art history review: prehistory, egyptian, aegean
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Art History
ReviewFrom Prehistory to Egypt
By Danielle Hernandez
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Preparing to Study Art History In order to assess various works of art in both
areas of content and form, you must be familiar
with some terminology and concepts.
These include knowing about some differentmediums.
You must also be familiar with aesthetic distance
and know how to talk about what makes this high
or low for you in a work of art.
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Aesthetic DistanceDont be fooled! High is low and low is
high!
Aesthetic distance refers to how youconnect with a work of art. Does it
jump out at you? Strike you as
interesting? Or is it just plain boring!?
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Aesthetic DistanceHigh Aesthetic Distance
*Think of high distance in numerical terms. The higher youre distance is, the further you are
from something!*
*le yawn*
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Aesthetic DistanceLow Aesthetic Distance
*le fangasm*
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Mediums (Materials) Amber made from tree sap thats hardened.
Bedrock good foundation for architecture
Bronze a metal alloy, malleable, easy to work with Dressed stone cut stone
Fresco painting pigment on wet or dry (fresco secco)plaster. If paint is applied when wet, it lasts a long time Papyrus paper made from reeds Resin sticky plant substance similar to amber
Slate difficult to work with since its sedimentary andlayers can easily crack off
Others basalt, diorite, sandstone, limestone, granite
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Techniques Celature making things 3D by adding TO it (like taking
stone base and layering clay over it)
Glyptic making a 3D image by taking AWAY from it (likechiseling away at stone)
Chiaroscuro using shadows/shading to make something2D look 3D (ie. Cartoon compared to realism)
Flat color color without shading (non-photorealisticcutouts)
Encaustic painting in wax; very difficult but lastsextremely well
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Techniques Foreshortening giving something a different angle or
perspective to make it more interesting (ie. Uncle Sam wantsyou poster)
Optical illusion something that appears as it measurablyis
not Parataxis/paratactic combining more than one perspective i
one subject; more realistic than photorealism; moreinformation
Isomorphism similarity or form, shape, or structure
3 dimensional sculpture or carving or anything offa plane 2 dimensional flat painting/drawing on a plane
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Forms Bas relief low relief (projecting as opposed to engraving) Clerestory architecture; high in the middle, low on the sides;
results in interesting lighting
Closed composition attached to stone, wall, etc.
Open composition sculpture is totally free from original medium(compare to in-the-round)
Sculpture in-the-round a free standing sculpture
Freestanding more free than in-the-round; has no strut(stand/support holding it up)
Corbel stones set as support (architecture)
Heiroglyph pictorial writing/communication system
Hypostyle hall a hall with a roof supported by rows of columns
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Forms In reserve what is left behind after carving arounda structure Mastaba stepped temple (predecessor of pyramid)
Orthogonal of or pertaining to right angles
Petroglyph carving or painting in rock
Pictograph any picture
Post and lintel 2 columns with a stone on top (think Stonehenge) Pyramid pyramid structure with capstone on top
Register ground line
Stasis no motion shown in work; freeze frame (ie Victorian photograph
Split image image seen from 2 views
Tectiform rectangular (or not) or just lines found; may be artist
signature or instructions, etc.
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Venus of WillendorfWHO: Skilled artisan(s)WHAT: Limestone
WHERE: Found in Willendorf,
Austria. Couldve originated
anywhere in Europe where people
were living since it is portable.WHEN: c. 25,000-21,000 BC
SIZE: 4 3/8
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Bison with Turned
HeadWHO: Skilled artisan(s)WHAT: Reindeer antler
WHERE: La Madeleine, France
WHEN: c. 11,000-9,000 BC
HOW: Made use of original shape
of medium (aesthetic fallacy)
SIZE:4 1/8
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Venus of LausselWHO: Skilled artisan(s)WHAT: Limestone
WHERE: Found in Laussel, France
WHEN: c. 25,000-23,000 BC
HOW: Bas Relief
SIZE:17 3/8
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Paintings from
LascauxWHO: Most likely many artists.Maybe master/apprentice. Maybemen and women, only men, onlywomen.
WHAT: Horses, cows, bulls, bison,deer, nearly no sea creatures, fewpeople (stylized), depictions ofhunting
WHERE: Lascaux, France
WHEN: c. 15,000-13,000 BC
HOW: Pigments, brushes, blownpigment through horn, lamps forlighting, dangerous
SIZE: Varies. As tall as 13-16
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Palette of NarmerWHO: UnknownWHAT: Slate. King Narmerconquering Lower Egypt andshowing his might
WHERE: Hierakonpolis
WHEN: c. 3100BC
HOW: Bas Relief
SIZE: 25
*Uses varying perspectives,registers, and hierarchicalproportions, to show order and
clarity.
Horus
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Step Pyramid of
Zoser (mastaba)WHO: ImhotepWHAT: Limestone
WHERE: Saqquara
WHEN: c. 2630-2611 BC
HOW:
SIZE:200
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Pyramids at GizaWHO: Many laborersWHAT: Limestone
WHERE: Giza
WHEN: c. 2551-2472 BC
HOW: Extremely labor intensive.
Extensive planning. Communitybuilt up around it for workers.
Symbolic, religious, and
nationalistic.
SIZE:Largest (Khufus):
480 tall 755 base
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Cross section of the Pyramid of Khufu
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Giza Complex
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Art History
ReviewAegean
By Danielle Hernandez
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Must Knows for Aegean Maps of areas studied Cycladic plank figure Lyre Player Views of Knossos: inside , outside, rooms, stairwells
Vaulting the Bull fresco Female figure with Snakes (We dont know if she is agoddess or priestess!!!)
Octopus jar
Harvester vase
Lion Gate of Mycenae
Treasury of Atreus
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The
AncientAegean
World
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Cycladic Plank
figuresWHO: Unknown
WHAT: Usually marble or alabaster
WHERE: Cyclades islands
WHEN: c. 2700-2300 BC
SIZE:One is 4 10.5
*contemporaneous to Venuses of Willendorf
and Laussel*
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Lyre PlayerWHO: Unknown
WHAT: Alabaster
WHERE: Cyclades islands
WHEN: c. 2900-2500 BC
HOW: Carved- easily since
alabaster is so softSIZE:9
*compare to the seated Kahfre*
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Palace of Minos at
KnossosWHO: Unknown
WHAT: Stone, wood,
WHERE: Knossos, Crete
WHEN: c. 1600-1400 BC
SIZE: 4 acres
Not really a palace. Have found no royaliconography. This was known to be the centralresidence of Minos (which may have not been a
kings name it might be a term for a ruler, etc.).
It is sometimes called a house of the double axsince that was a cult object that appeared on a lot
of stuff there. Complex; mazelike; meandering
halls; asymmetry; stone walls; low ceilings; post
and lintel; wooden columns; no fortification.
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Vaulting the Bull Fresco
(a.k.a. Toreador Fresco)
WHO: Unknown
WHAT: Fresco
WHERE: Palace of Minos in
Knossos, Crete
WHEN: c. 1500 BC
SIZE:32May have been a religious ritual or just a
sport.
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Female Figure with
SnakesWHO: Unknown
WHAT: Faence
WHERE: Knossos, Crete
WHEN: c. 1600 BC
SIZE:13.5
Faence - Pottery decorated with
brightly colored glazes
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Harvester VaseWHO: Unknown
WHAT: Serpentine rhyton
WHERE: Hagia Triada, Crete
WHEN: c. 1650-1450 BC
SIZE:4.5 diameter
May have been involved in religious rituals.Shows off Minoan engraving skills and
tradition of dynamic, lively representation.
Depicts men going to harvest.
Rhyton an ancient drinking
vessel usually shaped like an
animal or part of an animal
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Lion Gate of MycenaeWHO: Unknown
WHAT: Limestone
WHERE: Mycenae
WHEN: c. 13th century BC
SIZE:9 6
Mycenae people built strong stone wallsaround their citadels which show they were
more interested in war than those in Crete
(who had the ocean/navy as protection,
instead). This ispost-and-lintel structure andthe triangular lions is a relieving triangle totake off some weight from the lintel. It is
done bycorbeling- arranging layers. Theselayers of stone are calledcourses and each
projects beyond the lower one.
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Treasury of Atreus(a.k.a. the tomb of Agamemnon)
WHO: Unknown
WHAT: Tholos tomb
WHERE: Mycenae
WHEN: c. 13th century BC
SIZE:43 diameter / 40 height