Artificial Artificial & &

BioArtificial BioArtificial OrgansOrgans

Ecole supérieure d’Ingénieurs de LuminyEcole supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Luminy

Julien Cucurella

Maud Bonnard

Biomedical 2008

IntroductionIntroduction

What is the difference between Artificial and BioArtificial Organs?

What do they have in commun?

Artificial Artificial OrgansOrgans1/1/ Artificial kidneyArtificial kidney

2/2/ Artificial muscleArtificial muscle

3/3/ Artificial pancreas : 2 Artificial pancreas : 2 approachesapproaches

Artificial kidneyArtificial kidney

How does it work ?

The kidney removes waste material from the body, and when this is not achieved properly, the patient develops a kidney failure.

The artificial kidney, or dialyzer, is a life support system designed to remove waste products from the patients body.

How does it work ?

Dialysis machine

Artificial kidneyArtificial kidney

Kidney transplantKidney transplant

A patient completing the artificial kidney treatment, may A patient completing the artificial kidney treatment, may receive a kidney from an alive donor or a dead one.receive a kidney from an alive donor or a dead one.

The biggest issue in transplantation is compatibility The biggest issue in transplantation is compatibility between the donor and the receiver.between the donor and the receiver.

If a complete rejection was to occur, there will be no If a complete rejection was to occur, there will be no choice but to remove the graft from the patient. choice but to remove the graft from the patient.

Artificial kidneyArtificial kidney

ResultsResults

The patient who undergoes a successful transplant can The patient who undergoes a successful transplant can return to normal existencereturn to normal existence..

Although a light work is preferable, there are no Although a light work is preferable, there are no restrictions apart from taking drugs.restrictions apart from taking drugs.

Now, many patients with kidney failure stands a Now, many patients with kidney failure stands a reasonable chance at a normal life with artificial kidney reasonable chance at a normal life with artificial kidney treatments and a well-matched transplant.treatments and a well-matched transplant.

Artificial muscleArtificial muscle

How does it work How does it work ??

Polymer based artificial muscles Polymer based artificial muscles may soon yield organs that work may soon yield organs that work like real limbslike real limbs..

Polyacrylonitrile drastically Polyacrylonitrile drastically contracts when its pH changescontracts when its pH changes..

The fibres are capable of The fibres are capable of holding four kilograms per holding four kilograms per square centimetre. A human square centimetre. A human biceps can lift a maximum of biceps can lift a maximum of just over two kilograms per just over two kilograms per square centimetre.square centimetre.

Artificial muscleArtificial muscle

How does it work ?How does it work ?

An electronically activated muscle will An electronically activated muscle will not dry or wear out over time.not dry or wear out over time.

When electrodes are applied, the When electrodes are applied, the muscle contracts.muscle contracts.

Dielectric elastomers are still at a Dielectric elastomers are still at a research level, but they have the research level, but they have the potential to be produced at a low cost.potential to be produced at a low cost.

Artificial pancreasArtificial pancreas

How does it work ?How does it work ?

The artificial pancreas is a promising technology in The artificial pancreas is a promising technology in development to help diabetic persons automatically control development to help diabetic persons automatically control their blood glucose level by providing the substitute their blood glucose level by providing the substitute endocrine functionality of a healthy pancreas.endocrine functionality of a healthy pancreas.

There are two approaches : the medical equipment There are two approaches : the medical equipment approach and the bio-engeenering approach.approach and the bio-engeenering approach.

Artificial pancreasArtificial pancreas

The medical The medical equipment equipment approachapproach

In type 1 diabetes, insulin-In type 1 diabetes, insulin-producing cells in the pancreas producing cells in the pancreas are killed by the body's own are killed by the body's own immune system.immune system.

The prototype system comprises : The prototype system comprises : a glucose sensor, a handheld a glucose sensor, a handheld computer, and an insulin pump.computer, and an insulin pump.

Artificial pancreasArtificial pancreas

The medical equipment approachThe medical equipment approach

Drawbacks :Drawbacks :

The implantable sensor is inserted into a neck vein leading The implantable sensor is inserted into a neck vein leading to the heart.to the heart.

The sensor accurately measures glucose in 95% of cases.The sensor accurately measures glucose in 95% of cases. The sensors stop working after an average of nine months.The sensors stop working after an average of nine months. The mathematical programs needs to be refined.The mathematical programs needs to be refined.

Artificial pancreasArtificial pancreas

The bio-engeenering approachThe bio-engeenering approach

Bio-artificial pancreas designs come in four physical Bio-artificial pancreas designs come in four physical types : hollow fibers, capsules, coatings and sheets.types : hollow fibers, capsules, coatings and sheets.

Artificial pancreasArtificial pancreas

The bio-engeenering The bio-engeenering approachapproach

A micrograph of the most successful thin coating.A micrograph of the most successful thin coating.

Artificial pancreasArtificial pancreas

The bio-engeenering The bio-engeenering approachapproach

a)a) What is it?What is it?

b)b) How does it work?How does it work?

c)c) ApplicationsApplications

Tissue Tissue EngineeringEngineering

What is it?What is it?

New research field combining medecine, biology and engineering.New research field combining medecine, biology and engineering.

PurposesPurposes: - to regenerate, repair or replace diseased tissues or : - to regenerate, repair or replace diseased tissues or organs organs

using living cells. using living cells.

- find a new solution to the current problem of organ - find a new solution to the current problem of organ

shortage and biomaterial failures shortage and biomaterial failures..

Applications:Applications: - skin, cartilage, bones diseases or injuries (ex: - skin, cartilage, bones diseases or injuries (ex: burns)burns)

- - heart valves, blood vessels, corneas, ears, livers...heart valves, blood vessels, corneas, ears, livers...

Regenerative Medecine

How does it work?How does it work?

View of a colony of undifferentiated human embryonic

stems cells

Derived from human embryonic stem cells: mature neurons (red) and glial cells

(green)

Stem cells are able to generate Stem cells are able to generate every cell type every cell type in the body.in the body.

They They may be used to create new tissues may be used to create new tissues and organsand organs..

How does it work?How does it work?

To create an organ, cells needTo create an organ, cells need : :

- to be organised on a scaffold (= a structure)- to be organised on a scaffold (= a structure)

BioreactorBioreactor- to be placed in a culture medium with growth to be placed in a culture medium with growth factor factor which will be placed in a bioreactor.which will be placed in a bioreactor.

How does it work?How does it work?

ApplicationsApplications

ConclusionConclusion

Thank you for your Thank you for your attentionattention