1. THERE ARE NINE TYPES OF JOINTS INVERTEBERAES

2. ANAT 102 3. 1. ATLANTO-OCCIDITAL JOINT(YES JOINT) Occipital condyle and cranial articular fovea It is same in ox dog and horse FUNCTION Hing joint dorsal and ventral flexor (lateralmovement) 4. ARTICULATIONS OF THEVERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS 5. 2 ATLANTO AXIAL JOINT In ox Fovea of the dens and caudal articular fossa of the atlas, dens and ventral articulation surface of the dens FUNCTION Axial rotation of the head on the neck, head shaking 6. 2 ATLANTO AXIAL JOINT 7. 2 ATLANTO AXIAL JOINT IN HORSE AND DOG Atlas saddle-shape facets and reciprocal saddle shapedsurfaces extend upon the dens confident on ventralaspectFUNCTION Atlas and the head rotate upon the axis, axis ofrotation passes through centre of body of axis 8. 2 ATLANTO AXIAL JOINT 9. 3. JOINTS OF THE ARTICULARPROCESS Articular process of adjacent vertebrae FUNCTION Sliding joints Is same in dog horse and ox 10. 3. JOINTS OF THE ARTICULARPROCESS 11. 4. COSTO VERTEBRAL JOINTS Articular surface of the head of the rib and caudalcostal fovea of the more cranial vertebrae and cranialcostal fovea of the more caudal vertebrae with whichthe ribs head articulate FUNCTION Hinge joint that together with the vertebrae makespossible the variation of thoracic volume in respiration 12. 4. COSTO VERTEBRAL JOINTS IN DOG Articular surface of the head of the rib andcaudal costal fovea of the more cranial vertebrae andcranial costal fovea of the more caudal vertebrae withwhich the ribs head articulate FUNCTION Hinge joint that together with the vertebrae makespossible the variation of thoracic volume in respiration 13. 4. COSTO VERTEBRAL JOINTS 14. 4. COSTO VERTEBRAL JOINTS IN OX AND DOG Each ribs form two joint by head (costo-central) and by tubercle (costo-transverse joint) FUNCTION The movement is very limited in the anterior part of series of joints but considerable in the posterior part 15. 4. COSTO VERTEBRAL JOINTS In horse and ox 16. 5. COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTJOINTS OF RIB TUBERCLE In dog Articular surfaces of the costal tubercle and the costalfovea of the transverse process of the same numbered(more caudal vertebrae FUNCTION Hinge joint 17. 5. COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTJOINTS OF RIB TUBERCLE DOG 18. 5. COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTJOINTS OF RIB TUBERCLE IN HORSE From by facet of the tubercle of the rib and on transverse process of the vertebrae FUNCTION Gliding joint Movement is very limited 19. 5. COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTJOINTS OF RIB TUBERCLE HORSE 20. 5. COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTJOINTS OF RIB TUBERCLEIN OXThere are no intertransverse joints form by facet oftubercle of rib and transverse process of the vertebrae FUNCTION Gliding joint Movement is very limited 21. 5. COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTJOINTS OF RIB TUBERCLE OX 22. 6. STERNO COSTAL JOINT Cartilaginous ends of the first to the eight rib andsternum IN OX DOG AND HORSE IT IS SAME FUNCTION Hinge joint 23. 6. STERNO COSTAL JOINT 24. 7. COSTO-CHONDRALSYNCHONOROSES In dog Costal bone and costal cartilage FUNCTION Nearly rigid and immoveable 25. 7. COSTO-CHONDRALSYNCHONOROSES DOG 26. SYNCHONOROSES IN HORSE Rib has concave surface which receive convex end of the cartilage FUNCTION Nearly rigid and immoveable 27. 7. COSTO-CHONDRALSYNCHONOROSES HORSE 28. 7. COSTO-CHONDRALSYNCHONOROSES IN OX Cartilages are attached to each other by distinct elasticligamentFUNCTION Limited lateral movement is possible 29. SYNCHONOROSES OX 30. 8. STERNAL SYNCHONDROSIS IN DOG Monubrium of the sternum of the body of the sternum xiphoid process FUNCTION Increasingly rigid and immoveable 31. 8. STERNAL SYNCHONDROSIS IN DOG 32. 8. STERNAL SYNCHONDROSIS IN HORE Seven bond segments are united by persisting cartilage in new-born foal FUNCTION Increasingly rigid and immoveable 33. 8. STERNAL SYNCHONDROSIS HORSE 34. 8. STERNAL SYNCHONDROSIS IN OX First segment of sternum FUNCTION Increasingly rigid and immoveable 35. 8. STERNAL SYNCHONDROSIS 36. Bodies of adjacent vertebrae starting with the axis and including it caudal vertebrae In HORSE and DOG it is same FUNCTION Slight mobility 37. (JOINTS BETWEEN ADJACENTVERTEBRAE) 38. (JOINTS BETWEEN ADJACENTVERTEBRAE) IN OX Intervertebral ligaments are thicker than Horse FUNCTION Slight mobility 39. 9. INTERVETEBRAL SYMPHYSIS(JOINTS BETWEEN ADJACENTVERTEBRAE)