros
xsnaa, gonieri mefe ki _ xalxis keTildReoba~
[sol. 6,24].
RvTis gangebiT Seqmnili samyaro yvelaze
didi saxelmZRvanelo wignia, rac ki odesme Seq
mnila an momavalSi Seiqmneba. adamianebis valia
es wigni waikiTxon da Seicnon. igi gviCvenebs
cxovrebis WeSmarit gzas, rac gulisxmobs Cvens
yoveldRiur yofacxovrebaSi RvTiuri princi
pebis dacvas. samyaros Seqmnis aqtis gacnobiere
ba mxolod morwmuneT SeuZliaT. saRvTo wignebi
mxolod rwmeniT Seicnoba daMmarto ganswavlu
loba aq sakmarisi ar aris. swored amas gvauw
yebs IV saukunis meudabnoe amba antoni, romel
sac ewvia gamoCenili filosofosi da hkiTxa:
`amba, rogor SegiZlia icxovro aq, wignis kiTx
viT miRebuli nugeSis gareSe?~ meudabnoem xeliT
miuTiTa caze, udabnosa da mTebze da upasuxa:
`Cemi wigni, filosofoso, aris qmnili sagnebis
buneba, da rodesac movisurveb, SemiZlia iqidan
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avTandil asaTiani RvTiuri samyaro - aRzrdis safuZveli
amovikiTxo RmerTis saqmeni~.
samyaros RvTiur srulyofilebasa da mis
aRmzrdelobiT rolze miuTiTebs udidesi
rusi mecnieri da pedagogi mixeil lomonosovi:
`Semoq medma adamianTa modgmas ori wigni miani
Wa. erTSiTavisi sidiade aCvena; meoreSi – Tavisi
neba gaumJRavna. pirveli wigni – es aris xilu
li qveyana, romelic ufalma imisaTvis Seqmna,
rom adamians, Sexedavda ra am uzarmazar, mSve
nier da gamarTul Senobas, misTvis miniWebuli
Semecnebis unaris wyalobiT, eRiarebina RvTis
yovladZliereba. meore wigni – wminda werilia.
masSi Semoqmedi gvakurTxebs sulis cxonebisa
ken. winaswarmetyvelTa da mociqulTa am RvTiv
sulier wignebSi ganmmarteblebi arian eklesi
is didi moZRvrebi. xolo pirvelad naxsenebi
wignis ganmmarteblebi, romelSic mocemulia
xiluli samyaros agebuleba, arian fizikosebi,
maTe matikosebi, astronomebi da bunebaSi gamov
lenil sxva RvTiur moqmedebaTa amxsnelni~.
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba
aseTi daskvna gamovitanoT: raki samyaroSi ar
sebuli RvTiuri wesrigi da harmonia pirdapir
Seesabameba uflis mier dadgenil wesebs, rac
imaze migvaniSnebs, rom samyaros uzenaesi arseba,
adamiani, uflis mzrunvelobisa da mfarvelo
bis qveSaa, aqedan gamomdinare, adamiani RvTiuri
wesrigis mTavari warmmarTveli Zala unda iyos,
rac uflis mier dadgenili wesebiT cxovrebaSi
gamoixateba. Tumca, swored es aRmoCnda yvelaze
rTuli problema codviT dacemuli adamianisaT
vis. amitomac aris uflis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli
adamianis gakeTilSobilebisken, raSic garkveul
rols RvTiuri rwmeniT aRvsili adamianis aR
zrda asrulebs.
garemomcvel samyarosTan urTierToba Tana
medrove pedagogiur mecnierebaSi mozardis gan
viTarebis, pirovnebad Camoyalibebis erTerT
faqtoradaa miCneuli da mas empirizmis Teoriis
saxiT icnoben. swored garemo pirobebi axdens
bavSvis formirebaze zemoqmedebas (memkvidreoba
sa da aRzrdasTan erTad), rac RvTiuri wesrigi
sa da harmoniis sruli gansaxierebaa. amitom igi
bibliuri iudaizmis aRzrdis msoflmxedvelob
riv safuZvlad unda miviCnioT.
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kanonis (rjulis) pedagogika iudaizmSi
iudaizmis Tanaxmad, RvTiuri micvebi (mcnebebi) Tavad adamianis sasikeTod aris nabrZanebi
[3,28]. gamCenma uTxra moSes: `amodi CemTan mTaze
da iq iyavi da me mogcem qvis luxoTebs – filebs...
da mcnebebs, romlebic xalxisaTvis Sesaswavlad
aRvbeWde~ (SmoTi 24:12).
`da saubris Semdeg sinais mTaze moses mow
mobis filebi, RvTis TiTiT dawerili qvis ori
fila gadasca~ (SmoTi 34:18).Aam qvebze daweril
sityvebs ebraelebsa da haSems Soris arsebuli
kavSiri unda daemowmebina da swored amitom maT
`luxot habriT~ _ `aRTqmis dafebi~ ewoda.
kacobriobis istoria da, maT Soris, ebraeli
xalxis istoria moses droidan qristeSobamde
aRsavsea udidesi saocrebebiT: RvTiuri gamocxa
debebiTa da winaswarmetyvelebebiT.
msoflio wesrigi da harmonia, rac RmerTma
daamkvidra samyaroSi, adamianis keTildReo
bisaTvis Seiqmna. magram igi jer kidev ar iyo
srulyofili. swored amas emsaxureboda rCeuli
eris monobidan ganTavisufleba, radgan TviT
RmerTma uwyoda upirvelesad, rom RvTiuri wes
rigi da harmonia monobaSi ver damkvidrdeboda.
Tumca, arc marto Tavisufleba iyo amisaTvis
sakmarisi. amitom RmerTi Tavis rCeul xalxs
yvelaze umTavress _ rjuls aZlevs: `da axla
ismine, israelo, wesebi da samarTalni, romel
Tac me gaswavliT Tqven Sesasruleblad, raTa
icocxloT da mixvideT da daimkvidroT is
qveyana, romelsac ufali, Tqveni mamebis Rmer
Ti, gaZlevT Tqven~ (II rj. 4,1). es iyo sruli
ad axali etapi kacobriobis istoriaSi. swored
aq, sinas mTaze auwya RmerTma moses da, misi
saxiT, mTel kacobriobas cxovrebis mizani da
adamianobis umaRlesi misia: ̀ SexedeT, gaswavleT
Tqven wesebi da samarTalni, rogorc mibrZana
me ufalma, Cemma RmerTma, aRsasruleblad im
qveyanaSi, sadac Tqven midixarT dasamkvidreb
lad~ (II rj. 4,5). faqtobrivad, sinas mTaze mox
da imis sazeimod aRiareba, rom ufali RvTiuri
misiis aRsasruleblad irCevda ebrael xalxs,
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magram mas garkveul pirobasac uyenebda: `...Tu
mousmenT Cems xmas da daicavT Cems aRTqmas,
amogarCevT Cems sakuTrebad yvela xalxidan...
da Tqven iqnebiT CemTvis mRvdelTa samefod da
wmida erad~ (gam. 19,56). adamis modgmis codviT
dacemis miuxedavad, RmerTi mainc zrunavs mis
STamomavlebze da zneobriv kodeqss umzadebs,
romelSic yvelaze brZnuli da wmida mcnebebia
gadmocemuli, vidre aqamde vinmes unaxavs an
mousmenia, radgan moses mcnebebs warmarTul
samyaroSi analogi ar gaaCnda. adre arsebul
stiqiur principebebs, romlebic poliTeistur
panTeonze iyo dafuZnebuli, aTi mcnebis saxiT
sulierebiT aRsavse zneobrivi normebi upir
spirdeba, romlebic miznad isaxavda cxovrebis
wesidan zRvargadasuli egoizmis aRmofxvras da
adamianTa Soris harmoniuli Tanasworobis dam
kvidrebas, rac SemdgomSi kacobriobis yvelaze
didi monapovari gaxda.
moses kidev erTi wodebac aqvs. mas ar moixse
neben, rogorc `mefe moSes~, an `winaswarmetyvel
moSes~. mas uwodeben `moSe rabeinu~s _ `moSe
Cveni maswavlebeli~, radgan ormoci wlis man
Zilze swored moSe aswavlida xalxs mcnebebs
da uxsnida kanonebs [3.169170].
`moSem israeli gaiyvana mewamuli zRvidan da
isini udabnoSi mividnen...~ (SmoTi 15:22). Aaq isi
ni sami dRe udabnoSi dadiodnen. am drois gan
mavlobaSi maT Sewyvites Toras Seswavla, ami
tom RmerTma, sasjelisa da gansacdelis saxiT,
sasmeli wyali Seuwyvita. Tumca, TorasTan dab
runebam kvlav ixsna isini. amitom, Tu ebraele
bi Toras micvebs Seasruleben, maTi sicocxle
samarTliani da mSvidi iqneba [2,281282].
`haSemma mTidan moSes mouxmo: `ase uTxari ia
kobis saxleuls da auwye israelis Svilebs...~
(SmoTi 19:3), gvauwyebs Tora. Aes mimarTva uTu
od badebs aseT kiTxvas: ratom uwoda haSemma
ebraelebs ori saxeli _ `iakobis saxleuli~ da
`israelis Svilebi?~
saqme isaa, rom `israelis SvilebSi~ TiTqos
mxolod kacebi moiazreba, arada, haSemi kavSirs
yvelasTan amyarebs – kacTan da qalTanac. ami
tom haSemma jer `iakobis saxleuli~ (qalebi) ax
sena, raTa moSes scodnoda, rom swavleba unda
gadaeca qalebisTvisac da kacebisTvisac.
aqve logikurad Cndeba kidev erTi kiTxva: ra
tom ewodeba qalebs `iakobis saxleuli~? adami
anis ojaxs misi Svilebi warmoadgens. vin uvlis,
efereba, zrunavs da axdens maTze aRmzrdelobiT
zemoqmedebas? amas, upirveles yovlisa, qalebi
akeTeben. swored amitom haSemma isini kacebze
adre axsena, radgan surda, rom qalebs bavSvebi
saTvis haSemis rwmena da imedi dabadebisTanave
CaenergaT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa midraSis
komentari, Turatom ubrZana haSemma moSes To
ras mcnebebi jer qalebisaTvis gaecno da Semdeg
kacebisaTvis.
ebrauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, qalebi ufro
adreul asakSi (12 wlis) xdebian valdebul
ni, Seasrulon mcnebebi. Tu qalebs RmerTi pa
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tivs dasdebs, isini micvebs ufro gulmodgined
Seasruleben da bavSvebsac aswavlian. gasaTva
liswinebelia agreTve isic, rom RmerTma pirve
li aRTqma adamTan dado, rac xavas (evas) meSve
obiT darRveul iqna. amitom RmerTi gadawyvets
STaagonos qalebs, rom micvebis (mcnebebis) dar
Rveva upatiebelia rogorc kacebisaTvis, ise qa
lebisTvisac [3,9].
rogorc midraSi ganmartavs, mose ormoci dRe
imyofeboda zecaSi da Toras swavlobda. meor
moce DdRis dasasruls miiRo ori dafa, rom
lebzec aTi mcneba iyo aRbeWdili. es moxda
ebraelebis egviptidan gamosvlis ormocdameaTe
dRes. amitom ebraelebisaTvis Toras boZebis
dRe sazeimod iTvleba.
ToraSi Camoyalibebulia mcnebebi imis Sesa
xeb, Tu rogor imxiarulo dResaswaulebze, ro
gor danaRvliande Sesabamis situaciaSi; aris
mcnebebi, romlebic xalxs mterTan brZolis we
sebs aswavlis; zogierTi mcneba gvauwyebs, rome
li sakvebi iWmeva da romeli ara; rogor unda
vemsaxuroT haSems; ras niSnavs patiosani ada
miani da, saerTod, rogori unda iyos adamiani.
RmerTi uTiTebs adamianebs, ra aris dasaSvebi da
risgan unda Seikavon Tavi, rac, moses kanonebis
msgavsad, aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis matare
belia.
aTi mcnebis mTeli sazrisi aRmzrdelobiT
daniSnulebas atarebs. `roca me aRar viqnebi~, _
ambobda moSerabeinu, _ `ar ifiqroT, rom ara
vinaa, visganac SeiZleba haSemis1 nebis swavla.
misi Tora ar aris caSi, rom vinmem Tqvas: `vin
miwvdeba mas, rom mogvitanos? maSin Sevasruleb
diT...~ arc zRvis miRmaa is, raTa ar Tqvan: `vin
gacuravs Soreul zRvebSi, raTa mogvitanos
is? ai, maSin SevasrulebdiT...~ magram ara! Tora
axla dedamiwazea. is Tqvens xelSia da Tqvens
gulSia. Tqven icnobT mas da masTan erTad
cxovreba SegiZliaT~. Sexede, _ uTxra moSem is
raels, – haSemma Sen Tora da mcnebebi gadmogca.
Sen SegiZlia haSems daujero an ar daujero. Tu
daujereb, icocxleb; Tu ara – daiRupebi. haSemi
sicocxles da sikvdils iZleva. maS airCie si
cocxle! – uvaxarTa baxaim!!! [3,173].
im dros, roca mosem sinas mTaze axali kanone
bi miiRo da RmerTma aRTqma dado rCeul xalx
Tan, kacobrioba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis im
gzebis ZiebaSi iyo, romlebsac SemdgomSi unda
uzrunveleyo misi swori ganviTareba da yo
facxovreba. moses kanonebSi ufali miuTiTebs,
rom aseTi gzis arseboba SesaZlebelia mxolod
im pirobebSi, Tu adamianis kavSirs SemoqmedTan
mamaSviluri xasiaTi eqneba.
RvTis mier mose winaswarmetyvelisaTvis qvis
or ficarze dawerili aTi mcneba adamianTa
zneobrivi qcevis ZiriTad maregulirebel prin
cipebs warmoadgens. isini Tavisi mowodebiT da
daniSnulebiT or jgufad SeiZleba gaiyos: pir
veli oTxi mcneba RvTiur wesrigs da adamia
nis RmerTTan mimarTebas eZRvneba. maT saritua
1 ebraulad: RmerTi
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losakulto daniSnuleba aqvs. es mcnebebia: `me
var ufali RmerTi, da ara iyvnen Senda RmerTni,
ucxoni, Cemsa gareSe; ara rai akeTo kerpi da
arc raime xateba imisa, rac maRla caSia, rac
dabla miwazea da rac wyalSia, miwis qvemoT; ar
warmoTqva uflis, Seni RmerTis, saxeli amaod,
rameTu ufali dausjels ar datovebs mas, vinc
mis saxels amaod ixsenebs; moixsene dRe igi Sa
baTi da wmida – hyav igi: equs dRe iqmode, da
hqmne maT Sina yovelive saqme Seni, xolo dRe
igi meSÂide, SabaTi, ars uflisa RmrTisa Senisa~
(gam. 20, 210).
mose winaswarmetyvelis zneobriv mcnebaTa
meore jgufi, mexuTidan meaTis CaTvliT, ada
mianTa Soris urTierTobebs da maT pirovnul
qcevebs aregulirebs: `pativec mamasa Sensa da
dedasa Sensa, raÁTa keTili geyos Sen da dRegr
Zel iyve qveyanasa zeda; ara kachkla; ara imru
So; ara iparo; ara cili swamo moyuassa Sensa
wamebiTa cruiTa; ara guli giTqumides coli
saTvis moyuasisa Senisa, ara guli giTqumides
saxlisaTvis moyuasisa Senisa, arca yanisa mis
isa, arca karaulisa misisa, arca yovlisa misT
vis, raÁca iyues moyuasisa Senisa~ (gam. 20, 1217).
uflis mcnebaTa Taviseburi definicia moce
mulia igavTa wignSi, romliTac mSobeli afr
T xilebs Svilebs: `mcneba aris sanTeli, sjuli
aris sinaTle, cxovrebis gza ki aris swavla
da mxileba~ (igav. 6,23). iudaizmis Tanaxmad,
`mcneba – mcneba sanTelia, Tora ki sinaTle~.
sanTeli ver gaanaTebs, Tu cecxls ar avanTebT!
Aaqedan gamomdinare, adamiani ver Seasrulebs
micvebs (mcnebebs), Tu Toras ar iswavlis. Cveni
azriT, moses zneobrivi kanonebi swored warmod
genili TvalTaxedviT unda gaviazroT. uflis
mier nauwyebi zneobrivi kodeqsi ar aris raRac
ganyenebuli, adamianebs daSorebuli abstraq
cia, aramed igi TiToeuli adamianis sakuTrebaa,
romlis Sesruleba yvelas movaleobaa. radgan
mcneba sanTelia, xolo sjuli _ sinaTle. Cven,
adamianebs, miwier cxovrebaSi maTi swavla da
ganuxreli Sesruleba gvevaleba. amgvari prin
cipiT warmodgenili definiciiT Cvens winaSea
ZvelaRTqmiseuli pedagogikis mizani da amocana.
aRzrdis ideali im zneobriv normaTa Sesrule
baSia, romelic aTi mcnebis saxiT mosem sinas
mTidan Camoitana. mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnuli
zneobrivi kanonebi sacnauri gaxda adamianTaT
vis, sruliad axali etapi iwyeba kacobriobis
istoriaSi. udidesi gardasaxva xdeba TviT
RvTis rCeul erSic, romelic adrec gamoirCeo
da religiurobiT, magram amieridan maT mwyob
rad Camoyalibebuli zneobrivi kodeqsi miemad
la uflis mier, romelic, rasakvirvelia, mTeli
kacobriobis sakuTreba xdeba momavalSi.
pirveli kategoriis mcnebebSi adamiani war
modgenilia RvTiuri kosmogoniis subieqtad,
radgan swored RmerTi awesebs adamianTa Soris
urTierTobis normebs. amiT adamiani aRiarebu
lia samyaros gamorCeul niSansvetad, radgan
swored mas mimarTavs RmerTi da afrTxilebs:
`me var ufali RmerTi Seni, da ara iyvnen Senda
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RmerTni ucxoni, Cemsa gareSe~. meore mcnebaSi
dagmobilia kerpebis gaCena da maTi aRmarTva,
radgan aseT kerpebs WeSmaritebasTan saerTo
araferi aqvT, maT mxolod cdomilebaSi SehyavT
adamiani, radgan yvela mokvdavi mxolod WeS
marit RmerTs unda msaxurebdes, rogorc es pir
vel mcnebaSia mocemuli. mesame mcnebaSi RmerTi
kategoriulad krZalavs uflis saxelis xsen
ebas ficisas: `ara moiRo saxeli uflisa Rmr
Tisa Senisa amaosa zeda~. RmerTi simarTles da
WeSmaritebis samsaxurs aswavlis yvelas da ra
gasakviria, rom sicruis mimarT igi ase katego
riulia. aRTqmis darRveva didi codvaa, amito
mac afrTxilebs ufali adamianebs: ar daificoT
Cemi saxeli tyuilze da ar SebRaloT saxeli
Tqveni RmerTisa (lev. 19, 12). winaaRmdeg SemTx
vevaSi `...ufali dausjels ar datovebs mas, vinc
mis saxels amaod axsenebs~ (gam. 20, 7). meoTxe
mcnebac RvTiuri wesrigisken mouwodebs adami
anebs, kerZod: `daicavi SabaTis dRe, raTa wmi
dahyo igi~ (gam. 20, 8). es samyaros eqvs dReSi
Seqmnis faqtidan gamomdinareobs da morwmuneebs
avaldebulebs, kviraSi erTi dRe RmerTs miuZ
Rvnan, sauflo dResaswaulad aqcion, radgan
amis magaliTi TviT RmerTma misca adamianebs _
man xom eqvs dReSi Seqmna yovelive, xolo meS
vide dRes daisvena.
iudaizmis Tanaxmad, SabaTs akrZalulia ro
gorc gare samuSaoebi, ise saojaxo saqmeebi.
Tumca, SabaTs SeiZleba seirnoba, simRera, kiTx
va. SabaTi morwmune iudevelisaTvis sulieri
ama Rlebis dRea. am dRes asruleben locvebs
da swavloben Toras. ar fiqroben mTeli kviris
ganmavlobaSi dagrovil saqmeebze.
meore kategoriis mcnebebi, rogorc zemoT
iTqva, adamianis pirovnul qcevas eZRvneba. maT
Si, faqtobrivad, mocemulia RvTis xatad Seq
mnili kacis qcevis reglamentacia. niSandobli
via is garemoeba, rom mxolod mexuTe mcnebaSia
mowodeba dedmamis pativiscemis Sesaxeb, xolo
danarCenSi imperatiuli akrZalva ismis. swored
es ganasxvavebs mexuTe mcnebas meore jgufis
mcnebebisgan. amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom
iudaizmi, qristianobisgan gansxvavebiT, uflis
mcnebebs or jgufad yofs. aqedan gamomdinare,
mexuTe mcneba miCneulia pirveli jgufis mcne
bad, rac sagangebo gaazrebas moiTxovs.
amis gamo zogierTma mkvlevarma es SemTxvevi
Tobasac ki miawera. Tumca, saqme ufro seriozu
ladaa. amiT RmerTs adamianebis gamocda surs.
Tu adamians SeuZlia mSoblebis pativiscema
(maTi, vinc masze ufrosia da misi aRmzrdelia),
igi haSemis pativiscemasac SeZlebs.
gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebaa moses
rjul Si dedmamis mimarT. am mcnebis darRveva
ara marto umZimes codvad iTvleba, aramed ase
Ti adamiani umkacresad isjeba: `vinc Tavis mamas
an dedas gaartyams, sikvdiliT unda mokvdes~
(gam. 21,15). aseTive sasjelia im SemTxvevaSic,
Tu vinme Tavis mSoblebs dawyevlis (lev. 20.9).
igav Ta wignis Tanaxmad, yovelTvis upatiebelia
Zarcvagleja, magram aseTi saqcieli, mSoblebis
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mimarT Cadenili, ufro samarcxvinoa: `mamis
mZarcveli da dedis gamgdebi Semarcxveneli da
upatio Svilia~ (igav. 19:26). uflis mcnebis dam
rRvevi verasodes miaRwevs Ppirad keTildReo
bas: `mamis da dedis mawyevars sanTeli Cauqreba
ukuneT wyvdiadSi~ (igav. 20:20). sanTlis Caqroba
adamianis sulieri ganadgurebaa da ra unda iyos
amaze umZimesi sasjeli; amitom mouwodebs brZeni
Svilebs, yuradRebiT moeqcnen mSoblebs: `usmine
Sens mamas, man gSoba Sen da abuCad nu aigdeb
Sens dedas, rodesac moxucdeba igi~ (igav. 23:22).
rogorc sxva moTxovnebs, am mcnebebsac yavli
ar gasvlia, radgan, samwuxarod, dResac xSi rad
vxvdebiT iseT adamianebs, romlebic augad ixsen
eben mSoblebs, iTviseben maT qonebas da dauZ
lurebul moxucebs bedis anabara toveben. ami
tomac aqvs RvTis sityvas maradiuli Rirseba,
igi xom arasdros yofila drosa da sivrceSi
SemosazRvruli.
rCeul xalxSi (ebraelebSi) bavSvTa aR zrda
calsaxad ojaxur xasiaTs atarebda. oja xur
urTierTobebs ganapirobebda RvTiuri gamocxa
deba da, aqedan gamomdinare, religiuri sa
fuZveli hqonda bavSvebis mSoblebTan damoki
debulebas: `pativi eci mamasa Sensa da dedasa
Sensa, raTa dRegrZeli iyo miwaze, romelsac gaZ
levs ufali Seni RmerTi~ (gam. 20:12). es mcnebebi
adreuli asakidan asazrdoebda mozardis suls.
mSoblebi iseve zrunavdnen bavSvis sulierebaze,
rogorc RmerTi da uflis kanonebi mouwodeb
daT amas; es, upirveles yovlisa, uflis SiSsa
da dedmamis morCilebaSi gamoixateboda: ̀ Tvali
mamis damcinavi da dedis morCilebis moZule _
amokortnian mas xevis yornebi da SeWamen mas
arwivis marTveni~ (igav. 30:17). mSoblebis winaSe
amxedreba sastik sasjels eqvemdebareboda: `Ta
visi mamisa da dedis avad maginebeli sikvdiliT
unda mokvdes~ (gam. 21:17). aseTive sasjeli eloda
masac, `vinc Tavis mamas an dedas gaartyams...~
(gam. 21:15).
SiSi da mowiweba vrceldeboda ara marto
mSoblebis mimarT, aramed amgvari ierarqia iyo
damkvidrebuli ufrosebsa da bavSvebs Soris,
radgan ufali mouwodebda: `WaRaris winaSe wa
modeqi da pativi eci moxucebulis saxes~ (lev.
19;32). RmerTis arsebobis rwmena da misgan ga
momdinare RvTiuri wesrigi, faqtobrivad, gana
pirobebda aRzrdis mimarTulebas.
RmerTi, aseve, did yuradRebas iCens maT mimarT,
vinc icavs uflis gangebulebas da Ta visi go
nierebiT misabaZ magaliTs aZlevs sazogadoe
bas: `brZeni Svili mamas axarebs, briyvi Svili
ki dedamisis dardia~ (igav. 10,1). igavTa wignis
am sentenciam farTo gavrceleba hpova xalxSi,
radgan misi WeSmariti arsi axlobeli da Tval
saCinoa yvelasTvis. RmerTi mzrunvelobas iCens
im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic yuradRebas ar
akleben sakuTar mSoblebs. aseTi adamianebi uf
lis madliT iqnebian garemoculni: `mamis pati
vismcemeli codvaTagan ganiwmindeba~ (zir. 3,3).
dedmamis pativiscema Cveulebrivi norma iyo
RvTis rCeuli eris cxovrebaSi, magram aTi mcne
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bis saxiT mas kanonis Zala mieniWa, rac ara
marto biologiuri mSoblebis, aramed asakiT
ufrosebis pativiscemasac iTvaliswinebs. amitom
saRvTo wignebSi xSirad aris warmoCenili
RvTis gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba moxuce
bis mimarT da maTi gamorCeuli adgili sazo
gadoebaSi: `WabukTa dideba maTi Zalaa, xolo
moxucTa brwyinvaleba _ WaRara~ (igav. 20:29). amis
gaTvaliswineba axalgazrdebis upirvelesi mov
aleobaa.
midraSi1 mexuTe mcnebasTan dakavSirebiT
ganmartavs, rom am mcnebis gagonebisas mefeebma
adides gamCeni da aRiares: `rogorc ki adamiani
maRal Tanamdebobas ikavebs, sakuTari mSoblebi
maSinve aviwydeba. uzenaesi brZenia, rameTu mSo b
lebis pativiscema brZana!~ [3,28].
igavTa sibrZnem yuradRebis gareSe ar dato
va aRsazrdelis garemo pirobebi da TanatolTa
wre, romelTa mxardamxar mimdinareobs aRzrda:
`nu daemoyvrebi brazians da ficx kacTan nu mix
1 midraSi – saRvTo werilis erTgvari damrigeblu
ri xasiaTis egzegeza. gamoiyeneboda umTavresad gviandel
iudaizmSi. esaa rabinTa qadagebis werilobiTi redaqcia,
romelSic saRvTo werilis muxlobrivi komentarebis meS
veobiT yoveldRiur problemaTa gadawyvetis xerxebs ayal
ibebdnen. amgvarad Camoyalibebuli saRvTo werilis komen
tirebiT, faqtobrivad, saxezea calke literaturuli Janri,
romelic axlosaa im literaturul mimdinareobasTan, ro
melsac ganekuTvneba axali aRTqmis calkeuli monakveTebi
(mag., maT. 122). midraSs SeiZleba hqonoda zneobrivi (halaka
= svla, kargad moqceva) an TxrobiTgadmocemiTi (hadaga
= moTxroba) miznebi. `didi midraSi~ dawerilia 3700 wlis
winaT.
val, ar gaiwvrTna mis gzebSi da ar daugo maxe
Sens suls~ (igav. 22:2425). megobarTa wres didi
mniSvneloba aqvs mozardis CamoyalibebaSi, mag
ram mTavaria, axalgazrda RvTismosav da brZen
adamianebTan erTad izrdebodes da ara briy
vebTan: `umecrebTan dros nu dakargav, aramed
gonierTa Soris itriale~ (zir. 27:12), _ gaf r
Txilebas iZleva brZeni ziraqi. umegobro ada
miani srulyofili ver iqneba. yvelas esaWiroeba
Tanamdgomi sikeTesa da borotebis Jams, amitom
samegobrod bavSvobidan unda ganewyos mozardi:
`mxolod suleli ambobs _ ara myavs megobari
da arc madlieria vinme Cemi sikeTisaTviso.....~
(zir. 20:16). aseTi damokidebuleba kategori
ulad miuRebelia Zveli aRTqmis pedagogikisaT
vis, radgan moyvasis siyvaruli moses rjulis
qvakuTxedia. igive ziraqis sibrZne gvaswavlis:
`uflis moSiSi megobrobas ise warmarTavs, rom
rogoric TviTonaa, iseTive iyos misi moyvasic~
(zir. 6:16), amitom didi dakvirvebaa saWiro, roca
TanatolTa wres varCevT, radgan advilad SesaZ
lebelia, cud wreSi aRzrdam savalalo Sede
gebi gamoiRos. gaTavxedebul bavSvebSi keTili
Tvisebebis mozardic maT yaidaze gadava: `vinc
fiss miekareba, gaisvreba, da vinc qedmaRals
dauaxlovdeba, mas daemsgavseba~ (zir. 13:1). ase
Tive azrs aviTarebs solomon brZenic: `brZe
nebTan damavali dabrZendeba, regvenTa moyvasi ki
gaubedurdeba~ (igav. 13:20). umecar da briyv adami
anebTan urTierToba adaTwesebisa da mamapapaTa
Semarcxvenel saqcieladaa miCneuli: `nu exumre
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bi umecars, raTa Seni winaprebi ar Seuracxyo~
(zir. 8:4). aqedan mkafiod Cans, rom Svilebis
mimarT uyuradReboba da maTi cudad aRzrda
zneobrivi normebis darRvevadaa miCneuli. Zveli
aRTqma gacilebiT met yuradRebas uTmobs adami
anis sulier formirebas, vidre uSualod swav
lebas. keTilgoniereba uflis mcne baTa dacvaSi
gamoixateba. moses rjuli jansaRi zneobis sa
fuZvelTa safuZvelia, romelSic, e. w. meore ka
tegoriis mcnebebSi, ganuzomlad amaRlebuladaa
warmodgenili moyvasTan urTierToba. analogiu
ri midgomaa dafiqsirebuli Zveli aRTqmis sxva
wignebSic.
kacis mokvlis akrZalva, rac meeqvse mcnebiTaa
dadgenili, pirdapir uflis qmnilebis dacvas
gulisxmobs, radgan RmerTma adamiani Seqmna Ta
vis xatad _ RvTis xatad Seqmna igi. da Seqmna
igi mamakacad da dedakacad (dab. 1, 27). amitom
adamianis mokvla RmerTis sawinaaRmdego qmede
baa da dauSvebelia. amasTan erTad, gasaTva
liswinebelia is garemoebac, rom adamiani Rv
Tis warmomadgenelia, romelmac unda upatronos
yovelives da imefos dedamiwaze. amave dros, mas
didi pasuxismgeblobac akisria, radgan igi war
moadgens RmerTs sxva qmnilebaTaTvis. amitom man
ar unda daCagros isini da ar miayenos tanjva,
miT umetes, ar xelyos meore adamianis sicocx
le, radgan adamiani RvTis xatadaa Seqmnili
(dab. 9:6). amis gamo igi fasdaudebelia. adami
anis mniSvneloba ar aris damokidebuli imaze,
ramdenad Wkviani, Zlieri, lamazi an jansaRia
is. mTavaria, rom igi aris adamiani, RvTis xa
tad Seqmnili.amitom unda davicvaT avadmyofebi
da umweoni: `Raribis mCagvreli Tavis Semoqmeds
Seuracxyofs, maTxovris mwyalobeli ki uflis
madidebelia~ (igav. 14:31).
radgan RmerTma yvela rasa erTi qalisa da
kacisagan warmoSva (Ses. 17: 26), ar arsebobs daba
li modgmis xalxi, yvela adamiani, romeli ra
sis warmomadgenelic ar unda iyos, RvTis xata
daa Seqmnili. yovelgvari SuRli da antagonizmi
codva da Semoqmedi RvTis Seuracxyofaa. qalebi,
mamakacebis msgavsad, RvTis xatad arian Seqmni
li da iseTsave faseulobas warmoadgenen Rmer
TisTvis, rogorc mamakacebi.
didi zneobrivi datvirTvis matarebelia meS
vide mcneba, romelic mruSobis winaaRmdegaa
mimarTuli. am zneobrivi normis dacva ojaxu
ri simtkicis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. swored
ojaxSi iRebs saTaves zneobrivi mimarTeba ama
Tu im movlenisadmi. siZva da mruSoba angrevs
da acamtverebs ara marto ojaxur zneobas, ara
med Tavad adamianis moralur saxes. moRalate
colqmari borotebas amravlebs sazogadoe
baSi. yo vel epoqaSi samarcxvinod iTvleboda
sqesobrivi aRviraxsniloba. TviT RmerTma moses
kanonebamde gailaSqra sodomuri codvisa (lev.
18:22) da sxva gadaxrebis winaaRmdeg. RmerTi ara
marto kicxavs garyvnilebs da mruSebs, aramed
`vinc imruSebs qmrian qalTan, vinc imruSebs Ta
visi moyvasis colTan, sikvdiliT unda mokvdnen
mruSi mamakacic da mruSi dedakacic~ (lev. 20:9).
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aseTive mkacri sasjelia gaTvaliswinebuli siZ
vamruSobis sxva gamovlinebebis mimarTac.
meore kategoriis zneobriv mcnebebSi RmerTi,
aseve, krZalavs qurdobas. samyaros dasabamidan
qurdoba miuRebel qmedebad iTvleboda. Tumca,
misi ganzogadeba, rogorc zneobisTvis Seufe
rebeli movlenisa, yvelaze kargad Zveli aRTqmis
wignebma Semogvinaxa. SemdgomSi aman srulyofi
li saxe qristianobaSi miiRo. gamosvlaTa wig
nSi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli qurdoba da misi
sazRauri (gam. 22:115). iqvea dawesebuli sxvadas
xvagvari sasjeli da gamosasyidis odenoba da sa
xeebi. zogjer gvxvdeba Zalze mkacri sasjelic,
rac Sesabamisi danaSaulis simZimeze miuTiTebs.
mecxre mcneba ciliswamebis winaaRmdeg aris
mimarTuli. es mankieri Tviseba, romelic sam
yaros gaCenidan arsebobs, uamrav borotebas
aZlevs dasabams. mravali udanaSaulo adamianis
sicocxle emsxverpla cru mowmeTa Cvenebebs, an
moralurad da materialurad dazaralda. ami
tom misi aRmofxvra, brZola mis winaaRmdeg yve
la droSi aqtualuri iyo. sxvaTa Soris, moses
kanonebSi wamoyenebuli debulebebi marto Zvel
epoqas rodi emsaxureboda; maTi dacva dResac
iseve aucilebelia, rogorc maSin, roca Rmer
Ti sinas mTaze ecxadeboda winaswarmetyvels.
ciliswameba yvela epoqis maradiuli boroteba
iyo, amitom ase calsaxad ilaSqrebs RmerTi mis
winaaRmdeg: `nu dayri cru xmebs: xels nu miscem
ukeTurs, raTa borotebis mowme ar gaxde~ (gam.
23:1), `ar moiparoT, ar icruoT da ar moatyuoT
erTimeore~ (lev. 19:11).
meaTe mcnebaSi dagmobilia Suri da yovel
gvari midrekileba, romelTa gamo nivTieri
saunjis xelSi Cagdeba daumsaxureblad swadi
aT. RmerTi sagangebod CamoTvlis im mankiere
bebs, romlebic Surian adamians Causaxldeba
sulSi da sxvisi qonebis dapatronebisaTvis ga
nawyobs. swored Surianoba gaxda kaenis mier
Cadenili saSineli codvis safuZveli; amgvari
faqtebi mravladaa rogorc saRvTo istoriaSi,
ise Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic. mniSvnelo
ba ar aqvs, adamianma moaxerxa Tu ara sxvisi
qonebis xelSi Cagdeba; isic codvad iTvleba, Tu
man ganizraxa, Caifiqra aseTi qmedeba. ukeTuri
gulisTqmac danaSaulis tolfasia da amitomac
isjeba igi RvTis gangebulebiT. rogorc sxva
mcnebebi, qristianobam meaTe mcnebac gaaRrmava
da yovlismomcveli mniSvneloba mianiWa.
imis miuxedavad, rom Toras zneobrivi ka
tegoriebi warmodgenilia aTi mcnebis saxiT, aR
niSnuli moraluri sentenciebi gabneulia iuda
izmis sxva wignebSic. maTi Tavmoyra da sistemad
Camoyalibeba sagangebod usvams xazs maT mniS
vnelobas. swored sinas mTaze nauwyebi kanonebi
amkvidreben adamianTa Tanasworobas; usamarT
lobam adgili unda dauTmos umaRles RvTiur
samarTlianobas, rac sazogadoebrivi da kerZo
cxovrebis ganviTarebas sruliad axlebur mimar
Tulebas aniWebs. SemdgomSi swored mas daefuZne
ba kanonSemoqmedebis mTeli sistema. swored
sinas kanonebSi gamoixata xalxisa da RvTis kav
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Siri Tavisufal pirobebSi, radgan rCeuli eri
mxolod moses mcnebebis SesrulebiT SeZlebda
RvTiuri aRTqmis keTili sawyisis cxovrebaSi
ganxorcielebas.
moses mcnebebi umaRlesi zneobrivi RirsebiT
gamoirCeva. maTi mizani ar iyo rCeuli xal xis
nivTieri pirobebis gaumjobeseba, es mcnebebi
gacilebiT maRal miznebs emsaxureboda: `iyaviT
CemTvis wmidebi, radgan wmida var me, ufali, da
me gamogacalkeveT xalxTagan, raTa Cemi iyoT~
(lev. 20:26). swored amis dasturia isic, rom kae
ni daisaja ara mcire ZRvenisaTvis, aramed imi
saTvis, rom hameSma (RmerTma) SesTavaza Seecva
la midgoma da sulierad cxovreba daewyo; man
ki amis nacvlad Tavisi Zma, ,,metoqe~ moiSora.
marTalia, kaenma moinania da Tqva: `diax, me
Zalian cudad moviqeci da damnaSave var~, mag
ram RmerTs ganaCeni gamotanili hqonda mis Tvis:
`RmerTma Tqva: `amieridan dawyevlil iqnebi mi
wisagan..., roca miwas daamuSaveb, is aRar ga
moscems SenTvis Tavis Zalas. moxetiale... iqnebi
dedamiwaze~ (bereSiTi 3:11,12).
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom RmerT
ma kaeni dasaja imis gamoc, rom mas surda sam
yaros erTaderTi mflobeli yofiliyo [2,35].
rac Seexeba nivTier mxares, RmerTi iRebs im
adamianTa ZRvens, vinc materialur qonebas su
lier simdidres amjobinebs, swavlobs Toras da
asrulebs mis micvebs (mcnebebs).
rogorc cnobilia, yoveli sazogadoeba ga r
kveuli zneobrivi orientirebiT cxovrobs, rac
gavlenas axdens momavali Taobis sulier Ca
moyalibebaze. swored sazogadoebaSi damkvidre
buli cxovrebis wesi, moraluri kategoriebi
asruleben warmmarTvel rols axalgazrdobis
aRzrdaSi. xolo, Tu sazogadoeba imdenad aris
dawinaurebuli, rom mas qcevis mareglamentire
beli normebi aqvs, es ukve didi warmatebaa.
mag ram sruliad sxva simaRlesTan gvaqvs saqme
maSin, roca saubari RvTis sityvaze, anu mara
diul, yovlismomcvel, yovlisSemZle samyaros
Semoqmedzea. amdenad, Cven winaSea araTu srul
yofili, aramed aRmatebuli Sinaarsis, RvTiu
ri sibrZniT datvirTuli, umaRlesi sulierebiT
aRsavse moqmedebisa da arsobis sawyisi, udiade
si mizani.
Zveli aRTqmis pedagogika aris RvTis mier
mosesTvis gamocxadebul mcnebebze damyarebu
li kanonebis pedagogika. es kanonebi orgvaria:
Teocentruli da sociocentruli. RvTis mier
boZebuli kanonebi Teocentrulia, xolo adami
anebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi _ sociocentru
li. sociocentruli kanoni sazogadoebisagan
ganyenebuli arasodes yofila, radgan igi sazo
gadoebis wiaRSi iSva, rogorc am sazogadoebis
wevrTa qcevis mareglamentirebeli norma. ase
Tia, magaliTad, hamurabis, manus an vaxtang me
eqvsis kanonebi. magram sul sxva mdgomareobaa
moses kanonebTan mimarTebiT, romlis gacxadeba
Semoqmedis mier moxda.
RvTiuri kanonebi, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, mo
ses aTi mcneba da saero kanonebi, maTi warmo
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mavlobis miuxedavad, Seicaven adamianTa qcevis
normebs. amiT isini uSualo zemoqmedebas ax
denen sazogadoebis wevrTa yoveldRiur yofasa
da maT Soris eTikuri normebis Sesrulebaze.
TavisTavad adamianis qceva SeiZleba iyos ka
nonis Sesabamisi an misi sawinaaRmdego. swored
sapirispiro SemTxvevaSi, roca esa Tu is indi
vidi an adamianTa jgufi ewinaaRmdegeba kanonis
moTxovnas, gamoiyeneba sanqcia, romelic kanonis
pirdapiri moTxovnaa. magram kanonis amoqmedeba
yovelTvis rodia saWiro. adamianebi upiratesad
icaven iuridiuli kanonis moTxovnebs, radgan
samarTlis normebis darRvevamde adamiani ar
Rvevs zneobriv normas, romelic garkveul safe
xurs warmoadgens samarTlis normamde. amdenad,
eTikuri da samarTlebrivi normebi mWidro kav
SirSia da zemoqmedebasac axdens erTmaneTze:
samarTlis normis nebismier darRvevas mohyve
ba zneobrivi normis xelyofac, magram zneob
rivi normebis darRvevas yovelTvis ar mohyveba
samarTlis normis darRveva. swored zneobasa da
samarTalebriv normebs Soris moiazreboda mTe
li aRmzrdelobiTi sistema uZvelesi droidan,
roca jer kidev ar arsebobda Sesabamisi saswav
loaRmzrdelobiTi kerebi.
kanonis arseboba TavisTavad zneobrivi dat
virTvis matarebelia. amis Sesaxeb mkvlevari g.
lobJaniZe wers: `rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise
zneobrivi normebi pirovnebisa da sazogadoe
bis interesTa gamawonasworebel da sazoga
doebrivi cxovrebis momwesrigebel faqtore
bad gvevlinebian, Tu samarTlis normebi qmnian
normatiul struqturas, zneoba adamianTa Tana
cxovrebis principebs uzrunvelyofs~.1 magram
Tanacxovrebis principebi adamians eZleva RvTis
mier (moses kanonebi), an kidev TviT qmnis mas
(hamurabis kanonebi). orive SemTxvevaSi kanoni
zemoqmedebas axdens adamianis qcevaze: pirvel
SemTxvevaSi _ aRmatebulad zneobrivs, meore
SemTxvevaSi _ yofacxovrebiTs (samarTlebrivs).
Tumca, garkveuli zneobrivi zemoqmedeba am
ukanasknelsac aqvs.
yvela sazogadoebaSi metnaklebad uweven an
gariSs kanonis moTxovnebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
sazogadoeba informirebulia imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra mohyveba ama Tu im normis Seusruleblobas,
an mis gadaWarbebas. amdenad, kanoni asrulebs
Semakavebel funqciasac. adamianma icis, ra SeiZ
leba da ra aris dauSvebeli. e. i. kanoni adamian
is qcevis garkveul reglaments awesebs da amiT
amkvidrebs sazogadoebisTvis misaReb zneob
riv normebs, an krZalavs miuRebel qcevebs. am
itom, roca Cven vlaparakobT Zveli aRTqmis aT
mcnebaze, aq TvalnaTliv Cans moses kanonebis
zneobrivi mniSvneloba, amasTan, Cven sagangebod
vamaxvilebT yuradRebas zogadad kanonis aRm
zrdelobiT funqciaze.
sazogadoebaSi kanonis moTxovnaTa gavrce
lebis procesi imave amocanas emsaxureba, rasac
aRmzdelobiTi saqmianoba. amitom iseTi aRmatebu
1 g. lobJaniZe, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi
Teoria, Tb., 2000, gv. 281.
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avTandil asaTiani kanonis (rjulis) pedagogika iudaizmSi
5958
li rjuli, rogoric qvis or ficarze dawerili
aTi mcnebaa, ar SeiZleboda, moses droSive ar
gamxdariyo sagangebo Seswavlis obieqti. kanoni
rCeul erSi RvTis arsebobis niSani iyo, ami
tomac amkvidrebda is kanonis moTxovnaTa umka
c res Sesrulebas (saqm. 23.3; rom. 2:25). sazoga
doeba im SegnebiT yalibdeboda, rom mcnebaTa
darRveviT ewinaaRmdegeboda TviT RmerTis ide
alebs da uars ambobda masze. kanoni mudmivia da
aucilebeli yvela TaobisaTvis. amitom mose da
winaswarmetyvelebi kanonebs iReben RmerTisgan,
iweren da Semdgom ukiTxaven, ganumartaven da
aswavlian xalxs, rom igi ufro gasagebi iyos
Sesasruleblad (1 ezr. 8,19). amdenad, aTi mcneba
saTaves udebs rjulis anu kanonis pedagogikas,
romelmac Seajama uflis mier samyaroSi dam
kvidrebuli RvTiuri harmonia da aRzrdis sa
fuZvlad swored moses kanonebi daamkvidra.
aTaseuli wlebis win saWirborotod miCneu
li problemebi, romlebic RvTis sityvam aTi
mcnebis saxiT Semogvinaxa, dResac zRvardaude
belia; ami tomac iqca masSi Camoyalibebuli mc
nebebi aR zrdis idealad. aTi mcneba sxva arafe
ria, Tu ara RmerTis mier mocemuli adamianis
sindisis normaTa gansazRvra da maTi obieqturi
gadmocema.
zogadad, Zveli aRTqmiseuli aRzrda pirda
pir Seesabameboda saRvTo gamocxadebas. ada
mianebi darwmunebulni iyvnen imaSi, rom isini
iyvnen `RvTis xatad~ Seqmnilni, magram, amave
dros, codvis memkvidreni. mSoblebi TavianTi
Svilebis aRzrdisas RvTiuri kanonebiT xelmZR
vanelobdnen da yoveli adamianis aRzrda RvTis
samsaxurisTvis mimdinareobda. aRzrdis ZiriTa
di principi aseTi iyo: `sibrZnis dasabamia SiSi
uflisa~ (fsalm. 110:10). aRzrda saRvTo gamocxa
debis SeswavliT da gacnobierebiT unda warmar
Tuliyo: `radgan me var ufali, RmerTi Tqveni,
ganiwmindeT da iyaviT wmidebi, radgan wmida var
me...~ (lev. 11:44). meore mxriv, aRzrdis proces
Si aucilebeli iyo gaeTavisuflebinaT bavSve
bi mavne midrekilebebisa da codvebisagan, rom
lebic adreul wlebSi iRebs saTaves.
haSemma ar misca ebraelebs wminda qveyanaSi Ses
vlis ufleba, radgan maT aCvenes, rom amisaTvis
jer mzad ar iyvnen. maT ormoci xan gZlivi weli
dasWirdaT, raTa axali Taoba gamoezardaT, rom
lisTvisac ucnobi iyo egviptis monoba. haSems
undoda, rom wminda qveyanaSi Ta visufali xalxi
Sesuliyo, romelic misi ToraTi icxovrebda.
rameTu monebs mxolod uxeSi Zalis sjeraT da
saswaulebis dajereba ar SeuZliaT [3,115].
dvarimi anu meore rjuli gvauwyebs (dvarimi
4:12), rom, sanam mose miwier samyaros datoveb
da, Sekriba mTeli eri, raTa maTTvis saboloo
miTiTebebi mieca. mose xalxs 37 dRis ganmav
lobaSi esaubreboda. Mes gamosamSvidobebeli
saubari TiTqmis mTel dvarimis wigns moicavs.
mose moiTxovs Tavisi miTiTebebis zedmiwevniT
Sesrulebas: `ar daumatoT imas, rasac gamcnobT
Tqven da nurc moaklebT, raTa daicvaT Tqveni
gamCeni RmerTis wesdebani~.
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avTandil asaTiani kanonis (rjulis) pedagogika iudaizmSi
6160
mose xSirad sayvedurobda da kidec kicxavda
xalxs mcnebebis darRvevis gamo, magram misi sa
boloo sityva damoZRvrasTan erTad dalocva
caa. winaswarmetyvelebma swored mosesagan iswav
les, rom sayveduris Semdeg xalxi aucileblad
unda daloco. aq Tora moses `haSemis adamians~
uwodebs. es wodeba mas ebraelebis dalocvis
Semdeg mieca.
Tora israelianTa cxovrebis Tanamgzavri da
gzis maCvenebeli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi
RvTis boZebulia, mainc ar aris ganyenebuli,
Soreuli da miuwvdomeli. igi axlobelia yve
lasTvis, radgan misi madli mfarvelobs israe
lianebs. mose swored amas gulisxmobda, roca
gamosamSvidobebel sityvaSi Tavis xalxs moZ
Rvravda: `..rac unda SegemTxvaT, rogorc unda
daifantoT, maSinac, Tu samyaros kideze aRmoCn
debiT, icodeT, iqidanac SegkrebT haSemi da ukan,
israelis miwaze dagabrunebT. amisaTvis Tqven
ubralod unda darCeT ebraelebad, anu ise ic
xovroT, rogorc Tora brZanebs~.
rjulis anu moses kanonebis moTxovnaTa dac
vaSesrulebis peripetiebi istoriuli Tvalsaz
risiT aRwerilia ezras wignSi. TviT ezra
mRvdeli iyo. igi aaronis STamomavali da saRvTo
rjulis maswavlebelia. wigni dawerilia daax
loebiT 400 wels Cv. w. aR.mde, rogorc neStTa
wignebis damateba. mis mTavar paToss warmoad
gens imis damtkiceba, rom iudevelni, miuxeda
vad TavianTi samefos daqcevisa da devnilobisa,
kvlavindeburad RvTisagan rCeul erad rCebod
nen. Eezras wignSi swored am rwmeniT STagonebu
li adamianebis cxovrebaa aRwerili, romlebic,
tyveobidan dabrunebulni, aRadgenen taZars da
ganaaxleben erovnul religiur wesebs. ezrau
li iudaizmis upirvelesi amocana kanonis uze
naesobis dacvaa. saRvTo rjulis yvela moTxov
na zustad unda Sesruldes _ es RvTis rCeuli
eris pirdapiri movaleobaa. aqedan gamomdinare,
ezraulma iudaizmma viwro eTnikuri xasiaTi
SeiZina da rjulis mimdevroba iudevelad aR
zrdis safuZvlad gamocxadda. amitom ezra da
rjulis sxva maswavleblebi iweren da kiTxu
loben moses kanonebs, aswavlian mas, rom igi
gaxdes ufro gasagebi da yvelasTvis advilad
Sesasrulebeli (1 ezr. 8:19; 9:48).
moses kanonebis aRzrdis safuZvlad dam
kvidrebam pedagogiuri TvalsazrisiT dRis
wesrigSi daayena iseTi praqtikuli amocanis
gadawyveta, rogoricaa Tavisuflebisa da ganvi
Tarebis mimarTeba kanonTan. amieridan swored am
CarCoebSi ganixileboda adamianis aRzrdasa da
mis zneobriv Camoyalibebaze RmerTisa da aR
m zrdelis gavlena.
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avTandil asaTiani sibrZnis gakveTilebi bibliur iudaizmSi
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sibrZnis gakveTilebi bibliur iudaizmSi
Toras Tanaxmad, cxovrebis umaRlesi sazrisi RvTis saqmeTa wvdoma, masTan sulieri kavSiria,
rac uflis mcnebebis SeswavliTa da dacviT miiR
weva; magram arsebobs yofiTi sakiTxebi, romel
Ta gadawyvetas elementaruli codna esaWiroeba,
Tumca, esec uflis nebiT xdeba. swored aseTi
damokidebuleba iyo iudaizmSi zogadad sibrZni
sa da kerZod ki aRzrdaganaTlebis mimarT.
Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi aRwerili ebraeli
xalxis istoria zogad warmodgenas gviqmnis
aRzrdaganaTlebis Sesaxebac. rogorc `rCeu
li eris~ yofacxovrebaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs,
Zvel ebraelTa aRzrdaganaTlebis sistema me
zobeli SuamdinareTisa da egviptis xalxebis
saganmanaTleblo sistemebisagan sakmaod gansx
vavdeba. es gansxvaveba, pirvel rigSi, sarwmunoeb
rivia. bibliis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari sibrZne
uflismieria da adaminebs igi RvTisgan eZlevaT;
amitom codnis dauflebis anu swavlis mizani
uflis saqmeTa wvdomaa, RvTis gangebulebiTve:
`... uflis SiSia sibrZne da borotisagan ganride
baa goneba~ (iob. 28:28). amdenad, radgan goniere
ba borotebisagan gamijvnas niSnavs, igi sikeTe
yofila, romelic uflis mcnebaTa SecnobaSes
rulebiT miiRweva. swavlisadmi damokidebule
bas ebrael xalxSi calsaxad RvTiuri Sinaarsi
aqvs. amitom winaswarmetyvelebi yovelTvis wesi
sa da gangebis ganuxrelad Sesrulebisaken mou
wodebdnen xalxs, radgan RvTis sityvis mosmena
ar iyo Cveulebrivi ambavi _ ufalTan kavSiri
did krZalvas moiTxovda: `mismineT da gaigoneT:
nu amaRldebiT, radgan ufali laparakobs~ (ie
rem. 13:15).
sxva xalxebis msgavsad, ebraelTa yofacxo v
rebaSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli iseTi cod
nis daufleba, rogoricaa werakiTxva, elemen
taruli maTematika, romelsac ukavSirdeboda
aRebmicemoba, vaWroba da miwis mzomeloba,
varskvlavebis moZraoba da kalendari; Tumca,
wamyvani adgili ganaTlebaSi mainc religiuri
Sinaarsis wignebis Seswavlas eWira.
radgan aRzrdaganaTlebaSi umTavresi saRvTo
gamocxadeba iyo, aqedan gamomdinare, gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba TaobaTa Soris urTierTobas eniWe
boda, raSic gansakuTrebul rols saojaxo aR
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avTandil asaTiani sibrZnis gakveTilebi bibliur iudaizmSi
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zrda asrulebda. codnagamocdilebis Taobidan
Taobaze gadacemis istoria sayovelTaod aRi
arebulia. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc bibliuri
xalxebi yofilan. bavSvebi pirvel gakveTilebs
swored ojaxSi ismendn