Supplementary material

Table S1: Full species list analysed in this study

Common name Scientific name Naming AuthorityAlbert's Lyrebird Menura (Harriwhitea) alberti Bonaparte, 1850Australasian Figbird Sphecotheres vieilloti Vigors & Horsfield, 1827Australian Brush-turkey Alectura lathami J.E. Gray, 1831Australian Hobby Falco (Falco) longipennis Swainson, 1838Australian King-Parrot Alisterusscapularis Lichtenstein, 1816Australian Logrunner Orthonyxtemminckii Ranzani, 1822Australian Magpie Cracticustibicen Latham, 1801Australian Raven Corvuscoronoides Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Australian Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus (Acrocephalus) australis Gould, 1838Azure Kingfisher Ceyxazureus Latham, 1801Barred Cuckoo-shrike Coracina (Paragraucalus) lineata Swainson, 1825Bar-shouldered Dove Geopeliahumeralis Temminck, 1821Bell Miner Manorina (Manorina) melanophrys Latham, 1801Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina (Coracina) novaehollandiae Gmelin, 1789Black-shouldered Kite Elanusaxillaris Latham, 1801Blue-faced Honeyeater Entomyzoncyanotis Latham, 1801Brahminy Kite Haliasturindus Boddaert, 1783Brown Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia (Macropygia) amboinensis Linnaeus, 1766Brown Falcon Falco (Ieracidea) berigora Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Brown Gerygone Gerygonemouki Mathews, 1903Brown Goshawk Accipiter (Leucospiza) fasciatus Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Brown Honeyeater Lichmera (Lichmera) indistincta Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Brown Quail Coturnix (Synoicus) ypsilophora Bosc, 1792Brown Thornbill Acanthiza (Acanthiza) pusilla Shaw, 1790Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis (Cacomantis) variolosus Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus (Hypotaenidia) philippensis Linnaeus, 1766Buff-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza (Geobasileus) reguloides Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus (Burhinus) grallarius Latham, 1801Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythropsnovaehollandiae Latham, 1790Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Lonchura (Munia) castaneothorax Gould, 1837Cicadabird Coracina (Edolisoma) tenuirostris Jardine, 1831Cockatiel Nymphicushollandicus Kerr, 1792Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus (Todiramphus) chloris Boddaert, 1783Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter (Paraspizias) cirrocephalus Vieillot, 1817Common Bronzewing Phaps (Phaps) chalcoptera Latham, 1790Common Myna Sturnus (Sturnus) tristis Linnaeus, 1766Common Starling Sturnus (Sturnus) vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758Crested Pigeon Ocyphapslophotes Temminck, 1822Crested Shrike-tit Falcunculusfrontatus Latham, 1801Crimson Rosella Platycercus (Platycercus) elegans Gmelin, 1788Dollarbird Eurystomusorientalis Linnaeus, 1766

Double-barred Finch Taeniopygiabichenovii Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Dusky Honeyeater Myzomela (Cosmeteira) obscura Gould, 1843Dusky Woodswallow Artamus (Angroyan) cyanopterus Latham, 1801Eastern Koel Eudynamysorientalis Linnaeus, 1766Eastern Osprey Pandion cristatus Vieillot, 1816Eastern Rosella Platycercus (Violania) eximius Shaw, 1792Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchustenuirostris Latham, 1801Eastern Whipbird Psophodes (Psophodes) olivaceus Latham, 1801Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria (Eopsaltria) australis Shaw, 1790Emerald Dove Chalcophapsindica Linnaeus, 1758Fairy Martin Petrochelidon (Petrochelidon) ariel Gould, 1842Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis (Vidgenia) flabelliformis Latham, 1801Forest Kingfisher Todiramphus (Lazulena) macleayii Jardine & Selby, 1830Fork-tailed Swift Apus (Apus) pacificus Latham, 1801Fuscous Honeyeater Ptilotulafusca Gould, 1837Galah Eolophusroseicapillus Vieillot, 1817

Glossy Black-CockatooCalyptorhynchus (Calyptorhynchus) lathami Temminck, 1807

Golden Whistler Pachycephala (Pachycephala) pectoralis Latham, 1801Golden-headed Cisticola Cisticola (Cisticola) exilis Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Green Catbird Ailuroeduscrassirostris Paykull, 1815

Grey Butcherbird Cracticustorquatus  Latham, 1801Grey Fantail Rhipidura (Rhipidura) albiscapa Gould, 1840Grey Goshawk Accipiter (Leucospiza) novaehollandiae Gmelin, 1788Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla (Colluricincla) harmonica Latham, 1801

Grey-crowned BabblerPomatostomus (Pomatostomus) temporalis Vigors & Horsfield, 1827

Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyxbasalis Horsfield, 1821Horsfield's Bushlark Mirafra (Mirafra) javanica Horsfield, 1821House Sparrow Passer (Passer) domesticus Linnaeus, 1758Jacky Winter Microeca (Microeca) fascinans Latham, 1801Jacky Winter Microeca (Microeca) fascinans Latham, 1801King Quail Excalfactoriachinensis Linnaeus, 1766Large-billed Scrubwren Sericornis (Arfakornis) magnirostra Gould, 1838Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo (Dacelo) novaeguineae Hermann, 1783Leaden Flycatcher Myiagra (Myiagra) rubecula Latham, 1801Lewin's Honeyeater Meliphaga (Meliphaga) lewinii Swainson, 1837Lewin's Rail Lewiniapectoralis Temminck, 1831Little Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyxminutillus Gould, 1859Little Corella Cacatua (Licmetis) sanguinea Gould, 1843Little Eagle Hieraaetus (Hieraaetus) morphnoides Gould, 1841Little Friarbird Philemon (Microphilemon) citreogularis Gould, 1837Little Grassbird Megalurusgramineus Gould, 1845Little Lorikeet Glossopsittapusilla Shaw, 1790Little Shrike-thrush Colluricincla (Myiolestes) megarhyncha Quoy&Gaimard, 1830

Little Wattlebird Anthochaera (Anellobia) chrysoptera Latham, 1801Long-billed Corella Cacatua (Licmetis) tenuirostris Kuhl, 1820Magpie-lark Grallinacyanoleuca Latham, 1801Mangrove Gerygone Gerygonelevigaster Gould, 1843Mangrove Honeyeater Gavicalisfasciogularis Gould, 1854Mistletoebird Dicaeum (Dicaeum) hirundinaceum Shaw, 1792Musk Lorikeet Glossopsittaconcinna Shaw, 1791Nankeen Kestrel Falco (Tinnunculus) cenchroides Vigors&Horsfield, 1827New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris (Meliornis) novaehollandiae Latham, 1790Noisy Friarbird Philemon (Tropidorhynchus) corniculatus Latham, 1790Noisy Miner Manorina (Myzantha) melanocephala Latham, 1801Noisy Pitta Pitta (Pitta) versicolor Swainson, 1825Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura (Lonchura) punctulata Linnaeus, 1758Olive-backed Oriole Oriolus (Mimeta) sagittatus Latham, 1801Pacific Baza Aviceda (Aviceda) subcristata Gould, 1838Painted Button-quail Turnix (Austroturnix) varius Latham, 1801Pale-headed Rosella Platycercus (Violania) adscitus Latham, 1790Pale-vented Bush-hen Amaurornismoluccana Wallace, 1865Pale-yellow Robin Tregellasiacapito Gould, 1854Pallid Cuckoo Cacomantis (Vidgenia) pallidus Latham, 1801Paradise Riflebird Ptiloris (Ptiloris) paradiseus Swainson, 1825Peaceful Dove Geopeliastriata Linnaeus, 1766Peregrine Falcon Falco (Hierofalco) peregrinus Tunstall, 1771Pheasant Coucal Centropus (Polophilus) phasianinus Latham, 1801Pied Butcherbird Cracticusnigrogularis Gould, 1837Pied Currawong Strepera (Strepera) graculina Shaw, 1790Plum-headed Finch Neochmia (Aidemosyne) modesta Gould, 1837Rainbow Bee-eater Merops (Merops) ornatus Latham, 1801Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossushaematodus Linnaeus, 1771Red Wattlebird Anthochaera (Anthochaera) carunculata Shaw, 1790Red-backed Fairy-wren Malurus (Musciparus) melanocephalus Latham, 1801Red-browed Finch Neochmia (Aegintha) temporalis Latham, 1801Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus (Psephotus) haematonotus Gould, 1838

Red-tailed Black-CockatooCalyptorhynchus (Calyptorhynchus) banksii Latham, 1790

Red-winged Parrot Aprosmictuserythropterus Gmelin, 1788Regent Bowerbird Sericulus (Sericulus) chrysocephalus Lewin, 1808Restless Flycatcher Myiagra (Seisura) inquieta Latham, 1801Rock Dove Columba (Columba) livia Gmelin, 1789Rose Robin Petroica (Erythrodryas) rosea Gould, 1840Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus (Ptilinopus) regina Swainson, 1825Rufous Fantail Rhipidura (Howeavis) rufifrons Latham, 1801Rufous Whistler Pachycephala (Alisterornis) rufiventris Latham, 1801Russet-tailed Thrush Zoothera (Zoothera) heinei Cabanis, 1850Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus (Todiramphus) sanctus Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Satin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchusviolaceus Vieillot, 1816

Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossuschlorolepidotus Kuhl, 1820Scarlet Honeyeater Myzomela (Myzomela) sanguinolenta Latham, 1801Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyxlucidus Gmelin, 1788Shining Flycatcher Myiagra (Piezorhynchus) alecto Temminck, 1827Silvereye Zosteropslateralis Latham, 1801Southern Boobook Ninox (Ninox) novaeseelandiae Gmelin, 1788Spangled Drongo Dicrurusbracteatus Gould, 1843Speckled Warbler Chthonicolasagittata Latham, 1801Spectacled Monarch Symposiachrustrivirgatus Temminck, 1826Spotted Dove Streptopelia (Spilopelia) chinensis Scopoli, 1786Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis Jardine & Selby, 1828Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus (Pardalotus) punctatus Shaw, 1792Spotted Quail-thrush Cinclosoma (Cinclosoma) punctatum Shaw, 1794Square-tailed Kite Lophoictiniaisura Gould, 1838Striated Pardalote Pardalotus (Pardalotinus) striatus Gmelin, 1789Striated Thornbill Acanthiza (Subacanthiza) lineata Gould, 1838Striped Honeyeater Plectorhynchalanceolata Gould, 1838Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita Latham, 1790Superb Fairy-wren Malurus (Malurus) cyaneus Ellis, 1782Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus (Ptilinopus) superbus Temminck, 1809Swamp Harrier Circus approximans Peale, 1848Tawny Grassbird Megalurustimoriensis Wallace, 1864Topknot Pigeon Lopholaimusantarcticus Shaw, 1793Torresian Crow Corvusorru Bonaparte, 1850Varied Sittella Daphoenositta (Neositta) chrysoptera Latham, 1801Varied Triller Lalage (Karua) leucomela Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Variegated Fairy-wren Malurus (Leggeornis) lamberti Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila (Uroaetus) audax Latham, 1801Weebill Smicrornisbrevirostris Gould, 1838Welcome Swallow Hirundo (Hirundo) neoxena Gould, 1843

Whistling Kite Haliastursphenurus  Vieillot, 1818White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike Coracina (Coracina) papuensis Gmelin, 1788White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis (Sericornis) frontalis Vigors&Horsfield, 1827White-cheeked Honeyeater Phylidonyris (Meliornis) niger Bechstein, 1811White-eared Honeyeater Nesoptilotisleucotis Latham, 1801White-eared Monarch Carterornisleucotis Gould, 1850

White-headed Pigeon Columba (Janthoenas) leucomela Temminck, 1821White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus (Melithreptus) lunatus Vieillot, 1802White-throated Gerygone Gerygoneolivacea Gould, 1838White-throated Honeyeater Melithreptus (Melithreptus) albogularis Gould, 1848White-throated Treecreeper Cormobatesleucophaeus Latham, 1801White-winged Triller Lalage (Lalage) sueurii Vieillot, 1818

Willie Wagtail Rhipidura (Sauloprocta) leucophrys Latham, 1801Wompoo Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus (Megaloprepia) magnificus Temminck, 1821Wonga Pigeon Leucosarciamelanoleuca Latham, 1801Yellow Thornbill Acanthiza (Subacanthiza) nana Vigors&Horsfield, 1827Yellow-faced Honeyeater Caligavischrysops Latham, 1801Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza (Geobasileus) chrysorrhoa Quoy&Gaimard, 1830Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) funereus Shaw, 1794Yellow-throated Scrubwren Sericornis (Sericornis) citreogularis Gould, 1838Yellow-tufted Honeyeater Lichenostomusmelanops Latham, 1801Zebra Finch Taeniopygiaguttata Vieillot, 1817

Table S2: Reclassification criteria of land cover classes. Based on land cover maps created by Lyons, Phinn and Roelfsema (2012) spanning from 1998 to 2008.

Land Classification

Original land cover classes (in Lyons maps)

Definition of original cover classes

Accuracy of classification

Known errors

Urban (high intensity land use)

Closed Urban Completely impervious

surfaces

69-85% High reflectance of sand and impervious urban surfaces can cause misclassification errors.

Urban Built/modified environment

87-95% Vegetation over sand

Urban vegetation Sub-pixel/ object mixture of veg and urban features

82-95% Error at boundary of Urban and Urban

Vegetation Mixture

Rural (medium intensity land use)

Brown agriculture

Fallow fields 75-85% Not all fields are identified, adjacent areas can be misclassified as agriculture

Bareground Bare/cleared ground or

extremely sparse vegetation

53-83% Areas of mod-high NPV cover

Sand Bare sand or beach sand

NA Areas cleared/relegated from mining

Grass Green, healthy grasslands

and/or very sparse woodland

55-85% Very low density urban features among grass areas

Sparse vegetation

Sparse tree cover with high proportion of bare ground or NPV

73-89% Non-discrete transition into other vegetation types – boundary errors

Forest (low intensity land use)

Open forest Open canopy vegetation with

some ground visibility

79-92% Transition into sparse vegetation is not discrete – error at boundaries

Closed forest Closed/multi-story canopy

69-85% Topographically shaded open canopy

vegetation vegetation

Table S3: Full list of species in each land zone, with i) their a3 values generated from LLA. ii) a classification to demonstrate whether the species increased in prevalence (1), decreased in prevalence (2), low variability (97.5% credible interval range <0.5) but credible intervals crossed zero (3), high variability (97.5% credible interval range >0.5) and credible intervals crossed zero (4 – these species were eliminated from permutation analysis) and iii) traits of species.

Species Name i)Urban mean a3 value

i)Rural mean a3 value

i)Forested mean a3 value

ii) Urban variability

ii) Rural variability

ii) Forest variability

Insectivore Ground-nesting

Under-storey nesting

Small-bodied

Albert's Lyrebird NA NA 0.43351704 NA NA 1 1 0 1 0Australasian Figbird -

0.05600948

0.0129615 0.001443117

3 3 3 0 0

0

0

Australian Brush-turkey

0.1925343 0.2370414 0.01124749 1 1 3 0 10

0

Australian Hobby -0.1291602

4

-0.1411348 -0.09132882 3 3 3 0 0

0

0

Australian King-Parrot

0.23572795

-0.2218952 -0.09744604 1 2 2 0 00

0

Australian Logrunner NA NA 0.2180395 NA NA 1 1 0 1 1Australian Magpie 0.1290353 0.08975621 -0.02411072 1 1 3 0 0 0 0Australian Raven NA -0.3126992 -0.9043122 NA 3 2 0 0 0 0Australian Reed-Warbler

-0.1496826 -0.1102103 0.2404442 2 3 1 1 01

1

Azure Kingfisher -0.2046813 -0.1164099 -0.11341986 2 3 2 0 1 0 1Barred Cuckoo-shrike 0.0239406

6NA -0.10450285 4 NA 3 0 0

00

Bar-shouldered Dove 0.25092611

0.1199322 0.04855254 1 1 1 0 00

0

Bell Miner NA 0.26771856 NA NA 1 0 0 0 1Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike

-0.0989314 -0.0552279 -0.11254033 2 3 2 0 00

0

Black-shouldered Kite - -0.0776297 -0.1390488 3 3 2 0 0 0 0

0.08822454

Blue-faced Honeyeater

-0.0521815

5

0.07773074 -0.01335444 3 3 3 0 0

0

0

Blue-winged Kookaburra

NA -0.4641422 NA NA 2 NA 0 00

0

Brahminy Kite -0.1833531

5

-0.1115413 -0.01859288 2 3 3 0 0

0

0

Brown Cuckoo-Dove 0.2117829 -0.2028201 -0.04327916 1 2 3 0 0 0 0Brown Falcon 0.2803285 0.3504338 -0.1533267 1 1 3 0 0 0 0Brown Gerygone 0.0141962

1-0.2321304 0.04691774 4 3 3 0 0

01

Brown Goshawk 0.133427 0.11566865 -0.02242763 3 3 3 0 0 0 0Brown Honeyeater 0.1022481

40.1083279 0.01706669 1 1 3 0 0

01

Brown Quail 0.06453743

-0.0361878 0.01912422 3 3 3 0 10

0

Brown Thornbill -0.1711315

4

-0.1587824 -0.00851364 2 2 3 1 0

1

1

Brush Cuckoo 0.3148056 -0.5106724 -0.02899909 1 2 3 0 0 0 1Buff-banded Rail -

0.12097714

-0.1817364 -0.08062554 3 3 3 0 1

0

0

Buff-rumped Thornbill

-1.0839715 -0.1851059 2 NA 3 1 00

1

Bush Stone-curlew -0.940568 -2.603743 -0.17258812 2 2 3 0 1 0 0Channel-billed Cuckoo

0.00181576

0.03177656 -0.03029042 3 3 3 0 00

0

Chestnut-breasted - 0.1040836 0.05402217 3 3 3 0 0 0 1

Mannikin 0.05008717

Cicadabird -0.2183144 -0.382651 -0.0016755 2 2 3 0 0 0 1Cockatiel 0.2182952

5-0.157701 -0.7557317 4 2 2 0 0

00

Collared Kingfisher -0.0130431

6

-0.1305848 0.0420662 3 3 3 0 0

0

0

Collared Sparrowhawk

0.04255194

0.3514869 -0.09233369 3 1 3 0 00

0

Common Bronzewing -0.3992027 0.2882451 0.13111233 3 1 1 0 0 0 0Common MyNA 0.1112745

90.15875806 0.32065149

81 1 1 0 0

00

Common Starling -0.392638 -0.1355152 -0.1345248 2 2 2 0 0 0 0Crested Pigeon 0.0947266

9-0.0480776 -0.00570637 1 3 3 0 0

00

Crested Shrike-tit NA NA -0.04836852 NA NA 3 0 0 0 1Crimson Rosella 1.2620982 -0.4728861 0.09595112 1 2 1 0 0 0 0Dollarbird 0.0296972

3-0.1327547 -0.11641 3 2 2 0 0

00

Double-barred Finch -0.0215867

6

0.20564713 -0.03133375 3 1 3 0 0

0

1

Dusky Honeyeater 0.06561669

-0.0628605 -0.15380707 4 4 2 0 00

1

Dusky Woodswallow NA NA 0.35314759 NA NA 1 0 0 0 1Eastern Koel -

0.09540987

-0.0272 -0.02636241 2 3 3 0 0

0

0

Eastern Osprey -0.1342131 0.1725989 0.02574592 2 3 3 0 0 0 0Eastern Rosella -0.3963025 -0.540434 0.01377684 2 3 3 0 0 0 0Eastern Spinebill -0.5822048 -0.2116328 -0.00514566 2 3 3 0 0 0 1

Eastern Whipbird 0.25091418

-0.0007928 0.02215446 1 3 3 1 01

1

Eastern Yellow Robin -0.0546269

6

-0.0177996 0.0731971 3 3 1 0 0

0

1

Emerald Dove -0.3463169

4

-0.6670551 -0.26867436 3 2 2 0 0

0

0

Fairy Martin 0.03298693

0.003626 0.05303321 3 3 3 0 00

1

Fan-tailed Cuckoo 0.1371868 -0.4265975 -0.10887744 3 2 2 0 0 0 1Forest Kingfisher 0.1376341 -0.3230821 -0.14473772 1 2 2 0 0 0 1Fork-tailed Swift -0.5181744 NA NA 3 NA NA 1 0 0 1Fuscous Honeyeater NA NA 0.03163989 NA NA 3 0 0 0 1Galah -

0.02449838

-0.0008747 -0.12784688 3 3 2 0 0

0

0

Glossy Black-Cockatoo

NA NA 0.19668549 NA NA 3 0 00

0

Golden Whistler 0.06326318

-0.0563141 0.02861222 3 3 3 0 00

1

Golden-headed Cisticola

-0.0894835

5

-0.0378264 -0.04559422 2 3 3 1 0

1

1

Green Catbird 0.6593473 -0.921269 -0.10973603 1 2 2 0 0 0 0Grey Butcherbird 0.0778771

50.0230162 -0.0147252 1 3 3 0 0

00

Grey Fantail -0.0545120

2

0.1276925 0.02490627 3 1 3 0 0

0

1

Grey Goshawk 0.3327781 -0.1699686 -0.12210745 1 3 2 0 0 0 0Grey Shrike-thrush 0.304273 0.04110441 0.00718015 1 3 3 0 0 0 0

8Grey-crowned Babbler

NA -0.0188152 -0.148786 NA 3 3 0 00

0

Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo

0.174505 0.06864601 -0.02105021 3 3 3 0 00

1

Horsfield's Bushlark NA 0.4449207 NA NA 1 NA 1 0 1 1House Sparrow -0.4743149 -0.1584585 -0.3137097 2 3 2 0 0 0 1Jacky Winter -0.3671661 -0.3217729 -0.3035122 4 3 4 0 0 0 1King Quail NA NA -0.2893103 NA NA 3 0 0 0 1Large-billed Scrubwren

-0.4718364 -0.2956801 0.12724252 2 2 1 0 00

1

Laughing Kookaburra 0.04322159

-0.037365 -0.04013037 3 3 3 0 00

0

Leaden Flycatcher -0.1457505

8

-0.127764 -0.03510249 3 3 3 0 0

0

1

Lewin's Honeyeater 0.09272844

0.09388312 0.022711315

1 1 3 0 00

1

Lewin's Rail NA NA -0.05321465 NA NA 4 0 0 0 0Little Bronze-Cuckoo NA 0.3596108 -0.1091248 NA 4 3 0 0 0 1Little Corella 0.0233113

50.5472234 0.1698916 3 1 1 0 0

00

Little Eagle -0.0690093

1

-0.4161172 -0.12522082 4 3 3 0 0

0

0

Little Friarbird -0.0427526

4

-0.0015305 0.0254186 3 3 3 0 0

0

1

Little Grassbird -0.2041574 -0.1891612 -0.13473403 3 3 3 1 0 1 1Little Lorikeet 0.3177900

20.0248379 0.19539539 1 3 1 0 0

01

Little Shrike-thrush 0.0099255 -0.2843139 -0.03340788 3 2 3 0 0 0 1

3Little Wattlebird -

0.00327738

-0.4298624 -0.21004373 3 2 2 0 0

0

0

Long-billed Corella -0.6807783 -0.2571865 0.2635801 2 3 3 0 0 0 0Magpie-lark -

0.02287311

0.0164605 -0.07315079 3 3 2 0 0

0

0

Mangrove Gerygone -0.0071476

7

0.407237 -0.05181156 3 1 3 0 0

0

1

Mangrove Honeyeater

-0.1970640

5

-0.8259124 -0.0921339 3 2 3 1 0

1

1

Mistletoebird 0.00568298

0.2191415 -0.0146672 3 1 3 0 00

1

Musk Lorikeet NA NA 0.05518232 NA NA 4 0 0 0 0NAnkeen Kestrel 0.0694645

9-0.0674429 -0.40206041 3 3 2 0 0

00

New Holland Honeyeater

NA NA 0.06037124 NA NA 3 0 00

1

Noisy Friarbird -0.1397555

8

-0.0595517 -0.02302962 2 3 3 0 0

0

0

Noisy Miner 0.18992284

0.01162833 -0.03445669 1 3 3 0 00

0

Noisy Pitta NA NA -0.24795849 NA NA 2 1 1 0 0Nutmeg Mannikin -

0.12033322

NA -0.2694543 3 NA 3 0 0

0

1

Olive-backed Oriole -0.0227760

0.05210965 0.04069477 3 3 3 0 0 0 0

6Pacific Baza -0.2615156 -0.3365125 -0.14949435 2 2 2 0 0 0 0Painted Button-quail NA NA -0.1241937 NA NA 4 0 1 0 0Pale-headed Rosella -

0.01406637

-0.1654964 -0.11344061 3 2 2 0 0

0

0

Pale-vented Bush-hen

NA NA -0.3732713 NA NA 4 0 00

0

Pale-yellow Robin NA NA 0.04089012 NA NA 3 0 0 0 1Pallid Cuckoo 0.3698267

6-0.2415694 0.09612198 3 3 3 0 0

00

Paradise Riflebird NA NA 0.09961908 NA NA 3 0 0 0 0Peaceful Dove -0.0389609 -0.1117584 -0.1303234 3 3 2 0 0 0 1Peregrine Falcon -

0.13153877

0.4249303 -0.08677097 3 1 3 0 0

0

0

Pheasant Coucal -0.1193837

9

-0.0588342 -0.21022367 2 3 2 1 0

1

0

Pied Butcherbird 0.01176972

0.07094489 0.02826895 3 3 3 0 00

0

Pied Currawong -0.0723008

9

-0.256917 0.015791375

2 2 3 0 0

0

0

Plum-headed Finch NA 0.3012382 NA NA 1 NA 1 0 1 1Rainbow Bee-eater -

0.17029213

-0.0815827 -0.03184946 2 3 3 0 1

0

1

Rainbow Lorikeet 0.01553315

0.15782004 0.02320698 3 1 3 0 00

0

Red Wattlebird NA 0.1549489 NA 3 0 0 0 0Red-backed Fairy- 0.0891229 0.16687475 0.01087531 3 1 3 1 0 1 1

wren 8Red-browed Finch -

0.13114395

-0.1587513 -0.01088501 2 2 3 0 0

0

1

Red-rumped Parrot -0.1404911 -0.3176632 NA 4 3 NA 0 0 0 1Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo

NA 0.4166889 -0.3604652 NA 3 3 0 00

0

Red-winged Parrot NA NA -0.0903585 NA NA 4 0 0 0 0Regent Bowerbird 0.6434126 NA -0.08971244 1 NA 3 0 0 0 0Restless Flycatcher -

0.25197435

0.01466471 -0.13677034 2 3 2 0 0

0

1

Rock Dove 0.09161047

0.09434797 0.000939586

3 3 3 0 00

0

Rose Robin -0.3499833 0.1522813 -0.03507154 3 3 3 0 0 0 1Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove

0.36677785

0.10171282 0.13021018 3 4 1 0 00

0

Rufous Fantail 0.11804711

-0.1250062 -0.00354958 3 3 3 0 00

1

Rufous Whistler -0.0801498

1

0.01888435 0.0448989 3 3 3 0 0

0

1

Russet-tailed Thrush NA 0.142775219

NA 1 0 00

0

Sacred Kingfisher -0.0659672

6

-0.0041017 0.08386207 3 3 1 0 0

0

1

Satin Bowerbird 1.2885003 -0.5972776 0.06963402 1 2 1 0 0 0 0Scaly-breasted Lorikeet

-0.0010412

3

0.1033441 -0.12282213 3 1 2 0 0

0

0

Scarlet Honeyeater - -0.1362144 0.01325002 2 2 3 0 0 0 1

0.14032979

Shining Bronze-Cuckoo

0.06519687

-0.2110732 -0.1321336 3 2 2 0 00

1

Shining Flycatcher NA NA 0.02167271 NA NA 4 0 0 0 1Silvereye -

0.18628725

0.06047668 -0.00773905 2 3 3 0 0

0

1

Southern Boobook NA NA -0.25012207 NA NA 2 0 0 0 0Spangled Drongo 0.0305923

20.01449798 -0.01469828 3 3 3 0 0

00

Speckled Warbler NA 0.03024113 0.203628828

NA 3 3 0 00

1

Spectacled MoNArch -0.2182434 -0.0894163 -0.0367532 3 3 3 0 0 0 1Spotted Dove -

0.00513024

-0.032746 -0.02898991 3 3 3 0 0

0

0

Spotted Harrier NA NA 0.593876 NA NA 1 0 0 0 0Spotted Pardalote -0.1539706 -0.0469124 0.15978053 3 3 1 0 0 0 1Spotted Quail-thrush NA NA -2.331787 NA NA 4 0 0 1 0Square-tailed Kite -0.1239686 NA 1.0114258 4 NA 1 0 0 0 0Striated Pardalote 0.161507 0.0384115 -0.1069381 1 3 2 0 1 0 1Striated Thornbill NA -0.8664389 -0.03583171 NA 2 3 0 0 0 1Striped Honeyeater 0.0671897

30.04877944 0.16704073 3 3 1 0 0

01

Sulphur-crested Cockatoo

-0.0087204 0.03456148 0.10645368 3 3 1 0 00

0

Superb Fairy-wren -0.1370019

3

-0.0068944 0.08353964 2 3 1 1 0

1

1

Superb Fruit-Dove NA NA 0.2411788 NA NA 3 0 0 0 0

Swamp Harrier -0.0676648

3

0.07823595 0.02196599 4 3 3 0 1

0

0

Tawny Grassbird 0.01460782

0.204395 0.14041404 3 1 1 1 01

1

Topknot Pigeon 0.351574 0.15190219 0.06722486 1 3 3 0 0 0 0Torresian Crow 0.0397664

40.17585763 -0.07128881 3 1 2 0 0

00

Varied Sittella NA 0.24996486 0.02817781 NA 3 3 0 0 0 1Varied Triller -

0.37877205

-0.1568824 -0.11842313 2 3 2 0 0

0

1

Variegated Fairy-wren

-0.1124711

7

0.09537923 0.0103675 2 3 3 1 0

1

1

Wedge-tailed Eagle 0.7709535 -0.1199459 -0.03728644 1 3 3 0 0 0 0Weebill NA 0.0179332 -0.0143256 NA 3 3 0 0 0 1Welcome Swallow -

0.03984735

-0.0319454 -0.04617376 3 3 2 0 0

0

1

Whistling Kite -0.2411859

6

0.06334165 0.05671993 2 3 3 0 0

0

0

White-backed Swallow

-0.0911911

4

NA NA 4 NA NA 1 0

1

1

White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike

-0.7298663 -0.486669 0.03151396 2 2 3 0 00

1

White-browed Scrubwren

-0.0801101

4

0.04691371 0.0106996 3 3 3 1 0

1

1

White-cheeked - -0.4859087 -0.1205495 2 2 2 1 0 1 1

Honeyeater 0.25354951

White-eared Honeyeater

NA NA 0.09769297 NA NA 4 0 01

1

White-eared MoNArch

NA NA -0.06556849 NA NA 3 1 00

1

White-headed Pigeon 0.00259723

-0.3869281 -0.13527685 3 2 2 0 00

0

White-NAped Honeyeater

-1.0314493 -0.0439468 0.03427039 2 4 3 0 00

1

White-throated Gerygone

-0.0179993

8

-0.1871558 -0.1522025 3 2 2 0 0

0

1

White-throated Honeyeater

-0.1997969 0.14546 -0.01030774 2 1 3 0 00

1

White-throated Treecreeper

-0.3231714

4

-0.331543 0.03016842 2 2 3 0 0

0

1

White-winged Triller 0.42132345

0.2369 0.4661139 3 3 1 0 00

1

Willie Wagtail 0.00876312

0.04337242 -0.00677938 3 3 3 0 00

1

Wompoo Fruit-Dove 0.3236415 NA -0.00018142 3 NA 3 0 0 0 0Wonga Pigeon -0.5313107 -0.3496259 0.16070089 4 3 1 0 0 0 0Yellow Thornbill -0.3243079 -0.2130207 0.05156749 3 3 3 0 0 0 1Yellow-faced Honeyeater

0.11031799

-0.0531215 0.11178301 4 3 1 0 00

1

Yellow-rumped Thornbill

0.2171259 0.20435263 -0.47987853 1 1 2 0 00

1

Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo

0.24919485

-0.2756482 -0.09021801 1 2 2 0 00

0

Yellow-throated NA NA 0.1347007 NA NA 1 0 0 0 1

ScrubwrenYellow-tufted Honeyeater

NA NA 0.09750121 NA NA 4 0 00

1

Zebra Finch NA -0.5452949 NA NA 2 NA 1 0 0 1

Step 1: Citizen-collected records were extracted for the relevant years of study and for the approximate geographical area of interest.

Step 5: Bird data were filtered to exclude species which:

i. Were poorly sampled (i.e. less than 10 observations across entire record or less than 1 observation per time period).

ii. Were migratory, shorebirds or nocturnal.

Following data filtering we investigated whether the spread of number of records per year and for each land use was even. We aggregated bird data biennially because there were too few records available in the earliest years. Data were then re-filtered.

Step 3: Land use maps were sourced across the study area and classified into different land-use intensities.

Step 4: Avian records were overlayed onto land classification maps, records outside of the study area were removed.

Step 4: A 500m radius buffer was created around each bird record (to account for spatial inaccuracy). The dominant land use within each buffer was calculated and assigned to the relevant avian record.

Step 6: Data were organised as specified in the ‘Liszt’ package and LLA was performed

Step 7: Outcomes of LLA were graphed - ‘change in prevalence’ (a3 value) using the ‘Liszt’ package. Species which didn’t achieve chain convergence were removed from further analysis.

Step 2: Data was filtered to exclude records which:

i. Did not include information on survey location, accuracy, method or area coveredii. Had a survey location accuracy of less than 500m

iii. Were classified as ‘incidental’ searchesiv. Listed five or fewer species

Species lists were tested for systematic biases through time to ensure analysis suitability

Step 8: Threatened traits were assigned to species. Species with credible intervals which a) crossed zero and b) were highly variable (97.5% credible interval range >0.5) were removed

Step 9: Permutation analysis was carried out in R.2.15.1 to test whether species with threatened functional traits were more likely to have decreasing (or increasing) prevalence over time if they belonged to one of the four tested functional groups.

Fig. S2: Stepwise representation of methodology. Additional instructions on use of the ‘Liszt’ package is described by Barnes, Venables & Morris (2012).

Urban ground representation Urban Aerial image

Fig. S2: On ground and aerial representation of each land use. Urban is high intensity land use, where the habitat has been significantly modified and is intensively used, although green patches still exist. Rural is moderate intensity land use where much of the vegetation has been cleared, however land use is not intensive and some regrowth areas exist. Forested represents low intensity land use where human activity is limited to recreational or limited logging land uses and the canopy cover is largely intact.

Forested Aerial imageForested ground representation

Fig. S3: Method of assigning land use to each bird record. Using ArcGIS, a 500m2 buffer area was created around each bird record and the dominant land use within each buffer assigned to the record. Bird records were collected over an area of at least 500m2 and, therefore, the surveyor may have spanned a range of land uses. Hence, instead of the discrete GPS points assigned to each record, 500m buffers were utilised to estimate the land use surveyed.

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20080

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Forested

RuralUrban

Num

ber o

f Bird

Rec

ords

Fig. S4: Number of bird lists per year. The peak number of lists collected is from 1999-2001. This is because Birdlife Australia released a request for observations in 1998 resulting in a significant response. Since 2001 response has declined.

Fig. S5: Change in urban, rural and forested land use area from 1998-2008 across the study region

Fig. S6: Proportion of records recorded by the most active observers. Record proportions are calculated for the top 10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 and 50-100% most active observers)

Fig. S7: Box plot of range in list lengths recorded over the study period in Urban, Rural and Forested land uses, demonstrating evenness in the median list length and range of list lengths recorded across each land type