artificial intelligence by: ian, chelsea, doug, & grace
TRANSCRIPT
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Artificial Intelligence
By: Ian, Chelsea, Doug, & Grace
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Artificial intelligence (AI) - is a branch of computer science and
engineering that deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines
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History Of Artificial Intelligence
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1950s
• The 1950s were a period of active efforts in AI
• Alan Turing introduced the "Turing test”
• The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I
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1960s-1970s
• Joel Moses demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems
• Leonard Uhr and Charles Vossler published "A Pattern Recognition Program That Generates, Evaluates, and Adjusts Its Own Operators" in 1963
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1980s
• Neutral networks became widely used due to the backpropagation algorithm
• The team of Ernst Dickmanns built the first robot cars, driving up to 55 mph on empty streets
• Marked major achievements in many areas of AI and demonstrations of various applications
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1990s & Turn of the Century
• During the 1990s and 2000s AI has become very influenced by probability theory and statistics
• After the September 11, 2001 attacks there has been much renewed interest and funding for threat-detection AI systems, including machine vision research and data-mining
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DARPA Grand Challenge
• DARPA is a challenge for driverless cars
• The cars have no communication with humans
• In 2005 the winning vehicles completed all 132 miles of the course in just under 7 hours
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A Few Basic Rules
• Must follow California driving laws
• Vehicles must follow a specific rout following specific check points
• Vehicles must drive though fog and rain even if GPS is blocked
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Schools Of Thought
1. Conventional A.I.
2. Computational Intelligence
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Conventional A.I. - a.k.a. symbolic A.I., logical A.I., neat A.I., and Good Old Fashioned A.I.(GOFAI)
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Machine Learning Methods
Expert systems
• a computer program that contains some subject-specific knowledge of one or more human experts.
• helps users solve problems and draw conclusions reasonably.
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Machine learning methods
Nuetral Networks
• systems with very strong pattern recognition capabilities
• a.k.a. ANN (artificial neural network)
• an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal info that flows through the network.
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Fuzzy Control System
• based on fuzzy logic (concepts that cannot be expressed as true or false but as partially true
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A.I. In Fiction• Strong A.I. is used most often for
entertainment purposes• Usually portrayed as an upcoming power
trying to overthrow human authority• Trying to cause abrupt and dramatic changes• A few A.I. writers are: Vernor Vinge, Ray
Kurzweil, and Frank Herbert• Author Vernor Vinge states, “…technology
will reach a point beyond which we cannot even speculate about the consequences.”
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Case-based Reasoning
• the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems
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Bayesian Network
• a.k.a. Bayesian belief network or belief network
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Behavior Based A.I.
• Made famous by Rodney Brooks
• A procedure for developing A.I. off of another module of intelligence
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Computational Intelligence - repetitive development/learning that relays on evidence /consequences observable by the senses
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Schools of Thought
• Conventional Artifical Intelligence– Machine Learning
– Formalism– Statistical Analysis
• Expert Systems• Case Based Reasoning• Bayesian Networks• Behavior
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Schools of Thought cont.
• Computational Intelligence– Neural Networkes– Fuzzy Systems– Evolutionary Computation
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Artifical Intelligence In Fiction
• Books– A Space Odyssey– The Moon is a Harsh Mistress
• Movies– The Matrix– Bicentennial Man– I, Robot
• Video Games– Halo