Art History – Test 2Vocabulary:

1. Hellenistic - relating to or characteristic of the classical Greek civilization

2. Pergamon - was an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey, in Mysia, today located from the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakırçay), that became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic

3. Gauls - were a Celtic people living in Gaul, the region roughly corresponding to what is now France and Belgium, from the Iron Age through the Roman period. They spoke the Continental Celtic language called Gaulish.

4. Expressionism – forms are created to evoke subjective emotions rather than portray objective reality

5. Gigantomachy – battle between giants and Olympian gods

6. Haut Relief – high relief

7. Virgil/The Aeneid Laocoon

8. Orchestra – Where people performed on stage

9. Proscenium – Additional space behind the orchestra, usually for the chorus

10.Skene – building behind orchestra (changing of scenes)

11.Etruscans - Culture that ruled Rome prior to republic; ruled through powerful kings and well-organized armies; expelled by Romans c. 510 bce (p. 152)

12.Terracotta – medium made from clay, usually orange-brown in color

13.Necropolis – A large cemetery or burial area; literally meaning “city of the dead”

14.Stucco – mixture of lime, sand, etc. into a material that is easily molded and when dried it produces a very durable surface used for covering walls or sculpture/décor.

15.Sarcophagus – stone coffin and often decorated with relief sculpture

16.Romulus/Remus – Rome’s twin brother founders in its traditional foundation myth

17.Aenea’s – mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War

18.Roman Republic - the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC; was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar

19.Verism – A style where artists capture the exterior likeness of an object or person by emphasizing its visible details in a finely executed, meticulous manner.

20.Strigil – small curved metal tool used for scrapping dirt and oil from one’s body, olive oil was usually put on beforehand.

21.Alexander the Great - Alexander: king of Macedon; conqueror of Greece and Egypt and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC)

22.Roman Republic 509-27 BCE the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC; was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar

23.She-Wolf -

24.Aeneas trojan warrior survives war upon leaving Troy he founds a civiliza-tion in Rome/ Aeneid poem written by/ Virgil

25.Aulus Metellos - Discovered near Lake Trasimene in 1566, a Roman-ap-pointed official. point to Etruscan origins. wears Roman costume and holds Roman office.

26.Toga - draped clothing

27.Verism - attempt to render exact likeness in sculpture

28.Opus Reticulatum - (also known as reticulated work) is a form of brickwork used in ancient Roman architecture. It consists of diamond-shaped bricks of tuff which are placed around a core of opus caementicium

29.Pozzolana - adding it to concrete makes it stronger and would set underwa-ter

30.Engaged Column - a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the sur-face of the wall, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarter detached. ...

31.Aqueduct - way to transport water

32.Fortuna Primigina - directed the fortune of a firstborn child at the moment of birth

33.Imperial / Empire

34.Augustus Caesar (Octavian) - defeated Marc Antony and became ruler of Rome

35.Pax Romana - 200 yr period of peace

36.Apotheosis - deifying man as a God

37.Tellus Mater - Roman goddess of earth

38.Dionysus/ Bacchus -god of wine and fertility and drama; the Greek name of Bacchus

39.“Forum Romano” -original Latin designation (Latin: Forum Romanum, Italian: Foro Romano), is located between the Palatine Hill and the Capitoline Hill of the city of Rome, Italy. Citizens of the ancient city referred to the location as the "Forum Magnum" or just the "Forum". It is part of the centralised area around which the ancient Roman civiliza-tion developed.

40.Insula (AE) - a large apartment building where the Plebs (lower class) and Equates (middle class) of Romans dwelled. The floor at ground level was used for tabernas, shops and businesses with living space on the higher floors.

41.Apollodurus of Damascus - a Greek engineer, architect, designer and sculptor who flourished during the 2nd century AD, from Damascus, Roman Syria. He was a favorite of Trajan, for whom he constructed Trajan's Bridge over the Danube for the 105-106 campaign

42.Basilica - originally used to describe a Roman public building

43. Apse/ a domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church; usually contains the altar

Nave/ the central area of a church

Side Aisles/

Clerestory/ part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light

44.Coffer -an ornamental sunken panel in a ceiling or dome

45.Annular Vault -A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an ar-chitectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve

46.Amphitheatre - a sloping gallery with seats for spectators

47.Rotunda/ a building having a circular plan and a dome

Drum/ barrel: a bulging cylindrical shape; hollow with flat ends

Oculus/ A window that has an oval or circular shape (as of an eye); A circular hypaethral opening at the apex of a dome

48.Tetrarchy - The term Tetrarchy (Greek: "leadership of four [people]") describes any system of government where power is divided among four individuals, but usually refers to the tetrarchy instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire.

49.Porphyry

50.Dado: lower 1/3 of wall

51.Diocletian - Roman Emperor who when faced with military problems decided in 286 to divide the Roman Empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west; he initi-ated the last persecution of the Christians in 303 (245-313)

52. Constantine - Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337)

53.“Battle of the Milvian Bridge”, 312 - The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October 312. Constan-tine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Maxentius drowned in the Tiber during the battle.

54.XP = Chi RH0 - first two letters Jesus Christ

55. Edict of Milan, 313 - was a letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in AD 313, shortly after the conclusion of the Diocletianic Persecution.

56. . Spolia - a modern art-historical term used to describe the re-use of earlier building ma-terial or decorative sculpture on new monuments

57. Monotheism - belief in a single God

58. Torah - the whole body of the Jewish sacred writings and tradition including the oral tra-dition

59. Synagogue - (Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation

60. Menorah - (Judaism) a candelabrum with seven branches used in ceremonies to symbol-ize the seven days of Creation

61. Ark of The Covenant - (Judaism) sacred chest where the ancient Hebrews kept the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments

62. Syncretism - is the attempt to reconcile disparate or contrary beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thought.

63. Good Shepherd - Jesus: a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)

64. Orant - is a type of gesture during prayer in which the hands are raised, set apart, and the palms face outward. It was once common in early Christianity, and can frequently be seen in early Christian art.

65. Catacombs/ ncient, human-made underground passageways or final resting place of reffuges or subterranean cemeteries composed thereof.

Loculus/ A little place or space; a cell; a chamberlet; In ancient catacombs and tombs of some types, a small separate chamber or recess cut into the rock, for the reception of a body or urn

Loculi/ plural loculus

66. Cubiculum/ A small room, especially a bedroom, typically those small rooms found on the upper floor of a Roman house; A small room carved out of the wall of a catacomb, used as mortuary chapels, and in Roman times, for Christian worship

Cubicula/

67. Medallion/ A medal, or medallion, is generally a circular object that has been sculpted, molded, cast, struck, stamped or some way rendered with an insignia, portrait or other artistic rendering.

Lunette/ is a half-moon shaped space, either filled with recessed masonry or void.

68. Alpha/ Omega = AW - the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations / symbol for Jesus Christ

69. Triforium - A triforium is a shallow gallery of arches within the thickness of inner wall, which stands above the nave in a church or cathedral.

70. Basilica Plan - an early Christian church designed like a Roman basilica; or a Roman Catholic church or cathedral accorded certain privileges; "the church was raised to the rank of basilica"

71. Transept/ structure forming the transverse part of a cruciform church; crosses the nave at right angles - horizontal

Narthex/ portico at the west end of an early Christian basilica or church, a vestibule leading to the nave of a church - entry way

72. Central Plan - A building in which the sides are of equal length and in which the main space is symmetrical when bisected laterally and longitudinally.

73. Ambulatory - a covered walkway

74. Tholos - A small, circular building, usually of sacred use. Often surrounded by columns.

75. Constantina - was the eldest daughter of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great and his second wife Fausta, daughter of Emperor Maximian. Constantina received the title of Au-gusta by her father, and is venerated as saint.

76. Justinian I (527-65)

77. Hagia Sophia

78. Exedra (AE)

79. Gallery - additional walking space

80. Pendentive

81. St. Vitalis

82. Scriptorium (IA)

83. Illuminaed Manuscript

84. Parchment/ Vellum

85. Iconoclasm/ Leo III/ 726

86. Icon

87. Iconostasis

88. Mandorla

89.Theotokos

Video humble beginnings

over through etruscan king

created first

roman legions

expand rule beyond italy to

built roads that lasted through the centuries

aqueducts to bring water

lacked innovation

at first copied greek styles

at time of empire many buildings gleaming from hills

giant palaces of the rulers

grew from practically nothing to

assaulted by visual images

romans took great pride

heart was roman forum - first and greatest

Palentine hillsmost important place in rome 509-444 BCE court, market, socialplace for meet and greet and businessforum became filled with buildings to increase interaction

temples to gods after augustus seized power after the death of caesar and lost some of

its lusterbasilicas still standbusiness was conducted outside

arch of emperor titus with frieze rung around all 4 sides

tempe of venus built by handrail

temple of vesta 124 ad

temple of saturn oldest dating to republic

rome needed more forums

law courts, piazzas, eat, libraries,

Trajans column 100 ft tall marble - extensive frieze

colosseum - 7 wonders of the world

forum in latin means open space

every great city needs open spaces

5 great emperors

Colosseum • 540 meters in circumference 50 meters high• travertine stone• 1o years to build • free standing circular sculpture • seats in tiers held 50,000• seated by class• gladiators 264 BCE• held on occasion of funeral• 313 AD Constantine put an end to gamesCircus Maximus / Palentine hill• 7 hills of Rome/ Romulus founded here• Augustus born on Palentine• Palentine synonymous with palace• 2,00 ft long largest for public• chariot races• 329 BCE first starting gates• 600 yearrs later last race run• 25 BCE modified by Adrian• Pantheon christian temple• portico• floor to height = to diameter perfect sphere• poured concrete vault never fell in• gray stone and pink stone came from Egypt 40ft in length

• expertise, efficiencySpectacular baths• Caelian hill • haunting ruins baths of caracul • tapped water from aqueducts • health club 1500 bathers• libraries • women in morning / men in afternoon• in expensive • almost everyone went everyday• at first was a walled city• first 300 yrs of empire was wall free• pont st. angelo leads to Mosoleum • pyramid of sustice Roman Mosiacs and Sculptures· Romes Lasting Monuments· addition of curves· to rectilinear · spiraling frieze of Trajans column· Circus Maximus· Pantheon · Colosseum · First self governing republic· Upwardly mobile society· First governing constitution· Defied boundaries of Europe · Institutionalized Christianity · Greatest city- state the world has ever seen.

Late Classical Political instability

Variations on the Classical ideal in urban planning and temple design developed

o Tholos & monumental tomb

o

· 5.60 – Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos

First life-sized figure of a nude woman

Pose is very influential for later artists

9 heads tall

“Repaired” statue during 19th Century

Peplos is resting on water vase

· (5.53)- The Scraper

Nude male athlete

Strigil

Comparative to Polykleito’s “Spear Bearer” – reflects canon of propor-tions

See Pg. 153 for more details on the comparative analysis

Hellenistic Very expressional and lots of movement

Artists went from heroic the everyday

- Gods mortals

- Aloof serenity individual emotion

- Drama overdramatic pathos

-

· 5.70 – Theater, Epidauros

Used for more than just entertainment

Communal expression of religious belief through music, poetry, and dance

· 5.71 Reconstruction Drawing, Theater at Epidauros

· 5.73 – Gallic Chieftain Killing His Wife

Killing his wife so that she isn’t taken into slavery/killed/raped

Deemed as admirable

Tries to elicit an emotional response

Shows bent angles, NOT symmetrical like the early and high classical pe-riods

· 5.74 – Dying Gallic Trumpeter

Portraying the foe as heroic – because it makes themselves look more powerful to beat someone who looks just as mighty or a bit stronger

Realism & Expressionism

· 5.75 – Reconstruction, west front altar from Pergamon, Turkey

Wings and staircase to the entrance of the courtyard have been recon-structed inside a Berlin museum

Original altar was a single-story structure with an Ionic colonnade raised on a high podium

· 5.76– Athena Attacking the Giants, frieze detail

Gigantomachy

13 Giants vs. 12 Olympians

Diagonal lines

Exaggeration of muscles and expressions

Athena conquering over/dominating the giants

Haut Relief

· 5.77 {xiv} – Laocoon and His Sons

Trojan priest – Laocoon

Warned Trojans about the invasion by Greeks – Battle of Troy

· 5.78 – Nike (victory) of Samothrace

Commemorating the victory of a Greek battle

Water flows from top

Forward movement balanced by the backwards thrust of her enormous wings

Deeply sculpted, strong contrasts of dark and light, contrasting textures

8 feet tall

ROMAN Etruscan

Archaic period of the Greeks

Drew inspiration from Greek and Near Eastern sources

Used the plans and post-and-lintel structure seen in Greece and elsewhere

Their building patterns were later adopted by the Romans

Built houses around central courtyards (atriums)

They were willing to sacrifice structural logic for lively action in their art

· 6.1 – She Wolf

Ribs shown

2 chubby human boys drink the milk from her

Famous symbol of Rome, legendary wolf who nourished and saved the city’s founder (Romulus) and twin brother (Remus).

Bronze

· 6.3 – Reconstruction of Etruscan Temple

Stairs are frontal unlike the Archaic period where they wrapped around the building

Podium

· 6.5 – Apollo From Veii

Terra-cotta

Originally painted

Compared to Kouros

Same archaic smiles and faces with braided hair

Different movement – Kouros is static and Apollo is moving

Comes from a temple that was dedicated to Minerva and other gods in the sanctuary of Portonaccio at Veii

Archaic smile

· Pg. 186 – Arch, Vault, and Dome

Round arch – holds weight of masonry above it to its curving sides

Voussoirs – wedge shaped blocks

Keystone – locks the voussoirs in place at the top center of the arch

Centering – holds arch in place by wooden scaffolding until the bricks dry

Springings – points from which the curves of the arch rise

Spandrels – wall areas adjacent to the curves

Arcade – succession of arches

Bay – space encompassed by each arch and its supports

Barrel Vault – Outward pressure exerted by the curving sides

Groin Vault – intersection of two barrel-vaulted spaces at the same level

Buttressing – support for arches whose voussoirs’s exert outward thrust

Hemispheric dome – Rim of the dome is supported on a circular wall as in the Pantheon

Drum – wall that is raised on top of a main structure

Oculus – sometimes a circular opening is left at the top

· Pg. 187 – Roman Architectural Orders

Tuscan order – variation of Doric but slimmer

Composite order – Combination of the Ionic and Corinthian orders

· 6.7 – Tomb of the Reliefs, Burial Chamber

Stucco

Modeled to resemble rooms in a house

Couches carved from stone

Pots, jugs, robes, axes, and other items were molded and carved to look like real objects hanging on hooks

Low relief

· 6.8 – Sarcophagus

Terra-cotta

Husband and wife

Twisted pose

Very animated – happy and inviting

Reclining on a dining couch

· 6.10 - Head of a Man

Verism: in Roman sculpture means real close likeliness

Bronze with yellow eyes

Republican· 6.12 Aulus Metellus

Orator - addressing public with gesture

life size bronze

absorb greek sculpture

inlaid lost

· (6.12) Portrait of Pompey

· 6.14 Model, Sancturary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Itlay

women would go after giving birth

gradual terraces leading upward

round Roman arch

colonnades - series of columns

· 6.15 Temple of Portunus, Rome

sits on podium

peristyle

· 6.16 Plan, Temple of Portunus

small temple, enter only from front

cella and single flight of stairs

· 6.23 Pont Du Gard, Nimes France

Pont means bridge Du Gard means over river

aqueduct - way to transport water / most were built underground

arches allow wind to pass through and lower resistance

round arches three level

Imperial

· ( 6.19) View of the Roman Forum

· 6.17 Augustus of Primaporta

found in city north of Rome Primaporta

stands at 6’8, stance of orator

defeat rival Marc Antony and rose as single ruler

toga wrapped around with military breast plate

carries baton and barefoot may be referenced to standing on sacred ground

Apotheosis - deifying man as god

with cupid son of Venus on dolphin as sign of Venus signifies his descendent from Gods

· 6.19 Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) Rome

Pacis is latin for peace

altar of augustan peace

single flight of stairs raised on podium

sacrifices made and incense burned

enclosed altar - started 13 BCE dedicated 4 years later to augustus

west side

· 6.20 Imperial Procession, detail south side relief, Ara Pacis

cannot see Augustus

looking at members of family on other side members of senate

enough individuality to recognize them

olivia wife - son of olivia from previous marriage tiberius

augustus gave incentives to bear children

· 6.21 Allegory of Peace, east side relief, Ara Pacis

goddess roman earth Tellus Mater

Pax Romana - 200 year period of peace

· (6.26)

typical Roman street

paved/ still usable today

· (pg 192)

Foyer: enter through

vertical axis coming down

Peristyle: open area/ courtyard

Atrium: pool of water

Tablinem: death masks kept

· 6.29 Peristyle Garden, House of the Vettii, Pompeii

· (6.29) Fountain Mosaic, wall niche, garden in pompeii, mid 1st century

· 6.34 Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus, detail wall painting, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, c. 50 BCE

· 6.32 Garden Scene, detail of wall painting, Villa of Livia at Primaporta, late 1st century BCE

· 6.39 Restored view, Basilica Ulpia

coffered vault clerestory covering foundation to make attractive flat roof

· 6.58- Column of Trajan

like a mall can go inside/ spiral staircase christianity - destroy pagan art work podium Trajan’s ashes were buried victory arch pontune ridges Victory Column

Commemorated his battle against the Dacians

Carved on an angle and attached to the column

Sitting on a podium

St. Peter on the top of the column – originally a statue of Trajan stood on top

Trajan’s ashes were buried underneath

Depicts Trajan through pictures with hierarchy of scale

Lasting contribution: curvilinear

· 6.59 – Romans crossing the Danube and Building a Fort

Trajan’s army crossing over the Danube River on a pontoon bridge

Trajan depicted as a strong, stable, and efficient commander

Barbarian enemies are shown as worthy opponents of Rome

· (6.41)- Flavian Amphitheater/Colosseum

Held up to 50,000 people

Began under Vespasian and completed under Titus

Upper part originally constructed of wood, but was burned and later re-constructed

Called the Colosseum now because a gigantic statue of Nero called the Colossus stood

next to it

Used for a variety of athletic events and spectacles – animal hunts, fights to the death,

performances of trained animals and acrobats, mock sea battle in which the arena

would be flooded

built by Vespacian

Opening performances lasted 100 days – 9,000 wild animals and 2,000 gladiators died

Floor covered in sand – in Latin it means Arena

Romans took the form of Greek theater and enlarged upon it

· (6.43)- Outer wall of the Colosseum

Lowest level- Tuscan columns

Second level- Ionic columns

Third level- Corinthian columns

Engaged columns- not there for support but for decoration

Systematic use of the orders in a logical succession – inherited from the Hellenistic

architecture

• 6.45- Pantheon

Name means = all the gods

Built during the reign of Hadrian

Dedicated to the Olympian gods

Rotunda – seen before with the “hall of bulls” in the pre-historic period

Opening at the top is called the Oculus- how natural light is able to enter the building

Stepped dome gives the building support

Walls 20 feet thick of concrete

Portico - “front porch”

Inscription says built by Marcus Agrippa – but it wasn’t, Hadrian gave credit to Marcus

Domitian built a new temple, which Hadrian replaced with the Pantheon

Using the Etruscan’s single entrance and raised “podium” stairs

Coffered dome/vault

Bronze rosette used to be in the center of each coffer

Perfect geometric sphere

143X143 feet

Oculus – light entering from the top of a central opening

· 6.56- Arch of Titus

Victory arch- Titus’ capture of Jerusalem

Concrete and faced with marble

· 6.57- Spoils from the temple of Solomon

Compared to Ara Pacis

In contrast the Arus Pacis is solemn and formal

In comparison spatial relationships are shown

Menorah is shown – from temple of Jerusalem

Titus’ soldiers flaunt captured goods through the streets of Rome

· 6.65- Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

12 feet

Bronze casting

Originally covered in gold

Thought to have a cowering figure below the horse

Marcus’ gesture is authoritative

In comparison to Augustus Primaporta (similar gestures)

Hovers over the horse – purposely made to seem larger than life

To make us seem smaller

The statue might have been placed so that the viewer had to look up at it

Mistaken for Constantine and at first

Diocletian (284-305 CE)

Reforms

One capital in the west another in the east

Dividing the empire made it more manageable

Tetrarchy introduced (meaning rule of four)

Each place had an Augustus and a Caesar

Constantine is his successor

Makes the official capital Constantinople

Christian city

· 6.75- Tetrarchs

Grasping one another – symbolizes the union of the capitals

Dressed in military garments and clasping swords at their sides

Porphyry – purple stone that the statues are carved from, obtained from Egypt

· 6.82- Constantine the Great

Only fragments exist

XP

First two Greek letters of Christus “Jesus Christ”

Chi Rho

Battle of the Milvian Bridge

Portraiture

30 feet tall

White marble

The statue became a permanent stand-in for the emperor, representing him whenever

the conduct of business legally required his presence.

Symmetrical patterns mixed with repeated geometrical archs

Projects imperial power and dignity

· 6.79- Arch of Constantine

More elaborate than Titus’ Arch

Covered in relief sculpture

Spolia- taking works of art from previous works and reusing it again

Symbolizing that Constantine is the rightful heir and greatest successor from his

ancestors

Next to the Colosseum

Memorial to Constantine’s victory over Maxentius

Jewish Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses - patriarchs

· 7.2 Menorahs and Ark of the Covenant, 3rd century

7 candles

held 10 commandments

moses made box

before temple - temporary tabernacle

symbolized presence of God spiritually

· 7.3 Wall with Torah Niche, wall painting, house- synagogue, Dura-Europas, Syria, 244-45

held Torah

walls divided into registers

scenes telling narrative stories

· 7.4 The Finding of Baby Moses, detail, wall painting, house-synagogue, Dura-Europas, Syria, 244-45

detail of Torah niche

continuous narration

Early Chrisitan centered around Jesus

based on Judaism

· 7.1 Cubiculum, Catacomb of Commodilla, Rome, late 4th century

cubiculum - room in catacomb

· 7.6 Good Shepherd, Orants, and story of Jonah, painted ceiling, Catacomb of Sts Pietro and Marcellino, Rome late 3rd early 4th century

held loculus

figures look like Roman

orant - figure with arms raised

good shepherd- young man with lamb on shoulders

half circular areas called lunettes tell story of Jonah

central circular area (medallion) arms stretch to lunettes

· 7.18 The Good Shepherd, second half 3rd century

· pg. 258 Basilica-Plan and Central-Plan Churches

central plan typically has a dome

within a square

· 7.9 Reconstruction drawing, Old St peter’s basilica, Rome

nave, side aisles, clerestory, transept, narthex - transition between holy to unholy, entrance hall, atrium

· 7.10 Exterior, church of Santa Sabina, Rome

plain brick - interior held elaborate decoration

apse - rounded part at end of building

clerestory - window

nave - wide center

side aisles -

· 7.11 Interior, Church of Santa Sabina

original architecture

triangular area in archs with springings called the spandrel

triforium - in christian architecture divide in 3 parts/ middle parts

arcade - is the lowest part

not coffered flat ceiling

· (5.48) Tholos, sanctuary of Athena Pronaia, Delphi c. 400 BCE

dedicated to Athena

tholos - round building

pronay meaning in front of

· 7.14 Church of Santa Costanza, 350

originally a marterium (marks spot where someone died)

tholos - round building

ambulatory - walkway that goes all the way around

daughter of constantine

· 7.15 Harvesting Grapes, mosaic, Church of santa Costanza, Rome c. 338-350

blood of christ

bread and wine

example of syncretism

mosiac above ambulatory

nude baby figures called putti

peacock can mean pride - reference to resurrection

Byzantine Art· 7.22 Anthemis of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Church of Hagia Sophia, Is-

tanbul, Turkey, 532-37

four solid masonry spheres

Chandelier ‘

· 7.23 Plan and section, Church of Hagia Sophia

· pg 272 Pendentives and Squinches

dome on square base

rest on penditives

squinch fills in four corners

• 7.24 Interior, Church of Hagia Sophia• (7.29) Church of San Vitale• (7-30) Church of San Vitale, south wall of the sanctuary

· 7.29 Emperor Justinian and His Attendent, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 547

never went there

prescence indicated

individual pieces of stone

dedicated to st vitalis

Justinian in purple with red ribbon, centralized, halo and crown

12 men, feet dont match

move toward symbolism, away from naturalism

paten - container for bread.

· 7.30 Empress Theodora and Her Attendents, Church of San Vitale, 547

wears purple cloak, with crown and halo, gold embroidery

3 figures all carry something, symbolizing the magi

Theodora holds chalice that holds wine

· 7.37 The Ascension, Page from the Rabbula Gospels, 586

from bellum

from syrian

Mary stands like orant with Christ above

tetramorph - 4 animals - vision exicial had - man, lion, eagle, ox

• 7.38 Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels, second half 6th century located in remote, 27 inchesmade of saints on left and right icons not intended to be worshipped - for meditation

· 7.42 Virgin of Vladimir, 11th - 12th century

royal scriptorium in constanit

Scriptorium where manuscripts are made

·