arvo presentation

8/12/2019 ARVO Presentation

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Effect of central vision losson mutual gaze perception

Alex Bowers, Sarah Sheldon,Jessilin Quint and Heiko Hecht

Schepens Eye Research Institute

Massachusetts Eye and Ear

Harvard Medical SchoolAffiliate


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Seeing faces is important

Faces and facial expressions provide importantnonverbal (visual) information in social situations

Individuals with central vision loss (CVL) have

limited access to such cues

Prior studies: effects of CVL on recognizing and

discriminating faces and expressions

But ability to perceive mutual gaze not evaluated


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Important nonverbal visual cue that directs

conversations and social interactions

Inability to perceive mutual gaze may causedifficulties in social situations

YOU

??

Mutual gaze perception

Knowing whether or not somebody is looking at you


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Perceived to occur over a range of gaze directions

the cone of gaze



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the cone of gaze



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the cone of gaze



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the cone of gaze Sector of space in which an observer will feel looked at if

the lookers fixation falls within



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Gaze perception task quantifies both the width and

direction of this gaze cone Is sensitive to differences in gaze cone widths between

controls and people with social phobias

Cone of Gaze


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Purpose

Evaluate the effect of CVL on gaze perception

Patients perspective

Self-report questionnaire

Functional abilities

Gaze perception task / performance-based measure

Examine relationship between self-reporteddifficulties and measured difficulties


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Participants

18 with CVL VA 20/60 to 20/250

11 with central scotoma

Mean 57 years (range 28 to 86)

18 normally-sighted controls

VA 20/30 or better

Mean 60 years (range 33 to 85)


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0

20

40

60

80

100

Parti

cipants(%)

Difficulty:


Looking at you?

Looking at

someone else?

No

Difficulty

Extreme

DifficultyNo

Difficulty

Extreme

Difficulty

CVL Normally-Sighted


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Pilot Questionnaire:Gaze perception & social communication

Opinion

3 multiple choice

Difficulty

4 multiple choice

4 open-ended

Definitely

True

Mostly

True

Somewhat

True

Somewhat

False

Mostly

False

Definitely

False

1 2 3 4 5 6

No difficulty......................................... 1

A little difficulty....................................2

Some difficulty.....................................3

Moderate difficulty.............................. 4

Extreme difficulty.................................5

Stopped doing this because of your

eyesight................................................ 6

Stopped doing this for other reasons or

not interested in doing this...................7


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Maintaining eye contact

CVL think important, but only 33% definitelydid

Add figures for importance of maintaining

eye contact and I maintain eye contact Show data for CVL and NV

Any difference between scotoma and non-

scotoma group for these two questions? ---No

O


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Opinion:


0

20

40

60

80

100

Participants(%)

Definitely

True

Definitely

FalseDefinitely

True

Definitely

False

Important to

socialcommunication?


But, only 33%definitely did!

O i i


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Opinion:


0

20

40

60

80

100

Participants(%)

Definitely

True

Definitely

FalseDefinitely

True

Definitely

False

Important to

socialcommunication?


But, only 33%definitely did!


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Difficulty with mutual gaze

Add figures for difficulty knowing somebodyis looking at you and looking at somebody

else; data for CVL and NV

Is there any difference between the scotomaand non-scotoma group for these two

questions? --- No

Diffi lt


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0

20

40

60

80

100

Participants(%)

Difficulty:


Looking at you?

Looking at

someone else?

No

Difficulty

Extreme

DifficultyNo

Difficulty

Extreme

Difficulty


Diffi lt


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0

20

40

60

80

100

Participants(%)

Difficulty:


Looking at you?

Looking at

someone else?

No

Difficulty

Extreme

DifficultyNo

Difficulty

Extreme

Difficulty


Diffi l


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Difficulty:Mutual gaze perception

Mostly due to difficulties seeing peoples eyes Coping strategies . Use head direction, context

of conversation

Something about distance

Diffi lt


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Difficulty:


Mostly due to difficulties seeing

peoples eyes

Contrast been iris and white sclera signalgaze direction

CVL = contrast sensitivity & visual acuity

Diffi lt


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Difficulty:


Coping strategies:

Use alternative (non-facial) cues

Head direction

Context of conversation

Conscientious of distance limitations Social interactions only within a minimum

distance

Diffi lt


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Difficulty:

Seeing other peoples reaction

0

20

40

60

80

100CVL

Normally-Sighted

Participants(%

)

No

Difficulty

Extreme

Difficulty

Diffi lt


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Difficulty:

Seeing other peoples reaction

Coping strategies:

Use alternative (non-facial) cues

Tone and inflection of voice

Conscientious of distance limitations

Avoid heavily emotional social interactions


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Gaze perception / cone task

Life-size virtual head

1 m viewing distance

Habitual spectacles

Visual axes converged

in observers plane


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Head orientation

Straight, 8 left, 8 right

D t i t k


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Decentering task

Gaze cone width

Eyes started in straight ahead position

Instructed to rotate the eyes either to the left

or to the right until they felt that the virtual

head was about to stop gazing at them

D t i t k


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Decentering task

Gaze cone width

Eyes started instraight ahead

position

Instructed to rotatethe eyes either to

the left or to the

right until they feltthat the virtual head

was about to stop

gazing at them

VIDEO 1

D t i t k


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Decentering task

Gaze cone width

Distance between the right and leftextremes = gaze cone width

D t i t k


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Decentering task

Gaze cone width


D t i t k


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Decentering task

Gaze cone width


C t i t k


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Centering task

Mean straight ahead gaze direction

Eyes started 7 to 9

left or right Instructed to move

the eyes until they

felt that the virtual

head was gazing

directly at them

VIDEO 2


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Gaze cone width

No significant difference in width between CVLand NV

Figure for mean width for NV and CVL; data collapsed across age and

head orientation

I wondered about doing a figure for the mean width that shows the

actual mean extent of the gaze cone to the right and left, with lateral

extent along the x-axis. Please makeve to the left and +ve to the

right. If you are not sure what I mean, please ask.

Im not going to say anything about variability in gaze cone width

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Normally-Sighted

CVL

Gaze Cone Width (Deg)


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Gaze cone width

No significant difference in width between CVLand NV

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Gaze Cone Width (deg)

Normally-Sighted

CVL

Error Bars = SE

Gaze cone direction (judgment of


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straight ahead gaze direction)

-4

-2

0

2

4

-8 0 8GazeConeDire

ction(deg)

Head Orientation (deg)

Normally-Sighted

Error Bars = SE



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straight ahead gaze direction)

-4

-2

0

2

4

-8 0 8GazeConeDire

ction(deg)


CVLNormally-Sighted

Error Bars = SE


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Scotoma vs. non-scotoma

Any differences between scotoma and non-scotoma for gaze cone mean width, mean

direction, and variability of mean direction?

*** not collapsed across head orientation,but look at the next slide which seems

interesting

Scotoma vs non scotoma:


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Scotoma vs. non-scotoma:

Judgment of straight ahead gaze direction

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

-8 0 8GazeConeDire

ction(deg)


Non-scotomaScotoma

Error Bars = SE

Variability in judgment of straight


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ahead direction

Figure something like this

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Normally Sighted Central Vision Loss

Standard

DeviationoftheDirectionofGaze

(degree)

Vision Group



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ahead direction

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


VariabilityinPerceive

dGaze

D

irection(deg)

Error Bars = SE



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ahead direction

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Variabil

ityinPerceivedGaze

D

irection(deg

)

Error Bars = SE

**

Relationship between self reported and


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Relationship between self-reported and

measured difficulty

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4 5Variab

ilityinPerceivedGaze

Direction(de

g)

Gaze Perception and SocialDifficulties Mean Score

Greater Difficulty

r2= .70**

*p< .05**p< .01

Relationship between self reported difficulty


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Relationship between self-reported difficulty

and vision measures0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

VisualAcuity

(logMAR)

C

ontrastSensitivity

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1 2 3 4 5 6

Gaze Perception and SocialDifficulties Mean Score

Greater Difficulty

r2= .47*

r2= .39

*p

< .05**p< .01

Relationship between self-reported


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Relationship between self-reported

and measured difficulty

Scatterplot for gaze perception question(s) Scatterplots for VA and CS (to show no

relationship)


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Conclusions


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Thank you!

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