arthur danto s philosophies of history and art

7/29/2019 Arthur Danto s Philosophies of History and Art

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History and Theory 46 (Fu 2007), 1-28 Wsn Univsi 2007 ISSN: 0018-2656

Afterwords: An IntroductIon to Arthur dAntos

PhIloSoPhIeS oF hIStory aNd art

lydIa Goehr

abStract

tis ss is win s n inu ss i iin f au

daAnalytical Philosophy of History, fis pin in 1965. I iss qusins u

w i ns wi n inuin n w i is pssi wi n inuin-

giv da pilpial iy. t ay pay pial ai

i b da pilpy iy, pilpy a, a aa

f is pisp gs f pi. I nsis nu f ni-

pisp n is in ai in psw pi, wn, s g,

i ws us s n ni n ig f is pv s f s

infuni is in pisp f is vp in Gn (s hg)

un 1800.

a g inuin us n squ n squ f is k.

Fii Sg

I. the INtrodUctIoN aS aFterWord

I is ws fi qusin sk w i wk n is n pp

is is isf, nsu nw s n isi ni in is wn ig. . . . t

pisp f is is f p f is. on f p nfiins

f wn is nu w is suus pp isf.

au dn, Pf Narration and Knowledge, 1984

I is s fi sk w n inuin k n pisp f is

a apply bk i il. I ik i a, v i ig mak

v f wiing n inuin ni. W wi f n inu-

in wis f s w n knw w k ss is win n

f wi s k. t is, n inuin is supps

s fw is win u s n fw.

da pilpy iy ll a aklg aymmi

f p is is pni ngus ni. t ni is ink

isi ws u f vns n s, s s f xnsin,

tis is xp fNarration and Knowledge au dn, Inuin li G

n cnusin Fnk anksi. cpig 2007 cui Univsi Pss. Us ng-

i c i U i i P a i


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lydIa Goehr2

u f . his k is win in ppsiin n gn pisp

f fuu, ug i is n pps pisp f ng. I ffs w

I a philosophy of afterwords, in wi ws ing f ff nw

pspivs n ps. Win in vuin 1960s n spi is

p pilpial appaa, da bk a i i pliial

ivin. N is i wiu isi nsqun.

t i ay, A da Analytical Philosophy of History nius

unsning p nsins n w w n i knw wn. as

gi xpin f iis f i ps, psn, n

fuui fuss n tensedlanguage f isi snns n n n

ng psis f i. as su, k fs is pispi is,

f ni pisp, u is n ss piving us f is is-

iizing f. dn is s ins in when isins n wi whatu

ps. his ins in ps is pispi n isi. esising

s f n ni pisp f is siss niins f pu-

ing u snns u ps jus wn s snns u later

i n pspiv. evn unsning f fu isi n-

iv, wi psu pisps n isins wn , psuppss

unsning gi f is nsiuiv snns. dn s s iniviu

snns narrativesentences u sis s historical tensed sentences. I

pf isi snns, us s snns niv snns

uns isk f i ing nfus wi fiin snns; n

ns snns uns isk f i ing nfus wi s ns snns

a a iial . t pial i a pilpially illmi-ning. Nvss, unsn gi f isi snns is knw

unique niins un wi s piu ss f snns u.

II. the oPeNNeSS oF Fame

a pui ings w fn psn inuing spk ss n

inuin is nss. Su sn, wv, ns u ni

if i psus w inu knws u spk ( fis n-

i) is knwn uin ( sn). hwv, in spii f

i wi wi sn is u, inu is sing is psn w ns n inuin is psn knwn, wi is

ni w f knwging is f. tus, i gsu pvns

ni king nin w f inu n giving i k

p big i. da am i ipa a vly .

Nvss, givn i gsu, ssin ns n in-

uin vs i open for whatn to whom is knwn, nssi-

ing n inuin f . dn s ng n knwn s pisp f

u vn ng, f s, s pisp f is. t wi f n inu-

in su us w s knws wiu ssuing s

knw s ing. aug is gp wn wis n s ks sk ni, openness ipi gp ks sk nss.

I da vi openness ging w is knwn n wn w is knwn is


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aFterWordS

knwn is primary niin king isi isus pssi. Wiing n

inuin, I suggs, is sii isusiv sk.

Wi p s, I n iv ing n inuin is

ni f is wn sk. an inuin is supps p s unsn

w is : i is ssni pp. h, I ink, fw gins

upp n. In n fw w is s . If s s

n fw f v k, king f iin

ifiin. an fw is s n inpin.

Jus s ks f pisgi gp wn wis n -

s, dn pps gp wn piipns n inps f

isi vns, giving pii . his k u is is f ss

u winssing ing, s n su ks un, n u

u pgss f knwg gin f inping ps vns. In

is, inpin nis puin f nivs si, xpin,

a a iial v. da pilpy iy i a pilpy ly

f inpiv fw, pisp f puiv gniz snns

win f f.

III. the traNSFormatIoN oF the chroNIcle

hiia j pa appig; y p pa ipi

in wi s ppnings f. t sk signifin f vns, signifi-

n us juxps n vn in in n. dn s u

s u i f signifin. In is s, isins n wn jus

nis f vns ns w pu uuiv iss. t n wn

uns n gs f i. Ins wn n-

s, vn ss, f ni spu f un n si ffis. t

nn wi ngs f signifin ug u n psns n

pps, i siis, iis, ws, n ifs. t si s ngs is

si f n f f vns s w s p sgs wn .

hiia ipi a am i xplaai a ll a i y-,

ins-, n vu-n ssssns. his s nsfin niv is

w pvns is s isipin f ing fus ni n ps.

tnsfin, n iss, s dn gu gins ideal chronicle, p viw s isins n uu

vns in isi i. I s s dn j i f

niv s pf puin f ps n ins sss is ssni

inpnss. t niv is inp us n n v s i

vin n knwg n n piu i, n n is

ws in i.

I ws p ni inuin t tnsfin f cni

a da b-k il i pilpy a, The Transfiguration

of the Commonplace. I wn pu sns in wi isi snns

more n ngi sns f f do something more ssns, w w do is giv isi signifin. tis p n

is ig wv v s I ws ssuing transformation n


4/29

lydIa Goehr4

transfiguration w ini. F dn s iffn, f ws

nsfin ings history is philosophicalun, nsfiguin

ings art is historicaln. bu w g is is iffn? m nsw wi

vnu sw , spi ppn, iffn ig n s g.

IV. aSymmetrIeS oF tIme

his is f f si iis f i. on w un-

sn s sis is king u ngug (, engis). dn

ig ns w u f u k ns n ps. W ig us ink

egli l av m pa-ig m (da lagag) a -

fing s. t n ss s. F fuu w s

ng ngugs f nvisging, fing, fsing, pviwing, pp-

sing, n psging. F ps, wv, w ii s f -

spin, fin, n insig. W ss issing f ps is i

vu f f-sing ps-visining, wi nnxisn f

s ws sifis. t su, w v n ws si king k,

su s viw, , , f, n vis, s ws

s signif s ss f king k n f piin nging, ik s,

psn. W f us u s s u fuu-fing s, f

xp, wn w spk f wning pviw fuu f pspiv

f psn. Nnss, su s si xiss, us ug w

ug f piin f psn ps, w n

is in fuu. In, n if w Kikg w ik

ink u psn s piin f ings .

a sisf pisp f is is gn n s n v-

sis ng iis f i. ting v

s sis fn sips iv f is n ks i

s s if i w n pssiv fin f ps is n gn.

his is ning u.

cnsi s n fisi u vn ug w spn u

f u ivs fing n u pss, w nn ng u pss vn if w wn

. a Fuin wu s fin gins n wi i u wi u-

i nssi. y is ui nssi fis gi ing us ing ng u pss is ws ff. W w wu i

u fin w nsfing u fuus wi i fuu n

piin f ps. bu w nn, si spking, ng fuu

i, sin i s n xis. tf w n ng n psn. tis

is w w n iv. t siz is sp ink-

ing u s f n ins s . t is n

i, s sing gs, ik psn.

expini, is sing is i u. t spk f psn s s-

ing n ng is n ink f i iviv, s if i k

n nsiin f ps fuu. r, i is ink f i xpn-siv, n n s fu xn ss i, u s s n xpns f i

wi w v ss s if i w spi xpns su ni wi


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aFterWordS 5

psn. a n x f is xpns, psn is xpin s -

ing n-ng psn ps n, x, s n- psn

fuu. In ws, psn is n ng fin in s f ps n

fuu; ps n fuu fin iviv in in i, s respectively

n prospectively pj u f is Jnus-f perspective. tis sipin

s wi w w spk u seeing ps fuu in s f k-

ing k king fw, in iv s pf in xpn gz f

psn. his, niv i s niv f inpin, s dn

nivs i, s f xpin, s I siing i, vs iv

ilai amg malii im. I , da aai-

v nsfin f ni s ni xpini nsf-

in f ngi i.

V. hIStorIcal SeNteNceS

In is pDon Juan, l bn w niv is n n f n-

in. Niv, unik nin, is nn fnsi s ui up

n ings n nps. bing u fns, bni

bilig p mm ig li bi da vi iy a a-

fin niv.

dn isinguiss historicalvns f mere plain uns: n-

iv i ma plai aai, plai al big By m. f

dn, isi vns vns-un--sipin inp-vns-n-

xuiz---niv. an vn knwn un n sipin givn i

ig knwn un iffn sipin, ug spking f

vns s fing un sipin iss ik qusins u iniviu-

in f vns svs. cnsi Wignsin-inspi ng w

dn siss sw, f xp, in is s-i Body/Body k f

sss n pisp f in n in (wi s inus sv signifi-

n sss n pisp f is).

a vn f is fis si s ging pss

i la ib a a miliay al. I a lp b all may vai-

ly i aplgi amig ipi fgl aak i

Gbbl a a 1942 biay pma hil Bv .In is xp, w v n p sing s psi vn

s n inp iffn. hwv, wn siing isi vns,

w w inu xu ging vn isf? as p f n-

ak, l il fgl ipig i a i i aki,

n f su ig s is wning i v sw

f nuing s vigus s pising in? bu n w

s s is i w s uis ff sg n gu wining si

s if sw isf ( w?) w is ing. an s n n s n.

W uns s p f is vn? tp, n vn un n sipin

suggs i ss f n pi f i u, un n sipin, f iffn pi f i. hw ng i Sn W W s? I pns

n w n is k s n f siiis in eup in


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lydIa Goehr6

t iffiuis f vn ng si, pin is vn ug is s

ipi i a maj pa iia ak, i ily

spking f in ss f w dn s historical sentences. hisins

notus isi snns wn sking vn fi sip-

in v in in. hwv, do us isi snns wn

psizing iffns ng sipins f s vn. diffn

sipins giv vn iffn (innsin n nnsusiu) n-

ings. Si, vn is is n nug. hisi snns isinguis

f in king is u ps vns, isins f vns

u s, ns wi igin vns relevantly . t

igin vns qui nw significance in in w us fw,

n sipin ing ngs. In ws: f-ws f isi-

snns pn s n f-vns. hn w i is pssi s

is n pssi s igin i f un vn f

spn f i f: sing us u f fis vn s

sipin n signifin f fis vn in piu w i s. a

isi snn pns n wn i is u, ug i is n u

iviz su. r, is u pns n is fn igin vn

a a b i a lai lva a la . da a

ings n su isussin f realism n relevance freference n f

relativism fdescription, uing wi isisss n iin fs

f is n ivis s sip u.

t pa da avi xampl, a i a pibl i 1618 a

w gun, i ws n pssi uni s 1648 si gin-ig a bgiig tiy Ya wa. A xampl, iv m

da xampl ab di, a A da a

n n Jnu 1, 1924 wi on is , u fAnalytical Philosophy

of History ws n. t fis is n, si spking, isi snn; i is

si fu. hwv, is: f Jnu 1, 1924, nn

u s f u wi uni 1965 s , n vn

i ng if snn s ipi n vuin. t u f is

pking k ws n n is . (as I sw, i ws pking

k.)

VI. hIStorIcal SeNteNceS aNd FIctIoNal SeNteNceS

tis, , is fifu niv f v vn in wi w v n nn

g; n if u n su j i s fs, u wi, I p, qui n-

f f u ws m. Wik. I knw n in w nn, un w f

f fs s ips n u; u is suss is n pps wn .

Ignn s u pvius w f v ing nning i, in u n

in u pw, n suspiin in n in u ininin. yu pssi wn

w is ws n u s nig.

w i ikig ab da iial , I a mi

win d eiz in i fPride and Prejudice.a fis

I a i i da a iial ply, a I


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aFterWordS 7

is, wn pi givs w n un pjui in wi

prejudice gi suggssprejudgment. dn is w f puing

snns u f f. Unfun, is i xp i n fi

pf, ug i is pfu s w n.

d wis eiz xpin ws n s s vning

w n nw s is ning ging is kinnss m. Wik,

a ki a a ily b miakig ly. t i da

un, s externalvn wu v u wn nig f

n ning f, f wi d qui nw pi f infin

u s i vn. a ppns d, wv, is ng

n ipvn f in; ning vnu s ppn in w. I ws

n, w, n s nug f sf knw w u ug

b val. simply i ay mig la a l ay

b a pig a iial , alg i i ill a g

xp f ns n niv snn.

a fiin snn su n nfus wi isi snn. a

isi snn us f n vn us , wi is w is-

ins su nv f sisfi s v n si u n vn. t

alay av a m k . n v mak pibl iia

iig jb. ti i a al pi da a i a, ipi by Ka

fus snn, cnps wiu inuiins p; inuiins wiu n-

ps in. aing, ws realism without interpretation is plaini

wu ik isins puing nis f vns wiu pviing

nivsinterpretation without the tether of the real is fiction. o s isis s f inpin is givn f n s f wiing in wi ning

xn vnu niv is sk f vn f n sn-

n . on is viw f inpin, ning n ppn f

fiin k ns ng snns wiin i. hisi nivs,

nvs, n s nsin jus us w gs n.

VII. the adVaNce oF KNoWledGe

misi, isins f isi nivs n in w ws

knwn isins when. t knw w i is pssi s in psn givn w s u s f n w, n, knw.

hwv, nn ssu fuu isins wi s s ings s

s in psn us w wi ppn w us fuu is-

ins si s ps vns iffn. In ws, ug ik

psn isins, fuu isins ii f ps vn signifin

f wi ps isins w n n u n v n w, n i

psn isins su s if w spking n f f fuu

isins s w.

Pu iffn, isi snns ing ps vns un piu sip-

ins. a p isi niv f vn wu nin pssisipins f i. t ff pssi sipins f n vn wu ssu

a i iy l ilig l a i i


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lydIa Goehr8

n pssi. If n ving n knwn, n ving n si. hisins

us knwg pisgi iis in isi i.

hn, isi snns pnun f f s n ip

sng quiiv vn in knwg. I ipis n quniiv vn

in w is knwn n w n si u ps vn. t w qui-

iv ipis vn f isi knwg pins pin

us f is w fin su n. hwv hgin dn is in

may ap i li k, a m bvily i i pilpy a, i

xpii ni-hgin . evn wn wis u np pis-

ps knwing n pvius pisps i n u i n f

makig am miak i p i, imagi Miva l

fixing is gz f sk f gi u n f sk f w-isi spii.

F dn, vng gin f insig is susin s pis-

gi u f gi f i. W is knwn inis n

i l av b k ali. wa da ag iial i

n p n f wiing ssus fiv pspiv:

knw is n nssi knw in sng w-

isi sns. t ink w knw ipis gnisnss (is

) dn xpii wns vi.

VIII. meaNING aFter the act

dn js s f pgss in knwg ssus w-isi

maiy, alg y ag kig a a

s, in s sns, vns. tis pin uns us ppn

isvng f wiing inuins in ns fws.

t wis f inuins isk pping us f ks. t vi

i ik, y giz a ig i . Y i ig

gun us s w, wi is x w fws k

xpii. afws iu nings f wi us n w

wn wiing i ks. Insf s ks ik isi vns, i signifi-

n is n p wn ks finis ing win. Jus s isi

vns n pin vns, givn ssu nw signifins in

psn n susqun inpins, signifin ks n finis vn, s sing gs, f f s sung s ns.

cp wks f usi nsi p n f -

psiin pss u n fu pnsi wiu susqun is

i pma. I xig da vi, mial k a m a

i ns; ik isi vns, su wi ---inp

signifin. o nsi wn isning vus ps w givn

ins f s , u w si n knw signifin f s

s uni f s ns f ps v n sung. Sii, s

in usi fn n fu uns wiu i viins. tp s

su s usi fn supp pinips f pisp f is. F upupss, usi xps sw s n n w s

n s f is inuin wi u psn f pis


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aFterWordS 9

a ll aig y a da bk. spp, v, a a-

s i is ss s n fw n n inuin; w wi

f f is pis? Igin isning vu n p f isn-

ig pa. w mig gai a ga appiai v mai

suggsivnss, u w s is sns f niipin n xin. Insf s

vus ik inuins, pis us i pss knw

w is fw. evn inspiin nvs insigs qui in insig. Si,

if pin f n inuin is nv xin, n vn if win s n

fw i is up fn.

IX. the lImItS oF omNIPoteNce

da a i paila aalgy b ipig v a

inping ks ( usi wks), ug ig v, givn is iking

f is sf-fiv nfi svs. hwv, is

ng s s dn s isuss, ii s swing vn

n n nipn i n fu xus signifin f

w in fis, svn- f in. In f, iz f

human history xis (natural history ing px ),

sin n appearance f knwing ving, v-

ing isi us f un vns apparently unin in vn.

t ig knw ssni pn us f w u n s

wi wi is is nn, n, ningn pxiis f un

ins. o if i knw, is knwg in n.

W n un ings really f, nn k sns f i

xisn if n s if . hun is ks w

s s i is givn in ppn.

tis viw f un is is viw f nin Gk pisps,

s f ais. Wn fin is, is gi -

spning (s), i s p in f ins n vns

iv pi innin n iin. ais ink jugn f

is, s i wis f Gnsis, n is psuppsing psns v

f wi n ii wng innin. hwv, is fini-

in inu ui pxi fining ns in wn pispn is up psn . b inking is us f f un

in, pisps sp isi is f knwg is. F

knwg knwg, i nnningn, nnpiu, n, s

ipn u nns, iss. Su knwg f pisp u

n, s pisps i, f is.

dn gus ns snns ng is u n ui

pisp, wi is w, pps u n inin, pisps v

ws f jusifi in wiing in iss psn ns. W ink

w dn sws s ws n knwn, is is n s. cnsi w

isi snns pu knwg is. dn ss isi sn-ns s u ings u w. ds is u un s pispi

knwg w s i is merely only pii? If pii u


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lydIa Goehr10

uns s s pispi u, is ss sing signifin u w

nsius pisp. a pisp nsiu s p pii

snns pps niin f sin, ug iin, pii

sin inus ni pispi n isi sns s nsiuiv.

dn w is k in 1960s wn pisp, is, n sin w

unging vuin npin. Wi is inuin f isi

snns in pisp f is, niu is npin wi

unfsn u nus nsqun.

X. embattled dIScIPlINeS

t a a a a ak i da y i a i i

us s sw wn is ins n in f f. m

aim il i ii i da i

pisp f is is n nns u pisp in

gn.

t f pisps n isins igin in

unis f knwg ps xpin vs ins wn isi-

pins. Pisp vsus is; pisp vsus : wf n vi-

l lagag aia i m a a al pi da iig.

hv, m a da aig l Plai bal amg pilpy,

piis, n s, s ws swn ins in ps-1800, n

nfi ng pisp, is, sin, n s, spi s i g

i hgl iig.

t wf wn pisp n is vs u u u is

knwg n nu f niv. rging , i is n n pisp

n is pp n fi, u g . ms pispis f

iy, ilig da, giz a i laim ab iy a aaiv

nn si sp f Ju-cisin is f su, is

s nn wi swing w un ss w f G is is

n pssi.

tus i s dn o n Nw tsns w win in

ns snns, vn ug us w iss, s s

ivs iv. Sis vn snns iss s,f xp, wn i ws pi Un us Svi is n. as ng

s is ws iv, wis, pins, n pss w ins psn

s us in ns np ss f g. bii pinings

w pin more n isi, nsn ns f i f

n i nn s wu swn n ws i sn. In un,

iv in pining w u iv in bi ug igs

g : i u supss isi s i pp iss pi-

spi igius u.

t wn pisp n is s nin s u

f in g f ssiis, iis, n niis, wn, in Gn,Geschichte s pps Historie n usup sup f

pisp n g In nin is ws n pisp of is s


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aFterWordS 11

su, vn if ws u inking u is, n in n sns ws

n pisp ofiy, m pilp ppiv, lg a iy

ws inqu pu gnuin knwg. aug pisps

v ins, i f pisp f ws giv is suj

vu w f i sp.

bf 1800 ps pisp f usu g nnin

fing ss w iviis p w aesthetician is

sis us f siin w w si ispging si

sn s ving pisp. t ign nu ug pispis

f pfu, vni, vising, n inus. hg vn k ps

pisp f, ug i s v is sus n ss n iu

pi. In f, w w nu (n nusin is n s n dn)

hg ws fis ssi pisp f is, s ws s fis

ssi pisp f .

rall amilia y ab iy a, aig i a

nnin ppn n in f ng i pvn is inusin

in (pispi) in f n in. lik pisp

f is, pisp f g un 1800 wn is n

ss i qui , if n s i sup v, pisp n,

by ig , allg pilpy ig b l ppi laim

knwg. Sin 1800, iss v si n s ginning

f qui, un, izin f isipins. os,

ii, v jug is piv n f n j s

bgiig miy : a vliay mm a qikly bam as ppuni.

hg sw spifi in isipin suggs f is g n ppuni

inp is in pisp s s nsf pns. h pu

criticaln dialectical s p n nsnn guns

f Kn n p n n-vping Iis guns f iin.

hgl agm iipliay amai la ig, ,

n piu is nss, s, n gn is, n ssup-

in wiu iin f is u n gnuin vn in

pilpy pgiv paag ra. wil viig lai b

pilpy a iy, hgl vi pilpy lai a.In is wn pisp f , dn fn ps np f disenfran-

chisement ib pilpy iial amp l laim a

puin f s. tis p s u igin, fis in nin G

n sn in Knin n hgin s un 1800. F s f is is-

, pisp i pgssiv vn f f n s

a, maig a a bj il, abv all l, pilpy

fin (gu giv i pispi spii). a in n

i 1960, a la il m pilpy mii i q

s g dn pi s n f . Wi is n

bgiig, ag a ylii m, a gi plalim a mf puin nw f f pgssiv n pispi sin

niv


12/29

lydIa Goehr12

dn sis is n ss s pispi n n s isi n,

mig a ga iy a pimay vy pilpy

pgssiv niv. hwv, s I wu suggs n is f, psis-

i is pspispi n if pisp is un up wi f-

iyig p iy. da i i aliyig p i hgl aial

vii pilpy lai iy. da ply iappv i

visin, ing is Analytical Philosophy of History. his isppv

ivs i ink s n n f pisp f is u s

f pisp f .

da i bgiig hgl ymai pilpy iy

n ing qu pisp f f is jugn, is-

is n fu sujug i. t s un 1800 w in

pilpy , mm giv hgl mmim abl

spiiis ws pf pispi in w ni is

a. wa I ib a hgl amp p a iali miai

nsi is s sius s i i pisp, dn viw s fs

fi p k is u ik pisp n pisp

u ik is. F dn, iin wn pisp n is

hg pps fsifi isf wi v sp w n su, nsu-

ing, izing ini.

XI. FalSe ProPhetS

dn ppvs f w nin pisps i is: i w

fus n ningn, piu, n p f f wi,

ma a. hv, ympaiz i pilp p-

ing iu w kins f snns isins pu. Pisp

pus n kin f snn n is n. I is ui dn g

iia a ayig ig ab iy ma

n si w. t wi pisp f is knwgs uniqu

is u w ns snns is giv pispi

iii is i s ng n ni.

nl, da all iial laim am a

pispi is if is ns ns snns ns innsss su ns. W is psving iffn ipn? runing

ii s, dn ffs gi n p su gun

val limiai G klg gaig iial im. I i l

limiai G klg a da a a limiai

un knwg wu ivin f f su knwg.

t G s n gi v knwg f fuu is n i; un

ings, n piu pii is, n v is knwg is n.

In f i ss v n ipn n f dn

ing pisps f is in ai uning f w in

eup. In is k n is, fs i w ppn l a a i b i ahil aa i

f s F pisn 2004 Gn fi Der Untergang sws ss


13/29

aFterWordS 1

a ga igiia hil ial laai a a i l.

on isi is snn pf f; in i pispi-

pns nsssnss, ni.

dn is wi us f psn ns wi fuu , vn

ws (sin dn ks n ip ), wi iss su

. Giv i y, I bliv a da Analytical Philosophy of History

ws win in p i n angain vi v s pisps

f is ws is w ispv. Pisps f is

w i knw fuu in n su w nsn ss

i nis i is. mn mxis pisps w p

u, s dn w knw in 1960s, p f w

Sinis.

XII. Fate aNd traGedy

bn i gsu, i wu in s givn isi-

al pa a abli, daAnalytical Philosophy of History is f

fv inu, pn ss p ss

v wn s. tus inuin, win in 2006, pps in i

j puiin f k ws fis puis f s g (1965) n

n gin wn s g (1985) un nw iNarration and Knowledge.

dn w is wn inuins fis w iins n, in sn

s, vn ins nu f ps f wv fifn ff i-

in ings , n spiv ings f, w win.

If is sing ni u wiing n inuin, is s

sing unn, spi wn n inuin n pf, pus

k isf, s s f w n knw.

t vm i lig ay, I i pa da

xpii gun in wn inuin n ins isuss w fn

ins unsi. hwv, i is s ipn si isk f ing

u n g k i is f inu p if is -

in ipis w knw in psn sing susniv u fuu.

da bk ll a lagag a ay m m ab p

f fuu n u u knwg. If f s ning wi knw-g, n i s s us knwg w wn is sn. If ans

knwn wu fun r, in wi is knwing ipi unsning

signifin f is sk, wu n v gui fs f

a. Am a ma I ig, , by a / A agy J -

lig a / expll a xil, l tja . t

wi is u knwg susins n uss n is f w. tis

i i ilva da pa 1960,

unfun s i s f nn n f us f s .

lng f au dn w isAnalytical Philosophy of History, pi-

sp au Spnu suggs s is wn nusk wi, fis n knwing in vn w ning wu un u n n

knwing w i wu bwn w ings wu signifin


14/29

lydIa Goehr14

ng. Wi fis ing wu isi ; wi

sn, pispi . aing is nu, is ns

s fw p unfing f ugs wiu ssuing

n is knwn, ws pisp ws s s wi nu-

sin s. Pispi ing is n f kking, s

w nusin is .

Fis i, is; sn i, pisp: knwg givn pisp

u n is is isinin ais inu in is f g

piially ma a agy a pilpy i. tagy

n sw gi nu f un if, gi pssiii i nins, v

a abv play paila v. da i agy

sis gniiv issnn ipii in Gk g, gps wn

w u, pgnis, n sp knws n givn n. h

pgnis is, n us f sk f gn, isi . If

knwg quis, is wu pvn us f

in unvs is if. o s i wu ng sipin f

us, sin w ks in gi is ug s pf

wi g innins, is pf u f k f knwg. Unluckily

n unfortunately (sin fun is n pin), s ni nu

n ing u uninn ngiv nsquns. t u, wv, knws

in vn w u wi ; knws i us is i. t u

ivs isin w pisps iv sn, n, gi

knwg un if is iz ningn ssi wi uk.

tug isi ns, is knwg is nsi sps, w fisi un fw in isi n inif wi gi pgnis,

n sn i un fw i pispi gsp pispi pin.

t vi piin, u fn uss fiv us p sps

sif wn isi n pispi s f spsip uing n

n s xpin pfn f wk.

fi im, iy; im, pilpy: a lp b vii Max

pping n sg in us wn is ps isf in v-

n f nin G n Gn, i pps fis i s g

n sn i s f. In, n ig suggs in wn

is n pisp in Gk g ws nsf un 1800 in in wn g n f isf. F i pgnis f n

(Gn) is pispi jus n wn , n i usu-

is , is nsu s g n wi s f unning vn

knwg ps i isi f, n pispi v,

ss uns un i. Snsing knws sing , is givn

ins, s hg gus, pf i n vn vin s, wi jusi-

fi ns quik ing u. t ipin (u usu unpp)

n f in is niip f ings . aing f is i,

is w-isi n w n n us fuu ns spk f w

wi , u n psn ns insf s is ns is sv f nw s iss knwg. Wi ais, iffn wn pispi-

n isi fs f knwg is inin hwv ninn


15/29

aFterWordS 15

nu iffn is in ng f ing u s in s pf,

s dn knws wn wis isAnalytical Philosophy of History.

XIII. cloSed aNd oPeN booKS

I is ping s piu k ns n inuin is n

susins isf iving isi if. tis is k s n nguis n

us svs f i u ins in ns f iv puiss n in-

ps. t spk f if f k is ik spking f psn w w

s n pn k. t psn s s k is ik ing isin

i b l, alay, a niz ib im, i gay ai. niz

fins n is w s nn spii f pnnss,

spii f life (Leben) un is (Historie) pn n psns

xiiing i f wi n knwging iis f i knwg. dn

ws inspi Nizs n w k u i s i w

isAnalytical Philosophy of History, ug in k, Nizs

ks n ppn. h pp fn, ig v givn iff-

m da agm agai ill agaa a ill p

ns isi n w, fs wning sw un

u, fins n ns n nsisi v f pp (das

Volkberhaupt).

as pisp ik Nizs, dn knws gn f isi-

n w spks nsisi is inisn f spiss f w

nin pisps s kp i isn. Spiss iins f

p . f da, pilp ak i p i iy i i

ig p, s pps pisps w, insing is in n in

pispi , n up ssigning i i su n ig ssu. I

us rightly us giving is is igs n is ig pi-

pial a i da aim.

XIV. the WroNG PhIloSoPhy oF hIStory

t ipin n n f in is p ipin pisp

f is. r n iing pnn f is isi snns ni, sks, ug i substantiation speculation, k ns-

isi is u fuu. dn inks is ws fis in

wiings f hg n mx, u nis s w-isi

ilgi ai l l i a. I ik i ba da

gun ivs ss f is iiizing i is f spuiv

pisps f is n f is iuing nnis f spu-

iv pisp f is s fn in ws vsin f isf, in

sing v susniv.

I sss is pin iv inuing n f ks I iv

s inspi dn. Is pi i ws fuu knwn in vnis n sui. t i n u knw fuu in vn ws f

is u Swiss isin Jk buk gi n n-


16/29

lydIa Goehr16

g abiy a a iy pliial, mal, a lal li

in is. t k fis pp in Gn in 1905 in Sug un

i Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen. I ws pu g is npw

f us buk iv wn 1868 n 1871, wi inspi n

ly niz Untimely Meditations, inuing ss n vngs

a abak iy li, b al da k. hv, b

buk n Nizs, n n n, n dn, n , is

p n ninn ivi.

ta i, i i qi likly a vi Bka bk da a

ws fis nsin pp in 194 in Nw yk ni Force and

Freedom. wi a ala il vkig Amia aim gal l a

f iup v n, k ws gn s wning gins

ngs f i w i knw in vn ( ) w ws

s f uni. Force and Freedom ws s (f xp, in The Nation

in 194) s ving ppsi f nu f is i iin g,

wi ws pxi, f ni f pp ws w buk

m pp a i a mig i Amia a mai

si su v wn . evn , buk gu gins -

f uu n nw f f pii nn i suggs.

hwv, ws s p w ai ws figing f n -

in f w dn (in is wn wiing f The Nation) s ws gu.

Bka ii a m impli mig ga a

nsviv n w ain i ws n suggs. y i i

n ni in fu susniv pisp f is. evnug wi w w inuin 194 nsin uns

is, si s n is inu ps wi s inpppi-

susniv is: t mn n his missin, buk s Pp,

n t mning f his. buk gu gins ng ipii

in : issins, ppis, n mning (wi pi M), n s i

da i i bk i 1965. Alg da Bka g

supp is wn i pisp f is, i n p

inpin f buk s pp. Ins, dn sw i s n niip-

, w niipin s pps pp, s dn gus, is pf

sn gi nin isins p.t inu pii s pining su psw ain -

ay giv aiial da v i aly mak

su s xpii. t ain ps Jn cg (u w dn

s win) n u Gu Sin suggsing ai su

n un iin n f su n un eup

wi ws un iin. ai su un f fv

nw. In 1980s, Fnis Fuku gu n f is k

n f in pupin wi s niv f pii in

Ws ws n ng pinn i iv

i ial m. ev i i da agm, i l avn, sin s ws n nn wi swing pisp su

n ng un eupn iin f s nivs his ni


17/29

aFterWordS 17

pisp f is is susin i gun gins k f

pnnss n n fws f susniv pisp f is, n

pp is n knwg ss wn si s i n s

wn signifin p f eupn si.

t spk f s si is invk K Ppp, w pps if

i la ap da bk. Alg i ap i m pliial,

da agm a p iy i pmi alm xlivly

gi f is u fuu. In ws, dn s n xpii

ngg in igi i pii gun. h n gus is

n signifin pispi iffn wn is w

s gi individualists n gi socialists. t k i

psiin is qu pi inpi wi gi f pn fuu.

W is ws sk f dn is psn f pnnss. t v

fuu pn is k n susniv i upn i; v fuu pn

is v psn pn, s s ps, f n if ps is pn s

iia ak mak gaig iial aaiv. hiy i

pssi if inpin is n pssi, n isi inpin is pnn

n i n ins ng iffn iis f i. t s

ps s pn n s inp is s i ni s s k n s

n v xpning nin. his is ning u uuin f

fs u ps; wv, i is s ning u ipsiin f su

knwg n uni n w.

Bka p i l i da bk, alg i mi ly

sin. Si I iv gv dn f ing susn-iv pisp f is, pisp inp s iing vn n

baiv klg i pibl. I al bliv a Bka bk am

da ai g a a ipi im, Kal Li Meaning in

History, puis in 1949. tis k vs ins f sg in

suiz n n pisp f is. agin, dn is w f s

mai v i y ally ay i bakg i bk. wi Li

agm i mi, mig iiy da ga y a a aiig

spuiv pisps f is w is ss pispi

n susniv gi. dn s n iffni wn speculation

n substantiation, u u v, I suggs, spi givn is wn insin nsfin n nsfiguin.

I da vi, a baiv pilpy iy vp b

p knwg. I ks susniv p ss in isi s w

n ss n ug in viw f pisp, n, iss

u u fuu. I i swing niin wn i-

ssnss n fuui xpin w buk n si pisp

f is s niin in s. dn iiizs susniv pis-

ps f is us iving knw psn iv

knw fuu. In ws, k iss psn is u

l. w da l, i aily ig hglnp f das Ganze n inps is nin s iping p f su

sn suppsss n i is n gnuin isi unfing


18/29

lydIa Goehr18

f ug. F dn, uns n king n is u fuu

u su is u is s nsss i. h suis pis-

p s suis g.

dn fn fs susniv pisp f is s sip

pilpy iy, a i vy ia iy big bj pil -

p isks (gi) nsfin. I w i dn ig v

si is s jus n n f pisp sujug is,

pilpy p iy a 1800 iy i a pil-

spi ns. tis nn u, wv, f v s f pisp f

is unss dn wns gu gins ni fi. a pisp f

is is ipssi niin, s buk si i ws, if i fis

sp ns f isi snns f unns

f pispi snns. In is wn pisp f is, dn inins

spin pis sw pisp f is is pssi.

XV. the rIGht PhIloSoPhy oF hIStory

Swing niin ipii in pisp f is ig w f

inging isipin i s is n n. In, n unwiing u

da aalyial pilpy iy a a i a a vli

in fi, wi su niv iss f i s ssu

a a mly pilp ak. t aalyial pilpy iy

is in 1960s n 1970s; 1980s i n p n-

iv . t f niviss, isiiss, hn Wi,

aklg l da k, a piially i ii

i f niv snns, in vuin f isipins. evn ug

dn i n inn fu nsfin, ws n unpp v

g p in ng. Nnss, gu gins pisp f is-

y p a da ay agig ly agai baiv pilpy

f is. In p f wng pisp f is, inn pu

ig n, wi analytical. I am ig da intentions:

is ifwk s nsis in puing ig analytical philosophies f is,

in, , sin, n f ving s.

bn ffing n pisp f is s n niv n, dnks kv i. h s nv n ivis wn i s pispi-

. tus n f is s susin guns gins susniv

pisp f is is i is n pisp f is , n

pispi iv w f ing is. a susniv pisp f

is is gu vn gi iv, in wi n ing w

isins n k p isi ssus issnss f isf

n n ni i n supss iis f p nsin

knwg. a susniv pisp sujugs is wn i givs is

li mak laim a ai iy a. cvly, a pi-

sp f is gs is ig, ws is fw is nu, isn w ving n is, f dn, is n ni n. dn wis pi-


19/29

aFterWordS 19

sp f is s pisp wi s. t p wi susniv

pisp f is is i ws is wi () g.

XVI. thoUGhtS IN aNd oUt oF tIme

daAnalytical Philosophy of History is n p v s g

qusins. ms f k is i nsis f isi snns n

ssi ps ssi wi . Nnss, s is fis p

sws, dn is w f s qusins. cin s qusins ssu

pinn s is ug uns . hwv, wnv in is wk n pi-

sp f is is p v in is ( ninn) iin,

sps us, s ss, s n wn is. I is is

k f isin givs is k is pu, ni ppn vn

if is ging n in sns.

aug viing igssin in ninn gnis inking ws

n psiivis ni izing f 1960s, dn nv f

king fu fi, s is vius ks n Nizs, S, n esn pi-

sp ns. Si, w n n g is f wi i, sin is

nug s u king n n f in in jus is pisp

f is.

In inking u w ks is pssi, dn p ss

wns w isins u . aing piins

ig n pisps n g n ngs , ws ni-

ing wu f fi. Wignsin n is pin in-

ining if w wn unsn u , w n v n f n u

bakya. t pi a mavlly iig, a may wigi

pins w, sin pisps w wn unsn i n

i gns fn v g g ngs g i f juns f-

w ps pisps v kn f . I is n f n sn

n pisp n spk f ving w sing ik gn

ll . I a bakya ay, pap da bk l

av b . I i , v; i i lg a ll lab ba i

ps s f inking i ns f i n

is wn, spun, us.Si, spun us in is uus w usu ns

ws viusnss ns isp. on su u dn ffs is

isins siunus wiin n usi i wn isi i,

s f i ps f psn pspiv ifs n

f pspiv f ifs nw . hisi snns spkn in

n u f i. assuing is u gz is n s; i quis pping

ifs niv n fiv s i. t if niv, dn

nns, is n w f i s if. I is i nspn in

s w i ug i: w jus is s if ss i is. t

viw if isn, s w wn w k k ps, is n-sius f if s if, ifabout(n f fiv

isn f) w


20/29

lydIa Goehr20

dn ps nsfin ivi f sifing wn ps n

psn pspivs wi sifing wn ifs I s pps

s s . t p f pis nvgs wi p

f ins. Si, i is n n ins u s ps

i play. fm da a mpal iplam, a al giv

s f n un f s f spi ispn, fin, n sng-

n w fin in npg vn in k f Gnsis, wi ss in

fis f sin, un ings i nu. t

isp; i s w wn pn s uns u n ng niv

iv ing nu knwg. W dn fs s p p-

viniis is fn s spi uu pviniis, n f ss f

provincialism s provisionalism ging snns pu.

XVII. materIal medIatIoN

dn inins I n nsius f wn (psn) ifs s ifs: I

iv n wi niv s if giv unip ss w.

t , u i is n w wi I givn su ss, n the w

w xiss inpnn f . tis gun unsks s w,

s isins, p iv i uns s n sis f winssing.

W nn us is w in pp , sin ng,

spk wi in niv. Winssing, n ing is is, us

si inp isins. Winss uns i f isins, n

susiuins f i inpiv s, ing npin f is s

isipin is fiv n pnn n i iin. hisins

nn wi w ppns n wi w ppns s su f s p-

pnings. t ins svs p niis n, ik vns, n

suviv pssing f i. W suvivs i ngs n

psn , s, visi : pu pp vg w, i-

u ifis n sning un u, wing in wi

s n f psns uns f ing np iizn in piu-

ps pinss. Wn vns u in psn f u v s, w

s w winssing s vns; in ig p ig i w s w

s n jus i vin, w s is in king. bu wnn s w n winss vns f ps unss ps ws n u wn

ii psn. cniv un niin f pu winssing, is is

nn wi n psn ii ps. cnvs, is f

sn ps nssis i in. hwv, iffn wn

w quik pss, s dn s suggss in is wn isussin f is-

-s-ui n is-s-. Is pu winssing v pu?

t suj f is, i us sng f isf n

suj ipuiis f is s i inp

i in: nuns, uns, n snns.

ta iy i maially mia mbi, dapf s, is pi w ivs i gu gins Verstehen

f i ss n f pf piin puin h


21/29

aFterWordS 21

gus f viw in wi, wiu iin, isi niv wu n,

ik pining, pssi. If w u ss ps w ug

uni fs f is , w wu n n f s fs s

s f -psnin.

Wn isins ink u ssing i suj , spk s fn

f king sing s f ing. dn is in kn wi

ngug f sing. Wn is xps n f iu, s

ws f visu s. t sn is n s xpis. dn

s ws n nn wi is f pisp s is f

ps f psnin. his nivnss psnin igin fis

in Pni n n in csin nxi u w in, ig, n n-

gug nn i w givn un nsiusnss xiss

remove, wi dn s fs s gap. t gp nssis fs

f psnin, puing fing f nnin s w s n wnss f

inssiii. y i us n ps in su w i ii

ss su inssiii is ssu. Ins, gp us s

sing xpin n jusifi s ning n i f knwg

f f psnin.

t fus n gi f isi snns is ink u w w is

psn isi . cnsius ings n n piip niv

in w; s g i fiv n wi niipin. N nsius

ings, fwing Nizs, n iv (s nis) in pu ii (

iss pis) f psn. rpsnin uns u np

da vall pilpy. I all im ga g aalgi amgisi snns, wks f , sinifi is, n psns (wi ins).

In, n sis f s ngis, dn iks s ps f is

ni pisp f pi.

XVIII. hIStory UNder the model oF ScIeNce

t snn f Pride and Prejudice I qu i ius iffn

wn isi n fiin snns svs n pups nw. Pride

and Prejudice is n f ks un ug cui Univsi in

is uiuu (ug i ws n in 1960s). dn w is AnalyticalPhilosophy of History ginning f sun uns is univsi n

ami vig ba v ilm agably m aial. t

iis, inuing dn, j i knw sing is un-

sn is gng, is, is up n vn, s if ving

us s pin in. dn ws suspiius f isiis

ni, pi in ssupin f isi unsning, n n-

s i wi , ss pjuii pps isi xpnin. bwn

unsning n xpnin ws n ninn ivi, sping

n nw angain pps pisp f is f

n, n ivn, Gn ns. Wn dn iiiz nff nw n in is p, n us Gn s Verstehen n

Erklren wi signifin supssing is ving w us f


22/29

lydIa Goehr22

s s f n Gn, ain, pisp f sin c

hp.

dn gn is pfssin if in 1950s s pisp f sin. h

quik ins in infun f psiivis pisp f sin

f is n pisp f is. his ni pisp f is ws

win u f spii f sin n piu u f nomological

covering-law modelf sin hp gun vping in 1940s. If

hmpl agm xi a b lly x, i l av ami

in ss f isi snns piiv snns u fuu s

n ws iv f u sns u ps n psn vns. In f,

w wu v n supss in wu v n pis w

dn wn psv, n, pnn f su snns n i

f i un. cving ws n k isi snns sin-

ifivn if n susniviss u. hwv, hp i

n ink xnsin f sinifi wn f nug n ff

f xpn sks n wik vi f is n

f si sins. his gun f is iiin ws nnss s n

pgssivis ssupin inn in u psiivis f i, if

si sins vp s fs s nu sins , i wik

sipins wu v n f x f ss sk n w.

hv, a hmpl i qi iial ml a mplyig

k is pgssivis i is p w dn qusin in gnizing

ssni iffn wn isi n sinifi sns. his is ss

ik sin n hp wn iv. cin, un vi suis wik pn suus n in u in pisp f sin

n p pisp f is. y is s n n, s dn

nns, w us piu s ngi ug n ug.

mving sp w f hp, dn gus ws ps n

si in s f n fs, wi n us f puing isi

snns, kins f snns w n us f fuu s nnsu-

sni, piiv snns s n s pinips inuiv pns f

gnizin infn. hwv, si spking, s nssi s

snns n isi snns vn if us wiin isi n-

ivs. a quifiin is n. dn spks f ni nivs s upf niv snns n sis sis nsuin f ngug in

s f ins wn p n w. tkn i, is un f isi-

snns suggss ni nivs p n ni nsiu

su snns, u s n kins f ns n unns snn-

, ilig lalik ab . o a, da a

ws jus ning isi niv, snns ss

nn-ni isi snns n niu v isi

inpin. his un, ug igus, is n igi.

dn uss pisp f sin pps n f s is in

pisp f is. tis i ws s fus iu nin-n-nu ink lp vn rnk. hisins, i, su

si ps s i u ppn (wie es eigentlich gewesen) aug


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aFterWordS 2

da ami alim a p implii i rak ial iy, -

gnizs nssi s f wiing isi snns f p n in-

piv iin. tis i s w ps. hisi snns gi qui

p iin, u i psn w,

insing . dn ss w is u inf i fis f

pisps f sin vping uns f -s svin. t

iin f svin nis n Verstehen is w ssus

uni ss ps ning s is i pssi nug.

XIX. the reVolUtIoN oF the dIScIPlINeS

dn spfu ps f hp, w wn si sins

u ik sins. Ins, dn ws p gu f

vs, s ts Kun n N. r. hnsn w ing i, ug

is pin, ik is, ws ii. Nnss, gn gun f

vs s vuin f isipins in engn n Uni Ss.

a is i, si sins w ninuing sif i gin w

f f nu sins n s uniis n s,

wi i vsing iingsu nu sins w

sk fw sui.

I vuin in n ang-ain nx us sii-

isussin kn p in eup. In 1960s dn ws w

f s f eupn isussin. h knw u isipin suggs

wn s- Geisteswissenschaften n Naturwissenschaften. h

knw suggs un signifin n nsin f Geist,

wi ws us f i human spii socialspii .

a fw n w su f si ng uniis

nu sins. hns Gg G s fii s

Geisteswissenschaften ws inu in 186 Gn ns f

J sa Mill 1843ASystemofLogic a a ig Mill mal i-

s (wi s ning si). tis s is n pi (s

rl Makkl a ly ag), giv J. G. dy ali b vag

us f f sin f is. In 188, Wi di gv

is ssi finiin. I nin is n us ug dinn n snsizing si in is finiin, si sss

pui f isipins v in j hgin nn

snsiz sujs un sing pisp f spii. dn wu v n

ympai dily aig i i ga.

aug dn ws w f is isussin, ws ss w f w

ng eupn ninu ugu wni nu. Wi

ws wiing is k, s- Positivismusstreitws ing fug u in

Gn ng pinn pisps , s w s si,

sigiss: t W. an, K Ppp, Jgn hs, n i -

gus. lik dn, p, ug xpii, in psw niins f pnnss f n n wu- i si.

Wn hs w is Zur Logik der Sozialwissenschaften vin


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lydIa Goehr24

mig ympai i da pj. J a habma g

is n si sin ws i is wk n w suu

transformation (Strukturwandel) f public sphere, da vi iy

n si ws wk u viius in is wk n w trans-

figuration f commonplace. tnsfin n nsfiguin iff in

psis, f ws hs f s s p f is un f

is f ugis uu, dn gv n sg. b n ns, wv,

i is nin ip uin f is , in, f si si-

ns uniis.

In ws, dn ws n ni sisfi wi sus f vu-

in sif sin n si sin in in f uniis, in

wi u, s sis s ns, s n ws s .

cin, is i pin in ing nn wi is if u n n-

n wi u. dn s ws wn psv iffns wn

s isipins ws iffns su psv: us is pisp f

iy i ig pla iy b i a a i i i

nuging uinis n s f iinivis. Unwiing, w-

v, wi is i f niv snn, ss fis v nug

nfusin wn vi isi snns wu ug

wk jus s fiin snns wkwi su pisp f

is, ik pisp f niv snns, wu susu un

pisp f iu , vn ws in is viw, i suis.

hisi spking, dn n ig pin u uninn

nsquns f is wn , u pispi, i v su ig.h u sip v i is n isuns, ug

vn is i is pi. dn gn s n ni pisp f si-

n n v i n ni pisp f . cining w,

pu n ni pisp f is wi, ug f pi, ws

isinguis is ns suj . bing f pi pispi u

n f pi ging suj n pifi puin f n

pisp fX. cin 1960s, is ps ssu in-

ing, ug nw psiivisi, ni suggs pisp ws invin

us k gi sns n ing n n i in n f is

suj s. hwv, ssu is psu ws vi qusin vuin isf nug, nning fXin ing viw

f pisp isf.

on f s qusins f n pisp f is is w

ns nu f isi snns n pi wi unns

nu f pispi sns, n, if s, w piii su

b a i i iy pilpy m. fii slgl

w n f w ings is usu king in w n s pisp

f , i pisp . t s u si f pisp f

is. dn wns sw ni pispi ing

iy a i bj ma a avi pilpy bmig a m xi iy a iy big bm by pilpy. t avi b, pil-

p su n w isins u u n s gui sing


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aFterWordS 25

sing ig u gi n susn f i snns. dn

sis is pj s psis f v if wiu is iping

uin f isi snns f v if pispi sn-

ns k i gi xpii. buk si pisp f is-

is niin in s; dn nns is is n s, u if

i w, n niin su n sv n n si xpns

f . In f, n ig vn suggs ni pispis fX

sw unsv niin wn gi n suj n

isv nsin wn isipins. dn s n s

nusin isf in isBody/Body sss wn nins f s

f is psiivis psss w i pisp n ws f f

gi sf-ssssn.

Wn dn wis n ni pisp f is is pisp wi

s, ns f n nsw n gn pispi p-

s pining f wi n inis; ivis, is, skpiis, n

insunis; u n fn; sipin, xpnin, n inpin;

n usi, piin, n vifiin. his k isusss in i

ps wi ngug n ps f vn in ng. h is

ins in gi f snns n in i vis f nivs. y

pinip fus is n guns f ng inn ns w

pilpy i all pa a a pi. I av i iy lai

pilpy a i; I av mi da pilpy ai. I all

ially iy lai pilpy a a, , agably,

nsisn ng pis is s n.

XX. From hIStory to art aNd bacK aGaIN

aun 1800, i f quizing isipins ws nn pj

f unifing . In 1950s n 1960s pj f unifiin ws si vi-

n in wk f hp n vn in wk f s f vuin

pisps w su i. t qusin f unifis ws un w

pinip unifiin su k p: pisp, sin, is-

, piis, . dn s ppss pinip f uni, u n if i s

n ip g un sing i. aug supps pinipf n in puin f sinifi is, isi nivs, n

f wks f , gus f n un niin f f, qu-

i, pui, n n n n un iin susniv i f

wnss. F xp, nns in is pisp f wn is

i f s niv f pisp, i ns puis n in

wi n sing s ks pn v n. an ining n is

sn (if ) n in iniviu wks, u i n ng signifis n pgssivis

vn s f ss f wks s w.

dn gus isi snns f vns un sipin. h

spks sii u wks f . In is Analytical Philosophy of History fn fs w n f is pisp f : visu

inisniii wi is ws u n gun f inpiv isn-


26/29

lydIa Goehr26

iii. rging iffn wn isi n fiin snns, dn

i a a ll j by a a ll by aig al

w iffn is; is, f snns n

n. likwis, w nn n king s w sn is

funin pi f uiing vin f i psn f su.

au, in is piu s, isv ws u ni

ng sipin. In is pisp f , dn sks f w js

wi s psi ppis look s, w ks n n wk

n n v, np j? tis is pispi

qusin u w w fin , wi dn nsws nning n

wk is nsfiguin iuin f -isi ppis

ga by k plam i a iial a l. Liki, a ii-

snn ings js un iffn sipins ing i n

siuin f i un, w iffn sipins f nging

inss n vus. N inin, f isniii iffn is

pmi i iial aaiv k agai hmpl vig-la ml,

wi is v is xps n sis f s suf s sig-

nifin siiiis.

dspi gun f ng, dn s iffn nusins u

n is. a n wn ssni iffn wn wks n

visu ini in js knwn. t iffn ws swn

in n pf n is n knwn in fiv f

pisp. t is ws an W n wk ws is bi bx ins-

in; pisp ws au dn. W ug in g wkf k n iffn f n in i. t wk ws

p s pp pisp sk n f isi niins

f pn (su s wu sipu s- Insiuin f

). Ins pisp sk w in is isi n is ws ps-

si ws nu i i wu n v n. his qusin fw

, pin suggss i n iing s ipn fing n

a y a pa. nvl, aalgy l p mplly.

dn gus wn ssn f ws knwn, ws i f

b pilp liv qi a a piial

ii. Y y laim am ab iy, a i a lib- in 1965 wn xpin isins iffn wn historical

snns n snns w plain, philosophical, fictional? lik

ai, i ga ia aiv mig i iial a-

ns w p ( f n) s ini (susniv) pispi-

al ? A i am pilp imilaly p by ig i-

fn wn ?

h dn gn is f, u v gn fu. In, ig v

nu n f is n isnfnisn wn i

spp ing un susniv pisp f is. a in puis,

psisi niin is suis ni pisp u n pisp ns i sui susniin fign is nu.

t f ninus f i s s isf f is n ns


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aFterWordS 27

n i ninus in is n ng psus gnis in

pispi gi s, jus s is ks n su pns

is p pssi n in n pn si. If dn si is, wv,

u v si s u is, i, , ws i wn i spp

ing un susniv pisp, n f jus s ninus

suj f ni pisp, s is ninus .

dn i n s is u inin iffn wn is uns.

Ws is ni pisp f i posthistorical pluralism,

is ni pisp f is i n historical openness. W

uns f iffn? W s psisi niin n

is n? t nsw ks us k, f s i, hg.

F hg, is is ii un qui f p unf-

ig a. I i a l-alizai pilpy a

is g ug uizin f is. a is ppns ( k ng

s s) wn idealniin f f, niiin, n gniin

is fin actualizedin (Pussin) S. Insf s nius ps-

sg f v Geist, i s s wi is snsuus ss ns f inuiin

n ig. N ing up pu rsn, izs isf s n n

i. appn, wn ss knwg is gsp, sf-izin

s sn. hwv, f s p , nx f igin

a pilpy, i hgl ay al aklgig i impa. w a

ns, i s s giving w fin, is, (ig) pisp f

. bu nw is wis in fii s. Wn hg ug u

n f , s ug u np niin f s n swi i vi lal a piial li. wl i ll a

s iv is g, i wu v in n us nug

i niip Nizsf ? t f hg suggs s u

ns is n-f- sis is n n s fin s n iis v ug.

In, un niin f i, (ik igin) wu n ng

ing f ps su s f ini fin is fign is

nu. r, i wu fin f f psnin (nw ?) i

a aiv m.

In is k n is, dn is n ii nn wi if n

f uu. Si, is fu n s ff is ug ssni sf-nsius finiin. rging is n w ig s wn

sis n f , uss guns k n susniv ssupin

u n f pisp is. In ws, ks ssup-

in n u (s I wu gu in s spii s hg) in

m a iai. J a hgl g a pilpy, iy,

si, n s u iv fin n, dn s s w, wi

ui iffn su n is fun in n pn-n n i

s f n, n in pisp wiu ns. t n f is is

iai, a iai a p iy ig. I ,

iy openness is si niin , susin n ni pis-py, mak apluralism pssi.


28/29

lydIa Goehr28

hwv, dn si is, wu v iuvn pin

susniv i u u n u is? on if w

mv m i --a i piy, a a a

ninuin is sis s is s nging, n is is

gig i abl ly by a m m pilpy. t aii m a

iaim by pilpy i plalim i i i da

pps f s ni pisp f is. t f

ninus vn f pisp knws ssn f is w f giving

ss wig pispi knwg p s. Jus s dn iss sus

f is, s iss sus f , nnuning ns nw

ginnings f sujs s f v ig gip f pisp. tis

is in g gun f izin f isipins. W,

wv, i is g gun nug f n gun f w

funins in si is qui iffn qusin.

XXI. laSt WordS

cs Sns Pi n w: I ink g s f psis

u king fuu s sing wi v n ps. Pi fn

appa i da bk, pially da a pa a m-

ig a i, i Pi m, livig, plai, a miabl a a

in, fix, fi pi, n . dn s ns Pi v-

p gi nin f uin, is, f f sning sws

w n p ppsiin is ss n wn uni sns

fun vs is pn is unsning.

In ign nu, retroduction n n inging,

ing, wing k. I ig v n n xn sipin f

inuin. y inuin s n n king k; i s s

n np ing f k pu f s g in ig f

w dn w . as i is us in afterword, w after s

nnin iffn f fretro. m inuin is uin -

ig ly Pi vi a viii maig.

a s n: s iis v n si n pispis f

is fus n susss n fius f is, n psiiv n suiv s f uni, n w is isins

av a a all y av. da bk a ppii.

his pisp f is ks sis n isi v, wi pnnss

s pinip i. t f niv pnnss s ipis inp-

nss ns n ing nn wi i n, isins

us wi s w fuu vns in w wi ng i np

nivs f ps. ts isins niip wi xin w is

. t qusin f i wn nui is n f pn f

nfn n i wn, wiu susniv i f pisp.

Columbia University


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arthur danto s philosophies of history and art

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