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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

-Presented byAdarsh Saxena

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO A.I.

HOW DOES A.I WORK.

EVOLUTION OF A.I.

BRANCHES OF A.I.

APPLICATIONS OF A.I.

CONCLUSIONS ON A.I.

What is Intelligence ??

What is What is Intelligence Intelligence ??

To respond to situations very flexibly. To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory

messages. To recognize relative importance of different

elements of situations. To draw distinctions between situations despite

similarities which may link them.

INTRODUCTIINTRODUCTIONON

WHAT IS A .I . ?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the science of making computers do things that require intelligence when done by humans.

A.I is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent.

How Does AI Work??

Artificial intelligence works with the help of

• Artificial Neurons (Artificial Neural Network)

And

• Scientific theorems(If-Then Statements, Logics)

What is Neural Networking??

Artificial neural networks are composed of interconnecting artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons).

Structure of a Biological Structure of a Biological NeuronNeuron Dendrites: Accepts Inputs. Soma: Processes the Inputs. Axon: Turns the processed inputs into outputs. Synapses: The electrochemical contact between

neurons.

An Artificial NeuronAxon

sSynapse

s Dendrites AxonBody(Soma)

X1

X3

Wn

W

W

Xn

WX2

W0

Output

Bias

TURING TEST

* The test was devised in response to the question,” Can a computer think ?”.

* Proposed by Alan Turing(1950), a British Computer Scientist.

1943 – McCulloh and Pitts, Boolean circuit model of brain.

1950 – Turing’s computing machine and intelligence.

1950’s – Early AI programs including Samuel’s checker program, Newell and Simon’s logic theorist, Gelisnters geometry engine

1956 – Dartmouth conference.

HISTORY

HISTORY 1952-69 – “Look, Ma, no hands!” era.

1958 – McCarthy moves to MIT, LISP was born.

1965 – Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning.

1966-74 – AI discovers computational complex.

1969-79 - Early development in knowledge based systems.

1980-88 : Expert system industry booms.

1988-93 : Expert system industry busts.

1985-88 : Neural networks return to popularity.

1995 : Agents… Agents… Agents. (present)

HISTORY

APPLICATIONS OF A.I.

Expert systems.

Natural Language Processing (NLP).

Speech recognition.

Computer vision.

Robotics.

An Expert System is a computer program designed to act as an expert in a particular domain (area of expertise).

Expert systems currently are designed to assist experts, not to replace them, They have been used in medical diagnosis, chemical analysis, geological explorations etc.

Domain of E.S.

Knowledge base

Facts Heuristics

Phases in Expert System

EXPERT SYSTEMS

Natural Language Processing

The goal of NLP is to enable people and computers to communicate in a natural (humanly) language(such as, English) rather than in a computer language.

The field of NLP is divided in 2 categories— Natural Language understanding. Natural Language generation.

Speech Recognition

$ The goal of speech recognition research is to allow computers to understand human speech. So that they can hear our voices and recognize the words we are speaking.

$ It simplifies the process of interactive communication between people and computers, thus it advances the goal of NLP.

Computer VisionPeople generally use vision as their

primary means of sensing their environment, we generally see more than we hear, feel or smell or taste.

The goal of computer vision research is to give computers this same powerful facility for understanding their surrounding. Here A.I helps computer to understand what they see through attached cameras.

Robotics

A Robot is a electro-mechanical device that can by programmed to perform manual tasks or a reprogrammable multi functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for performance of variety of tasks.

An ‘intelligent’ robot includes some kind of sensory apparatus that allows it to respond to change in it’s environment.

FUTUREThe day is not far when you will just sit back in your cozy little beds and just command your personal Robot's to entirely do your ruts . He will be a perfect companion for you. Just enjoy the Technology.

(+)

But wait, don’t be happy. . !It may end in other way too. Some day there will be a knock to your door. As you open it, you see a large number of Robots marching into your house destroying everything you own and looting you.

This is because ever since there is an advantage in the Technology, it attracts anti-social elements. This is true for Robots too. Because now they will have full power to think as human, even as of anti-social elements. So think trice before giving them power of Cognition.

FUTURE (-)

CONCLUSIONIn it’s short existence, AI has increased understanding of the nature of intelligence and provided an impressive array of application in a wide range of areas. It has sharpened understanding of human reasoning, and of the nature of intelligence in general. At the same time, it has revealed the complexity of modeling human reasoning providing new areas and rich challenges for the future.

References

Wikipedia

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